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Waterham HR, Koster J, Ebberink MS, Ješina P, Zeman J, Nosková L, Kmoch S, Devic P, Cheillan D, Wanders RJA, Ferdinandusse S. Autosomal dominant Zellweger spectrum disorder caused by de novo variants in PEX14 gene. Genet Med 2023; 25:100944. [PMID: 37493040 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are known as autosomal recessive disorders caused by defective peroxisome biogenesis due to bi-allelic pathogenic variants in any of at least 13 different PEX genes. Here, we report 2 unrelated patients who present with an autosomal dominant ZSD. METHODS We performed biochemical and genetic studies in blood and skin fibroblasts of the patients and demonstrated the pathogenicity of the identified PEX14 variants by functional cell studies. RESULTS We identified 2 different single heterozygous de novo variants in the PEX14 genes of 2 patients diagnosed with ZSD. Both variants cause messenger RNA mis-splicing, leading to stable expression of similar C-terminally truncated PEX14 proteins. Functional studies indicated that the truncated PEX14 proteins lost their function in peroxisomal matrix protein import and cause increased degradation of peroxisomes, ie, pexophagy, thus exerting a dominant-negative effect on peroxisome functioning. Inhibition of pexophagy by different autophagy inhibitors or genetic knockdown of the peroxisomal autophagy receptor NBR1 resulted in restoration of peroxisomal functions in the patients' fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Our finding of an autosomal dominant ZSD expands the genetic repertoire of ZSDs. Our study underscores that single heterozygous variants should not be ignored as possible genetic cause of diseases with an established autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Waterham
- Amsterdam UMC - AMC, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; United for Metabolic Diseases, The Netherlands.
| | - Janet Koster
- Amsterdam UMC - AMC, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel S Ebberink
- Amsterdam UMC - AMC, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pavel Ješina
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Perrine Devic
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, CHU Lyon·U 301, Hopital Neurologique, Bron, France
| | - David Cheillan
- Service Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, UM Pathologies Métaboliques, Erythrocytaires et Dépistage Périnatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Amsterdam UMC - AMC, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; United for Metabolic Diseases, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Amsterdam UMC - AMC, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Liang JS, Hung KL, Lin LJ, Ong WP, Keng WT, Lu JF. Novel PEX1 mutations in fibroblasts from children with Zellweger spectrum disorders exhibit temperature sensitive characteristics. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 145:109266. [PMID: 37385119 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSD) are rare autosomal recessive disorders caused by defects in peroxisome biogenesis factor (PEX; peroxin) genes leading to impaired transport of peroxisomal proteins with peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS). Four patients, including a pair of homozygotic twins, diagnosed as ZSD by genetic study with different clinical presentations and outcomes as well as various novel mutations are described here. A total of 3 novel mutations, including a nonsense, a frameshift, and a splicing mutation, in PEX1 from ZSD patients were identified and unequivocally confirmed that the p.Ile989Thr mutant PEX1 exhibited temperature-sensitive characteristics and is associated with milder ZSD. The nature of the p.Ile989Thr mutant exhibited different characteristics from that of the other previously identified temperature-sensitive p.Gly843Asp PEX1 mutant. Transcriptome profiles under nonpermissive vs. permissive conditions were explored to facilitate the understanding of p.Ile989Thr mutant PEX1. Further investigation of molecular mechanisms may help to clarify potential genetic causes that could modify the clinical presentation of ZSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jao-Shwann Liang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Long Hung
- Departments of Pediatrics, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ju Lin
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Winnie Peitee Ong
- Department of Genetics, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Teik Keng
- Department of Genetics, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jyh-Feng Lu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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3
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Honsho M, Abe Y. Molecular insights into peroxisome homeostasis and peroxisome biogenesis disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119330. [PMID: 35917894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane organelles essential for cell metabolism including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, synthesis of etherlipid plasmalogens, and redox homeostasis. Investigations into peroxisome biogenesis and the human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) have identified 14 PEX genes encoding peroxins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and the mutation of PEX genes is responsible for the PBDs. Many recent findings have further advanced our understanding of the biology, physiology, and consequences of a functional deficit of peroxisomes. In this Review, we discuss cell defense mechanisms that counteract oxidative stress by 1) a proapoptotic Bcl-2 factor BAK-mediated release to the cytosol of H2O2-degrading catalase from peroxisomes and 2) peroxisomal import suppression of catalase by Ser232-phosphorylation of Pex14, a docking protein for the Pex5-PTS1 complex. With respect to peroxisome division, the important issue of how the energy-rich GTP is produced and supplied for the division process was recently addressed by the discovery of a nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like protein, termed DYNAMO1 in a lower eukaryote, which has a mammalian homologue NME3. In regard to the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, a new PBD model mouse defective in Pex14 manifests a dysregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB pathway, an important signaling pathway for cerebellar morphogenesis. Communications between peroxisomes and other organelles are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Klouwer FCC, Falkenberg KD, Ofman R, Koster J, van Gent D, Ferdinandusse S, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Autophagy Inhibitors Do Not Restore Peroxisomal Functions in Cells With the Most Common Peroxisome Biogenesis Defect. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661298. [PMID: 33869228 PMCID: PMC8047214 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders within the Zellweger spectrum (PBD-ZSDs) are most frequently associated with the c.2528G>A (p.G843D) mutation in the PEX1 gene (PEX1-G843D), which results in impaired import of peroxisomal matrix proteins and, consequently, defective peroxisomal functions. A recent study suggested that treatment with autophagy inhibitors, in particular hydroxychloroquine, would be a potential therapeutic option for PBD-ZSD patients carrying the PEX1-G843D mutation. Here, we studied whether autophagy inhibition by chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and 3-methyladenine indeed can improve peroxisomal functions in four different cell types with the PEX1-G843D mutation, including primary patient cells. Furthermore, we studied whether autophagy inhibition may be the mechanism underlying the previously reported improvement of peroxisomal functions by L-arginine in PEX1-G843D cells. In contrast to L-arginine, we observed no improvement but a worsening of peroxisomal metabolic functions and peroxisomal matrix protein import by the autophagy inhibitors, while genetic knock-down of ATG5 and NBR1 in primary patient cells resulted in only a minimal improvement. Our results do not support the use of autophagy inhibitors as potential treatment for PBD-ZSD patients, whereas L-arginine remains a therapeutically promising compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke C. C. Klouwer
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kim D. Falkenberg
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob Ofman
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Démi van Gent
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans R. Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Lu P, Ma L, Sun J, Gong X, Cai C. A Chinese newborn with Zellweger syndrome and compound heterozygous mutations novel in the PEX1 gene: a case report and literature review. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:446-453. [PMID: 33708531 PMCID: PMC7944177 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report a male newborn with severe Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSDs) presenting asphyxia, hypotonia, poor feeding, and dysmorphic facial features. Despite intensive supportive treatment, the boy's condition deteriorated progressively. The patient's diagnosis was made by delayed results after his death. His genetic analysis showed that the boy carried novel compound heterozygous mutation in PEX1 gene (c.2050C > T and c.782_783del). We conducted a literature search and identified 316 patients with ZSD caused by mutations in the PEX1 gene. The p.G843D and p.I700Yfs*42 were the most commonly reported mutations. Among the 316 patients, clinical manifestations were available in 265 patients. The segregation of these patients' manifestation showed that patients with missense PEX1 mutations have a milder phenotype than those with truncating mutations, while the common p.G843D mutations are milder than other missense mutations. Nearly all truncating mutations in PEX1 except for those with premature stop codons near the end of the gene were associated with a severe disease phenotype. These results indicated that all domains of PEX1 were important in the maintenance of normal peroxisome function. The correlation between severity of the disease and type of mutations in PEX1 can be helpful in predicting prognosis among patients with ZSD caused by mutated PEX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lu
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Cai
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Honsho M, Okumoto K, Tamura S, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:45-54. [PMID: 33417206 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are presented in all eukaryotic cells and play essential roles in many of lipid metabolic pathways, including β-oxidation of fatty acids and synthesis of ether-linked glycerophospholipids, such as plasmalogens. Impaired peroxisome biogenesis, including defects of membrane assembly, import of peroxisomal matrix proteins, and division of peroxisome, causes peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Fourteen complementation groups of PBDs are found, and their complementing genes termed PEXs are isolated. Several new mutations in peroxins from patients with mild PBD phenotype or patients with phenotypes unrelated to the commonly observed impairments of PBD patients are found by next-generation sequencing. Exploring a dysfunctional step(s) caused by the mutation is important for unveiling the pathogenesis of novel mutation by means of cellular and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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7
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Berendse K, Boek M, Gijbels M, Van der Wel NN, Klouwer FC, van den Bergh-Weerman MA, Shinde AB, Ofman R, Poll-The BT, Houten SM, Baes M, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Liver disease predominates in a mouse model for mild human Zellweger spectrum disorder. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2774-2787. [PMID: 31207289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are autosomal recessive diseases caused by defective peroxisome assembly. They constitute a clinical continuum from severe early lethal to relatively milder presentations in adulthood. Liver disease is a prevalent symptom in ZSD patients. The underlying pathogenesis for the liver disease, however, is not fully understood. We report a hypomorphic ZSD mouse model, which is homozygous for Pex1-c.2531G>A (p.G844D), the equivalent of the most common pathogenic variant found in ZSD, and which predominantly presents with liver disease. After introducing the Pex1-G844D allele by knock-in, we characterized homozygous Pex1-G844D mice for survival, biochemical parameters, including peroxisomal and mitochondrial functions, organ histology, and developmental parameters. The first 20 post-natal days (P20) were critical for survival of homozygous Pex1-G844D mice (~20% survival rate). Lethality was likely due to a combination of cholestatic liver problems, liver dysfunction and caloric deficit, probably as a consequence of defective bile acid biosynthesis. Survival beyond P20 was nearly 100%, but surviving mice showed a marked delay in growth. Surviving mice showed similar hepatic problems as described for mild ZSD patients, including hepatomegaly, bile duct proliferation, liver fibrosis and mitochondrial alterations. Biochemical analyses of various tissues showed the absence of functional peroxisomes accompanied with aberrant levels of peroxisomal metabolites predominantly in the liver, while other tissues were relatively spared. ur findings show that homozygous Pex1-G844D mice have a predominant liver disease phenotype, mimicking the hepatic pathology of ZSD patients, and thus constitute a good model to study pathogenesis and treatment of liver disease in ZSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Berendse
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | - Maxim Boek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Gijbels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Femke C Klouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | | | - Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Ofman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands.
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8
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Patel KJ, Kao Y, Llinas RJ, Bartel B. A PEX5 missense allele preferentially disrupts PTS1 cargo import into Arabidopsis peroxisomes. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00128. [PMID: 31236542 PMCID: PMC6508846 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sorting of eukaryotic proteins to various organellar destinations requires receptors that recognize cargo protein targeting signals and facilitate transport into the organelle. One such receptor is the peroxin PEX5, which recruits cytosolic cargo carrying a peroxisome-targeting signal (PTS) type 1 (PTS1) for delivery into the peroxisomal lumen (matrix). In plants and mammals, PEX5 is also indirectly required for peroxisomal import of proteins carrying a PTS2 signal because PEX5 binds the PTS2 receptor, bringing the associated PTS2 cargo to the peroxisome along with PTS1 cargo. Despite PEX5 being the PTS1 cargo receptor, previously identified Arabidopsis pex5 mutants display either impairment of both PTS1 and PTS2 import or defects only in PTS2 import. Here we report the first Arabidopsis pex5 mutant with an exclusive PTS1 import defect. In addition to markedly diminished GFP-PTS1 import and decreased pex5-2 protein accumulation, this pex5-2 mutant shows typical peroxisome-related defects, including inefficient β-oxidation and reduced growth. Growth at reduced or elevated temperatures ameliorated or exacerbated pex5-2 peroxisome-related defects, respectively, without markedly changing pex5-2 protein levels. In contrast to the diminished PTS1 import, PTS2 processing was only slightly impaired and PTS2-GFP import appeared normal in pex5-2. This finding suggests that even minor peroxisomal localization of the PTS1 protein DEG15, the PTS2-processing protease, is sufficient to maintain robust PTS2 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushali J. Patel
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas
- Present address:
Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Yun‐Ting Kao
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas
- Present address:
Department of Cell Biology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | | | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas
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Walker CL, Pomatto LCD, Tripathi DN, Davies KJA. Redox Regulation of Homeostasis and Proteostasis in Peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:89-115. [PMID: 29167332 PMCID: PMC6335096 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic intracellular organelles involved in a variety of metabolic functions essential for the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, d-amino acids, and many polyamines. A byproduct of peroxisomal metabolism is the generation, and subsequent detoxification, of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Because of its relatively low reactivity (as a mild oxidant), H2O2 has a comparatively long intracellular half-life and a high diffusion rate, all of which makes H2O2 an efficient signaling molecule. Peroxisomes also have intricate connections to mitochondria, and both organelles appear to play important roles in regulating redox signaling pathways. Peroxisomal proteins are also subject to oxidative modification and inactivation by the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species they generate, but the peroxisomal LonP2 protease can selectively remove such oxidatively damaged proteins, thus prolonging the useful lifespan of the organelle. Peroxisomal homeostasis must adapt to the metabolic state of the cell, by a combination of peroxisome proliferation, the removal of excess or badly damaged organelles by autophagy (pexophagy), as well as by processes of peroxisome inheritance and motility. More recently the tumor suppressors ataxia telangiectasia mutate (ATM) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), which regulate mTORC1 signaling, have been found to regulate pexophagy in response to variable levels of certain reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It is now clear that any significant loss of peroxisome homeostasis can have devastating physiological consequences. Peroxisome dysregulation has been implicated in several metabolic diseases, and increasing evidence highlights the important role of diminished peroxisomal functions in aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura C D Pomatto
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Durga Nand Tripathi
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Ventura MJ, Wheaton D, Xu M, Birch D, Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Daiger SP, Whitney AE, Jones RO, Moser AB, Chen R, Wangler MF. Diagnosis of a mild peroxisomal phenotype with next-generation sequencing. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2016; 9:75-78. [PMID: 27872819 PMCID: PMC5109284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBD) are caused by mutations in PEX genes, and are typically diagnosed with biochemical testing in plasma followed by confirmatory testing. Here we report the unusual diagnostic path of a child homozygous for PEX1 p.G843D. The patient presented with sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentary retinopathy, and normal intellect. After testing for Usher syndrome was negative, he was found to have PBD through a research sequencing panel. When evaluating a patient with hearing loss and pigmentary retinopathy, mild PBD should be on the differential regardless of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J. Ventura
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Dianna Wheaton
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX 75231, United States
| | - Mingchu Xu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - David Birch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX 75231, United States
| | - Sara J. Bowne
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Lori S. Sullivan
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Stephen P. Daiger
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Annette E. Whitney
- Digestive Health Associates of Texas, 7777 Forest Lane B304, Dallas, TX 75230, United States
| | | | - Ann B. Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Texas Children's Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Daniela D'Agostino
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and McGill University Health Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Braverman
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Human disorders of peroxisome metabolism and biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:922-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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FUJIKI Y. Peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome-deficiency disorders. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:463-477. [PMID: 27941306 PMCID: PMC5328784 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome is a single-membrane-bounded ubiquitous organelle containing a hundred different enzymes that catalyze various metabolic pathways such as β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and synthesis of plasmalogens. To investigate peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) including Zellweger syndrome, more than a dozen different complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants impaired in peroxisome biogenesis are isolated as a model experimental system. By taking advantage of rapid functional complementation assay of the CHO cell mutants, successful cloning of PEX genes encoding peroxins required for peroxisome assembly invaluably contributed to the accomplishment of cloning of pathogenic genes responsible for PBDs. Peroxins are divided into three groups: 1) peroxins including Pex3p, Pex16p and Pex19p, are responsible for peroxisome membrane biogenesis via Pex19p- and Pex3p-dependent class I and Pex19p- and Pex16p-dependent class II pathways; 2) peroxins that function in matrix protein import; 3) those such as Pex11pβ are involved in peroxisome division where DLP1, Mff, and Fis1 coordinately function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio FUJIKI
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Fujiki, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (e-mail: )
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Bacino CA, Chao YH, Seto E, Lotze T, Xia F, Jones RO, Moser A, Wangler MF. A homozygous mutation in PEX16 identified by whole-exome sequencing ending a diagnostic odyssey. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2015; 5:15-18. [PMID: 26644994 PMCID: PMC4669579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a patient with a unique neurological phenotype with a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype. An 18-year diagnostic odyssey for the patient ended when exome sequencing identified a homozygous PEX16 mutation suggesting an atypical peroxisomal biogenesis disorder (PBD). Interestingly, the patient's peroxisomal biochemical abnormalities were subtle, such that plasma very-long-chain fatty acids initially failed to provide a diagnosis. This case suggests next-generation sequencing may be diagnostic in some atypical peroxisomal biogenesis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yu-Hsin Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Elaine Seto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tim Lotze
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | | | - Ann Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore MD, United States
| | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Klouwer FCC, Berendse K, Ferdinandusse S, Wanders RJA, Engelen M, Poll-The BT. Zellweger spectrum disorders: clinical overview and management approach. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:151. [PMID: 26627182 PMCID: PMC4666198 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) represent the major subgroup within the peroxisomal biogenesis disorders caused by defects in PEX genes. The Zellweger spectrum is a clinical and biochemical continuum which can roughly be divided into three clinical phenotypes. Patients can present in the neonatal period with severe symptoms or later in life during adolescence or adulthood with only minor features. A defect of functional peroxisomes results in several metabolic abnormalities, which in most cases can be detected in blood and urine. There is currently no curative therapy, but supportive care is available. This review focuses on the management of patients with a ZSD and provides recommendations for supportive therapeutic options for all those involved in the care for ZSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke C C Klouwer
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO BOX 22660, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kevin Berendse
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO BOX 22660, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO BOX 22660, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO BOX 22660, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wang XM, Yik WY, Zhang P, Lu W, Huang N, Kim BR, Shibata D, Zitting M, Chow RH, Moser AB, Steinberg SJ, Hacia JG. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of Zellweger spectrum disorder show impaired peroxisome assembly and cell type-specific lipid abnormalities. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 26319495 PMCID: PMC4553005 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zellweger spectrum disorder (PBD-ZSD) is a disease continuum caused by mutations in a subset of PEX genes required for normal peroxisome assembly and function. They highlight the importance of peroxisomes in the development and functions of the central nervous system, liver, and other organs. To date, the underlying bases for the cell-type specificity of disease are not fully elucidated. Methods Primary skin fibroblasts from seven PBD-ZSD patients with biallelic PEX1, PEX10, PEX12, or PEX26 mutations and three healthy donors were transduced with retroviral vectors expressing Yamanaka reprogramming factors. Candidate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were subject to global gene expression, DNA methylation, copy number variation, genotyping, in vitro differentiation and teratoma formation assays. Confirmed iPSCs were differentiated into neural progenitor cells (NPCs), neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and hepatocyte-like cell cultures with peroxisome assembly evaluated by microscopy. Saturated very long chain fatty acid (sVLCFA) and plasmalogen levels were determined in primary fibroblasts and their derivatives. Results iPSCs were derived from seven PBD-ZSD patient-derived fibroblasts with mild to severe peroxisome assembly defects. Although patient and control skin fibroblasts had similar gene expression profiles, genes related to mitochondrial functions and organelle cross-talk were differentially expressed among corresponding iPSCs. Mitochondrial DNA levels were consistent among patient and control fibroblasts, but varied among all iPSCs. Relative to matching controls, sVLCFA levels were elevated in patient-derived fibroblasts, reduced in patient-derived iPSCs, and not significantly different in patient-derived NPCs. All cell types derived from donors with biallelic null mutations in a PEX gene showed plasmalogen deficiencies. Reporter gene assays compatible with high content screening (HCS) indicated patient-derived OPC and hepatocyte-like cell cultures had impaired peroxisome assembly. Conclusions Normal peroxisome activity levels are not required for cellular reprogramming of skin fibroblasts. Patient iPSC gene expression profiles were consistent with hypotheses highlighting the role of altered mitochondrial activities and organelle cross-talk in PBD-ZSD pathogenesis. sVLCFA abnormalities dramatically differed among patient cell types, similar to observations made in iPSC models of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. We propose that iPSCs could assist investigations into the cell type-specificity of peroxisomal activities, toxicology studies, and in HCS for targeted therapies for peroxisome-related disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0149-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Wing Yan Yik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Peilin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Wange Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Darryl Shibata
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Madison Zitting
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Robert H Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ann B Moser
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Steven J Steinberg
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Joseph G Hacia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Sá MJN, Rocha JC, Almeida MF, Carmona C, Martins E, Miranda V, Coutinho M, Ferreira R, Pacheco S, Laranjeira F, Ribeiro I, Fortuna AM, Lacerda L. Infantile Refsum Disease: Influence of Dietary Treatment on Plasma Phytanic Acid Levels. JIMD Rep 2015; 26:53-60. [PMID: 26303611 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2015_487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile Refsum disease (IRD) is one of the less severe of Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs), a group of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders resulting from a generalized peroxisomal function impairment. Increased plasma levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and phytanic acid are biomarkers used in IRD diagnosis. Furthermore, an increased plasma level of phytanic acid is known to be associated with neurologic damage. Treatment of IRD is symptomatic and multidisciplinary.The authors report a 3-year-old child, born from consanguineous parents, who presented with developmental delay, retinitis pigmentosa, sensorineural deafness and craniofacial dysmorphisms. While the relative level of plasma C26:0 was slightly increased, other VLCFA were normal. Thus, a detailed characterization of the phenotype was essential to point to a ZSD. Repeatedly increased levels of plasma VLCFA, along with phytanic acid and pristanic acid, deficient dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase activity in fibroblasts and identification of the homozygous pathogenic mutation c.2528G>A (p.Gly843Asp) in the PEX1 gene, confirmed this diagnosis. Nutritional advice and follow-up was proposed aiming phytanic acid dietary intake reduction. During dietary treatment, plasma levels of phytanic acid decreased to normal, and the patient's development evaluation showed slow progressive acquisition of new competences.This case report highlights the relevance of considering a ZSD in any child with developmental delay who manifests hearing and visual impairment and of performing a systematic biochemical investigation, when plasma VLCFA are mildly increased. During dietary intervention, a biochemical improvement was observed, and the long-term clinical effect of this approach needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Nabais Sá
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Júlio C Rocha
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto de Magalhães, CHP EPE, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela F Almeida
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto de Magalhães, CHP EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Carmona
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Martins
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Metabolic Disorders Consultation/Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Santo António/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vasco Miranda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Santo António/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Coutinho
- Department of ENT, Hospital de Santo António/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Unit of Biochemical Genetics, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Pacheco
- Unit of Biochemical Genetics, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Laranjeira
- Unit of Biochemical Genetics, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaura Ribeiro
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit of Biochemical Genetics, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Fortuna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Lacerda
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit of Biochemical Genetics, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães/Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Berendse K, Ebberink MS, Ijlst L, Poll-The BT, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Arginine improves peroxisome functioning in cells from patients with a mild peroxisome biogenesis disorder. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:138. [PMID: 24016303 PMCID: PMC3844471 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are multisystem genetic disorders caused by a lack of functional peroxisomes, due to mutations in one of the PEX genes, encoding proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis. The phenotypic spectrum of ZSDs ranges from an early lethal form to much milder presentations. In cultured skin fibroblasts from mildly affected patients, peroxisome biogenesis can be partially impaired which results in a mosaic catalase immunofluorescence pattern. This peroxisomal mosaicism has been described for specific missense mutations in various PEX genes. In cell lines displaying peroxisomal mosaicism, peroxisome biogenesis can be improved when these are cultured at 30°C. This suggests that these missense mutations affect the folding and/or stability of the encoded protein. We have studied if the function of mutant PEX1, PEX6 and PEX12 can be improved by promoting protein folding using the chemical chaperone arginine. Methods Fibroblasts from three PEX1 patients, one PEX6 and one PEX12 patient were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of arginine. To determine the effect on peroxisome biogenesis we studied the following parameters: number of peroxisome-positive cells, levels of PEX1 protein and processed thiolase, and the capacity to β-oxidize very long chain fatty acids and pristanic acid. Results Peroxisome biogenesis and function in fibroblasts with mild missense mutations in PEX1, 6 and 12 can be improved by arginine. Conclusion Arginine may be an interesting compound to promote peroxisome function in patients with a mild peroxisome biogenesis disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Berendse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University Hospital of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fujiki Y, Yagita Y, Matsuzaki T. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders: molecular basis for impaired peroxisomal membrane assembly: in metabolic functions and biogenesis of peroxisomes in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1337-42. [PMID: 22705440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome is a single-membrane organelle in eukaryotes. The functional importance of peroxisomes in humans is highlighted by peroxisome-deficient peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) such as Zellweger syndrome (ZS). Gene defects of peroxins required for both membrane assembly and matrix protein import are identified: ten mammalian pathogenic peroxins for ten complementation groups of PBDs, are required for matrix protein import; three, Pex3p, Pex16p and Pex19p, are shown to be essential for peroxisome membrane assembly and responsible for the most severe ZS in PBDs of three complementation groups 12, 9, and 14, respectively. Patients with severe ZS with defects of PEX3, PEX16, and PEX19 tend to carry severe mutation such as nonsense mutations, frameshifts and deletions. With respect to the function of these three peroxins in membrane biogenesis, two distinct pathways have been proposed for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in mammalian cells: a Pex19p- and Pex3p-dependent class I pathway and a Pex19p- and Pex16p-dependent class II pathway. In class II pathway, Pex19p also forms a soluble complex with newly synthesized Pex3p as the chaperone for Pex3p in the cytosol and directly translocates it to peroxisomes. Pex16p functions as the peroxisomal membrane receptor that is specific to the Pex3p-Pex19p complexes. A model for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins is suggested, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of peroxisomes and its regulation involving Pex3p, Pex19p, and Pex16p. Another model suggests that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae peroxisomes likely emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Waterham HR, Ebberink MS. Genetics and molecular basis of human peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1430-41. [PMID: 22871920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprised of two clinically distinct subtypes: the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) disorders and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) type 1. PBDs are caused by defects in any of at least 14 different PEX genes, which encode proteins involved in peroxisome assembly and proliferation. Thirteen of these genes are associated with ZSS disorders. The genetic heterogeneity among PBDs and the inability to predict from the biochemical and clinical phenotype of a patient with ZSS which of the currently known 13 PEX genes is defective, has fostered the development of different strategies to identify the causative gene defects. These include PEX cDNA transfection complementation assays followed by sequencing of the thus identified PEX genes, and a PEX gene screen in which the most frequently mutated exons of the different PEX genes are analyzed. The benefits of DNA testing for PBDs include carrier testing of relatives, early prenatal testing or preimplantation genetic diagnosis in families with a recurrence risk for ZSS disorders, and insight in genotype-phenotype correlations, which may eventually assist to improve patient management. In this review we describe the current status of genetic analysis and the molecular basis of PBDs.
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Ebberink MS, Mooijer PAW, Gootjes J, Koster J, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Genetic classification and mutational spectrum of more than 600 patients with a Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:59-69. [PMID: 21031596 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal recessive Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) disorders comprise a main subgroup of the peroxisome biogenesis disorders and can be caused by mutations in any of 12 different currently identified PEX genes resulting in severe multisystemic disorders. To get insight into the spectrum of PEX gene defects among ZSS disorders and to investigate if additional human PEX genes are required for functional peroxisome biogenesis, we assigned over 600 ZSS fibroblast cell lines to different genetic complementation groups. These fibroblast cell lines were subjected to a complementation assay involving fusion by means of polyethylene glycol or a PEX cDNA transfection assay specifically developed for this purpose. In a majority of the cell lines we subsequently determined the underlying mutations by sequence analysis of the implicated PEX genes. The PEX cDNA transfection assay allows for the rapid identification of PEX genes defective in ZSS patients. The assignment of over 600 fibroblast cell lines to different genetic complementation groups provides the most comprehensive and representative overview of the frequency distribution of the different PEX gene defects. We did not identify any novel genetic complementation group, suggesting that all PEX gene defects resulting in peroxisome deficiency are currently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel S Ebberink
- Academic Medical Centre at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dynamic and functional assembly of the AAA peroxins, Pex1p and Pex6p, and their membrane receptor Pex26p involved in shuttling of the PTS1 receptor Pex5p in peroxisome biogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36:109-13. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0360109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome is a single-membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotes. The functional importance of peroxisomes in humans is highlighted by peroxisome-deficient PBDs (peroxisome biogenesis disorders), such as Zellweger syndrome. Two AAA (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) peroxins, Pex1p and Pex6p, are encoded by PEX1 and PEX6, the causal genes for CG (complementation group) 1 and CG4 PBDs respectively. PEX26, which is responsible for CG8 PBDs, codes for Pex26p, the recruiter of Pex1p–Pex6p complexes to peroxisomes. We recently assigned the binding regions between human Pex1p and Pex6p and elucidated the pivotal roles that the AAA cassettes, D1 and D2 domains, play in Pex1p–Pex6p interaction and in peroxisome biogenesis. ATP binding to both AAA cassettes of Pex1p and Pex6p was a prerequisite for the Pex1p–Pex6p interaction and peroxisomal localization, but ATP hydrolysis by the D2 domains was not required. Pex1p exists in two distinct oligomeric forms, a homo-oligomer in the cytosol and a hetero-oligomer on peroxisome membranes, with these possibly having distinct functions in peroxisome biogenesis. AAA peroxins are involved in the export from peroxisomes of Pex5p, the PTS1 (peroxisome-targeting signal type 1) receptor.
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Zeharia A, Ebberink MS, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Gutman A, Nissenkorn A, Korman SH. A novel PEX12 mutation identified as the cause of a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder with mild clinical phenotype, mild biochemical abnormalities in fibroblasts and a mosaic catalase immunofluorescence pattern, even at 40 degrees C. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:599-606. [PMID: 17534573 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in 12 different PEX genes can cause a generalized peroxisomal biogenesis disorder with clinical phenotypes ranging from Zellweger syndrome to infantile Refsum disease. To identify the specific PEX gene to be sequenced, complementation analysis is first performed in fibroblasts using catalase immunofluorescence. A patient with a relatively mild phenotype of infantile cholestasis, hypotonia and motor delay had elevated plasma very long-chain fatty acids and bile acid precursors, but fibroblast studies revealed normal or only mildly abnormal peroxisomal parameters and mosaic catalase immunofluorescence. This mosaicism persisted even when the incubation temperature was increased from 37 degrees C to 40 degrees C, a maneuver previously shown to abolish mosaicism by exacerbating peroxisomal dysfunction. As mosaicism precludes complementation analysis, a candidate gene approach was employed. After PEX1 sequencing was unrewarding, PEX12 sequencing revealed homozygosity for a novel c.102A>T (p.R34S) missense mutation affecting a partially conserved residue in the N-terminal region important for localization to peroxisomes. Transfection of patient fibroblasts with wild-type PEX12 cDNA confirmed that a PEX12 defect was the basis for the PBD. Homozygosity for c.102A>T was identified in a second patient of similar ethnic origin also presenting with a mild phenotype. PEX12 is a highly probable candidate gene for direct sequencing in the context of a mild clinical phenotype with mosaicism and minimally abnormal peroxisomal parameters in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Zeharia
- Day Hospitalization Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Merel S Ebberink
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alisa Gutman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andreea Nissenkorn
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hosptial, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Stanley H Korman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Metabolic Diseases Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Kinoshita N, Ghaedi K. Lessons from peroxisome-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1374-81. [PMID: 17045664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells with a genetic defect affecting a biological activity and/or a cell phenotype are generally called "cell mutants" and are a highly useful tool in genetic, biochemical, as well as cell biological research. To investigate peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders, more than a dozen complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants defective in peroxisome assembly have been successfully isolated and established as a model system. Moreover, successful PEX gene cloning studies by taking advantage of rapid functional complementation assay of CHO cell mutants invaluably contributed to the accomplishment of isolation of pathogenic genes responsible for peroxisome biogenesis diseases. Molecular mechanisms of peroxisome assembly are currently investigated by making use of such mammalian cell mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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25
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Shiozawa K, Goda N, Shimizu T, Mizuguchi K, Kondo N, Shimozawa N, Shirakawa M, Hiroaki H. The common phospholipid-binding activity of the N-terminal domains of PEX1 and VCP/p97. FEBS J 2006; 273:4959-71. [PMID: 17018057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PEX1 is a type II AAA-ATPase that is indispensable for biogenesis and maintenance of the peroxisome, an organelle responsible for the primary metabolism of lipids, such as beta-oxidation and lipid biosynthesis. Recently, we demonstrated a striking structural similarity between its N-terminal domain and those of other membrane-related AAA-ATPases, such as valosine-containing protein (p97). The N-terminal domain of valosine-containing protein serves as an interface to its adaptor proteins p47 and Ufd1, whereas the physiologic interaction partner of the N-terminal domain of PEX1 remains unknown. Here we found that N-terminal domains isolated from valosine-containing protein, as well as from PEX1, bind phosphoinositides. The N-terminal domain of PEX1 appears to preferentially bind phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate, whereas the N-terminal domain of valosine-containing protein displays broad and nonspecific lipid binding. Although N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein, CDC48 and Ufd1 have structures similar to that of valosine-containing protein, they displayed lipid specificity similar to that of the N-terminal domain of PEX1 in the assays. By mutational analysis, we demonstrate that a conserved arginine surrounded by hydrophobic residues is essential for lipid binding, despite very low sequence similarity between PEX1 and valosine-containing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Shiozawa
- International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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26
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Tamura S, Yasutake S, Matsumoto N, Fujiki Y. Dynamic and functional assembly of the AAA peroxins, Pex1p and Pex6p, and their membrane receptor Pex26p. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27693-704. [PMID: 16854980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605159200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two AAA peroxins, Pex1p and Pex6p, are encoded by PEX1 and PEX6, the causal genes for peroxisome biogenesis disorders of complementation group 1 (CG1) and CG4, respectively. PEX26 responsible for peroxisome biogenesis disorders of CG8 encodes Pex26p, the recruiter of Pex1p.Pex6p complexes to peroxisomes. We herein assigned the binding regions between human Pex1p and Pex6p and elucidated pivotal roles of the AAA cassettes, called D1 and D2 domains, in Pex1p-Pex6p interaction and peroxisome biogenesis. ATP binding in both AAA cassettes but not ATP hydrolysis in D2 of both Pex1p and Pex6p was prerequisite for Pex1p-Pex6p interaction and their peroxisomal localization. The AAA cassettes, D1 and D2, were essential for peroxisome-restoring activity of Pex1p and Pex6p. In HEK293 cells, endogenous Pex1p was partly localized likely as a homo-oligomer in the cytoplasm, while Pex6p and Pex26p were predominantly localized on peroxisomes. Interaction of Pex1p with Pex6p conferred a conformational change and dissociation of the Pex1p oligomer. These results suggested that Pex1p possesses two distinct oligomeric forms, a homo-oligomer in the cytosol and a hetero-oligomer on peroxisome membranes, possibly playing distinct functions in peroxisome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Tamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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27
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Fan W, Fujiki Y. A temperature-sensitive CHO pex1 mutant with a novel mutation in the AAA Walker A1 motif. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1434-9. [PMID: 16723118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We herein isolated a peroxisome-deficient Chinese hamster ovary mutant, ZPEG252, import-defective of peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1)- and PTS2-proteins at 37 degrees C. The impaired protein import was restored at 30 degrees C, indicating a temperature-sensitive phenotype, similar to that of cells derived from patients with milder peroxisome biogenesis disorders such as infantile Refsum disease. PEX1 expression complemented the mutant phenotype of ZPEG252. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated one point mutation at nucleotide residue 1817 changing a codon (GGG) for Gly(606) to a codon (GAG) for Glu(606) in the sequence for the Walker A1 motif of the AAA cassettes. This novel mutant Pex1pG606E was severely affected in binding to Pex6p at 37 degrees C, but not at 30 degrees C. Pex1pG606E was localized to peroxisomes at 30 degrees C, whilst it was discernible in a cytosolic staining pattern at 37 degrees C. Together, our findings demonstrate that Walker A1 motif of Pex1p is essential for Pex1p-Pex6p interaction and Pex1p targeting to peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Tanaka A, Kobayashi S, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome division is impaired in a CHO cell mutant with an inactivating point-mutation in dynamin-like protein 1 gene. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1671-84. [PMID: 16529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We earlier isolated a Chinese hamster ovary cell line ZP121 showing morphologically abnormal, tubular peroxisomes, and apparent dysmorphogenesis of mitochondria. Here, we identified an inactivating point-mutation in dynamin-like protein 1 gene, DLP1, responsible for the phenotype of ZP121. One allele of DLP1 possessed a point missense mutation resulting in G363D in the middle region of 699-amino-acid long DLP1, termed DLP1G363D, while the other allele was normal. DLP1G363D was apparently expressed at a higher level than DLP1. Abnormal morphogenesis of peroxisomes as well as mitochondria was restored when wild-type DLP1 was transfected. The GTPase activity of DLP1G363D was barely detectable, indicating that the G363D mutation severely affected the GTPase activity. Moreover, a higher level of DLP1G363D expression in CHO-K1 cells reproduced the ZP121-type phenotype, hence indicating its dominant-negative activity to the wild-type DLP1, most likely by forming a heteromeric tetramer. The G363D mutation also gave rise to a temperature-sensitive phenotype showing normal morphogenesis of peroxisomes and mitochondria at 40 degrees C. Microtubule organization was most likely involved in the elongation of peroxisomes. Furthermore, ZP121 was lowered in the level of phospholipids, plasmalogens, and phosphatidylethanolamine and was less sensitive to oxidative stresses. Thus, ZP121 is the first dlp1 mutant in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Furuki S, Tamura S, Matsumoto N, Miyata N, Moser A, Moser HW, Fujiki Y. Mutations in the Peroxin Pex26p Responsible for Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders of Complementation Group 8 Impair Its Stability, Peroxisomal Localization, and Interaction with the Pex1p·Pex6p Complex. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:1317-23. [PMID: 16257970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510044200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are fatal autosomal recessive diseases and are caused by impaired peroxisome biogenesis. PBDs are genetically heterogeneous and classified into 13 complementation groups (CGs). CG8 is one of the most common groups and has three clinical phenotypes, including Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and infantile Refsum disease (IRD). We recently isolated PEX26 as the pathogenic gene for PBD of CG8. Pex26p functions in recruiting to peroxisomes the complexes of the AAA ATPase peroxins, Pex1p and Pex6p. In the present work, we identified four distinct mutations in PEX26 from five patients of CG8 PBD including 2 with ZS and 3 with IRD, in addition to 7 mutant alleles in 8 patients in the first report describing the pathogenic PEX26 gene for CG8 PBD. Phenotype-genotype analyses revealed that temperature-sensitive (ts) peroxisome assembly gave rise to a milder IRD in contrast to the non-ts phenotype of the cells from ZS patients. Furthermore, we present several lines of evidence that show that the instability, insufficient binding to Pex1p x Pex6p complexes, or mislocalization of patient-derived Pex26p mutants is most likely responsible for the CG8 PBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Furuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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30
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Crane DI, Maxwell MA, Paton BC. PEX1mutations in the Zellweger spectrum of the peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Hum Mutat 2005; 26:167-75. [PMID: 16086329 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the Zellweger spectrum represent a major subgroup of the peroxisome biogenesis disorders, a group of autosomal-recessive diseases that are characterized by widespread tissue pathology, including neurodegeneration. The Zellweger spectrum represents a clinical continuum, with Zellweger syndrome (ZS) having the most severe phenotype, and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD) and infantile Refsum disease (IRD) having progressively milder phenotypes. Mutations in the PEX1 gene, which encodes a 143-kDa AAA ATPase protein required for peroxisome biogenesis, are the most common cause of the Zellweger spectrum diseases. The PEX1 mutations identified to date comprise insertions, deletions, nonsense, missense, and splice site mutations. Mutations that produce premature truncation codons (PTCs) are distributed throughout the PEX1 gene, whereas the majority of missense mutations segregate with the two essential AAA domains of the PEX1 protein. Severity at the two ends of the Zellweger spectrum correlates broadly with mutation type and impact (i.e., the severe ZS correlates with PTCs on both alleles, and the milder phenotypes correlate with missense mutations), but exceptions to these general correlations exist. This article provides an overview of the currently known PEX1 mutations, and includes, when necessary, revised mutation nomenclature and genotype-phenotype correlations that may be useful for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis I Crane
- Cell Biology Group, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
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Kurbatova EM, Dutova TA, Trotsenko YA. Structural, functional and genetic aspects of peroxisome biogenesis. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal disorders I: biochemistry and genetics of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Clin Genet 2004; 67:107-33. [PMID: 15679822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisomal disorders represent a group of genetic diseases in humans in which there is an impairment in one or more peroxisomal functions. The peroxisomal disorders are usually subdivided into two subgroups including (i) the peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) and (ii) the single peroxisomal (enzyme-) protein deficiencies. The PBD group is comprised of four different disorders including Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), infantile Refsum's disease (IRD), and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). ZS, NALD, and IRD are clearly distinct from RCDP and are usually referred to as the Zellweger spectrum with ZS being the most severe and NALD and IRD the less severe disorders. Studies in the late 1980s had already shown that the PBD group is genetically heterogeneous with at least 12 distinct genetic groups as concluded from complementation studies. Thanks to the much improved knowledge about peroxisome biogenesis notably in yeasts and the successful extrapolation of this knowledge to humans, the genes responsible for all these complementation groups have been identified making molecular diagnosis of PBD patients feasible now. It is the purpose of this review to describe the current stage of knowledge about the clinical, biochemical, cellular, and molecular aspects of PBDs, and to provide guidelines for the post- and prenatal diagnosis of PBDs. Less progress has been made with respect to the pathophysiology and therapy of PBDs. The increasing availability of mouse models for these disorders is a major step forward in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J A Wanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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33
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Shiozawa K, Maita N, Tomii K, Seto A, Goda N, Akiyama Y, Shimizu T, Shirakawa M, Hiroaki H. Structure of the N-terminal domain of PEX1 AAA-ATPase. Characterization of a putative adaptor-binding domain. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50060-8. [PMID: 15328346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407837200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are responsible for several pathways in primary metabolism, including beta-oxidation and lipid biosynthesis. PEX1 and PEX6 are hexameric AAA-type ATPases, both of which are indispensable in targeting over 50 peroxisomal resident proteins from the cytosol to the peroxisomes. Although the tandem AAA-ATPase domains in the central region of PEX1 and PEX6 are highly similar, the N-terminal sequences are unique. To better understand the distinct molecular function of these two proteins, we analyzed the unique N-terminal domain (NTD) of PEX1. Extensive computational analysis revealed weak similarity (<10% identity) of PEX1 NTD to the N-terminal domains of other membrane-related type II AAA-ATPases, such as VCP (p97) and NSF. We have determined the crystal structure of mouse PEX1 NTD at 2.05-A resolution, which clearly demonstrated that the domain belongs to the double-psi-barrel fold family found in the other AAA-ATPases. The N-domains of both VCP and NSF are structural neighbors of PEX1 NTD with a 2.7- and 2.1-A root mean square deviation of backbone atoms, respectively. Our findings suggest that the supradomain architecture, which is composed of a single N-terminal domain followed by tandem AAA domains, is a common feature of organellar membrane-associating AAA-ATPases. We propose that PEX1 functions as a protein unfoldase in peroxisomal biogenesis, using its N-terminal putative adaptor-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Shiozawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Gootjes J, Schmohl F, Mooijer PAW, Dekker C, Mandel H, Topcu M, Huemer M, Von Schütz M, Marquardt T, Smeitink JA, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Identification of the molecular defect in patients with peroxisomal mosaicism using a novel method involving culturing of cells at 40°C: Implications for other inborn errors of metabolism. Hum Mutat 2004; 24:130-9. [PMID: 15241794 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), which comprise Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and infantile Refsum disease (IRD), represent a spectrum of disease severity, with ZS being the most severe, and IRD the least severe disorder. The PBDs are caused by mutations in one of the at least 12 different PEX genes encoding proteins involved in the biogenesis of peroxisomes. We report the biochemical characteristics and molecular basis of a subset of atypical PBD patients. These patients were characterized by abnormal peroxisomal plasma metabolites, but otherwise normal to very mildly abnormal peroxisomal parameters in cultured skin fibroblasts, including a mosaic catalase immunofluorescence pattern in fibroblasts. Since this latter feature made standard complementation analysis impossible, we developed a novel complementation technique in which fibroblasts were cultured at 40 degrees C, which exacerbates the defect in peroxisome biogenesis. Using this method, we were able to assign eight patients to complementation group 3 (CG3), followed by the identification of a single homozygous c.959C>T (p.S320F) mutation in their PEX12 gene. We also investigated various peroxisomal biochemical parameters in fibroblasts at 30 degrees C, 37 degrees C, and 40 degrees C, and found that all parameters showed a temperature-dependent behavior. The principle of culturing cells at elevated temperatures to exacerbate the defect in peroxisome biogenesis, and thereby preventing certain mutations from being missed, may well have a much wider applicability for a range of different inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Gootjes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Abstract
The peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) comprise 12 autosomal recessive complementation groups (CGs). The multisystem clinical phenotype varies widely in severity and results from disturbances in both development and metabolic homeostasis. Progress over the last several years has lead to identification of the genes responsible for all of these disorders and to a much improved understanding of the biogenesis and function of the peroxisome. Increasing availability of mouse models for these disorders offers hope for a better understanding of their pathophysiology and for development of therapies that might especially benefit patients at the milder end of the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Weller
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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36
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Matsumoto N, Tamura S, Furuki S, Miyata N, Moser A, Shimozawa N, Moser HW, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Fujiki Y. Mutations in novel peroxin gene PEX26 that cause peroxisome-biogenesis disorders of complementation group 8 provide a genotype-phenotype correlation. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73:233-46. [PMID: 12851857 PMCID: PMC1180364 DOI: 10.1086/377004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2003] [Accepted: 05/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The human disorders of peroxisome biogenesis (PBDs) are subdivided into 12 complementation groups (CGs). CG8 is one of the more common of these and is associated with varying phenotypes, ranging from the most severe, Zellweger syndrome (ZS), to the milder neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD) and infantile Refsum disease (IRD). PEX26, encoding the 305-amino-acid membrane peroxin, has been shown to be deficient in CG8. We studied the PEX26 genotype in fibroblasts of eight CG8 patients--four with the ZS phenotype, two with NALD, and two with IRD. Catalase was mostly cytosolic in all these cell lines, but import of the proteins that contained PTS1, the SKL peroxisome targeting sequence, was normal. Expression of PEX26 reestablished peroxisomes in all eight cell lines, confirming that PEX26 defects are pathogenic in CG8 patients. When cells were cultured at 30 degrees C, catalase import was restored in the cell lines from patients with the NALD and IRD phenotypes, but to a much lesser extent in those with the ZS phenotype, indicating that temperature sensitivity varied inversely with the severity of the clinical phenotype. Several types of mutations were identified, including homozygous G89R mutations in two patients with ZS. Expression of these PEX26 mutations in pex26 Chinese hamster ovary cells resulted in cell phenotypes similar to those in the human cell lines. These findings confirm that the degree of temperature sensitivity in pex26 cell lines is predictive of the clinical phenotype in patients with PEX26 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Matsumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Tamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satomi Furuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Non Miyata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ann Moser
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hugo W. Moser
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naomi Kondo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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Gärtner J. Is there a Phenotype/Genotype Correlation in Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders (PBDs)? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 544:59-65. [PMID: 14713213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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38
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Maxwell MA, Allen T, Solly PB, Svingen T, Paton BC, Crane DI. Novel PEX1 mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations in Australasian peroxisome biogenesis disorder patients. Hum Mutat 2002; 20:342-51. [PMID: 12402331 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are a group of neuronal migration/neurodegenerative disorders that arise from defects in PEX genes. A major subgroup of the PBDs includes Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD). These three disorders represent a clinical continuum with Zellweger syndrome the most severe. Mutations in the PEX1 gene, which encodes a protein of the AAA ATPase family involved in peroxisome matrix protein import, account for the genetic defect in more than half of the patients in this PBD subgroup. We report here on the results of PEX1 mutation detection in an Australasian cohort of PEX1-deficient PBD patients. This screen has identified five novel mutations, including nonsense mutations in exons 14 and 19 and single nucleotide deletions in exons 5 and 18. Significantly, the allele carrying the exon 18 frameshift mutation is present at moderately high frequency (approx. 10%) in this patient cohort. The fifth mutation is a missense mutation (R798G) that attenuates, but does not abolish PEX1 function. We have evaluated the cellular impact of these novel mutations, along with that of the two most common PEX1 mutations (c.2097-2098insT and G843D), in PBD patients by determining the levels of PEX1 mRNA, PEX1 protein, and peroxisome protein import. The findings are consistent with a close correlation between cellular phenotype, disease severity, and PEX1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Maxwell
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Preuss N, Brosius U, Biermanns M, Muntau AC, Conzelmann E, Gartner J. PEX1 mutations in complementation group 1 of Zellweger spectrum patients correlate with severity of disease. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:706-14. [PMID: 12032265 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200206000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD) are a group of autosomal-recessive diseases with complex developmental and metabolic phenotypes, including the Zellweger spectrum and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. The diseases are caused by defects in peroxisomal matrix protein import and are characterized by the loss of multiple peroxisomal metabolic functions. In humans, 12 complementation groups have been identified, with complementation group 1 accounting for more than two thirds of all PBD patients. Mutations in the PEX1 gene encoding a member of the AAA protein family of ATPases are responsible for the defects in this group, and a variety of PEX1 mutant alleles have been described. We characterized the PEX1 gene mutations and associated haplotypes in a group of thoroughly documented Zellweger spectrum patients in complementation group 1 who represent the broad range of phenotypic variation. We compared the type of mutation with the age of survival, clinical manifestations, and biochemical alterations and found a close relationship between genotype and age of survival. Missense mutations cause a milder form of disease, whereas insertions, deletions, and nonsense mutations are associated with severe clinical phenotypes. Thus, knowing the PEX1 gene mutation is helpful in predicting the course of disease in individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Preuss
- Department of Pediatrics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Orii T, Tsukamoto T, Osumi T, Fujiki Y, Kondo N. Genetic and molecular bases of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Genet Med 2001; 3:372-6. [PMID: 11545691 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200109000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Medical Education Development Center, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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41
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Tamura S, Matsumoto N, Imamura A, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Fujiki Y. Phenotype-genotype relationships in peroxisome biogenesis disorders of PEX1-defective complementation group 1 are defined by Pex1p-Pex6p interaction. Biochem J 2001; 357:417-26. [PMID: 11439091 PMCID: PMC1221968 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), including Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleucodystrophy (NALD) and infantile Refsum disease (IRD), are fatal autosomal recessive diseases caused by impaired peroxisome biogenesis, of which 12 genotypes have been reported. ZS patients manifest the severest clinical and biochemical abnormalities, whereas those with NALD and IRD show less severity and the mildest features respectively. We have reported previously that temperature-sensitive peroxisome assembly is responsible for the mildness of the clinical features of IRD. PEX1 is the causative gene for PBDs of complementation group E (CG-E, CG1 in the U.S.A. and Europe), the PBDs of highest incidence, encoding the peroxin Pex1p of the AAA ATPase family. It has been also reported that Pex1p and Pex6p interact with each other. In the present study we investigated phenotype-genotype relationships of CG1 PBDs. Pex1p from IRD such as Pex1p with the most frequently identified mutation at G843D was largely degraded in vivo at 37 degrees C, whereas a normal level of Pex1p was detectable at the permissive temperature. In contrast, PEX1 proteins derived from ZS patients, including proteins with a mutation at L664P or the deletion of residues 634-690, were stably present at both temperatures. Pex1p-G843D interacted with Pex6p at approx. 50% of the level of normal Pex1p, whereas Pex1p from ZS patients mostly showing non-temperature-sensitive peroxisome biogenesis hardly bound to Pex6p. Taking these results together, we consider it most likely that the stability of Pex1p reflects temperature-sensitive peroxisome assembly in IRD fibroblasts. Failure in Pex1p-Pex6p interaction gives rise to more severe abnormalities, such as those manifested by patients with ZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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42
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Walter C, Gootjes J, Mooijer PA, Portsteffen H, Klein C, Waterham HR, Barth PG, Epplen JT, Kunau WH, Wanders RJA, Dodt G. Disorders of peroxisome biogenesis due to mutations in PEX1: phenotypes and PEX1 protein levels. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:35-48. [PMID: 11389485 PMCID: PMC1226046 DOI: 10.1086/321265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2001] [Accepted: 04/17/2001] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD) are clinically overlapping syndromes, collectively called "peroxisome biogenesis disorders" (PBDs), with clinical features being most severe in ZS and least pronounced in IRD. Inheritance of these disorders is autosomal recessive. The peroxisome biogenesis disorders are genetically heterogeneous, having at least 12 different complementation groups (CGs). The gene affected in CG1 is PEX1. Approximately 65% of the patients with PBD harbor mutations in PEX1. In the present study, we used SSCP analysis to evaluate a series of patients belonging to CG1 for mutations in PEX1 and studied phenotype-genotype correlations. A complete lack of PEX1 protein was found to be associated with severe ZS; however, residual amounts of PEX1 protein were found in patients with the milder phenotypes, NALD and IRD. The majority of these latter patients carried at least one copy of the common G843D allele. When patient fibroblasts harboring this allele were grown at 30 degrees C, a two- to threefold increase in PEX1 protein levels was observed, associated with a recovery of peroxisomal function. This suggests that the G843D missense mutation results in a misfolded protein, which is more stable at lower temperatures. We conclude that the search for the factors and/or mechanisms that determine the stability of mutant PEX1 protein by high-throughput procedures will be a first step in the development of therapeutic strategies for patients with mild PBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Walter
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Jeannette Gootjes
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Petra A. Mooijer
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Herma Portsteffen
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Christina Klein
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Hans R. Waterham
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Peter G. Barth
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Jörg T. Epplen
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Wolf-H. Kunau
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Gabriele Dodt
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilungen für Zellbiochemie und Systembiochemie, and Institut für Molekulare Humangenetik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
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Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Imamura A, Fukuda S, Zhang Z, Orii T, Kondo N. Clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects and neuronal migration in peroxisome biogenesis disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2001; 24:151-65. [PMID: 11405337 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010310816743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are severe autosomal recessive neurological diseases caused by a defect of peroxisomal assembly factors. Zellweger syndrome, the most severe phenotype, is characterized by hypotonia, psychomotor retardation and neuronal migration disorder. Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum disease are milder phenotypes of this disease. Thirteen complementation groups have been established since the genetic heterogeneity of PBDs was elucidated in 1988. Eleven genes for PBDs have been identified either by a functional complementation cloning or by EST homology searches. In 1992, the first gene for PBDs, PEX2, was identified. It encodes peroxisomal integral membrane protein with a RING finger domain. PEX5 and PEX7 are the genes for peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS)-1 and -2 receptors, respectively. PEX3, PEX16 and PEX19 are considered to be required for the early stage of peroxisome biogenesis. PEX13 protein has an SH3 docking site that binds to the PTS-1 receptor. PEX1 and PEX6 encode ABC protein, and PEX10 and PEX12 also encode integral membrane protein, with RING finger. Temperature-sensitivity, whereby peroxisomal biogenesis and metabolic dysfunctions are restored at 30 degrees C in cells from mild phenotypes, is a useful event for predicting the clinical severity and for elucidation of peroxisome biogenesis. Investigations using knockout mice are expected to facilitate understanding of migration disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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44
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Gregersen N, Bross P, Andrese BS, Pedersen CB, Corydon TJ, Bolund L. The role of chaperone-assisted folding and quality control in inborn errors of metabolism: protein folding disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2001; 24:189-212. [PMID: 11405340 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010319001722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are present in the various compartments of the cell and assist the folding of newly synthesized proteins. Compared to wild-type proteins, missense mutant proteins are generally synthesized in a normal fashion, but may be impaired in their folding. A broad array of diseases that are due to misfolding of mutant proteins may be labelled conformational diseases: aggregation diseases, such as Alzheimer disease; diseases caused by negative dominance from misfolded structural proteins, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; and disorders where the misfolded protein is degraded by intracellular proteases. Many metabolic disorders belong to this last category, where the so-called protein quality control systems, comprising chaperones and proteases, attempt to eliminate folding intermediates or misfolded proteins. On the basis of in vitro experiments with a limited number of missense mutations identified in patients with phenylalanine hydroxylase and fatty acid oxidation deficiencies, we discuss the cellular fate of missense mutant proteins. We find that the balance between folding to functional conformers, retention (holding) and degradation of folding intermediates or misfolded proteins is dependent on the nature of the mutation and on the efficiency of the quality control. For example, low temperature may promote formation of functional conformers, while elevated temperature usually promotes retention and degradation. We conclude that disorders caused by many missense mutations are complex diseases in which the mutation itself is a necessary major primary component, but that its effect may be modified by cellular conditions and possibly by genetic variations in the quality control systems. We suggest that this new knowledge about cell handling may open new avenues of understanding of the cell pathology and treatment of patients with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gregersen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
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45
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Fujiwara C, Imamura A, Hashiguchi N, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Imanaka T, Tsukamoto T, Osumi T. Catalase-less peroxisomes. Implication in the milder forms of peroxisome biogenesis disorder. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:37271-7. [PMID: 10960480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006347200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a Chinese hamster ovary cell line having a temperature-sensitive phenotype in peroxisome biogenesis. This mutant (65TS) was produced by transforming a PEX2-defective mutant, Z65, with a mutant PEX2 gene, PEX2(E55K), derived from a patient with infantile Refsum disease, a milder form of peroxisome biogenesis disorder. In 65TS, catalase was found in the cytosol at a nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C), but upon the shift to a permissive temperature (33 degrees C), catalase gradually localized to the structures containing a 70-kDa peroxisomal membrane protein, PMP70. In contrast to catalase, other matrix proteins containing typical peroxisome targeting signals, acyl-CoA oxidase and peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, were co-localized with PMP70 in most cells, even at 39 degrees C. We found that these structures are partially functional peroxisomes and named them "catalase-less peroxisomes." Catalase-less peroxisomes were also observed in human fibroblasts from patients with milder forms of peroxisome biogenesis disorder, including the one from which the mutant PEX2 gene was derived. We suggest that these structures are the causes of the milder phenotypes of the patients. Temperature-dependent restoration of the peroxisomes in 65TS occurred even in the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Thus, we conclude that in 65TS, catalase-less peroxisomes are the direct precursors of peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fujiwara
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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46
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Imamura A, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Zhang Z, Tsukamoto T, Fujiki Y, Orii T, Osumi T, Wanders RJ, Kondo N. Temperature-sensitive mutation of PEX6 in peroxisome biogenesis disorders in complementation group C (CG-C): comparative study of PEX6 and PEX1. Pediatr Res 2000; 48:541-5. [PMID: 11004248 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200010000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD), including Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and infantile Refsum disease, are a group of genetically heterogeneous autosomal-recessive diseases caused by mutations in PEX genes that encode peroxins, proteins required for peroxisome biogenesis. Zellweger syndrome patients present the most severe phenotype, whereas neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy patients are intermediate and infantile Refsum disease patients have the mildest features. PEX6 is a causative gene for PBD of complementation group C (CG-C) and encodes the peroxin Pex6p, one of the ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities and a member of the same family of proteins as Pex1p, a causative protein for PBD of CG-E (CG1). Here, we identified the temperature sensitivity of peroxisomes in the fibroblasts of a patient with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy in CG-C. Peroxisomes were morphologically and biochemically formed at 30 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. This patient was homozygous for a missense mutation, T-->C at nucleotide 170 resulting in a change from leucine to proline at amino acid 57 (L57P) in Pex6p. CG-C cell mutants (ZP92) in the Chinese hamster ovary transfected with L57P in HsPEX6 revealed the same temperature-sensitive phenotype. However, PEX1-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants (ZP101) transfected with L111P in PEX1, the counterpart to L57P in PEX6, showed no temperature sensitivity. In addition, ZP92 transfected with G708D in PEX6, the counterpart to the temperature-sensitive mutation G843D in PEX1, revealed no temperature-sensitive phenotype. These results indicate that L57P in Pex6p is a temperature-sensitive mutation causing the milder phenotype in a patient with PBD in CG-C. They also indicate that the amino acid residues responsible for temperature sensitivity do not seem to be conserved between Pex6p and Pex1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500-8705, Japan
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47
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Otera H, Harano T, Honsho M, Ghaedi K, Mukai S, Tanaka A, Kawai A, Shimizu N, Fujiki Y. The mammalian peroxin Pex5pL, the longer isoform of the mobile peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) type 1 transporter, translocates the Pex7p.PTS2 protein complex into peroxisomes via its initial docking site, Pex14p. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21703-14. [PMID: 10767286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000720200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, two isoforms of the peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) type 1 receptor Pex5p, i.e. Pex5pS and Pex5pL with an internal 37-amino acid insertion, have previously been identified. Expression of either type of Pex5p complements the impaired PTS1 import in Chinese hamster ovary pex5 mutants, but only Pex5pL can rescue the PTS2 import defect noted in a subgroup of pex5 mutants such as ZP105. In this work, we found that Pex5pL directly interacts with the PTS2 receptor Pex7p, carrying its cargo PTS2 protein in the cytosol. Pex5pL, but not Pex5pS, mediated the binding of PTS2 protein to Pex14p by translocating Pex7p, demonstrating that Pex5pL plays a pivotal role in peroxisomal PTS2 import. Pex5p was localized mostly in the cytosol in wild-type CHO-K1 and Pex14p-deficient mutant cells, whereas it accumulated in the peroxisomal remnants in cell mutants defective in Pex13p or the RING family peroxins such as Pex2p and Pex12p. Furthermore, overexpression of Pex14p, but not Pex10p, Pex12p, or Pex13p, caused accumulation of Pex5p in peroxisomal membranes, with concomitant interference with PTS1 and PTS2 import. Therefore, Pex5p carrying the cargoes most likely docks with the initial site (Pex14p) in a putative import machinery, subsequently translocating to other components such as Pex13p, Pex2p, Pex10p, and Pex12p.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Otera
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Science, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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48
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Imamura A, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Zhang Z, Tsukamoto T, Fujiki Y, Orii T, Osumi T, Kondo N. Restoration of biochemical function of the peroxisome in the temperature-sensitive mild forms of peroxisome biogenesis disorder in humans. Brain Dev 2000; 22:8-12. [PMID: 10761827 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(99)00072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have found that peroxisome assembly is temperature-sensitive (ts) in mild forms of peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), that is all infantile Refsum disease (IRD) patients and a few neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy patients of several complementation groups. The number of peroxisomes increased daily in incubation at 30 degrees C in the ts cells. Oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids, processing of acyl-CoA oxidase and dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase activity also improved after 8 days incubation at 30 degrees C in the IRD fibroblasts. These biochemical functions of the peroxisome did not change at 30 degrees C in Zellweger fibroblasts. Number of peroxisomes gradually decreased after 4 days when the temperature shifted from 30 to 37 degrees C in the ts cells. These results indicate that the biochemical functions of peroxisome are also restored by incubation at 30 degrees C in the mild and ts phenotype of PBDs, and the results will aid to predict the severity and the prognosis of affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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49
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Yamasaki M, Hashiguchi N, Fujiwara C, Imanaka T, Tsukamoto T, Osumi T. Formation of peroxisomes from peroxisomal ghosts in a peroxisome-deficient mammalian cell mutant upon complementation by protein microinjection. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35293-6. [PMID: 10585391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mammalian cell strains genetically deficient in peroxisome biogenesis have abnormal membrane structures called ghosts, containing integral peroxisomal membrane protein, PMP70, but lacking the peroxisomal matrix proteins. Upon genetic complementation, these mutants regain the ability of peroxisome biogenesis. It is postulated that, in this process, the ghosts act as the precursors of peroxisomes, but there has been no evidence to support this. In the present study, we investigated this issue by protein microinjection to a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line defective of PEX5, encoding a peroxisome-targeting signal receptor. When recombinant Pex5p and green fluorescent protein (GFP) carrying a peroxisome-targeting signal were co-injected into the mutant cells, the GFP fluorescence gathered over time to particulate structures where PMP70 was co-localized. This process was dependent on both Pex5p and the targeting signal, and, most importantly, occurred even in the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor. These findings suggest that the ghosts act as acceptors of matrix proteins in the peroxisome recovery process at least in the PEX5 mutant, and support the view that peroxisomes can grow by incorporating newly synthesized matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamasaki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Peroxisomes, subcellular organelles found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, are involved in numerous biochemical functions within the cell. There has been an increasing understanding of the genetic mechanism of the diseases of the single peroxisomal enzyme abnormalities as well as defects of peroxisome biogenesis. Peroxisome assembly disorders including Zellweger syndrome and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata are caused by genetic defects in PEX genes and the altering of their proteins, peroxins, which are necessary for the importation of targeted proteins into the peroxisomes. Therapies for peroxisomal disorders have been unsatisfactory to date, but there has been interest in docosahexaenoic acid in assembly disorders and phenylbutyrate and lovastatin in adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Whether any of these therapies will result in clinical improvement awaits additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Raymond
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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