1
|
Olono A, Mitesser V, Happi A, Happi C. Building genomic capacity for precision health in Africa. Nat Med 2024; 30:1856-1864. [PMID: 38961224 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The African continent is poised to have a pivotal role in the global population landscape, with the United Nations projecting a population of 2.5 billion (more than 25% of the global population) by 2050. Amid this demographic shift, Africa faces a unique healthcare challenge-navigating a complex landscape of infectious and non-communicable diseases. This necessitates a departure from the conventional 'one-size-fits-all' medical model toward precision approaches that are efficient and sustainable. Genomic capacity is a pillar of precision health; however, access to up-to-date genetic testing in African countries is limited, compounded by a startling lack of representation of data from populations of African descent in gene discovery studies. In this Review, we delve into the challenges impeding the development of genomic capacity in Africa, such as the lack of electronic clinical and epidemiological records, infrastructural challenges, high supply chain costs and the 'dependency trap' that jeopardizes long-term sustainability. We emphasize the need for strategies hinged on true partnerships, robust infrastructure, workforce development and well-crafted policies. Finally, we outline recent progress and existing initiatives that should be considered as role models for future capacity-building initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Olono
- The African Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Infectious Diseases, ACEGID, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Vera Mitesser
- The African Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Infectious Diseases, ACEGID, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Anise Happi
- The African Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Infectious Diseases, ACEGID, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Christian Happi
- The African Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Infectious Diseases, ACEGID, Ede, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aboagye ET, Adadey SM, Wonkam-Tingang E, Amenga-Etego L, Awandare GA, Wonkam A. Global Distribution of Founder Variants Associated with Non-Syndromic Hearing Impairment. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:399. [PMID: 36833326 PMCID: PMC9957346 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic etiology of non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is highly heterogeneous with over 124 distinct genes identified. The wide spectrum of implicated genes has challenged the implementation of molecular diagnosis with equal clinical validity in all settings. Differential frequencies of allelic variants in the most common NSHI causal gene, gap junction beta 2 (GJB2), has been described as stemming from the segregation of a founder variant and/or spontaneous germline variant hot spots. We aimed to systematically review the global distribution and provenance of founder variants associated with NSHI. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO, the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, with the registration number "CRD42020198573". Data from 52 reports, involving 27,959 study participants from 24 countries, reporting 56 founder pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in 14 genes (GJB2, GJB6, GSDME, TMC1, TMIE, TMPRSS3, KCNQ4, PJVK, OTOF, EYA4, MYO15A, PDZD7, CLDN14, and CDH23), were reviewed. Varied number short tandem repeats (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for haplotype analysis to identify the shared ancestral informative markers in a linkage disequilibrium and variants' origins, age estimates, and common ancestry computations in the reviewed reports. Asia recorded the highest number of NSHI founder variants (85.7%; 48/56), with variants in all 14 genes, followed by Europe (16.1%; 9/56). GJB2 had the highest number of ethnic-specific P/LP founder variants. This review reports on the global distribution of NSHI founder variants and relates their evolution to population migration history, bottleneck events, and demographic changes in populations linked with the early evolution of deleterious founder alleles. International migration and regional and cultural intermarriage, coupled to rapid population growth, may have contributed to re-shaping the genetic architecture and structural dynamics of populations segregating these pathogenic founder variants. We have highlighted and showed the paucity of data on hearing impairment (HI) variants in Africa, establishing unexplored opportunities in genetic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Twumasi Aboagye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra LG Box 54, Ghana
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Samuel Mawuli Adadey
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra LG Box 54, Ghana
| | - Edmond Wonkam-Tingang
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra LG Box 54, Ghana
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra LG Box 54, Ghana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- McKusick-Nathans Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ju D, Hui D, Hammond DA, Wonkam A, Tishkoff SA. Importance of Including Non-European Populations in Large Human Genetic Studies to Enhance Precision Medicine. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2022; 5:321-339. [PMID: 35576557 PMCID: PMC9904154 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-122220-112550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One goal of genomic medicine is to uncover an individual's genetic risk for disease, which generally requires data connecting genotype to phenotype, as done in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). While there may be clinical promise to employing prediction tools such as polygenic risk scores (PRS), it currently stands that individuals of non-European ancestry may not reap the benefits of genomic medicine because of underrepresentation in large-scale genetics studies. Here, we discuss why this inequity poses a problem for genomic medicine and the reasons for the low transferability of PRS across populations. We also survey the ancestry representation of published GWAS and investigate how estimates of ancestry diversity in GWASparticipants might be biased. We highlight the importance of expanding genetic research in Africa, one of the most underrepresented regions in human genomics research, and discuss issues of ethics, resources, and technology for equitable advancement of genomic medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ju
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Daniel Hui
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Graduate Program in Genomics and Computational Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dorothy A Hammond
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Penn Center for Global Genomics & Health Equity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Population-scale analysis of common and rare genetic variation associated with hearing loss in adults. Commun Biol 2022; 5:540. [PMID: 35661827 PMCID: PMC9166757 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the genetics of hearing loss, we performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis with 125,749 cases and 469,497 controls across five cohorts. We identified 53/c loci affecting hearing loss risk, including common coding variants in COL9A3 and TMPRSS3. Through exome sequencing of 108,415 cases and 329,581 controls, we observed rare coding associations with 11 Mendelian hearing loss genes, including additive effects in known hearing loss genes GJB2 (Gly12fs; odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, P = 4.2 × 10-11) and SLC26A5 (gene burden; OR = 1.96, P = 2.8 × 10-17). We also identified hearing loss associations with rare coding variants in FSCN2 (OR = 1.14, P = 1.9 × 10-15) and KLHDC7B (OR = 2.14, P = 5.2 × 10-30). Our results suggest a shared etiology between Mendelian and common hearing loss in adults. This work illustrates the potential of large-scale exome sequencing to elucidate the genetic architecture of common disorders where both common and rare variation contribute to risk.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yalcouyé A, Esoh K, Guida L, Wonkam A. Current profile of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in Africa: A systematic review. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2022; 27:100-112. [PMID: 35383421 PMCID: PMC9322329 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy characterised by a high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. While most cases were described in populations with Caucasian ancestry, genetic research on CMT in Africa is scant. Only a few cases of CMT have been reported, mainly from North Africa. The current study aimed to summarise available data on CMT in Africa, with emphasis on the epidemiological, clinical, and genetic features. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and the African Journal Online for articles published from the database inception until April 2021 using specific keywords. A total of 398 articles were screened, and 28 fulfilled our selection criteria. RESULTS A total of 107 families totalling 185 patients were reported. Most studies were reported from North Africa (n = 22). The demyelinating form of CMT was the commonest subtype, and the phenotype varied greatly between families, and one family (1%) of CMT associated with hearing impairment was reported. The inheritance pattern was autosomal recessive in 91.2% (n = 97/107) of families. CMT-associated variants were reported in 11 genes: LMNA, GDAP1, GJB1, MPZ, MTMR13, MTMR2, PRX, FGD4/FRABIN, PMP22, SH3TC2, and GARS. The most common genes reported are LMNA, GDAP1, and SH3TC2 and have been found mostly in Northern African populations. INTERPRETATION This study reveals that CMT is not rare in Africa, and describes the current clinical and genetic profile. The review emphasised the urgent need to invest in genetic research to inform counselling, prevention, and care for CMT in numerous settings on the continent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Yalcouyé
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Esoh
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Landouré Guida
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali.,Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point "G", Bamako, Mali
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,McKusick-Nathans Institute, and Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wonkam A, Munung NS, Dandara C, Esoh KK, Hanchard NA, Landoure G. Five Priorities of African Genomics Research: The Next Frontier. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:499-521. [PMID: 35576571 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-111521-102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To embrace the prospects of accurately diagnosing thousands of monogenic conditions, predicting disease risks for complex traits or diseases, tailoring treatment to individuals' pharmacogenetic profiles, and potentially curing some diseases, research into African genomic variation is a scientific imperative. African genomes harbor millions of uncaptured variants accumulated over 300,000 years of modern humans' evolutionary history, with successive waves of admixture, migration, and natural selection combining with extensive ecological diversity to create a broad and exceptional genomic complexity. Harnessing African genomic complexity, therefore, will require sustained commitment and equitable collaboration from the scientific community and funding agencies. African governments must support academic public research and industrial partnerships that build the necessary genetic medicine workforce, utilize the emerging genomic big data to develop expertise in computer science and bioinformatics, and evolve national and global governance frameworks that recognize the ethical implications of data-driven genomic research and empower its application in African social, cultural, economic, and religious contexts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 23 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; , , .,Current affiliation: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - Nchangwi S Munung
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; , ,
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; , ,
| | - Kevin K Esoh
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; , ,
| | - Neil A Hanchard
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Guida Landoure
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wonkam A, Adadey SM, Schrauwen I, Aboagye ET, Wonkam-Tingang E, Esoh K, Popel K, Manyisa N, Jonas M, deKock C, Nembaware V, Cornejo Sanchez DM, Bharadwaj T, Nasir A, Everard JL, Kadlubowska MK, Nouel-Saied LM, Acharya A, Quaye O, Amedofu GK, Awandare GA, Leal SM. Exome sequencing of families from Ghana reveals known and candidate hearing impairment genes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:369. [PMID: 35440622 PMCID: PMC9019055 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated hearing impairment (HI) in 51 families from Ghana with at least two affected members that were negative for GJB2 pathogenic variants. DNA samples from 184 family members underwent whole-exome sequencing (WES). Variants were found in 14 known non-syndromic HI (NSHI) genes [26/51 (51.0%) families], five genes that can underlie either syndromic HI or NSHI [13/51 (25.5%)], and one syndromic HI gene [1/51 (2.0%)]. Variants in CDH23 and MYO15A contributed the most to HI [31.4% (16/51 families)]. For DSPP, an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was detected. Post-lingual expression was observed for a family segregating a MARVELD2 variant. To our knowledge, seven novel candidate HI genes were identified (13.7%), with six associated with NSHI (INPP4B, CCDC141, MYO19, DNAH11, POTEI, and SOX9); and one (PAX8) with Waardenburg syndrome. MYO19 and DNAH11 were replicated in unrelated Ghanaian probands. Six of the novel genes were expressed in mouse inner ear. It is known that Pax8-/- mice do not respond to sound, and depletion of Sox9 resulted in defective vestibular structures and abnormal utricle development. Most variants (48/60; 80.0%) have not previously been associated with HI. Identifying seven candidate genes in this study emphasizes the potential of novel HI genes discovery in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Samuel Mawuli Adadey
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54, Ghana
| | - Isabelle Schrauwen
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elvis Twumasi Aboagye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54, Ghana
| | - Edmond Wonkam-Tingang
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kevin Esoh
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kalinka Popel
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Noluthando Manyisa
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Mario Jonas
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Carmen deKock
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Victoria Nembaware
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Diana M Cornejo Sanchez
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Thashi Bharadwaj
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Abdul Nasir
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jenna L Everard
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Magda K Kadlubowska
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Liz M Nouel-Saied
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54, Ghana
| | - Geoffrey K Amedofu
- Department of Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54, Ghana
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adadey SM, Wonkam-Tingang E, Aboagye ET, Quaye O, Awandare GA, Wonkam A. Hearing loss in Africa: current genetic profile. Hum Genet 2021; 141:505-517. [PMID: 34609590 PMCID: PMC9034983 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hearing impairment (HI) is highly heterogeneous with over 123 associated genes reported to date, mostly from studies among Europeans and Asians. Here, we performed a systematic review of literature on the genetic profile of HI in Africa. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with the registration number “CRD42021240852”. Literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Africa-Wide Information, and Web of Science databases. A total of 89 full-text records was selected and retrieved for data extraction and analyses. We found reports from only 17/54 (31.5%) African countries. The majority (61/89; 68.5%) of articles were from North Africa, with few reports found from sub-Saharan Africa. The most common method used in these publications was targeted gene sequencing (n = 66/111; 59.5%), and only 13.5% (n = 15/111) used whole-exome sequencing. More than half of the studies were performed in families segregating HI (n = 51/89). GJB2 was the most investigated gene, with GJB2: p.(R143W) founder variant only reported in Ghana, while GJB2: c.35delG was common in North African countries. Variants in MYO15A were the second frequently reported in both North and Central Africa, followed by ATP6V1B1 only reported from North Africa. Usher syndrome was the main syndromic HI molecularly investigated, with variants in five genes reported: USH2A, USH1G, USH1C, MYO7A, and PCDH15. MYO7A: p.(P1780S) founder variant was reported as the common Usher syndrome variant among Black South Africans. This review provides the most comprehensive data on HI gene variants in the largely under-investigated African populations. Future exomes studies particularly in multiplex families will likely provide opportunities for the discovery of the next sets of novel HI genes, and well as unreported variants in known genes to further our understanding of HI pathobiology, globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mawuli Adadey
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Edmond Wonkam-Tingang
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Elvis Twumasi Aboagye
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Capture the full scope of variation to improve health care, equity and medical research globally.
Collapse
|