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Ray P, Chin AS, Worley KE, Fan J, Kaur G, Wu M, Wan LQ. Intrinsic cellular chirality regulates left-right symmetry breaking during cardiac looping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11568-E11577. [PMID: 30459275 PMCID: PMC6294912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808052115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate body plan is overall symmetrical but left-right (LR) asymmetric in the shape and positioning of internal organs. Although several theories have been proposed, the biophysical mechanisms underlying LR asymmetry are still unclear, especially the role of cell chirality, the LR asymmetry at the cellular level, on organ asymmetry. Here with developing chicken embryos, we examine whether intrinsic cell chirality or handedness regulates cardiac C looping. Using a recently established biomaterial-based 3D culture platform, we demonstrate that chick cardiac cells before and during C looping are intrinsically chiral and exhibit dominant clockwise rotation in vitro. We further show that cells in the developing myocardium are chiral as evident by a rightward bias of cell alignment and a rightward polarization of the Golgi complex, correlating with the direction of cardiac tube rotation. In addition, there is an LR polarized distribution of N-cadherin and myosin II in the myocardium before the onset of cardiac looping. More interestingly, the reversal of cell chirality via activation of the protein kinase C signaling pathway reverses the directionality of cardiac looping, accompanied by a reversal in cellular biases on the cardiac tube. Our results suggest that myocardial cell chirality regulates cellular LR symmetry breaking in the heart tube and the resultant directionality of cardiac looping. Our study provides evidence of an intrinsic cellular chiral bias leading to LR symmetry breaking during directional tissue rotation in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Amanda S Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Kathryn E Worley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
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Desgrange A, Le Garrec JF, Meilhac SM. Left-right asymmetry in heart development and disease: forming the right loop. Development 2018; 145:145/22/dev162776. [PMID: 30467108 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies have shown how bilateral symmetry of the vertebrate embryo is broken during early development, resulting in a molecular left-right bias in the mesoderm. However, how this early asymmetry drives the asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs remains poorly understood. The heart provides a striking model of left-right asymmetric morphogenesis, undergoing rightward looping to shape an initially linear heart tube and align cardiac chambers. Importantly, abnormal left-right patterning is associated with severe congenital heart defects, as exemplified in heterotaxy syndrome. Here, we compare the mechanisms underlying the rightward looping of the heart tube in fish, chick and mouse embryos. We propose that heart looping is not only a question of direction, but also one of fine-tuning shape. This is discussed in the context of evolutionary and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Desgrange
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, 75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, 75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, 75015 Paris, France .,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
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Zhang R, Cao P, Yang Z, Wang Z, Wu JL, Chen Y, Pan Y. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis Enzyme, Ext1, Contributes to Outflow Tract Development of Mouse Heart via Modulation of FGF Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136518. [PMID: 26295701 PMCID: PMC4546591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are important regulators of multiple signaling pathways. As a major constituent of the heart extracellular matrix, glycosaminoglycans are implicated in cardiac morphogenesis through interactions with different signaling morphogens. Ext1 is a glycosyltransferase responsible for heparan sulfate synthesis. Here, we evaluate the function of Ext1 in heart development by analyzing Ext1 hypomorphic mutant and conditional knockout mice. Outflow tract alignment is sensitive to the dosage of Ext1. Deletion of Ext1 in the mesoderm induces a cardiac phenotype similar to that of a mutant with conditional deletion of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, a key enzyme responsible for synthesis of all glycosaminoglycans. The outflow tract defect in conditional Ext1 knockout(Ext1f/f:Mesp1Cre) mice is attributable to the reduced contribution of second heart field and neural crest cells. Ext1 deletion leads to downregulation of FGF signaling in the pharyngeal mesoderm. Exogenous FGF8 ameliorates the defects in the outflow tract and pharyngeal explants. In addition, Ext1 expression in second heart field and neural crest cells is required for outflow tract remodeling. Our results collectively indicate that Ext1 is crucial for outflow tract formation in distinct progenitor cells, and heparan sulfate modulates FGF signaling during early heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiu-Lin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (YP)
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (YP)
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Kramer KL. Specific sides to multifaceted glycosaminoglycans are observed in embryonic development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:631-7. [PMID: 20599516 PMCID: PMC2923045 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitously found in the extracellular matrix and attached to the surface of most cells, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mediate many intercellular interactions. Originally described in 1889 as the primary carbohydrate in cartilage and then in 1916 as a coagulation inhibitor from liver, various GAGs have since been identified as key regulators of normal physiology. GAGs are critical mediators of differentiation, migration, tissue morphogenesis, and organogenesis during embryonic development. While GAGs are simple polysaccharide chains, many GAGs acquire a considerable degree of complexity by extensive modifications involving sulfation and epimerization. Embryos that lack specific GAG modifying enzymes have distinct developmental defects, illuminating the importance of GAG complexity. Revealing how these complex molecules specifically function in the embryo has often required additional approaches, the results of which suggest that GAG modifications might instructively mediate embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Kramer
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583, USA.
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Peal DS, Burns CG, Macrae CA, Milan D. Chondroitin sulfate expression is required for cardiac atrioventricular canal formation. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:3103-10. [PMID: 19890913 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in cardiac valvulogenesis are a common cause of congenital heart disease, and the study of this process promises to provide mechanistic insights and lead to novel therapeutics. Normal valve development involves multiple signaling pathways, and recently roles have been identified for extracellular matrix components, including glycosaminoglycans. We, therefore, explored the role of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate during zebrafish cardiac development. Beginning at 33 hr, there is a distinct zone of chondroitin sulfate expression in the atrioventricular (AV) boundary, in the cardiac jelly between the endocardium and myocardium. This expression is both spatially and temporally restricted, and is undetectable after 48 hr. Chemical as well as genetic inhibition of chondroitin synthesis results in AV canal (AVC) defects, including loss of the atrioventricular constriction, blood regurgitation, and failure of circulation. Lack of chondroitin disrupts a marker of cell migration, results in a loss of myocardial and endothelial markers of valvulogenesis, and misregulates bone morphogenetic protein expression, supporting an early role in AVC development. In summary, we have defined a requirement for chondroitin sulfate expression in the normal patterning of the AV boundary, suggesting that this component of the cardiac jelly provides a necessary signal in this critical transition in vertebrate cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Peal
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Yue X, Li X, Nguyen HT, Chin DR, Sullivan DE, Lasky JA. Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase 1 expression in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20397-407. [PMID: 18503048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802850200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 plays an important role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. In this study we examined the relationship between TGF-beta1 stimulation and the expression of heparan sulfate (HS) 6-O-endosulfatase 1 (Sulf1) in cultured normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) and in murine lungs in vivo. By removing 6-O-sulfates from specific HS intrachain sites on the cell surface, Sulf1 has been shown to modulate the activities of many HS binding growth factors and morphogens including fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. Real time reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that TGF-beta1 increased Sulf1 expression in NHLFs in a dose- and time-dependent manner which was accompanied by a decrease in 6-O-sulfated disaccharides as revealed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Decreased ERK activation after FGF-2 stimulation was observed in TGF-beta1-treated NHLFs compared with control cells without changes in HS-dependent FGF-2 binding or FGF-2.FR1c complex formation. To study the function of Sulf1, negative control or Sulf1-specific small interference RNA (siRNA)-transfected NHLFs were stimulated with TGF-beta1. Enhanced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and elevated total Smad2 protein level were observed in Sulf1 siRNA-transfected cells and were accompanied by enhanced expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin. In addition, Sulf1 siRNA transfection enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of TGF-beta1. Finally Sulf1 expression was up-regulated in the lungs of mice treated with adenovirus encoding active TGF-beta1. Taken together, our data indicate that Sulf1 is a TGF-beta1-responsive gene both in vitro and in vivo and may function as a negative regulator of TGF-beta1-induced fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Yue
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Levin M. Is the early left-right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 78:191-223. [PMID: 17061264 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes has been increasingly well-characterized, the left-right (LR) axis has only relatively recently begun to be understood at the molecular level. The mechanisms that ensure invariant LR asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain involve fundamental aspects of cell biology, biophysics, and evolutionary biology, and are important not only for basic science but also for the biomedicine of a wide range of birth defects and human genetic syndromes. The LR axis links biomolecular chirality to embryonic development and ultimately to behavior and cognition, revealing feedback loops and conserved functional modules occurring as widely as plants and mammals. This review focuses on the unique and fascinating physiological aspects of LR patterning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species, discusses several profound mechanistic analogies between biological regulation in diverse systems (specifically proposing a nonciliary parallel between kidney cells and the LR axis based on subcellular regulation of ion transporter targeting), highlights the possible importance of early, highly-conserved intracellular events that are magnified to embryo-wide scales, and lays out the most important open questions about the function, evolutionary origin, and conservation of mechanisms underlying embryonic asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Forsyth Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, and the Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides are capable of binding with proteins at several levels of specificity. As highly acidic macromolecules, they can bind non-specifically to any basic patch on a protein surface at low ionic strength, and such interactions are not likely to be physiologically significant. On the other hand, several systems have been identified in which very specific substructures of sulfated polysaccharides confer high affinity for particular proteins; the best-known example of this is the pentasaccharide in heparin with high affinity for antithrombin, but other examples may be taken from the study of marine invertebrates: the importance of the fine structure of dermatan sulfate (DS) to its interaction with heparin cofactor II (HCII), and the involvement of sea urchin egg-jelly fucans in species specific fertilization. A third, intermediate, kind of specific interaction is described for the cell-surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), in which patterns of sulfate substitution can show differential affinities for cytokines, growth factors, and morphogens at cell surfaces and in the intracellular matrix. This complex interplay of proteins and glycans is capable of influencing the diffusion of such proteins through tissue, as well as modulating cellular responses to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potter's Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
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Levin M. Left-right asymmetry in embryonic development: a comprehensive review. Mech Dev 2005; 122:3-25. [PMID: 15582774 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2004] [Revised: 08/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes has been increasingly well characterized, the left-right (LR) axis has only recently begun to be understood at the molecular level. The mechanisms which ensure invariant LR asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain represent a thread connecting biomolecular chirality to human cognition, along the way involving fundamental aspects of cell biology, biophysics, and evolutionary biology. An understanding of LR asymmetry is important not only for basic science, but also for the biomedicine of a wide range of birth defects and human genetic syndromes. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding LR patterning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species, discusses several poorly understood but important phenomena, and highlights some important open questions about the evolutionary origin and conservation of mechanisms underlying embryonic asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Cytokine Biology Department, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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