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Griffith EE, Robbins PA, Ferede BT, Bentley-Edwards KL. Religious participation is associated with fewer dementia diagnoses among Black people in the United States. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24125. [PMID: 38940191 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Black people had the highest prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) of any racial/ethnic group in the United States (US) as of 2020. As racial disparities in the prevalence of ADRD are being investigated, more evidence is necessary to determine the pathways and mechanisms that either slow ADRD progression or improve quality of life for those affected. Religion/spirituality (R/S) has been shown to affect health outcomes but has rarely been studied as a possible pathway for reducing ADRD risk. Crucially, Black people also report higher levels of R/S than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. This research asks if R/S affects ADRD risk among Black adults and if any effects persist after controlling for hypertension. METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis drawing from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal dataset with an oversampling of Black adults. RESULTS We used logistic regression analysis to demonstrate how R/S has an ameliorating impact on ADRD risk among Black people, even after controlling for hypertension. Those who never attended religious services had 2.37 higher odds of being diagnosed with ADRD than those who attended more than once a week. Further, as R/S attendance increased, ADRD risk decreased linearly. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the importance that existing cultural networks (e.g., R/S) can have for reducing ADRD burden for Black people and has important implications for the role of R/S in shaping ADRD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Griffith
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Samuel Dubois Cook Center on Social Equity, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Paul A Robbins
- Samuel Dubois Cook Center on Social Equity, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Bethlehem T Ferede
- Samuel Dubois Cook Center on Social Equity, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Keisha L Bentley-Edwards
- Samuel Dubois Cook Center on Social Equity, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, USA
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Boen CE, Yang YC, Aiello AE, Dennis AC, Harris KM, Kwon D, Belsky DW. Patterns and Life Course Determinants of Black-White Disparities in Biological Age Acceleration: A Decomposition Analysis. Demography 2023; 60:1815-1841. [PMID: 37982570 PMCID: PMC10842850 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11057546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prominence of the weathering hypothesis as a mechanism underlying racialized inequities in morbidity and mortality, the life course social and economic determinants of Black-White disparities in biological aging remain inadequately understood. This study uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 6,782), multivariable regression, and Kitagawa-Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to assess Black-White disparities across three measures of biological aging: PhenoAge, Klemera-Doubal biological age, and homeostatic dysregulation. It also examines the contributions of racial differences in life course socioeconomic and stress exposures and vulnerability to those exposures to Black-White disparities in biological aging. Across the outcomes, Black individuals exhibited accelerated biological aging relative to White individuals. Decomposition analyses showed that racial differences in life course socioeconomic exposures accounted for roughly 27% to 55% of the racial disparities across the biological aging measures, and racial disparities in psychosocial stress exposure explained 7% to 11%. We found less evidence that heterogeneity in the associations between social exposures and biological aging by race contributed substantially to Black-White disparities in biological aging. Our findings offer new evidence of the role of life course social exposures in generating disparities in biological aging, with implications for understanding age patterns of morbidity and mortality risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Boen
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Claire Yang
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis C Dennis
- Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dayoon Kwon
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel W Belsky
- Columbia Mailman School of Public Health and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Thomas Tobin CS, Huynh J, Farmer HR, Israel Cross R, Barve A, Robinson M, Leslie EP, Thorpe RJ. Perceived Neighborhood Racial Composition and Depressive Symptoms Among Black Americans Across Adulthood: Evaluating the Role of Psychosocial Risks and Resources. J Aging Health 2023; 35:660-676. [PMID: 35657773 PMCID: PMC10478356 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the relationships between perceived neighborhood racial composition (PNRC), psychosocial risks and resources, and depressive symptoms among young (ages 22-35), middle-aged (ages 36-49), and older (ages 50+) Black Americans. Methods: Full sample and age-stratified linear regression models estimated the PNRC-depressive symptoms association and the extent to which it persisted after accounting for psychosocial risks (i.e., neighborhood disorder, other social stressors) and resources (i.e., mastery, social support, racial identity) among 627 Black Americans in the Nashville Stress and Health Study. Results: Living in racially integrated and predominately White neighborhoods was associated with elevated depressive symptoms. While psychosocial risks and resources explained a substantial portion of these associations, patterns varied across age groups. Discussion: PNRC impacts depressive symptoms among Black Americans by shaping psychosocial risks and resources. Findings underscore interconnections between contextual and psychosocial factors, as well as the distinct mental health significance of these processes across stages of adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Huynh
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather R. Farmer
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Rebekah Israel Cross
- Department of Health Behavior/ Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Apurva Barve
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Millicent Robinson
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Roland J. Thorpe
- Program for Research on Men’s Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Jacobs JC, Bowling CB, Brown T, Smith VA, Decosimo K, Wilson SM, Hastings SN, Shepherd-Banigan M, Allen K, Van Houtven C. Racial inequality in functional trajectories between Black and White U.S. veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71:1081-1092. [PMID: 36519710 PMCID: PMC10089950 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial inequality in functional trajectories has been well documented in the U.S. civilian population but has not been explored among Veterans. Our objectives were to: (1) assess how functional trajectories differed for Black and White Veterans aged ≥50 and (2) explore how socioeconomic, psychosocial, and health-related factors altered the relationship between race and function. METHODS We conducted a prospective, longitudinal analysis using the 2006-2016 Health and Retirement Study. The study cohort included 3700 Veterans who self-identified as Black or White, responded to baseline psychosocial questionnaires, and were community-dwelling on first observation. We used stepwise and stratified linear mixed effects models of biannually assessed functional limitations. The outcome measure was as a count of functional limitations. Race was measured as respondent self-identification as Black or White. Demographic measures included gender and age. Socioeconomic resources included partnership status, education, income, and wealth. Psychosocial stressors included exposure to day-to-day and major discrimination, traumatic life events, stressful life events, and financial strain. Health measures included chronic and mental health diagnoses, smoking, rurality, and use of Veterans Affairs services. RESULTS Black Veterans developed functional limitations at earlier ages and experienced faster functional decline than White Veterans between the ages of 50 and 70, with convergence occurring at age 85. Once we accounted for economic resources and psychosocial stressors in multivariable analyses, the association between race and the number of functional limitations was no longer statistically significant. Lower wealth, greater financial strain, and traumatic life events were significantly associated with functional decline. CONCLUSIONS Health systems should consider how to track Veterans' function earlier in the life course to ensure that Black Veterans are able to get timely access to services that may slow premature functional decline. Providers may benefit from training about the role of economic resources and psychosocial stressors in physical health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Jacobs
- Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California, USA
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christopher Barrett Bowling
- Durham Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tyson Brown
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valerie A Smith
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kasey Decosimo
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah M Wilson
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan Nicole Hastings
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Megan Shepherd-Banigan
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelli Allen
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Courtney Van Houtven
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Attribution for everyday discrimination typologies and mortality risk among older black adults: Evidence from the health and retirement study? Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:115166. [PMID: 36450613 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study assessed how attributions of everyday discrimination typologies relate to all-cause mortality risk among older Black adults. METHODS This study utilized data from a subsample of older Black adults from the 2006/2008 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Attributions for everyday discrimination (i.e., ancestry, age, gender, race, physical appearance, physical disability, sexual orientation, weight, and other factors) were based on self-reports, while their vital statuses were obtained from the National Death Index and reports from key informants (spanning 2006-2019). We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to identify subgroups of older Black adults based on their attributions to everyday discrimination. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze time to death as a function of LCA group membership and other covariates. RESULTS Based on fit statistics, we selected a four-class model that places respondents into one of the following classes: Class One (7%) attributed everyday discrimination to age, race, and physical disability; Class Two (72%) attributed everyday discrimination to few/no sources, Class Three (19%) attributed everyday discrimination to race and national origin; and Class Four (2%) attributed everyday discrimination to almost every reason. After adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, multisystem physiological dysregulation, and socioeconomic characteristics, we found that the relative risk of death remained higher for the respondents in Class One (Hazard Ratio [H.R.]: 1.80, 95% Confidence Interval [C.I.]: (1.09-2.98) and Class Four (H.R.: 3.92, 95% C.I.: 1.62-9.49) compared to respondents in Class Two. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate the utility of using attribution for everyday discrimination typologies in research on the psychosocial dimensions of mortality risk among older Black adults. Future research should assess the mechanisms that undergird the link between everyday discrimination classes and all-cause mortality risk among older Black adults.
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Collins-Anderson A, Vahedi L, Hutson W, Hudson D. Intersectionality and Mental Health Among Emerging Adult Black American Men: a Scoping Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2022; 24:819-830. [PMID: 36449172 PMCID: PMC9994382 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We conducted a scoping review to evaluate the degree to which literature published within the past 5 years concerning mental health among Black emerging adult men in the USA engaged with intersectionality. METHODS Using scoping review methods, we applied the following a-priori eligibility criteria: (i) sample included Black/African American men who were aged 18-29 years, (ii) pertained to general mental wellness, depression, or anxiety, (iii) published within between 2017 and 2022, (iv) empirical and/or theoretical literature including reviews, pre-prints, and reports from organizations or professional groups, (v) conducted in the USA. In total, 1384 studies were identified from the databases, after which 224 duplicates were removed, resulting in 1160 unique citations that were screened in the title/abstract phase. Overall, 376 sources were assessed for full-text eligibility, and 20 studies were included for extraction. Information pertaining to sample characteristics, intersectionality, and main mental health results were extracted from the included studies. RECENT FINDINGS Findings from this review indicate that there is a paucity of research that has investigated the mental health of Black American, emerging adult men. Of the studies that have been conducted in recent years, there are few that have used an intersectional framework to examine how different social identities intersect to affect mental health. This review underscores that the mental health of emerging adult Black men is of considerable concern given the developmental stage, social and historical context as well as intersecting identities that men in this stage embody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luissa Vahedi
- Brown School (Public Health), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William Hutson
- Brown School (Public Health), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Darrell Hudson
- Brown School (Public Health), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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7
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Wu H, Brown SL. Union Formation Expectations among Older Adults Who Live Apart Together in the USA. JOURNAL OF FAMILY ISSUES 2022; 43:2577-2598. [PMID: 36176330 PMCID: PMC9514085 DOI: 10.1177/0192513x211031518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate over whether living apart together (LAT) relationships are simply long-term relationships or alternatives to cohabitation or marriage. This study examined cohabitation and marriage expectations among older adults who LAT in the United States to address the debate. The analyses also compared the marriage expectations of older adults who LAT and cohabitors. Using data from the 2011 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), we examined the union expectations of 250 individuals who LAT and 234 cohabitors. After providing a demographic portrait of older adults who LAT, we used ordered logistic regression models to predict their cohabitation and marriage expectations. Additional models predicted marriage expectations for older adults who LAT versus cohabitors. Older adults who LAT were unlikely to expect to formalize their unions. Adults who LAT were less likely to expect marriage than cohabitors. LAT relationships appear to be long-term partnerships in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Wu
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University
| | - Susan L Brown
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University
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8
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Love MF, Brooks AN, Cox SD, Okpala M, Cooksey G, Cohen AS, Sharrief AZ. The effects of racism and resilience on Black stroke- survivor quality of life: Study protocol and rationale for a mixed-methods approach. Front Neurol 2022; 13:885374. [PMID: 36034272 PMCID: PMC9399920 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.885374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stroke, a life-threatening stressor, often negatively impacts stroke-survivor (SS) quality of life (QoL). Annual age-adjusted incidence and death rates for stroke are significantly higher among Black Americans than among White Americans. Racism, a significant stressor, occurs at structural, cultural, and interpersonal levels and contributes to health disparities for Black SS. Resilience, a dynamic process of positive adaptation to significant stress, is impacted by factors or resources both internal and external to the individual. This study aims to examine the effects of experiences of racism and resilience on Black SS QoL during early stroke recovery. This article presents the study protocol. Methods and analyses This will be a prospective observational mixed-methods study. Black community-dwelling adults who are within 4 weeks of a stroke will be eligible for inclusion. Baseline measures will include the exposure variables of experiences of racism and resilience. Covariates measured at baseline include sociodemographic variables (age, sex, marital status, education, income, health insurance, employment status, number of people in household, residential address), clinical variables (date and type of stroke, inferred Modified Rankin Scale, anxiety and depression screening), and psychosocial variables (COVID-19 stress, perceived stress, mindfulness). The outcome variable (QoL) will be assessed 6-months post-stroke. Multiple-level linear regression models will be used to test the direct effects of experiences of racism, and the direct and indirect effects of resilience, on QoL. Qualitative data will be collected via focus groups and analyzed for themes of racism, resilience, and QoL. Discussion Racism can compound the stress exerted by stroke on Black SS. This study will occur during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the aftermath of calls for social justice for Black Americans. Experiences of racism will be measured with instruments for both “everyday” discrimination and vigilance. Sociodemographic variables will be operationalized to assess specific social determinants of health that intersect with structural racism. Because of the long-standing history of racism in the United States of America (USA), cultural influences and access to resources are central to the consideration of individual-level resilience in Black SS. Study results may inform the development of interventions to support Black SS QoL through enhanced resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Love
- College of Nursing, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary F. Love
| | | | - Sonya D. Cox
- College of Nursing, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Munachi Okpala
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gail Cooksey
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Audrey Sarah Cohen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anjail Z. Sharrief
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Frazier C, Brown TH. Work-Related Stress, Psychosocial Resources, and Insomnia Symptoms Among Older Black Workers. J Aging Health 2022; 34:424-434. [PMID: 35414296 PMCID: PMC9241384 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221085899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To examine the association between work-related stress (job lock and job stress appraisal) and insomnia symptoms among older Black workers, as well as the extent to which psychosocial resources (mastery, social support, and religious involvement) mediate or moderate this association. Methods: This study uses Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis and data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) on Black workers aged 51 and older (N = 924). Results: Job lock due to financial reasons and job stress appraisal are associated with increased insomnia symptoms among older Black workers. Religious attendance buffers the harmful effects of financial job lock on sleep quality, while religiosity exacerbates the effects of job stress on insomnia symptoms. Discussion: Taken together, findings underscore the utility of the Stress Process Model for understanding diverse stress and sleep experiences in later life. Furthermore, findings have the potential to inform efficacious policies for reducing work-related stress and mitigating its harmful consequences.
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10
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Erving CL. Stress Exposure and Physical Health among Older African American and Caribbean Black Women. J Aging Health 2022; 34:320-333. [PMID: 35411820 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221085406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study assessed whether multiple stress exposures and stress accumulation explained differences in physical health among Afro-Caribbean and African American women in older adulthood. Whether specific stressors uniquely influenced the health of African American and Afro-Caribbean women was also examined. Methods: Data were drawn from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) (N=867; 50 years and older). Physical health was assessed by multiple chronic conditions, functional limitations, and self-rated health. Weighted binary logistic regression and ordered logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Compared to Afro-Caribbean women, African American women had worse physical health and greater stress exposure. Nonetheless, stress exposure did not explain ethnic differences in physical health. The association between specific measures of stress and physical health was dependent on the stressor and physical health measure. Discussion: Findings emphasize the importance of ethnic variation in health and stress exposure among older US Black women. Study implications are discussed.
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Bolina AF, Oliveira NGN, Santos PHFD, Tavares DMDS. Racial inequities and biopsychosocial indicators in older adults. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2022; 30:e3514. [PMID: 35319624 PMCID: PMC8966050 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.5634.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective to analyze the association of self-reported skin color/race with biopsychosocial indicators in older adults. Method cross-sectional study conducted with a total of 941 older adults from a health micro-region in Brazil. Data were collected at home with instruments validated for the country. Descriptive analysis and binary, multinomial and linear logistic regression (p<0.05) were performed. Results Most older adults were self-declared white color/race (63.8%). Black color/race was a protective factor for negative (OR=0.40) and regular (OR=0.44) self-rated health perception and for the indicative of depressive symptoms (OR=0.43); and it was associated with the highest social support score (β=3.60) and the lowest number of morbidities (β=-0.78). Conclusion regardless of sociodemographic and economic characteristics, older adults of black color/race had the best outcomes of biopsychosocial indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayara Gomes Nunes Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Departamento de Enfermagem em Educação e Saúde Comunitária, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Darlene Mara Dos Santos Tavares
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Departamento de Enfermagem em Educação e Saúde Comunitária, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.,Bolsista do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) 1D, Brasil
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12
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Jason K, Erving CL. The Intersecting Consequences of Race-Gender Health Disparities on Workforce Engagement for Older Workers: An Examination of Physical and Mental Health. SOCIAL CURRENTS 2022; 9:45-69. [PMID: 36199976 PMCID: PMC9531847 DOI: 10.1177/23294965211053835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic growth of older adults' labor participation over the past 25 years, including women and people of color, is reshaping the American labor force. The current study contributes new knowledge concerning why individuals over age 50 years may be working longer despite negative impacts of deteriorating physical and mental health associated with aging. Inquiries regarding who continues to work and why can be answered, in part, by addressing how workforce engagement and health are shaped by notable social inequities along the dimensions of age, race, and gender. Guided by cumulative advantage/disadvantage and intersectionality frameworks, we examine whether having multiple chronic conditions (MCC)-two or more physical conditions-and depression affect workforce participation. Using multinomial logistic regression models, we analyze the 2014-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 4250). Findings reveal that having multiple chronic illnesses increase the likelihood of labor force exit, especially among workers who also have depression. We also discover intersectional nuances which illuminate complex race-gender dynamics related to health and work processes in later life. We conclude with recommendations for workplace policy that promote the retention of older workers with chronic illness and depression and aim to decrease disparities in older workers' work engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Jason
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Financial debt held by older adults in the U.S. has grown over the past two decades. This study examines the extent to which credit cards, other consumer debts, and mortgage debt increase financial stress. Outcome measures of financial stress include the material domain ("bill-paying difficulty") and psychological domain ("ongoing financial strain"). METHOD We analyzed adults age 62 and older in the 2004 to 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study using random-effects logit regressions. RESULTS Unsecured consumer debt is associated with more financial stress per dollar than mortgage debt. A detailed assessment of mortgage debt finds that greater levels of both first and secondary mortgages are associated with greater bill-paying difficulty and greater ongoing financial strain. An increase in new mortgage debt obtained after age 62 is associated with an increase in bill-paying difficulty, but is not significantly associated with ongoing financial strain. In contrast, a reduction in mortgage debt since age 62 is associated with lower bill-paying difficulty and lower levels of ongoing financial strain. CONCLUSION The relationship between consumer debt, mortgages, and financial stress is nuanced, and depends on both the type and timing of the debt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cäzilia Loibl
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Moulton
- John Glenn College of Public Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Donald Haurin
- Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chrisse Edmunds
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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14
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Homan P, Brown TH, King B. Structural Intersectionality as a New Direction for Health Disparities Research. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 62:350-370. [PMID: 34355603 PMCID: PMC8628816 DOI: 10.1177/00221465211032947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This article advances the field by integrating insights from intersectionality perspectives with the emerging literatures on structural racism and structural sexism-which point to promising new ways to measure systems of inequality at a macro level-to introduce a structural intersectionality approach to population health. We demonstrate an application of structural intersectionality using administrative data representing macrolevel structural racism, structural sexism, and income inequality in U.S. states linked to individual data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to estimate multilevel models (N = 420,644 individuals nested in 76 state-years) investigating how intersecting dimensions of structural oppression shape health. Analyses show that these structural inequalities: (1) vary considerably across U.S. states, (2) intersect in numerous ways but do not strongly or positively covary, (3) individually and jointly shape health, and (4) are most consistently associated with poor health for black women. We conclude by outlining an agenda for future research on structural intersectionality and health.
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Harari L, Lee C. Intersectionality in quantitative health disparities research: A systematic review of challenges and limitations in empirical studies. Soc Sci Med 2021; 277:113876. [PMID: 33866085 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantitative health disparities research has increasingly employed intersectionality as a theoretical tool to investigate how social characteristics intersect to generate health inequality. Yet, intersectionality was not designed to quantify, predict, or identify health disparities, and, as a result, multiple criticisms against its misapplication in health disparities research have been made. As such, there is an emerging need to evaluate the growing body of quantitative research that aims to investigate health disparities through an intersectional lens. METHODS We conducted a systematic review from earliest records to January 2020 to (i) describe the scope of limitations when applying intersectionality to quantitative health disparities research, and (ii) identify recommendations to improve the future integration of intersectionality with this scholarship. We identified relevant publications with electronic searches in PubMed and CA Web of Science. Studies eligible for inclusion were English-language publications that used quantitative methodologies to investigate health disparities among adults in the U.S. while explicitly claiming to adopt an intersectional perspective. Out of 1279 articles reviewed, 65 were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS Our review found that, while the value of intersectionality to the study of health disparities is evident, the existing research struggles with meeting intersectionality's fundamental assumptions. In particular, four limitations were found to be widespread: narrowing the measurements of intersectionality, intersectional groups, and health outcomes; placing primacy on the study of certain intersectional groups to the neglect of others; overlooking underlying explanatory mechanisms that contribute to the health disparities experienced by intersectional groups; and, lacking in the use of life-course perspectives to show how health disparities vary across different life stages. CONCLUSION If the goal of health equality is to be achieved among diverse intersectional groups, future research must be assisted by the collection and examination of data that overcomes these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi Harari
- Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Chioun Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Alternative Friendships to Improve Men's Health Status. The Impact of the New Alternative Masculinities' Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042188. [PMID: 33672273 PMCID: PMC7926434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who develop behaviors connected with the model of hegemonic masculinity present several health problems. Previous research has shown the types of problems that men commonly suffer in this regard such as chronic diseases, dietary disorders, and traffic accidents. To combat and overcome this situation, several campaigns, policies and recommendations have been undertaken, and consequently, their influence has been analyzed. However, there have been few investigations into the role of men's friendship in the reduction of these physical health problems. The findings presented in this article are focused on this issue, illustrating the impact of male friendship on the shaping of healthy behaviors. METHODS Drawing upon a qualitative-based methodology articulated in a case study of the Men in Dialogue association, located in Spain, the study has followed the premises of the communicative approach, a total of 15 structured online open-ended questionnaires have been performed and analyzed. The median age of the participants is 37.5 years. RESULTS The findings show how men involved in Men in Dialogue are promoting a kind of masculine friendship that is improving men's emotional well-being and, consequently, their physical health.
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Thomas Tobin CS, Erving CL, Barve A. Race and SES Differences in Psychosocial Resources: Implications for Social Stress Theory. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0190272520961379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Social stress theory predicts that psychosocial resources shape health inequalities but is less clear about the ways in which the availability of resources differs across racial and socioeconomic groups. Using data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N = 1,214), the present study assessed racial and socioeconomic status (SES) differences in mastery, self-esteem, and social support; evaluated the extent to which SES accounts for racial differences in resources; and considered the interactive roles of race and SES in shaping resources among Black and White adults. Results show Blacks have greater access to resources, but SES yields greater psychosocial benefits among Whites. Findings demonstrate that SES and race may jointly and independently shape access to resources. This study contributes to the broader literature on status distinctions in psychosocial resources, providing new insights into the ways in which race and SES shape access to these health-protective resources while also raising several questions for future research.
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Boen C. Death by a Thousand Cuts: Stress Exposure and Black-White Disparities in Physiological Functioning in Late Life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:1937-1950. [PMID: 31127845 PMCID: PMC7566970 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper investigates Black-White differences in stress-including diverse measures of chronic, acute, discrimination-related, and cumulative stress exposure-and examines whether race differences in these stress measures mediate Black-White disparities in C-reactive protein (CRP) and metabolic dysregulation in later life. METHODS Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (2004-2012), this study uses stepwise ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to examine the prospective associations between multiple stressors-including traumatic and stressful life events, financial strain, chronic stress, everyday and major life discrimination, and measures of cumulative stress burden-and CRP and metabolic dysregulation. Mediation analyses assessed the contribution of stress exposure to Black-White disparities in the outcomes. RESULTS Blacks experienced more stress than Whites across domains of stress, and stress exposure was strongly associated with CRP and metabolic dysregulation. Race differences in financial strain, everyday and major life discrimination, and cumulative stress burden mediated Black-White gaps in the outcomes, with measures of cumulative stress burden mediating the greatest proportion of the racial disparities. DISCUSSION The "thousand cuts" that Blacks experience from their cumulative stress exposure across domains of social life throughout the life course accelerate their physiological deterioration relative to Whites and play a critical role in racial health disparities at older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Boen
- Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center, and Population Aging Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Thorpe RJ, Cobb R, King K, Bruce MA, Archibald P, Jones HP, Norris KC, Whitfield KE, Hudson D. The Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Accumulation of Stress Among Black Men in the Health and Retirement Study. Innov Aging 2020; 4:igaa047. [PMID: 33354627 PMCID: PMC7737789 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Among the multiple factors posited to drive the health inequities that black men experience, the fundamental role of stress in the production of poor health is a key component. Allostatic load (AL) is considered to be a byproduct of stressors related to cumulative disadvantage. Exposure to chronic stress is associated with poorer mental health including depressive symptoms. Few studies have investigated how AL contributes to depressive symptoms among black men. The purpose of the cross-sectional study was to examine the association between AL and depressive symptoms among middle- to old age black men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This project used the 2010 and 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study enhanced face-to-face interview that included a biomarker assessment and psychosocial questionnaire. Depressive symptoms, assessed by the endorsement of 3 or more symptoms on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression 8-item scale, was the outcome variable. The main independent variable, AL, score was calculated by summing the number values that were in the high range for that particular biomarker value scores ranging from 0 to 7. black men whose AL score was 3 or greater were considered to be in the high AL group. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS There was a larger proportion of black men in the high AL group who reported depressive symptoms (30.0% vs. 20.0%) compared with black men in the low AL group. After adjusting for age, education, income, drinking, and smoking status, the prevalence of reporting 3 or more depressive symptoms was statistically significant among black men in the high AL group (PR = 1.61 [95% CI: 1.20-2.17]) than black men in the low AL group. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Exposure to chronic stress is related to reporting 3 or more depressive symptoms among black men after controlling for potential confounders. Improving the social and economic conditions for which black men work, play, and pray is key to reducing stress, thereby potentially leading to the reporting of fewer depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland J Thorpe
- Program for Research on Men’s Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryon Cobb
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Keyonna King
- Department of Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Marino A Bruce
- Department of Population Health Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Paul Archibald
- Department of Social Work, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York
| | - Harlan P Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | - Keith C Norris
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Darrell Hudson
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
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Brown LL, Abrams LR, Mitchell UA, Ailshire JA. Measuring More Than Exposure: Does Stress Appraisal Matter for Black-White Differences in Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults? Innov Aging 2020; 4:igaa040. [PMID: 33123630 PMCID: PMC7580160 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prior research and theory suggest that exposure to objectively stressful events contributes to mental health disparities. Yet, blacks report higher cumulative stress exposure than whites but lower levels of common psychiatric disorders. In order to understand why blacks bear disproportionate stress exposure but similar or better mental health relative to whites, we need to consider race differences in not only stress exposure, but also stress appraisal-how upsetting stress exposures are perceived to be. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examine whether race differences in the number of reported chronic stressors across 5 domains (health, financial, residential, relationship, and caregiving) and their appraised stressfulness explain black-white differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Data come from 6019 adults aged older than 52 from the 2006 Health and Retirement Study. RESULTS Older blacks in this sample experience greater exposure to chronic stressors but appraise stressors as less upsetting relative to whites. In fully adjusted models, stress exposure is related to higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and perceiving stress as upsetting is associated with higher symptomology for whites and blacks. We also find that blacks report greater anxiety symptoms but fewer depressive symptoms with more stress exposure relative to whites. Stress appraisal partially explains race differences in the association between stress exposure and anxiety symptoms and fully explains race differences in the association between exposure and depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS The relationship between race, chronic stress exposure, and mental health is mediated by stress appraisal. Stress appraisal provides insight on important pathways contributing to black-white mental health disparities in older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Brown
- Division of Health Management and Policy, San Diego State University School of Public Health, California
| | - Leah R Abrams
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Uchechi A Mitchell
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago
| | - Jennifer A Ailshire
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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21
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Brown LL, Mitchell UA, Ailshire JA. Disentangling the Stress Process: Race/Ethnic Differences in the Exposure and Appraisal of Chronic Stressors Among Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:650-660. [PMID: 29878196 PMCID: PMC7328036 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure to stressors is differentially distributed by race/ethnicity with minority groups reporting a higher stress burden than their white counterparts. However, to really understand the extent to which some groups bear a disproportionate stress burden, we need to consider race/ethnic differences in stress appraisal, specifically how upsetting stressors may be, in addition to stress exposure. We examine racial/ethnic differences in both the number of reported chronic stressors across five domains (health, financial, residential, relationship, and caregiving) and their appraised stressfulness among a diverse sample of older adults. METHOD Data come from 6,567 adults ages 52+ from the 2006 Health and Retirement Study. RESULTS Results show older blacks, U.S. and foreign-born Hispanics report more chronic stress exposure than whites and are two to three times as likely to experience financial strain and housing-related stress. Socioeconomic factors fully explain the Hispanic-white difference in stress exposure, but black-white differences remain. Despite experiencing a greater number of stressors, blacks and U.S.-born Hispanics are less likely to be upset by exposure to stressors than whites. U.S.-born Hispanics are less upset by relationship-based stressors specifically, while blacks are less upset across all stress domains in fully-adjusted models. Foreign-born Hispanics are only less upset by caregiving strain. DISCUSSION The distinction between exposure and appraisal-based measures of stress may shed light on important pathways that differentially contribute to race/ethnic physical and mental health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Brown
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Uchechi A Mitchell
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Jennifer A Ailshire
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Hudson D, Sacks T, Irani K, Asher A. The Price of the Ticket: Health Costs of Upward Mobility among African Americans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1179. [PMID: 32069785 PMCID: PMC7068450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing literature that has documented diminishing health returns on upward social mobility among Black Americans. Due to historical policies and practices, upward social mobility is often an arduous, isolating process for Black Americans, especially as they navigate predominately white educational and workplace settings. This paper advances the literature in several meaningful and innovative ways. The goal of this paper is to provide a qualitative account of the health costs of upward social mobility and describe how these costs could diminish health returns despite greater levels of socioeconomic resources. Focus groups and surveys were the data collection methods for the study. Inclusion criteria for the study were that respondents identified as African American or Black, were 24 years or older and had completed college. The total sample was 32 college-educated Black men (n = 12) and women (n = 20). The mean age for men was 39 (range = 26-50) and 33 years of age (range = 24-59) for women. Key findings highlighted in this paper include (1) hypervisibility and subsequent vigilance; (2) uplift stress; and (3) health costs associated with social mobility. The sum of these stressors is posited to affect multiple health outcomes and elucidate the mechanisms through which socioeconomic returns on health are diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Hudson
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Tina Sacks
- School of Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Katie Irani
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Antonia Asher
- School of Public Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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Johnson MD, Somerville SD, Galambos NL, Krahn HJ. Stuck in the middle with you: Predictors of commitment in midlife. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025419885025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rooted in commitment theory, this study examines dedication, perceived investments, and felt constraint, three unique aspects of commitment, in midlife using data gathered from a sample of 224 adults surveyed at ages 43 and 50 years. Positive and negative dimensions of couple relations (partner supportiveness and the extent to which one’s partner is demanding and critical, referred to as strain) assessed longitudinally and midlife-specific circumstances, including being in a first marriage or remarriage and parental and empty nest status, were examined as predictors of commitment at age 50. Latent change score modeling revealed partner support and strain as robust predictors of commitment. Higher levels of partner support at age 43 and a more gradual intraindividual decrease in support between ages 43 and 50 predicted higher dedication and perceived investments and less felt constraint at age 50. Higher age 43 levels of partner strain predicted more perceived investments and felt constraint at age 50, while a more rapid increase in strain predicted less dedication and more felt constraint. Being in a first or remarriage, being a parent, or having an empty nest did not predict commitment. These results highlight the importance of initial levels and changes in couple relations for shaping midlife commitment.
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Thorpe RJ, Whitfield KE. Psychosocial Influences of African Americans Men's Health. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2018; 73:185-187. [PMID: 29340703 PMCID: PMC5927100 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roland J Thorpe
- Program for Research for Men's Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Center on Biobehavorial Research on Health Disparities, Duke University
| | - Keith E Whitfield
- Program for Research for Men's Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions
- Center on Biobehavorial Research on Health Disparities, Duke University
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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