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Ashraf S, Rasool SUA, Nabi M, Ganie MA, Masoodi SR, Amin S. Impact of rs2414096 polymorphism of CYP19 gene on susceptibility of polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenism in Kashmiri women. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12942. [PMID: 34155264 PMCID: PMC8217560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder in pre-menopausal women having complex pathophysiology. Several candidate genes have been shown to have association with PCOS. CYP19 gene encodes a key steroidogenic enzyme involved in conversion of androgens into estrogens. Previous studies have reported contradictory results with regard to association of SNP rs2414096 in CYP19 gene with PCOS and hyperandrogenism in different ethnic populations. Present study was aimed to investigate the impact of SNP rs2414096 polymorphism of CYP19 gene on susceptibility of PCOS and hyperandrogenism in Kashmiri women. Further we also studied the genotypic-phenotypic association for various clinical and biochemical parameters of this polymorphism. Case control study. 394 PCOS cases diagnosed on the basis of Rotterdam criteria and age matched 306 healthy women. We found a significant differences in genotypic frequency (χ2 = 18.91, p < 0.05) as well as allele frequency (OR 0.63, CI 0.51–0.78, χ2 = 17.66, p < 0.05) between PCOS women and controls. The genotype–phenotype correlation analysis showed a significant difference in FG score (p = 0.047) and alopecia (p = 0.045) between the three genotypes. Also, the androgen excess markers like DHEAS (p < 0.001), Androstenedione (p < 0.001), Testosterone (p < 0.001) and FAI (p = 0.005) were significantly elevated in GG genotype and showed a significant difference in additive model in PCOS women. rs2414096 polymorphism of CYP19 gene is associated with the risk of PCOS as well as with clinical and biochemical markers of hyperandrogenism, hence suggesting its role in clinical manifestations of PCOS in Kashmiri women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairish Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | | | - Mudasar Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Mohd Ashraf Ganie
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, India
| | - Shariq R Masoodi
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, India
| | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
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Yang T, Wu WJ, Tian LM, Zhang DF, Yang XY, Qi J, Tu Y, He L. The Associations of Androgen-Related Genes CYP21A2 and CYP19A1 with Severe Acne Vulgaris in Patients from Southwest China. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:313-331. [PMID: 33824600 PMCID: PMC8018560 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s293171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Androgens acting through the androgen receptor play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acne. This study aimed to identify whether two key genes (CYP21A2 and CYP19A1) involved in the synthesis and metabolism of androgens were associated with Pillsbury III-IV severe acne vulgaris. Methods We carried out a standard questionnaire survey about acne and enlisted 600 Pillsbury III-IV severe acne vulgaris patients and 652 healthy controls of Han Chinese descent from Yunnan, China in the study. Twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by SNaPshot assay and analyzed for association with severe acne. Results There was no significant difference in gender between the two groups (P = 0.085), and the age of the acne case group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). Our results revealed that only two SNPs, rs6474 (p.Arg102Lys) (P = 0.001) and rs6465 (P = 0.025) of the CYP21A2 gene were significantly associated with severe acne among the Han Chinese. When subjects were divided into males and females, significant associations were observed only in male patients with severe acne vulgaris for four variants: CYP21A2 rs6474 (p.Arg102Lys) (P = 0.002); CYP21A2 rs6465 (P = 0.012); CYP19A1 rs8023263 (P = 0.037); and CYP19A1 rs2470152 (P = 0.007). Haplotype analyses showed that the distribution of CYP21A2 haplotypes was significantly associated with male patients, while no association of CYP19A1 haplotypes was observed. The structure of the human CYP21A2 consists of two substrate binding sites and one substrate access channel. Conclusion This study shed a light on a potentially important effect of CYP21A2 and CYP19A1 genes in severe acne vulgaris in the Han Chinese, especially for male patients. Future studies using independently verified datasets from a broader geographical spectrum will be valuable in identifying the causal and functional variants responsible for severe acne vulgaris within the CYP19A1 and CYP21A2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650023, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei, 435000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650023, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Tian
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Qi
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650023, People's Republic of China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650023, People's Republic of China
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Castillo-Higuera T, Alarcón-Granados MC, Marin-Suarez J, Moreno-Ortiz H, Esteban-Pérez CI, Ferrebuz-Cardozo AJ, Forero-Castro M, Camargo-Vill Alba G. A Comprehensive Overview of Common Polymorphic Variants in Genes Related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Reprod Sci 2020; 28:2399-2412. [PMID: 33174186 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine-metabolic disorders in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by an increase in the biosynthesis of androgens, anovulation, and infertility. PCOS has been reported as a polygenic entity in which multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with the clinical features of the pathology. Herein, we describe the common polymorphic variants in genes related to PCOS, their role in its pathogenesis, and etiology. Whole-genome association studies have been focused on women from Asian and European populations. The most common genes associated with PCOS are DENND1A, THADA, FSHR, and LHCGR. However, other genes have been associated with PCOS such as AMH, AMHR2, ADIPOQ, FTO, HNF1A, CYP19, YAP1, HMGA2, RAB5B, SUOX, INSR, and TOX3. Nevertheless, the relationship between the biological functions of these genes and the development of the pathology is unclear. Studies in each gene in different populations do not always comply with a general pattern, so researching these variants is essential for better understanding of this polygenic syndrome. Future population studies should be carried out to evaluate biological processes, incidence rates, allelic and genotypic frequencies, and genetic susceptibility factors that predispose PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Castillo-Higuera
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, 150003, Colombia.,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas. Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja, 150003, Colombia
| | - María Camila Alarcón-Granados
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas. Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja, 150003, Colombia
| | - Johana Marin-Suarez
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, 150003, Colombia.,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas. Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja, 150003, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas. Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja, 150003, Colombia.
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Panghiyangani R, Soeharso P, Andrijono, Suryandari DA, Wiweko B, Kurniati M, Pujianto DA. CYP19A1 Gene Expression in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. J Hum Reprod Sci 2020; 13:100-103. [PMID: 32792756 PMCID: PMC7394102 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_142_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine system disorder among the women of reproductive age, yet the etiology of PCOS remains unclear. Infertility in females with PCOS can be caused by anovulation, high luteinizing hormone levels, and hyperandrogenism. Aims: This research analyzed the role of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1) in PCOS pathogenesis. Settings and Design: This study used an observational, cross-sectional design. Subjects and Methods: A total of 110 research participants (55 PCOS patients and 55 non-PCOS patients) were included in the study. Statistical Analysis Used: A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the mRNA expression for aromatase in granulosa cells. Results: The relative expression of aromatase mRNA is lower in women with PCOS compared to those without PCOS (P < 0.05). Relative expression of CYP19A1 (aromatase) mRNA in PCOS group was 0.38 ± 0.25, whereas in non-PCOS group was 1.00 ± 0.00. The decline in aromatase activity contributes to an increase in testosterone level. This condition has a role in hyperandrogenism which is a typical characteristic of PCOS women. Granulosa cells in polycystic ovary undergo disturbance in the development and cannot respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulation. Lack of stimulation of FSH causes induction inadequacy to aromatase enzyme activity in the aromatization process. The decline in FSH activity is caused by various factors that are associated with typical characteristics of PCOS. Conclusions: There is a decrease in the relative expression rate of granulosa cells’ aromatase mRNA in women with PCOS compared to the non-PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselina Panghiyangani
- Department of Biomedic, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Borneo
| | - Purnomo Soeharso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andrijono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Anita Suryandari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Budi Wiweko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Human Reproductive, Infertility, and Family Planning Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Indonesian Medical Education, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mala Kurniati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Ari Pujianto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Ebrahimi A, Rahimi Z, Ghadami Z, Shakiba E, Rahimi Z, Akbari M, Shafiei M, Bahrehmand F, Vaisi-Raygani A, Naseri R. Association between CYP19A<G rs700518 Polymorphism with Acne Vulgaris and its Severity: Influence on Sex Hormones Level. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2019; 8:162-168. [PMID: 32215267 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.8.2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris (AV) is a common skin disease that causes physical and psychological problems for the affected individual. In addition to systemic changes in hormone levels, overproduction of local steroids, especially androgens are associated with AV. Cytochrome (CYP) 19 is involved in the synthesis of estrogens. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of CYP19A <G rs700518 variants on sex hormones level and the risk of AV. In this case-control study, 181 patients with AV and 144 healthy individuals from Western Iran were investigated. The CYP19 variants were detected by PCR-RFLP method. The frequency of GG genotype in all patients (27.1%) was significantly higher than the controls (10.4%, P<0.001), which increased the relative risk of AV by 1.96 times. Also, the presence of this genotype was associated with 1.5-fold (P=0.005), 1.89-fold (P=0.011) and 3.33-fold (P=0.019) increased risk of mild, moderate and severe AV, respectively. A significantly higher serum level of estradiol was observed in women in the presence of AA genotype (107.3±72.1 pg/ml) in comparison with GG genotype (73.2±58.8 pg/ml) (P=0.009). Our study demonstrated that the GG genotype of CYP19 rs700518 polymorphism increased the risk of AV and the severity of the disease, and also was associated with lower levels of estradiol in females. Significantly decreased serum level of sex hormone-binding globulin in women with AV in comparison with healthy individuals could be related to increasing level of androgen that was observed in women with AV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ebrahimi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zomorod Ghadami
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Shakiba
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ziba Rahimi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mona Akbari
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Shafiei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fariborz Bahrehmand
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rozita Naseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Al-Rubae'i SH, Naji TS, Turki KM, Edan DS. Association of the G/T rs4646 of CYP19 gene polymorphism with oxidative stress, vitamin A and estradiol in Iraqi women with endometriosis disease. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kaur R, Kaur T, Kaur A. Genetic association study from North India to analyze association of CYP19A1 and CYP17A1 with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1123-1129. [PMID: 29564739 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex multifactorial endocrine disorder affecting approximately 5-10% of women of reproductive age. Affected women have menstrual disturbances due to anovulation, infertility, and hyperandrogenism. Ovarian androgen overproduction is the key physiopathologic feature of PCOS. A number of genes encoding major enzymes of the androgen metabolic pathways, such as HSD17B6, CYP19A1, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and INSR, have been examined. Very few studies have been done in North India. There is an increasing prevalence of PCOS in women in Punjab and it is the leading cause of female infertility. In view of the strong evidence implicating the importance of CYP19A1 and CYP17A1 in androgen metabolic pathways, we investigated the association of rs700519, rs2414096, and rs743572 (- 34T>C) polymorphisms on susceptibility of developing PCOS, in North India. METHODS A total of 500 subjects (women of reproductive age) including 250 PCOS cases and 250 healthy age-matched controls were included in the present study. DNA was extracted from venous blood for all samples, and association analysis for rs2414096, rs700519, and rs743572 was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Lipid profile was done using a biochemical analyzer and body mass index (BMI) was measured for all cases. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Significant association of - 34T>C polymorphism of CYP17A1 was found with PCOS (p = 0.0005). BMI was statistically different between PCOS cases and controls (p = 0.000). Triglycerides were high in PCOS women. Variations of CYP19A1 were not statistically significant with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that - 34T>C polymorphism in CYP17A1 is associated with PCOS in North India. No polymorphism of CYP19A1 was found to be associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratneev Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Tajinder Kaur
- Hartej Hospital, Ranjit Avenue, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
| | - Anupam Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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Hartsfield JK, Jacob GJ, Morford LA. Heredity, Genetics and Orthodontics - How Much Has This Research Really Helped? Semin Orthod 2017; 23:336-347. [PMID: 29290679 DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic factors that correlate with a clinical deviation of previously unknown etiology helps to diminish the unknown variation influencing the phenotype. Clinical studies, particularly those that consider the effects of an appliance or treatment regimen on growth, need to be a part of these types of genetic investigations in the future. While the day-to-day utilization of "testing" for genetic factors is not ready for practice yet, genetic testing for monogenic traits such as Primary Failure of Eruption (PFE) and Class III malocclusion is showing more promise as knowledge and technology advances. Although the heterogeneous complexity of such things as facial and dental development, the physiology of tooth movement, and the occurrence of External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) make their precise prediction untenable, investigations into the genetic factors that influence different phenotypes, and how these factors may relate to or impact environmental factors (including orthodontic treatment) are becoming better understood. The most important "genetic test" the practitioner can do today is to gather the patient's individual and family history. This would greatly benefit the patient, and augment the usefulness of these families in future clinical research in which clinical findings, environmental, and genetic factors can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Hartsfield
- E. Preston Hicks Professor of Orthodontics and Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics Core
| | - George Jeryn Jacob
- Craniofacial Genetics Fellow, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics Core
| | - Lorri Ann Morford
- Research Assistant Professor, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics CoreThe University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky USA 40536-0297
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Mehdizadeh A, Kalantar SM, Sheikhha MH, Aali BS, Ghanei A. Association of SNP rs.2414096 CYP19 gene with polycystic ovarian syndrome in Iranian women. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.15.8.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Mehdizadeh A, Kalantar SM, Sheikhha MH, Aali BS, Ghanei A. Association of SNP rs.2414096 CYP19 gene with polycystic ovarian syndrome in Iranian women. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017; 15:491-496. [PMID: 29082367 PMCID: PMC5653910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors are believed to play an important role in the etiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) which is the most common endocrinological disorder of women in their reproductive age. Androgen metabolism is impaired in PCOS and, thus, CYP19 gene which is involved in this pathway can be a candidate gene. Previous studies have shown a relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of CYP19 in hyperandrogenism and PCOS in some racial groups. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to elucidate the role of CYP19 gene in PCOS in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, 70 PCOS women and 70 non-PCOS women as normal control were selected. Following the informed consent, 5 ml blood was taken from individuals and subsequently, genomic DNA was extracted by salting out method. Furthermore, a set of polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was carried out using specific primers for SNP rs.2414096 followed by enzyme digestion, with HSP92II. RESULTS Genotype frequencies of SNP rs. 2414096 in PCOS women were as follows: AA (14.4%), AG (44.3%), and GG (41.4%) while in normal group, genotypes were 24.3%, 52.8%, and 22.9%, respectively. Allele frequencies in PCOS group were 49.3% for A and 50.7% for G, whereas normal group had a different percentage of A (36.4%) and G (63.6%). The calculations for both genotypic and allelic frequencies showed statistical significance difference. CONCLUSION Variants of SNP rs. 2414096 in CYP19 could play a role in the development of PCOS in Iranian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Mehdizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mehdi Kalantar
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sheikhha
- Biotechnology Research Center, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Bibi Shahnaz Aali
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Azam Ghanei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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He C, Murabito JM. Genome-wide association studies of age at menarche and age at natural menopause. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:767-779. [PMID: 22613007 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in uncovering genetic determinants of age at menarche and age at natural menopause. To date, more than 30 novel genetic loci have been identified in GWAS for age at menarche and 17 for age at natural menopause. These findings have stimulated a plethora of follow-up studies particularly with respect to the functional characterization of these novel loci and how these results can be translated into risk prediction. However, the genetic loci identified so far account for only a small fraction of the overall heritability. This review provides an overview of the current state of our knowledge of the genetic basis of menarche and menopause timing. It emphasizes recent GWAS results and outlines strategies for discovering the missing heritability and strategies to further our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan He
- Department of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, R3-C241, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte, Suite 2, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Garringer JA, Niyonkuru C, McCullough EH, Loucks T, Dixon CE, Conley YP, Berga S, Wagner AK. Impact of aromatase genetic variation on hormone levels and global outcome after severe TBI. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1415-25. [PMID: 23540392 PMCID: PMC3741419 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) studies support estradiol as a neuroprotectant and potent stimulator of neuroplasticity, clinical studies suggest a negative association between endogenous estradiol profiles and mortality/poor outcomes. However, no studies have evaluated associations with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) hormone profiles and aromatase gene (cytochrome P450 [CYP]19A1) variability on clinical TBI outcomes. We evaluated 110 adults with severe TBI. Average and daily estradiol, testosterone, and estradiol/testosterone ratios (E2:T) were measured using CSF and serum samples and compared to healthy controls. Eighteen tagging and four functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for CYP19A1 were genotyped and compared to hormones, acute mortality, and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores 6 months post-TBI. TBI subjects had lower CSF estradiol over time versus controls. CSF testosterone was initially high, but declined over time. E2/T ratios were initially low, compared to controls, but rose over time. Higher mean E2/T ratio in bivariate analysis was associated with lower mortality (p=0.019) and better GOS-6 scores (p=0.030). rs2470152 influenced CSF E2/T ratio and also serum and CSF testosterone (p≤0.05 all comparisons). Multiple-risk SNPs rs2470152, rs4646, and rs2470144 were associated with worse GOS-6 scores (p≤0.05, all comparisons), and those with>1 risk SNP variant had a higher risk for poor outcome, compared with those with ≤1 risk variant. TBI results in low CSF estradiol and dynamic CSF testosterone and E2/T ratio. In contrast to clinical serum hormone studies, higher CSF E2/T ratio was associated with better outcome. Further, genetic variation in CYP19A1 influences both hormone dynamics and outcome post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Niyonkuru
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily H. McCullough
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tammy Loucks
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Berga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amy K. Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Harden KP. Genetic influences on adolescent sexual behavior: Why genes matter for environmentally oriented researchers. Psychol Bull 2013; 140:434-65. [PMID: 23855958 DOI: 10.1037/a0033564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are dramatic individual differences among adolescents in how and when they become sexually active adults, and early sexual activity is frequently cited as a cause of concern for scientists, policymakers, and the general public. Understanding the causes and developmental impact of adolescent sexual activity can be furthered by considering genes as a source of individual differences. Quantitative behavioral genetics (i.e., twin and family studies) and candidate gene association studies now provide clear evidence for the genetic underpinnings of individual differences in adolescent sexual behavior and related phenotypes. Genetic influences on sexual behavior may operate through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms, including pubertal development, testosterone levels, and dopaminergic systems. Genetic differences may be systematically associated with exposure to environments that are commonly treated as causes of sexual behavior (gene-environment correlation). Possible gene-environment correlations pose a serious challenge for interpreting the results of much behavioral research. Multivariate, genetically informed research on adolescent sexual behavior compares twins and family members as a form of quasi experiment: How do twins who differ in their sexual experiences differ in their later development? The small but growing body of genetically informed research has already challenged dominant assumptions regarding the etiology and sequelae of adolescent sexual behavior, with some studies indicating possible positive effects of teenage sexuality. Studies of Gene × Environment interaction may further elucidate the mechanisms by which genes and environments combine to shape the development of sexual behavior and its psychosocial consequences. Overall, the existence of heritable variation in adolescent sexual behavior has profound implications for environmentally oriented theory and research.
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Tanikawa C, Okada Y, Takahashi A, Oda K, Kamatani N, Kubo M, Nakamura Y, Matsuda K. Genome wide association study of age at menarche in the Japanese population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63821. [PMID: 23667675 PMCID: PMC3646805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age at menarche (AAM) is a complex trait involving both genetic and environmental factors. To identify the genetic factors associated with AAM, we conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies using more than 15,000 Japanese female samples. Here, we identified an association between SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) rs364663 at the LIN28B locus and AAM, with a P-value of 5.49×10(-7) and an effect size of 0.089 (year). We also evaluated 33 SNPs that were previously reported to be associated with AAM in women of European ancestry. Among them, two SNPs rs4452860 and rs7028916 in TMEM38B indicated significant association with AAM in the same directions as reported in previous studies (P = 0.0013 with an effect size of 0.051) even after Bonferroni correction for the 33 SNPs. In addition, six loci in or near CCDC85A, LOC100421670, CA10, ZNF483, ARNTL, and RXRG exhibited suggestive association with AAM (P<0.05). Our findings elucidated the impact of genetic variations on AAM in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizu Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kamatani
- Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Personalized Therapeutics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States for America
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Demerath EW, Liu CT, Franceschini N, Chen G, Palmer JR, Smith EN, Chen CTL, Ambrosone CB, Arnold AM, Bandera EV, Berenson GS, Bernstein L, Britton A, Cappola AR, Carlson CS, Chanock SJ, Chen W, Chen Z, Deming SL, Elks CE, Evans MK, Gajdos Z, Henderson BE, Hu JJ, Ingles S, John EM, Kerr KF, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Lu X, Millikan RC, Musani SK, Nock NL, North K, Nyante S, Press MF, Rodriquez-Gil JL, Ruiz-Narvaez EA, Schork NJ, Srinivasan SR, Woods NF, Zheng W, Ziegler RG, Zonderman A, Heiss G, Gwen Windham B, Wellons M, Murray SS, Nalls M, Pastinen T, Rajkovic A, Hirschhorn J, Adrienne Cupples L, Kooperberg C, Murabito JM, Haiman CA. Genome-wide association study of age at menarche in African-American women. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3329-46. [PMID: 23599027 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African-American (AA) women have earlier menarche on average than women of European ancestry (EA), and earlier menarche is a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes among other chronic diseases. Identification of common genetic variants associated with age at menarche has a potential value in pointing to the genetic pathways underlying chronic disease risk, yet comprehensive genome-wide studies of age at menarche are lacking for AA women. In this study, we tested the genome-wide association of self-reported age at menarche with common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a total of 18 089 AA women in 15 studies using an additive genetic linear regression model, adjusting for year of birth and population stratification, followed by inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis (Stage 1). Top meta-analysis results were then tested in an independent sample of 2850 women (Stage 2). First, while no SNP passed the pre-specified P < 5 × 10(-8) threshold for significance in Stage 1, suggestive associations were found for variants near FLRT2 and PIK3R1, and conditional analysis identified two independent SNPs (rs339978 and rs980000) in or near RORA, strengthening the support for this suggestive locus identified in EA women. Secondly, an investigation of SNPs in 42 previously identified menarche loci in EA women demonstrated that 25 (60%) of them contained variants significantly associated with menarche in AA women. The findings provide the first evidence of cross-ethnic generalization of menarche loci identified to date, and suggest a number of novel biological links to menarche timing in AA women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Spencer KL, Malinowski J, Carty CL, Franceschini N, Fernández-Rhodes L, Young A, Cheng I, Ritchie MD, Haiman CA, Wilkens L, ChunyuanWu, Matise TC, Carlson CS, Brennan K, Park A, Rajkovic A, Hindorff LA, Buyske S, Crawford DC. Genetic variation and reproductive timing: African American women from the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55258. [PMID: 23424626 PMCID: PMC3570525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age at menarche (AM) and age at natural menopause (ANM) define the boundaries of the reproductive lifespan in women. Their timing is associated with various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic variants associated with either AM or ANM in populations of largely European or Asian descent women. The extent to which these associations generalize to diverse populations remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to replicate previously reported AM and ANM findings and to identify novel AM and ANM variants using the Metabochip (n = 161,098 SNPs) in 4,159 and 1,860 African American women, respectively, in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) studies, as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study. We replicated or generalized one previously identified variant for AM, rs1361108/CENPW, and two variants for ANM, rs897798/BRSK1 and rs769450/APOE, to our African American cohort. Overall, generalization of the majority of previously-identified variants for AM and ANM, including LIN28B and MCM8, was not observed in this African American sample. We identified three novel loci associated with ANM that reached significance after multiple testing correction (LDLR rs189596789, p = 5×10⁻⁰⁸; KCNQ1 rs79972789, p = 1.9×10⁻⁰⁷; COL4A3BP rs181686584, p = 2.9×10⁻⁰⁷). Our most significant AM association was upstream of RSF1, a gene implicated in ovarian and breast cancers (rs11604207, p = 1.6×10⁻⁰⁶). While most associations were identified in either AM or ANM, we did identify genes suggestively associated with both: PHACTR1 and ARHGAP42. The lack of generalization coupled with the potentially novel associations identified here emphasize the need for additional genetic discovery efforts for AM and ANM in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee L. Spencer
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Malinowski
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cara L. Carty
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alicia Young
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Iona Cheng
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lynne Wilkens
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - ChunyuanWu
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tara C. Matise
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Carlson
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Brennan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lucia A. Hindorff
- Office of Population Genomics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Buyske
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Crawford
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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He S, Hartsfield JK, Guo Y, Cao Y, Wang S, Chen S. Association between CYP19A1 genotype and pubertal sagittal jaw growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 142:662-70. [PMID: 23116507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sagittal jaw growth is influenced during puberty by a ratio of androgens and estrogens. The CYP19A1 (formerly CYP19) gene encodes the cytochrome P450 enzyme aromatase (estrogen synthetase), which converts testosterone to estrogen. Genetic variations including single nucleotide polymorphisms might regulate CYP19A1 gene expression or the function of the aromatase protein and thus influence sagittal jaw growth. METHODS The annual sagittal jaw growth in 92 pubertal orthodontic patients was determined by using pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs. Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2470144 and rs2445761 were genotyped and haplotypes constructed. Associations between genotypes or haplotypes and the annual sagittal growth were estimated by using JMP (version 9.0; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). RESULTS Two single nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with average differences in annual sagittal jaw growth in boys. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that haplotypes T(rs2470144)T(rs2445761) and C(rs2470144)T(rs2445761) had significant effects on annual sagittal maxillary growth and on mandibular growth in boys. No association was found in girls. CONCLUSIONS A quantitative trait locus that influences male pubertal sagittal jaw growth might exist in the CYP19A1 gene, and single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2470144 and rs2445761 might be inside this quantitative trait locus or be linked to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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18
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Liu YZ, Li J, Pan R, Shen H, Tian Q, Zhou Y, Liu YJ, Deng HW. Genome-wide copy number variation association analyses for age at menarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E2133-9. [PMID: 22904172 PMCID: PMC3485608 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Menarche is a significant physiological event for women. Age at menarche (AAM) is a heritable trait associated with many common female diseases. The genetic basis and the mechanism for AAM are largely unknown. Copy number variation (CNV) is a common type of genetic variation underlying human complex traits. The importance of CNV to AAM variation is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify CNV important to AAM variation. DESIGN We performed the first genome-wide CNV study of AAM in 1654 Caucasian females using Affymetrix human single-nucleotide polymorphism 6.0 array. We also replicated our findings in another Chinese cohort containing 752 women. RESULTS We identified a CNV, variation_38399, in the 2q14.2 region, for association with AAM (P = 1.03 × 10(-3)). The CNV has two variants (one copy and two copy), with a mean AAM of 14.00 yr and 12.90 yr, respectively. Interestingly, in a Chinese sample containing 752 women, this CNV has been replicated both with a marginally significant P = 0.090 and with a same direction of effect (a lower copy number for a later AAM). The CNV is located approximately 75 kb upstream of the diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI), a gene known to regulate estrogen levels, a key factor for menarche. CONCLUSION Our findings for the first time identified a novel CNV and suggested the DBI-mediated endocrinological pathway as a potential mechanism for AAM regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Zhong Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Duell EJ, Travier N, Lujan-Barroso L, Dossus L, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Tumino R, Masala G, Krogh V, Panico S, Ricceri F, Redondo ML, Dorronsoro M, Molina-Montes E, Huerta JM, Barricarte A, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Allen NE, Travis R, Siersema PD, Peeters PHM, Trichopoulou A, Fragogeorgi E, Oikonomou E, Boeing H, Schuetze M, Canzian F, Lukanova A, Tjønneland A, Roswall N, Overvad K, Weiderpass E, Gram IT, Lund E, Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Ye W, Sund M, Fedirko V, Jenab M, Michaud DS, Riboli E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB. Menstrual and reproductive factors in women, genetic variation in CYP17A1, and pancreatic cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2164-75. [PMID: 23015357 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Menstrual and reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use have been investigated as pancreatic cancer risk factors in case-control and cohort studies, but results have been inconsistent. We conducted a prospective examination of menstrual and reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use and pancreatic cancer risk (based on 304 cases) in 328,610 women from the EPIC cohort. Then, in a case-control study nested within the EPIC cohort, we examined 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP17A1 (an essential gene in sex steroid metabolism) for association with pancreatic cancer in women and men (324 cases and 353 controls). Of all factors analyzed, only younger age at menarche (<12 vs. 13 years) was moderately associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in the full cohort; however, this result was marginally significant (HR = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.99-2.10). CYP17A1 rs619824 was associated with HRT use (p value = 0.037) in control women; however, none of the SNPs alone, in combination, or as haplotypes were associated with pancreatic cancer risk. In conclusion, with the possible exception of an early age of menarche, none of the menstrual and reproductive factors, and none of the 12 common genetic variants we evaluated at the CYP17A1 locus makes a substantial contribution to pancreatic cancer susceptibility in the EPIC cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
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Hai R, Zhang L, Pei Y, Zhao L, Ran S, Han Y, Zhu X, Shen H, Tian Q, Deng H. Bivariate genome-wide association study suggests that the DARC gene influences lean body mass and age at menarche. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:516-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim KZ, Shin A, Lee YS, Kim SY, Kim Y, Lee ES. Polymorphisms in adiposity-related genes are associated with age at menarche and menopause in breast cancer patients and healthy women. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:2193-200. [PMID: 22537818 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is there any effect of genetic polymorphisms in adiposity-related genes on the timing of menarche and menopause and the total duration of menstruation among Korean women? SUMMARY ANSWER Our results suggest that the adiposity-related genes LEP, LEPR and PPARγ may play a role in the onset and cessation of menstruation, and the total duration of menstruation. WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Previous candidate-gene approaches have mainly presented the results for genes related to the estrogen metabolism pathway. Most genes of interest that participate in steroid-hormone metabolism, such as estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β, have been associated with age at menarche and menopause. This study shows the possibility that adiposity-related genes also influence the duration of menstruation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We recruited 400 breast cancer patients and 452 healthy participants from a case-control study at the Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center in Korea. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) genes were investigated to evaluate their possible effects on menstruation. Associations between SNPs and age at menarche, age at menopause and duration of menstruation were evaluated. MAIN RESULTS Four SNPs (rs2167270 of LEP, rs7602 of LEPR and rs4684846 and rs3856806 of PPARγ) were associated with late menarche (≥ 17-year-old). Four SNPs (rs2167270 of LEP and rs1801282, rs2120825, and rs3856806 of PPARγ) were associated with early menopause (<40-year-old) among post-menopausal women. In logistic regression models with covariate adjustment, women with the GG genotype of rs7602 (LEPR) had a higher risk for late menarche [odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-3.31] compared with their counterparts carrying the GA or AA genotypes. In addition, the GG genotype of rs2167270 (LEP) was inversely associated with a duration of menstruation of <30 years (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.31-1.00) compared with the GA or AA genotypes. BIAS, LIMITATIONS AND GENERALIZABILITY TO OTHER POPULATIONS: We obtained information on the age at menarche and menopause from self-administered questionnaires, and some participants might have had difficulty in remembering their age at menarche and menopause. However, this is a non-differential misclassification and should not appreciably affect the interpretation of the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyee-Zu Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsanro Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-di 410-769, Republic of Korea
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Dvornyk V, Waqar-ul-Haq. Genetics of age at menarche: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 18:198-210. [PMID: 22258758 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menarche is the first menstrual period of a girl at puberty. The timing of menarche is important for health in later life. Age at menarche is a complex trait and has a strong genetic component. This review summarizes the results of the genetic studies of age at menarche conducted to date, highlights existing problems in this area and outlines prospects of future studies on genetic factors for the trait. METHODS PubMed and Google Scholar were searched until May 2011 using the keywords: 'menarche', 'puberty' and 'age at menarche' in combination with the keywords 'polymorphism', 'candidate gene', 'genome-wide association study' and 'linkage'. RESULTS Our search yielded 170 papers, 35 of which were selected for further analysis. Several large-scale genome-wide association studies along with a powerful meta-analysis of their aggregated data identified about 50 candidate genes for the trait. Some genes were replicated in different studies of Caucasians (e.g. LIN28B, TMEM38B) or in different ethnicities (e.g. SPOCK, RANK and RANKL). However, despite the large volume of results obtained, there is a huge gap in relevant data on ethnic groups other than Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed studies laid a solid basis for future research on genetics of age at menarche. However, as yet specific genes for this trait have not been identified consistently in all ethnicities and types of studies. We suggest expanding the research to different ethnicities and propose several methodologies to increase the efficiency of studies in this area, including a systems approach, which combines existing high-throughput methods in a single pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Dvornyk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Harden KP, Mendle J, Kretsch N. Environmental and genetic pathways between early pubertal timing and dieting in adolescence: distinguishing between objective and subjective timing. Psychol Med 2012; 42:183-193. [PMID: 21676282 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early pubertal timing in girls is associated with elevated risk for dieting and eating pathology. The relative importance of biological versus socio-environmental mechanisms in explaining this association remains unclear. Moreover, these mechanisms may differ between objective measures of pubertal development and girls' subjective perceptions of their own maturation. METHOD The sample comprised 924 sister pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Objective pubertal timing (menarcheal age), girls' perceptions of pubertal status and timing relative to peers, dieting and disordered eating behaviors were assessed during a series of confidential in-home interviews. RESULTS Behavioral genetic models indicated that common genetic influences accounted for the association between early menarcheal age and increased risk for dieting in adolescence. In contrast, girls' subjective perceptions of their timing relative to peers were associated with dieting through an environmental pathway. Overall, subjective and objective measures of pubertal timing accounted for 12% of the variance in dieting. CONCLUSIONS Genetic differences in menarcheal age increase risk for dieting among adolescent girls, while girls' perceptions of their maturation represent an environmentally mediated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Pan R, Liu YZ, Deng HW, Dvornyk V. Association analyses suggest the effects of RANK and RANKL on age at menarche in Chinese women. Climacteric 2011; 15:75-81. [PMID: 22023082 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2011.587556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age at menarche (AAM), the time of the first menstrual bleeding, is an important developmental milestone in the female life. It marks the beginning of the reproductive period. AAM is implicated in the risk of many health complications in later life. In this study, we conducted an analysis for association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and common haplotypes of two candidate genes, RANK (receptor activator of the NF-κB) and RANKL (receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand), with AAM in 825 unrelated Chinese women. METHODS In total, 73 SNPs of RANKL and 23 SNPs of RANK were genotyped. The SNPs and common haplotypes were then analyzed for their association with AAM. Age and age( 2 ) were used as covariates. RESULTS We found five individual SNPs (rs7239261, rs8094884, rs3826620, rs8089829, and rs9956850) of RANK significantly associated with AAM (p < 0.05). Although no significant association was identified for the RANKL gene, three polymorphisms showed nearly significant (0.05 < p < 0.08) association with AAM. Seven haplotypes of RANK were significantly associated with AAM (p < 0.05); the most significant association of the AT haplotype composed by rs1805034 and rs4524034 (p = 9.4 × 10(-4)) remained significant (p = 0.0235) after the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Three haplotypes of RANKL were significantly associated with AAM (p < 0.05). Importantly, the association of rs3826620 replicated our previous findings for Caucasian females. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that the RANK and RANKL are two candidate genes for AAM in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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Variation in the CYP19A1 gene and risk of colon and rectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:955-63. [PMID: 21479914 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CYP19A1, or aromatase, influences estrogen-metabolizing enzymes and may influence cancer risk. We examine variation in the CYP19A1 gene and risk of colorectal cancer using data from population-based case-control studies (colon n = 1,574 cases, 1,970 controls; rectal n = 791 cases, 999 controls). Four SNPs were statistically significantly associated with colon cancer and four were associated with rectal cancer. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, the AA genotype of rs12591359 was associated with an increased risk of colon cancer (OR 1.44 95% CI 1.16-1.80) and the AA genotype of rs2470144 was associated with a reduced risk of rectal cancer (OR 0.65 95% CI 0.50-0.84). Variants of CYP19A1 were associated with CIMP+ and CIMP+/KRAS2-mutated tumors. CT/TT genotypes of rs1961177 were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of a MSI+ colon tumor (OR 1.77 95% CI 1.26-2.37). We observed statistically significant interactions between genetic variation in NFκB1 and CYP19A1 for both colon and rectal cancer. Our data suggest the importance of CYP19A1 in the development of colon and rectal cancer and that estrogen may influence risk through an inflammation-related mechanism.
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Lu Y, Liu P, Recker RR, Deng HW, Dvornyk V. TNFRSF11A and TNFSF11 are associated with age at menarche and natural menopause in white women. Menopause 2010; 17:1048-54. [PMID: 20531232 PMCID: PMC2939156 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181d5d523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menarche and menopause mark the lower and upper limits of the female reproductive period. The timing of these events influences women's health in later life. The onsets of menarche and menopause have a strong genetic basis. We tested two genes, TNFRSF11A (RANK) and TNFSF11 (RANKL), for their association with age at menarche (AM) and age at natural menopause (ANM). METHODS Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TNFRSF11A and 12 SNPs of TNFSF11 were genotyped in a random sample of 306 unrelated white women. This sample was analyzed for the association of the SNPs and common haplotypes with AM. Then, a subsample of 211 women with natural menopause was analyzed for the association of both genes with ANM. Smoking, alcohol intake, and duration of lactation were applied as covariates in the association analyses. RESULTS Three polymorphisms of TNFSF11 were associated with AM: rs2200287 (P = 0.005), rs9525641 (P = 0.039), and rs1054016 (P = 0.047). Two SNPs of this gene, rs346578 and rs9525641, showed an association with ANM (P = 0.007 and P = 0.011, respectively). Two SNPs of TNFRSF11A were associated with AM (rs3826620; P = 0.022) and ANM (rs8086340; P = 0.015). Multiple SNP-SNP and SNP-environment interaction effects on AM and ANM were detected for both genes. One polymorphism of TNFRSF11A, rs4436867, was not directly associated with either trait but indicated significant interactions with four TNFSF11 polymorphisms on ANM. Two other TNFRSF11A polymorphisms, rs4941125 and rs7235803, showed interaction effects with several TNFSF11 polymorphisms on AM. Both genes manifested significant interaction with the duration of breast-feeding in their effect on ANM. CONCLUSIONS The TNFRSF11A and TNFSF11 genes are associated with the onset of AM and ANM in white women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 8109, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 8109, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert R. Recker
- Osteoporosis Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Volodymyr Dvornyk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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A large-scale candidate gene association study of age at menarche and age at natural menopause. Hum Genet 2010; 128:515-27. [PMID: 20734064 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified several novel genetic loci associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause. However, the stringent significance threshold used in GWA studies potentially led to false negatives and true associations may have been overlooked. Incorporating biologically relevant information, we examined whether common genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes of nine groups of biologically plausible pathways and related phenotypes are associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause. A total of 18,862 genotyped and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 278 genes were assessed for their associations with these two traits among a total of 24,341 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, N = 2,287) and the Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS, N = 22,054). Linear regression was used to assess the marginal association of each SNP with each phenotype. We adjusted for multiple testing within each gene to identify statistically significant SNP associations at the gene level. To evaluate the overall evidence for an excess of statistically significant gene associations over the proportion expected by chance, we applied a one-sample test of proportion to each group of candidate genes. The steroid-hormone metabolism and biosynthesis pathway was found significantly associated with both age at menarche and age at natural menopause (P = 0.040 and 0.011, respectively). In addition, the group of genes associated with precocious or delayed puberty was found significantly associated with age at menarche (P = 0.013), and the group of genes involved in premature ovarian failure with age at menopause (P = 0.025).
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Jin JL, Sun J, Ge HJ, Cao YX, Wu XK, Liang FJ, Sun HX, Ke L, Yi L, Wu ZW, Wang Y. Association between CYP19 gene SNP rs2414096 polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:139. [PMID: 20015405 PMCID: PMC2803167 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Several studies have reported the association of the SNP rs2414096 in the CYP19 gene with hyperandrogenism, which is one of the clinical manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). These studies suggest that SNP rs2414096 may be involved in the etiopathogenisis of PCOS. To investigate whetherthe CYP19 gene SNP rs2414096 polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to PCOS, we designed a case-controlled association study including 684 individuals. Methods A case-controlled association study including 684 individuals (386 PCOS patients and 298 controls) was performed to assess the association of SNP rs2414096 with PCOS. Genotyping of SNP rs2414096 was conducted by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method that was performed on genomic DNA isolated from blood leucocytes. Results were analyzed in respect to clinical test results. Results The genotypic distributions of rs2414096 (GG, AG, AA) in the CYP19 gene (GG, AG, AA) in women with PCOS (0.363, 0.474, 0.163, respectively) were significantly different from that in controls (0.242, 0.500, 0.258, respectively) (P = 0.001). E2/T was different between the AA and GG genotypes. Age at menarche (AAM) and FSH were also significantly different among the GG, AG, and AA genotypes in women with PCOS (P = 0.0391 and 0.0118, respectively). No differences were observed in body mass index (BMI) and other serum hormone concentrations among the three genotypes, either in the PCOS patients or controls. Conclusions Our data suggest that SNP rs2414096 in the CYP19 gene is associated with susceptibility to PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & The reproductive medicine Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Epplein M, Novotny R, Daida Y, Vijayadeva V, Onaka AT, Le Marchand L. Association of maternal and intrauterine characteristics with age at menarche in a multiethnic population in Hawaii. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 21:259-68. [PMID: 19862633 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study seeks to further elucidate the mother-daughter hormonal relationship and its effects on daughter's breast cancer risk through the association with early age at menarche. Four hundred and thirty-eight healthy girls, age 9-18 and of White, Asian, and/or Polynesian race/ethnicity, were recruited from an HMO on Oahu, Hawaii. Anthropometric measures were taken at a clinic visit, and family background questionnaires were completed. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to test the association of maternal and intrauterine hormone-related exposures with age at menarche. Weight and gestational age at birth and maternal pregnancy-induced nausea were not associated with age at menarche. Each year older of the mother's age at menarche was associated with a 21% reduced risk of an early age at menarche for the daughter (95% CI: 0.73-0.86). This association between mother's and daughter's menarcheal age was statistically significant for girls of Asian, White, and Mixed, Asian/White race/ethnicity, but not for girls of Mixed, part-Polynesian race/ethnicity (p (interaction) = 0.01). There was a suggestion that maternal history of breast cancer was associated with an increased risk of early age at menarche (HR = 2.18, 95% CI: 0.95-4.98); there was no association with second-degree family history. These findings support the hypothesis that maternal and intrauterine hormone-related exposures are associated with age at menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meira Epplein
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Pei YF, Zhang L, Liu J, Deng HW. Multivariate association test using haplotype trend regression. Ann Hum Genet 2009; 73:456-64. [PMID: 19489754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic association analyses with haplotypes may be more powerful than analyses with single markers, under certain conditions. Furthermore, simultaneously considering multiple correlated traits may make use of additional information that would not be considered when analyzing individual traits. In this study, we propose a haplotype based test of association for multivariate quantitative traits in unrelated samples. Specifically, we extend a population based haplotype trend regression (HTR) approach to multivariate scenarios. We mainly focused on bivariate HTR, and the simulation results showed that the proposed method had correct pre-specified type-I error rates. The power of the proposed method was largely influenced by the size and source of correlation between variables, being greatest when correlation of a specific gene was opposite in sign to the residual correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Pei
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Genome-wide association analyses identify SPOCK as a key novel gene underlying age at menarche. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000420. [PMID: 19282985 PMCID: PMC2652107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For females, menarche is a most significant physiological event. Age at menarche (AAM) is a trait with high genetic determination and is associated with major complex diseases in women. However, specific genes for AAM variation are largely unknown. To identify genetic factors underlying AAM variation, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) examining about 380,000 SNPs was conducted in 477 Caucasian women. A follow-up replication study was performed to validate our major GWAS findings using two independent Caucasian cohorts with 854 siblings and 762 unrelated subjects, respectively, and one Chinese cohort of 1,387 unrelated subjects—all females. Our GWAS identified a novel gene, SPOCK (Sparc/Osteonectin, CWCV, and Kazal-like domains proteoglycan), which had seven SNPs associated with AAM with genome-wide false discovery rate (FDR) q<0.05. Six most significant SNPs of the gene were selected for validation in three independent replication cohorts. All of the six SNPs were replicated in at least one cohort. In particular, SNPs rs13357391 and rs1859345 were replicated both within and across different ethnic groups in all three cohorts, with p values of 5.09×10−3 and 4.37×10−3, respectively, in the Chinese cohort and combined p values (obtained by Fisher's method) of 5.19×10−5 and 1.02×10−4, respectively, in all three replication cohorts. Interestingly, SPOCK can inhibit activation of MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2), a key factor promoting endometrial menstrual breakdown and onset of menstrual bleeding. Our findings, together with the functional relevance, strongly supported that the SPOCK gene underlies variation of AAM. Menarche is a physical milestone in a woman's life. Age at menarche (AAM) is related to many common female health problems. AAM is mainly determined by genetic factors. However, the specific genes and the associated mechanisms underlying AAM are largely unknown. Here, taking advantage of the most recent technological advances in the field of human genetics, we identified multiple genetic variants in a gene, SPOCK, which are associated with AAM variation in a group of Caucasian women. This association was subsequently confirmed not only in two independent groups of Caucasian women but also across ethnic boundaries in one group of Chinese women. In addition, SPOCK has a function in regulating a key factor involved in menstrual cycles, MMP-2, which provides further support to our findings. Our study provides a solid basis for further investigation of the gene, which may help to reveal the underlying mechanisms for the timing of menarche and for AAM's relationship with women's health in general.
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Gajdos ZK, Hirschhorn JN, Palmert MR. What controls the timing of puberty? An update on progress from genetic investigation. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:16-24. [PMID: 19104234 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328320253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Puberty is an important developmental stage during which reproductive capacity is attained. Genetic and environmental factors both influence the timing of puberty, which varies greatly among individuals. However, although genetic variation is known to influence the normal spectrum of pubertal timing, the specific genes involved remain unknown. RECENT FINDINGS Recent genetic analyses have identified a number of genes responsible for rare disorders of pubertal timing such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome. However, although the genetic basis of population variation in the timing of puberty is an active area of investigation, no genetic loci have been reproducibly associated with pubertal timing thus far. SUMMARY This review provides an update of the genes implicated in disorders of puberty, discusses genes and pathways that may be involved in the timing of normal puberty, and suggests additional avenues of investigation to identify genetic regulators of puberty in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Kz Gajdos
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gajdos ZKZ, Butler JL, Henderson KD, He C, Supelak PJ, Egyud M, Price A, Reich D, Clayton PE, Le Marchand L, Hunter DJ, Henderson BE, Palmert MR, Hirschhorn JN. Association studies of common variants in 10 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism genes with age at menarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4290-8. [PMID: 18728166 PMCID: PMC2582573 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the timing of puberty is a highly heritable trait, little is known about the genes that regulate pubertal timing in the general population. Several genes have been identified that, when mutated, cause disorders of delayed or absent puberty such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). OBJECTIVE Because severe variants in HH-related genes cause a severe puberty phenotype, we hypothesized that common subtle variation in these genes could contribute to the population variation in pubertal timing. DESIGN We assessed common genetic variation in 10 HH-related genes in 1801 women from the Hawaii and Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort with either early (age<11 yr) or late (age>14 yr) menarche and in other replication samples. In addition to these common variants, we also studied the most frequently reported HH mutations to assess their role in the population variation in pubertal timing. SETTING AND PATIENTS/OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Within the general community, 1801 women from the Hawaii and Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed the association of genetic variation with age at menarche. RESULTS We found no significant association between any of the variants tested and age at menarche, although we cannot rule out modest effects of these variants or of other variants at long distances from the coding region. In several self-reported racial/ethnic groups represented in our study, we observed an association between estimated genetic ancestry and age at menarche. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that common variants near 10 HH-related loci do not play a substantial role in the regulation of age at menarche in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia K Z Gajdos
- Program in Genomics and Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Anderson CA, Zhu G, Falchi M, van den Berg SM, Treloar SA, Spector TD, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Visscher PM, Montgomery GW. A genome-wide linkage scan for age at menarche in three populations of European descent. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:3965-70. [PMID: 18647812 PMCID: PMC2579643 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Age at menarche (AAM) is an important trait both biologically and socially, a clearly defined event in female pubertal development, and has been associated with many clinically significant phenotypes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify genetic loci influencing variation in AAM in large population-based samples from three countries. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS Recalled AAM data were collected from 13,697 individuals and 4,899 pseudoindependent sister-pairs from three different populations (Australia, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) by mailed questionnaire or interview. Genome-wide variance components linkage analysis was implemented on each sample individually and in combination. RESULTS The mean, sd, and heritability of AAM across the three samples was 13.1 yr, 1.5 yr, and 0.69, respectively. No loci were detected that reached genome-wide significance in the combined analysis, but a suggestive locus was detected on chromosome 12 (logarithm of the odds = 2.0). Three loci of suggestive significance were seen in the U.K. sample on chromosomes 1, 4, and 18 (logarithm of the odds = 2.4, 2.2 and 3.2, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence for common highly penetrant variants influencing AAM. Linkage and association suggest that one trait locus for AAM is located on chromosome 12, but further studies are required to replicate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Anderson
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
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Mendoza N, Morón FJ, Quereda F, Vázquez F, Rivero MC, Martínez-Astorquiza T, Real LM, Sánchez-Borrego R, González-Pérez A, Ruiz A. A digenic combination of polymorphisms within ESR1 and ESR2 genes are associated with age at menarche in the Spanish population. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:305-11. [PMID: 18421025 DOI: 10.1177/1933719107314064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the authors look at an association of genetic variants within estrogen synthesis and signaling pathways and age at menarche (AAM) in Spanish women. They analyzed 9 polymorphisms in 6 different genes in 714 well-characterized postmenopausal women from Spain. They performed a quantitative trait locus study of these markers individually or in digenic combinations in relation to AAM. None of the studied markers, with the exception of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (P = .013), were significantly associated with AAM in the Spanish population, and no marker demonstrated an association of statistical significance after multiple testing corrections (P > .0055). In contrast, linear regression analysis suggests epistatic interactions including ESR1 and ESR2 loci in relation to AAM in the series (P = .003). The results suggest that epistatic interactions of ESR1 and ESR2 alleles could be associated with advancing AAM among Spanish women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Mendoza
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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Hirata H, Hinoda Y, Okayama N, Suehiro Y, Kawamoto K, Kikuno N, Rabban JT, Chen LM, Dahiya R. CYP1A1, SULT1A1, andSULT1E1 polymorphisms are risk factors for endometrial cancer susceptibility. Cancer 2008; 112:1964-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fasching PA, Loehberg CR, Strissel PL, Lux MP, Bani MR, Schrauder M, Geiler S, Ringleff K, Oeser S, Weihbrecht S, Schulz-Wendtland R, Hartmann A, Beckmann MW, Strick R. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1), HER2/neu status, and prognosis in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 112:89-98. [PMID: 18049890 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogen exposure is involved in both breast cancer susceptibility and the prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Aromatase is involved in the production of estrogens, and altered expression of it might be associated with the prognosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the aromatase gene, CYP19A1, on the prognosis, and in relation to tumor and patient characteristics in a cohort of breast cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cohort analyzed in this study consisted of 1,257 patients with invasive primary breast cancer. Polymorphisms rs10046, rs4646 and rs700519 were genotyped within this group. RESULTS The variant genotypes of rs10046 and rs4646 were associated with a lower percentage of HER2-positive tumors. There was no association of rs700519 and rs4646 with disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS). The variant genotype of rs10046 was significantly associated with a better 5-year DFS (hazards ratio 0.51; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.81; P=0.004) adjusted for age, nodal status, tumor size grading, and hormone receptor status. This effect appeared to be determined in the subgroup of premenopausal patients. CONCLUSION SNPs rs10046 and rs4646 may influence the HER2 status of breast cancer tumors, and rs10046 genotypes are associated with an altered DFS. Genotypes of aromatase polymorphisms may influence the prognosis for breast cancer patients not only by affecting the extent of estrogen exposure but also through an alteration in tumor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andreas Fasching
- University Breast Center for Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a prevalent disease with a strong genetic component. Estrogens play a critical role in bone homeostasis. The aromatization of androgenic precursors is the main source of estrogens in men and postmenopausal women. Thus, aromatase is an attractive osteoporosis candidate gene. In this paper the influence of aromatase activity and aromatase gene variants on skeletal homeostasis is reviewed. The results of studies regarding the association between some common polymorphisms of the aromatase gene and bone mineral density and the risk of osteoporotic fractures are described. The mechanisms involved and the potential usefulness of those genetic data in the prevention and management of osteoporosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Riancho
- University of Cantabria, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla, Av Valdecilla sn, 39008 Santander, Spain.
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