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Edwin TH, Håberg AK, Zotcheva E, Bratsberg B, Jugessur A, Engdahl B, Bowen C, Selbæk G, Kohler HP, Harris JR, Tom SE, Krokstad S, Mekonnen T, Stern Y, Skirbekk VF, Strand BH. Trajectories of Occupational Cognitive Demands and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Later Life: The HUNT4 70+ Study. Neurology 2024; 102:e209353. [PMID: 38630959 PMCID: PMC11175637 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The cognitive reserve hypothesis posits that cognitively stimulating work delays the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. However, the effect of occupational cognitive demands across midlife on the risk of these conditions is unclear. METHODS Using a cohort study design, we evaluated the association between registry-based trajectories of occupational cognitive demands from ages 30-65 years and clinically diagnosed MCI and dementia in participants in the HUNT4 70+ Study (2017-19). Group-based trajectory modeling identified trajectories of occupational cognitive demands, measured by the routine task intensity (RTI) index (lower RTI indicates more cognitively demanding occupation) from the Occupational Information Network. Multinomial regression was implemented to estimate the relative risk ratios (RRRs) of MCI and dementia, after adjusting for age, sex, education, income, baseline hypertension, obesity, diabetes, psychiatric impairment, hearing impairment, loneliness, smoking status, and physical inactivity assessed at HUNT1-2 in 1984-1986 and 1995-1997. To handle missing data, we used inverse probability weighting to account for nonparticipation in cognitive testing and multiple imputation. RESULTS Based on longitudinal RTI scores for 305 unique occupations, 4 RTI trajectory groups were identified (n = 7,003, 49.8% women, age range 69-104 years): low RTI (n = 1,431, 20.4%), intermediate-low RTI (n = 1,578, 22.5%), intermediate-high RTI (n = 2,601, 37.1%), and high RTI (n = 1,393, 19.9%). Participants in the high RTI group had a higher risk of MCI (RRR 1.74, 95% CI 1.41-2.14) and dementia (RRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.01-1.86), after adjusting for age, sex, and education compared with participants in the low RTI group. In a sensitivity analysis, controlling for income and baseline health-related factors, the point estimates were not appreciably changed (RRR 1.66, 95% CI 1.35-2.06 for MCI, and RRR 1.31, 95% CI 0.96-1.78 for dementia). DISCUSSION People with a history of cognitively stimulating occupations during their 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s had a lower risk of MCI and dementia older than 70 years, highlighting the importance of occupational cognitive stimulation during midlife for maintaining cognitive function in old age. Further research is required to pinpoint the specific occupational cognitive demands that are most advantageous for maintaining later-life cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine H Edwin
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Asta K Håberg
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Ekaterina Zotcheva
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Bernt Bratsberg
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Bo Engdahl
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Catherine Bowen
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Geir Selbæk
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Hans-Peter Kohler
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Sarah E Tom
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Steinar Krokstad
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Teferi Mekonnen
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Yaakov Stern
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Vegard F Skirbekk
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Bjørn H Strand
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (T.H.E., G.S., B.H.S.), Oslo University Hospital; Department for Physical Health and Aging (A.K.H., E.Z., B.E., T.M., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health (E.Z., G.S., V.F.S., B.H.S.), Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg; Centre for Fertility and Health (B.B., A.J., J.R.H., V.F.S.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Ragnar Frisch Center for Economic Research (B.B.), Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (A.J.), University of Bergen, Norway; Independent Researcher (C.B.), Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine (G.S.), University of Oslo, Norway; Population Aging Research Center and Department of Sociology (H.-P.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.E.T., Y.S.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Epidemiology (S.E.T.), Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health; HUNT Research Centre (S.K.), Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; and Levanger Hospital (S.K.), Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
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Zülke AE, Luppa M, Röhr S, Weißenborn M, Bauer A, Samos FAZ, Kühne F, Zöllinger I, Döhring J, Brettschneider C, Oey A, Czock D, Frese T, Gensichen J, Haefeli WE, Hoffmann W, Kaduszkiewicz H, König HH, Thyrian JR, Wiese B, Riedel-Heller SG. Association of mental demands in the workplace with cognitive function in older adults at increased risk for dementia. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:688. [PMID: 34893023 PMCID: PMC8665567 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Growing evidence suggests a protective effect of high mental demands at work on cognitive function in later life. However, evidence on corresponding associations in older adults at increased risk for dementia is currently lacking. This study investigates the association between mental demands at work and cognitive functioning in the population of the AgeWell.de-trial. Methods Cross-sectional investigation of the association between global cognitive functioning (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and mental demands at work in older individuals at increased risk for dementia (Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE)score ≥ 9; n = 941, age: 60–77 years). Occupational information was matched to Occupational Information Network (O*NET)-descriptors. Associations between cognitive function and O*NET-indices executive, verbal and novelty were investigated using generalized linear models. Results Higher values of index verbal (b = .69, p = .002) were associated with better cognitive function when adjusting for covariates. No association was observed for indices executive (b = .37, p = .062) and novelty (b = .45, p = .119). Higher education, younger age, and employment were linked to better cognitive function, while preexisting medical conditions did not change the associations. Higher levels of depressive symptomatology were associated with worse cognitive function. Conclusions Higher levels of verbal demands at work were associated with better cognitive function for older adults with increased dementia risk. This suggests an advantage for older persons in jobs with high mental demands even after retirement and despite prevalent risk factors. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these results and evaluate the potential of workplaces to prevent cognitive decline through increased mental demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Zülke
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Melanie Luppa
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Röhr
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marina Weißenborn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Franziska-Antonia Zora Samos
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Flora Kühne
- Institute of General Practice/Family Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Zöllinger
- Institute of General Practice/Family Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Döhring
- Institute of General Practice, University of Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Brettschneider
- Department of Health Economics and Health Service Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Oey
- Institute for General Practice, Work Group Medical Statistics and IT-Infrastructure, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Czock
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frese
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jochen Gensichen
- Institute of General Practice/Family Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Walter E Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), site Rostock/ Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Community Medicine, Dept. of Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Service Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen René Thyrian
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), site Rostock/ Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Community Medicine, Dept. of Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birgitt Wiese
- Institute for General Practice, Work Group Medical Statistics and IT-Infrastructure, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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