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Sigutova V, Xiang W, Regensburger M, Winner B, Prots I. Alpha-synuclein fine-tunes neuronal response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 122:216-230. [PMID: 39128571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are emerging as neuroinflammatory mediators in Parkinson's disease (PD) due to their ability to act through neuronal cytokine receptors. Critical questions persist regarding the role of cytokines in neuronal dysfunction and their contribution to PD pathology. Specifically, the potential synergy of the hallmark PD protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) with cytokines is of interest. We therefore investigated the direct impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on neurons and hypothesized that α-syn pathology exacerbates cytokine-induced neuronal deficits in PD. iPSC-derived cortical neurons (CNs) from healthy controls and patients with α-syn gene locus duplication (SNCA dupl) were stimulated with IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ, or a combination thereof. For rescue experiments, CNs were pre-treated with α-syn anti-oligomerisation compound NPT100-18A prior to IL-17A stimulation. Cytokine receptor expression, microtubule cytoskeleton, axonal transport and neuronal activity were assessed. SNCA dupl CNs displayed an increased IL-17A receptor expression and impaired IL-17A-mediated cytokine receptor regulation. Cytokines exacerbated the altered distribution of tubulin post-translational modifications in SNCA dupl neurites, with SNCA dupl-specific IL-17A effects. Tau pathology in SNCA dupl CNs was also aggravated by IL-17A and cytokine mix. Cytokines slowed down mitochondrial axonal transport, with IL-17A-mediated retrograde slowing in SNCA dupl only. The pre-treatment of SNCA dupl CNs with NPT100-18A prevented the IL-17A-induced functional impairments in axonal transport and neural activity. Our work elucidates the detrimental effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-17A, on human neuronal structure and function in the context of α-syn pathology, suggesting that cytokine-mediated inflammation represents a second hit to neurons in PD which is amenable to disease modifying therapies that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sigutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Dental Clinic 1, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Regensburger
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Dental Clinic 1, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Li S, Liu Y, Lu S, Xu J, Liu X, Yang D, Yang Y, Hou L, Li N. A crazy trio in Parkinson's disease: metabolism alteration, α-synuclein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04985-3. [PMID: 38625515 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an aging-associated neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein within these neurons. Oligomeric α-synuclein exerts neurotoxic effects through mitochondrial dysfunction, glial cell inflammatory response, lysosomal dysfunction and so on. α-synuclein aggregation, often accompanied by oxidative stress, is generally considered to be a key factor in PD pathology. At present, emerging evidences suggest that metabolism alteration is closely associated with α-synuclein aggregation and PD progression, and improvement of key molecules in metabolism might be potentially beneficial in PD treatment. In this review, we highlight the tripartite relationship among metabolic changes, α-synuclein aggregation, and oxidative stress in PD, and offer updated insights into the treatments of PD, aiming to deepen our understanding of PD pathogenesis and explore new therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanbing Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sen Lu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaokun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Suzuki H, Egawa N, Imamura K, Kondo T, Enami T, Tsukita K, Suga M, Yada Y, Shibukawa R, Takahashi R, Inoue H. Mutant α-synuclein causes death of human cortical neurons via ERK1/2 and JNK activation. Mol Brain 2024; 17:14. [PMID: 38444039 PMCID: PMC10916047 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies refer to a group of disorders characterized by SNCA/α-synuclein (α-Syn)-containing cytoplasmic inclusions and neuronal cell loss in the nervous system including the cortex, a common feature being cognitive impairment. Still, the molecular pathogenesis of cognitive decline remains poorly understood, hampering the development of effective treatments. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from familial Parkinson's disease (PD) patients carrying SNCA A53T mutation, differentiating them into cortical neurons by a direct conversion method. Patient iPSCs-derived cortical neurons harboring mutant α-Syn exhibited increased α-Syn-positive aggregates, shorter neurites, and time-dependent vulnerability. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis, followed by biochemical validation, identified the activation of the ERK1/2 and JNK cascades in cortical neurons with SNCA A53T mutation. This result was consistent with a reverted phenotype of neuronal death in cortical neurons when treated with ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors, respectively. Our findings emphasize the role of ERK1/2 and JNK cascades in the vulnerability of cortical neurons in synucleinopathies, and they could pave the way toward therapeutic advancements for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naohiro Egawa
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Imamura
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takako Enami
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Tsukita
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Suga
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yada
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ran Shibukawa
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan.
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Mächtel R, Boros FA, Dobert JP, Arnold P, Zunke F. From Lysosomal Storage Disorders to Parkinson's Disease - Challenges and Opportunities. J Mol Biol 2022:167932. [PMID: 36572237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are specialized organelles with an acidic pH that act as recycling hubs for intracellular and extracellular components. They harbour numerous different hydrolytic enzymes to degrade substrates like proteins, peptides, and glycolipids. Reduced catalytic activity of lysosomal enzymes can cause the accumulation of these substrates and loss of lysosomal integrity, resulting in lysosomal dysfunction and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Post-mitotic cells, such as neurons, seem to be highly sensitive to damages induced by lysosomal dysfunction, thus LSDs often manifest with neurological symptoms. Interestingly, some LSDs and Parkinson's disease (PD) share common cellular pathomechanisms, suggesting convergence of aetiology of the two disease types. This is further underlined by genetic associations of several lysosomal genes involved in LSDs with PD. The increasing number of lysosome-associated genetic risk factors for PD makes it necessary to understand functions and interactions of lysosomal proteins/enzymes both in health and disease, thereby holding the potential to identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight genetic and mechanistic interactions between the complex lysosomal network, LSDs and PD, and elaborate on methodical challenges in lysosomal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mächtel
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Clinics Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Clinics Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Clinics Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Drouin-Ouellet J, Legault EM, Nilsson F, Pircs K, Bouquety J, Petit F, Shrigley S, Birtele M, Pereira M, Storm P, Sharma Y, Bruzelius A, Vuono R, Kele M, Stoker TB, Ottosson DR, Falk A, Jakobsson J, Barker RA, Parmar M. Age-related pathological impairments in directly reprogrammed dopaminergic neurons derived from patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2203-2219. [PMID: 36150382 PMCID: PMC9561608 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an efficient approach to generate functional induced dopaminergic (DA) neurons from adult human dermal fibroblasts. When performing DA neuronal conversion of patient fibroblasts with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), we could specifically detect disease-relevant pathology in these cells. We show that the patient-derived neurons maintain age-related properties of the donor and exhibit lower basal chaperone-mediated autophagy compared with healthy donors. Furthermore, stress-induced autophagy resulted in an age-dependent accumulation of macroautophagic structures. Finally, we show that these impairments in patient-derived DA neurons leads to an accumulation of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein, the classical hallmark of PD pathology. This pathological phenotype is absent in neurons generated from induced pluripotent stem cells from the same patients. Taken together, our results show that direct neural reprogramming can be used for obtaining patient-derived DA neurons, which uniquely function as a cellular model to study age-related pathology relevant to idiopathic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie M Legault
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Fredrik Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolina Pircs
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Julie Bouquety
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Florence Petit
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shelby Shrigley
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcella Birtele
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Pereira
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Storm
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yogita Sharma
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bruzelius
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Romina Vuono
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Malin Kele
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas B Stoker
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Jakobsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Malin Parmar
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11 and B10, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Pieger K, Schmitt V, Gauer C, Gießl N, Prots I, Winner B, Winkler J, Brandstätter JH, Xiang W. Translocation of Distinct Alpha Synuclein Species from the Nucleus to Neuronal Processes during Neuronal Differentiation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081108. [PMID: 36009004 PMCID: PMC9406079 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha synuclein (aSyn) and its aggregation are crucial for the neurodegeneration of Parkinson’s disease (PD). aSyn was initially described in the nucleus and presynaptic nerve terminals. However, the biology of nuclear aSyn and the link of aSyn between subcellular compartments are less understood. Current knowledge suggests the existence of various aSyn species with distinct structural and biochemical properties. Here, we identified a C-terminal-targeting aSyn antibody (Nu-aSyn-C), which has a high immunoaffinity towards aSyn in the nucleus. Comparing the Nu-aSyn-C antibody to aSyn antibodies developed against phosphorylated or aggregated forms, we observed that nuclear aSyn differs from cytosolic aSyn by an increased phosphorylation and assembly level in proliferating cells. Employing Nu-aSyn-C, we characterized aSyn distribution during neuronal differentiation in midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and Lund human mesencephalic cells, and in primary rat hippocampal neurons. We detected a specific translocation pattern of aSyn during neuronal differentiation from the nucleus to the soma and finally to neuronal processes. Interestingly, a remarkable shift of Nu-aSyn-C-positive species towards neurites was detected in hiPSC mDANs from a PD patient carrying aSyn gene duplication. Together, our results reveal distinct nuclear and cytosolic aSyn species that redistribute during neuronal differentiation—a process that is altered in PD-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pieger
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carina Gauer
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadja Gießl
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johann Helmut Brandstätter
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-44676
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Leupold L, Sigutova V, Gerasimova E, Regensburger M, Zundler S, Zunke F, Xiang W, Winner B, Prots I. The Quest for Anti-α-Synuclein Antibody Specificity—Lessons Learnt From Flow Cytometry Analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:869103. [PMID: 35911883 PMCID: PMC9334871 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.869103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is the hallmark of a group of neurodegenerative conditions termed synucleopathies. Physiological functions of aSyn, including those outside of the CNS, remain elusive. However, a reliable and reproducible evaluation of aSyn protein expression in different cell types and especially in low-expressing cells is impeded by the existence of a huge variety of poorly characterized anti-aSyn antibodies and a lack of a routinely used sensitive detection methods. Here, we developed a robust flow cytometry-based workflow for aSyn detection and antibody validation. We test our workflow using three commercially available antibodies (MJFR1, LB509, and 2A7) in a variety of human cell types, including induced pluripotent stem cells, T lymphocytes, and fibroblasts, and provide a cell- and antibody-specific map for aSyn expression. Strikingly, we demonstrate a previously unobserved unspecificity of the LB509 antibody, while the MJFR1 clone revealed specific aSyn binding however with low sensitivity. On the other hand, we identified an aSyn-specific antibody clone 2A7 with an optimal sensitivity for detecting aSyn in a range of cell types, including those with low aSyn expression. We further utilize our workflow to demonstrate the ability of the 2A7 antibody to distinguish between physiological differences in aSyn expression in neuronal and non-neuronal cells from the cortical organoids, and in neural progenitors and midbrain dopaminergic neurons from healthy controls and in patients with Parkinson's disease who have aSyn gene locus duplication. Our results provide a proof of principle for the use of high-throughput flow cytometry-based analysis of aSyn and highlight the necessity of rigorous aSyn antibody validation to facilitate the research of aSyn physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Leupold
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Sigutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Gerasimova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Regensburger
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, Translational Research Center (TRC), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Iryna Prots
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Natalwala A, Behbehani R, Yapom R, Kunath T. An Isogenic Collection of Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines With Elevated α-Synuclein Expression Validated for Neural Induction and Cortical Neuron Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898560. [PMID: 35712660 PMCID: PMC9196909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) is a small, disordered protein that becomes aggregated in Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) potentially provide a tractable disease model to monitor early molecular changes associated with PD/DLB. We and others have previously derived hiPSC lines from patients with duplication and triplication of the SNCA gene, encoding for αSyn. It is now recognised that to perform meaningful disease modelling with these hiPSC lines, it is critical to generate isogenic control cell lines that lack the disease causing mutations. In order to complement the existing and emerging hiPSC models for PD/DLB, we have generated an allelic series of αSyn over-expressing hESC lines on the same isogenic background. An unresolved question is whether pluripotent stem cell lines, with elevated levels of αSyn, can undergo efficient differentiation into dopaminergic and cortical neurons to model PD and DLB, respectively. We took advantage of our isogenic collection of hESC lines to determine if increased expression of αSyn affects neural induction and neuronal differentiation. Clonal hESC lines with significantly different levels of αSyn expression proliferated normally and maintained expression of pluripotent markers, such as OCT4. All cell lines efficiently produced PAX6+ neuroectoderm and there was no correlation between αSyn expression and neural induction efficiency. Finally, global transcriptomic analysis of cortical differentiation of hESC lines with low or high levels of αSyn expression demonstrated robust and similar induction of cortical neuronal expression profiles. Gene expression differences observed were unrelated to neural induction and neuronal differentiation. We conclude that elevated expression of αSyn in human pluripotent stem cells does not adversely affect their neuronal differentiation potential and that collections of isogenic cell lines with differing levels of αSyn expression are valid and suitable models to investigate synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Natalwala
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, London, United Kingdom,Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Ammar Natalwala, ; Tilo Kunath,
| | - Ranya Behbehani
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ratsuda Yapom
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo Kunath
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Ammar Natalwala, ; Tilo Kunath,
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9
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Seebauer L, Schneider Y, Drobny A, Plötz S, Koudelka T, Tholey A, Prots I, Winner B, Zunke F, Winkler J, Xiang W. Interaction of Alpha Synuclein and Microtubule Organization Is Linked to Impaired Neuritic Integrity in Parkinson's Patient-Derived Neuronal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1812. [PMID: 35163733 PMCID: PMC8836605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is neuropathologically characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the deposition of aggregated alpha synuclein (aSyn). Mounting evidence suggests that neuritic degeneration precedes neuronal loss in PD. A possible underlying mechanism could be the interference of aSyn with microtubule organization in the neuritic development, as implied by several studies using cell-free model systems. In this study, we investigate the impact of aSyn on microtubule organization in aSyn overexpressing H4 neuroglioma cells and midbrain dopaminergic neuronal cells (mDANs) generated from PD patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) carrying an aSyn gene duplication (SNCADupl). An unbiased mass spectrometric analysis reveals a preferential binding of aggregated aSyn conformers to a number of microtubule elements. We confirm the interaction of aSyn with beta tubulin III in H4 and hiPSC-derived mDAN cell model systems, and demonstrate a remarkable redistribution of tubulin isoforms from the soluble to insoluble fraction, accompanied by a significantly increased insoluble aSyn level. Concordantly, SNCADupl mDANs show impaired neuritic phenotypes characterized by perturbations in neurite initiation and outgrowth. In summary, our findings suggest a mechanistic pathway, through which aSyn aggregation interferes with microtubule organization and induces neurite impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Seebauer
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.); (S.P.); (F.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Yanni Schneider
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.); (S.P.); (F.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.); (S.P.); (F.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Sonja Plötz
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.); (S.P.); (F.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.P.); (B.W.)
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.P.); (B.W.)
- Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.); (S.P.); (F.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.); (S.P.); (F.Z.); (J.W.)
- Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.); (S.P.); (F.Z.); (J.W.)
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10
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Okano H, Morimoto S. iPSC-based disease modeling and drug discovery in cardinal neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:189-208. [PMID: 35120619 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been 15 years since the birth of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in 2007, and the scope of its application has been expanding. In addition to the development of cell therapies using iPSC-derived cells, pathological analyses using disease-specific iPSCs and clinical trials to confirm the safety and efficacy of drugs developed using iPSCs are progressing. With the innovation of related technologies, iPSC applications are about to enter a new stage. This review outlines advances in iPSC modeling and therapeutic development for cardinal neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Satoru Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Spathopoulou A, Edenhofer F, Fellner L. Targeting α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. Front Neurol 2022; 12:786835. [PMID: 35145469 PMCID: PMC8821105 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.786835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. To date, no specific treatment to halt disease progression is available, only medication to alleviate symptoms can be prescribed. The main pathological hallmark of PD is the development of neuronal inclusions, positive for α-synuclein (α-syn), which are termed Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites. However, the cause of the inclusion formation and the loss of neurons remain largely elusive. Various genetic determinants were reported to be involved in PD etiology, including SNCA, DJ-1, PRKN, PINK1, LRRK2, and GBA. Comprehensive insights into pathophysiology of PD critically depend on appropriate models. However, conventional model organisms fall short to faithfully recapitulate some features of this complex disease and as a matter-of-fact access to physiological tissue is limiting. The development of disease models replicating PD that are close to human physiology and dynamic enough to analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease initiation and progression, as well as the generation of new treatment options, is an important and overdue step. Recently, the establishment of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural models, particularly from genetic PD-variants, developed into a promising strategy to investigate the molecular mechanisms regarding formation of inclusions and neurodegeneration. As these iPSC-derived neurons can be generated from accessible biopsied samples of PD patients, they carry pathological alterations and enable the possibility to analyze the differences compared to healthy neurons. This review focuses on iPSC models carrying genetic PD-variants of α-syn that will be especially helpful in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD. Furthermore, we discuss how iPSC models can be instrumental in identifying cellular targets, potentially leading to the development of new therapeutic treatments. We will outline the enormous potential, but also discuss the limitations of iPSC-based α-syn models.
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12
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Vajhøj C, Schmid B, Alik A, Melki R, Fog K, Holst B, Stummann TC. Establishment of a human induced pluripotent stem cell neuronal model for identification of modulators of A53T α-synuclein levels and aggregation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261536. [PMID: 34932569 PMCID: PMC8691628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting formation or promoting degradation of α-synuclein aggregates are among the therapeutical approaches under investigation as disease-modifying treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease. To support these developments, several in vitro models based on seeded α-synuclein aggregation have been established in immortalized cell lines and murine primary neurons. Here, we report on a humanized model with a reproducibility and throughput that enables its use in supporting target identification and validation in pharmacological research. A human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was genetically modified to express HA-tagged α-synuclein with the point mutation in position 53 from Alanine to Threonine (A53T) under an inducible system and differentiated into cortical neurons expressing neuronal markers and exhibiting spontaneous activity. Intracellular α-synuclein aggregation was triggered by exposure to exogenous added fibrillated recombinant wild-type human α-synuclein fibrils91 and demonstrated by several endpoints; the formation of Triton-insoluble SDS-soluble α-synuclein, biochemically in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer based aggregation assay and by immunocytochemistry of phosphorylated α-synuclein positive puncta. We demonstrate the feasibility of upscaling the iPSC neuron production for drug discovery and that the model has a suitable dynamic range allowing for both detection of increased and decreased α-synuclein aggregation. Moreover, gene modulation is feasible using siRNAs, making the model suitable for genetic screening for modulators of α-synuclein aggregation. Data on effects of USP8, USP13 and USP9X knockdown on α-synuclein expression and aggregation contradicts published data from immortalized cell lines and murine systems. This highlight the importance of including humanized neuronal models in the confirmation of biological mechanisms in specific variations of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ania Alik
- Institute Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institute Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
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Liu X, Wang C, Liu W, Song S, Fu J, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Oral Administration of Silibinin Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits of Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model by Restoring Mitochondrial Disorders in Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2317-2332. [PMID: 34097239 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Besides motor disorder, cognitive dysfunction is also common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Essentially no causal therapy for cognitive dysfunction of PD exists at present. In this study, a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD was used to analyze the neuroprotective potential of orally administered silibinin, a proverbial hepatoprotective flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Results demonstrated that silibinin administration significantly attenuated MPTP-induced cognitive impairment in behavioral tests. Nissl staining results showed that MPTP injection significantly increases the loss of neurons in the hippocampus. However, these mice were protected by oral administration of silibinin, accompanying reduction in the cell apoptosis in the hippocampus. The hippocampal aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn) appeared in MPTP-injected mice, but were significantly decreased by silibinin treatment. MPTP injection induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD). The oxidative stress was alleviated by silibinin treatment. Mitochondrial disorder including the decline of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was another signature in the hippocampus of MPTP-treated mice, accompanying increased mitochondrial fission and decreased fusion. Silibinin administration restored these mitochondrial disorders, as expected for the protection against MPTP injury. These findings suggest that silibinin has a potential to be further developed as a therapeutic candidate for cognitive dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenkang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Siaoyu Song
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianing Fu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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14
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Liu X, Liu W, Wang C, Chen Y, Liu P, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Silibinin attenuates motor dysfunction in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by suppression of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation along with promotion of mitophagy. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113510. [PMID: 34181930 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn has been widely used to obtain a drug for the treatment of hepatic diseases. Silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid extracted and isolated from the fruit of S. marianumis investigated in our study to explore its motor protective potential on Parkinson's disease (PD) model mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). PD is a neurodegenerative disease that causes a debilitating movement disorder, characterized by a progressive loss of nigrostriatal (substantia nigra and striatum) dopaminergic neurons. Several studies have proven that neurodegeneration is aggravated by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and/or the presence of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation. Essentially no causal therapy for PD exists at present. Our results demonstrate that silibinin significantly attenuates MPTP-induced movement disorder in behavioral tests. Immunohistochemical analysis shows that MPTP injection results in the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and the decrease of the striatal tyrosine hydroxylase. However, MPTP-injected mice were protected against dopaminergic neuronal loss by oral administration of silibinin (280 mg/kg) that increased expressions of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin, suggesting mitophagy activation. The neuroprotective mechanism of silibinin involves not only reduction of mitochondrial damage by repressing proinflammatory response and α-syn aggregation, but also enhancement of oxidative defense system. Namely, protection of dopaminergic nerves is due to promotion of mitophagy, leading to clearance of the toxic effects of damaged mitochondria. These findings suggest that silibinin has a potential to be further developed as a therapeutic candidate for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenkang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinzhe Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Panwen Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan; Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
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15
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α-synuclein pathogenesis in hiPSC models of Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210021. [PMID: 34239711 PMCID: PMC8222967 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein is an increasingly prominent player in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects mainly the dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Typical of PD pathology is the finding of protein aggregations termed ‘Lewy bodies’ in the brain regions affected. α-synuclein is implicated in many disease states including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer’s disease. However, PD is the most common synucleinopathy and continues to be a significant focus of PD research in terms of the α-synuclein Lewy body pathology. Mutations in several genes are associated with PD development including SNCA, which encodes α-synuclein. A variety of model systems have been employed to study α-synuclein physiology and pathophysiology in an attempt to relate more closely to PD pathology. These models include cellular and animal system exploring transgenic technologies, viral vector expression and knockdown approaches, and models to study the potential prion protein-like effects of α-synuclein. The current review focuses on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models with a specific focus on mutations or multiplications of the SNCA gene. iPSCs are a rapidly evolving technology with huge promise in the study of normal physiology and disease modeling in vitro. The ability to maintain a patient’s genetic background and replicate similar cell phenotypes make iPSCs a powerful tool in the study of neurological diseases. This review focuses on the current knowledge about α-synuclein physiological function as well as its role in PD pathogenesis based on human iPSC models.
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Modelling Parkinson's Disease: iPSCs towards Better Understanding of Human Pathology. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030373. [PMID: 33799491 PMCID: PMC8000082 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor as well as mental symptoms such as dementia. The underlying cause of Parkinson disease is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. It has been challenging to develop an efficient animal model to accurately represent the complex phenotypes found with PD. However, it has become possible to recapitulate the myriad of phenotypes underlying the PD pathology by using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. Patient-specific iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons are available and present an opportunity to study many aspects of the PD phenotypes in a dish. In this review, we report the available data on iPSC-derived neurons derived from PD patients with identified gene mutations. Specifically, we will report on the key phenotypes of the generated iPSC-derived neurons from PD patients with different genetic background. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship these cellular phenotypes have to PD pathology and future challenges and prospects for iPSC modelling and understanding of the pathogenesis of PD.
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17
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Minakaki G, Krainc D, Burbulla LF. The Convergence of Alpha-Synuclein, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Pathways in Vulnerability of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580634. [PMID: 33381501 PMCID: PMC7767856 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and gait impairment, as well as a spectrum of non-motor symptoms including autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. The cardinal motor symptoms of PD stem from the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, and it remains unclear why SN DAergic neurons are preferentially lost in PD. However, recent identification of several genetic PD forms suggests that mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions play important roles in the degeneration of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In this review, we discuss the interplay of cell-autonomous mechanisms linked to DAergic neuron vulnerability and alpha-synuclein homeostasis. Emerging studies highlight a deleterious feedback cycle, with oxidative stress, altered DA metabolism, dysfunctional lysosomes, and pathological alpha-synuclein species representing key events in the pathogenesis of PD. We also discuss the interactions of alpha-synuclein with toxic DA metabolites, as well as the biochemical links between intracellular iron, calcium, and alpha-synuclein accumulation. We suggest that targeting multiple pathways, rather than individual processes, will be important for developing disease-modifying therapies. In this context, we focus on current translational efforts specifically targeting lysosomal function, as well as oxidative stress via calcium and iron modulation. These efforts could have therapeutic benefits for the broader population of sporadic PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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18
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A Concise Review on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Personalized Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:748-776. [PMID: 33098306 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from somatic cells by using reprogramming factors such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) or Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28 (OSNL). They resemble embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and have the ability to differentiate into cell lineage of all three germ-layer, including cardiomyocytes (CMs). The CMs can be generated from iPSCs by inducing embryoid bodies (EBs) formation and treatment with activin A, bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), and inhibitors of Wnt signaling. However, these iPSC-derived CMs are a heterogeneous population of cells and require purification and maturation to mimic the in vivo CMs. The matured CMs can be used for various therapeutic purposes in regenerative medicine by cardiomyoplasty or through the development of tissue-engineered cardiac patches. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the isolation of iPSC and their differentiation, purification, and maturation into clinically usable CMs. Newer small molecules have also been identified to substitute the reprogramming factors for iPSC generation as well as for direct differentiation of somatic cells into CMs without an intermediary pluripotent state. This review provides a concise update on the generation of iPSC-derived CMs and their application in personalized cardiac regenerative medicine. It also discusses the current limitations and challenges in the application of iPSC-derived CMs. Graphical abstract.
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19
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Simmnacher K, Krach F, Schneider Y, Alecu JE, Mautner L, Klein P, Roybon L, Prots I, Xiang W, Winner B. Unique signatures of stress-induced senescent human astrocytes. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113466. [PMID: 32949572 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Senescence was recently linked to neurodegeneration and astrocytes are one of the major cell types to turn senescent under neurodegenerative conditions. Senescent astrocytes were detected in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients' brains besides reactive astrocytes, yet the difference between senescent and reactive astrocytes is unclear. We aimed to characterize senescent astrocytes in comparison to reactive astrocytes and investigate differences and similarities. In a cell culture model of human fetal astrocytes, we determined a unique senescent transcriptome distinct from reactive astrocytes, which comprises dysregulated pathways. Both, senescent and reactive human astrocytes activated a proinflammatory pattern. Astrocyte senescence was at least partially depending on active mechanistic-target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) and DNA-damage response signaling, both drivers of senescence. To further investigate how PD and senescence connect to each other, we asked if a PD-linked environmental factor induces senescence and if senescence impairs midbrain neurons. We could show that the PD-linked pesticide rotenone causes astrocyte senescence. We further delineate, that the senescent secretome exaggerates rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in midbrain neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) of PD patients with alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) locus duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Simmnacher
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Krach
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yanni Schneider
- Department of Molecular Neurology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian E Alecu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Mautner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paulina Klein
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laurent Roybon
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, MultiPark and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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