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Wood JA, Chaparala S, Bantang C, Chattopadhyay A, Wesesky MA, Kinchington PR, Nimgaonkar VL, Bloom DC, D'Aiuto L. RNA-Seq time-course analysis of neural precursor cell transcriptome in response to herpes simplex Virus-1 infection. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:131-145. [PMID: 38478163 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The neurogenic niches within the central nervous system serve as essential reservoirs for neural precursor cells (NPCs), playing a crucial role in neurogenesis. However, these NPCs are particularly vulnerable to infection by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). In the present study, we investigated the changes in the transcriptome of NPCs in response to HSV-1 infection using bulk RNA-Seq, compared to those of uninfected samples, at different time points post infection and in the presence or absence of antivirals. The results showed that NPCs upon HSV-1 infection undergo a significant dysregulation of genes playing a crucial role in aspects of neurogenesis, including genes affecting NPC proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Our analysis revealed that the CREB signaling, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of neurogenesis and memory consolidation, was the most consistantly downregulated pathway, even in the presence of antivirals. Additionally, cholesterol biosynthesis was significantly downregulated in HSV-1-infected NPCs. The findings from this study, for the first time, offer insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms that underlie the neurogenesis impairment associated with HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Wood
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Chaparala
- Molecular Biology Information Service, Health Sciences Library System / Falk Library, University of Pittsburgh, M722 Alan Magee Scaife Hall / 3550 Terrace Street, 15261, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia Bantang
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ansuman Chattopadhyay
- Molecular Biology Information Service, Health Sciences Library System / Falk Library, University of Pittsburgh, M722 Alan Magee Scaife Hall / 3550 Terrace Street, 15261, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maribeth A Wesesky
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 820, Eye & Ear Building, 203 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare system at U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David C Bloom
- Academic Research Building, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, R2-231, 32610, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leonardo D'Aiuto
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Manzari-Tavakoli A, Babajani A, Farjoo MH, Hajinasrollah M, Bahrami S, Niknejad H. The Cross-Talks Among Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling and Other Prominent Pathways Involved in Neural Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:827275. [PMID: 35370542 PMCID: PMC8965007 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.827275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of potent morphogens which are critical for the patterning, development, and function of the central nervous system. The appropriate function of the BMP pathway depends on its interaction with other signaling pathways involved in neural differentiation, leading to synergistic or antagonistic effects and ultimately favorable biological outcomes. These opposite or cooperative effects are observed when BMP interacts with fibroblast growth factor (FGF), cytokines, Notch, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), and Wnt pathways to regulate the impact of BMP-induced signaling in neural differentiation. Herein, we review the cross-talk between BMP signaling and the prominent signaling pathways involved in neural differentiation, emphasizing the underlying basic molecular mechanisms regarding the process of neural differentiation. Knowing these cross-talks can help us to develop new approaches in regenerative medicine and stem cell based therapy. Recently, cell therapy has received significant attention as a promising treatment for traumatic or neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is important to know the signaling pathways involved in stem cell differentiation toward neural cells. Our better insight into the cross-talk of signaling pathways during neural development would improve neural differentiation within in vitro tissue engineering approaches and pre-clinical practices and develop futuristic therapeutic strategies for patients with neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Manzari-Tavakoli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhesam Babajani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Farjoo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hajinasrollah
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Hassan Niknejad
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Leibovich A, Edri T, Klein SL, Moody SA, Fainsod A. Natural size variation among embryos leads to the corresponding scaling in gene expression. Dev Biol 2020; 462:165-179. [PMID: 32259520 PMCID: PMC8073595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis frogs from laboratory stocks normally lay eggs exhibiting extensive size variability. We find that these initial size differences subsequently affect the size of the embryos prior to the onset of growth, and the size of tadpoles during the growth period. Even though these tadpoles differ in size, their tissues, organs, and structures always seem to be properly proportioned, i.e. they display static allometry. Initial axial patterning events in Xenopus occur in a spherical embryo, allowing easy documentation of their size-dependent features. We examined the size distribution of early Xenopus laevis embryos and measured diameters that differed by about 38% with a median of about 1.43 mm. This range of embryo sizes corresponds to about a 1.9-fold difference in surface area and a 2.6-fold difference in volume. We examined the relationship between embryo size and gene expression and observed a significant correlation between diameter and RNA content during gastrula stages. In addition, we investigated the expression levels of genes that pattern the mesoderm, induce the nervous system and mediate the progression of ectodermal cells to neural precursors in large and small embryos. We found that most of these factors were expressed at levels that scaled with the different embryo sizes and total embryo RNA content. In agreement with the changes in transcript levels, the expression domains in larger embryos increased proportionally with the increase in surface area, maintaining their relative expression domain size in relation to the total size of the embryo. Thus, our study identified a mechanism for adapting gene expression domains to embryo size by adjusting the transcript levels of the genes regulating mesoderm induction and patterning. In the neural plate, besides the scaling of the expression domains, we observed similar cell sizes and cell densities in small and large embryos suggesting that additional cell divisions took place in large embryos to compensate for the increased size. Our results show in detail the size variability among Xenopus laevis embryos and the transcriptional adaptation to scale gene expression with size. The observations further support the involvement of BMP/ADMP signaling in the scaling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Leibovich
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamir Edri
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Steven L Klein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Alia C, Terrigno M, Busti I, Cremisi F, Caleo M. Pluripotent Stem Cells for Brain Repair: Protocols and Preclinical Applications in Cortical and Hippocampal Pathologies. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:684. [PMID: 31447623 PMCID: PMC6691396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries causing chronic sensory or motor deficit, such as stroke, are among the leading causes of disability worldwide, according to the World Health Organization; furthermore, they carry heavy social and economic burdens due to decreased quality of life and need of assistance. Given the limited effectiveness of rehabilitation, novel therapeutic strategies are required to enhance functional recovery. Since cell-based approaches have emerged as an intriguing and promising strategy to promote brain repair, many efforts have been made to study the functional integration of neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), or fetal neurons, after grafting into the damaged host tissue. PSCs hold great promises for their clinical applications, such as cellular replacement of damaged neural tissues with autologous neurons. They also offer the possibility to create in vitro models to assess the efficacy of drugs and therapies. Notwithstanding these potential applications, PSC-derived transplanted neurons have to match the precise sub-type, positional and functional identity of the lesioned neural tissue. Thus, the requirement of highly specific and efficient differentiation protocols of PSCs in neurons with appropriate neural identity constitutes the main challenge limiting the clinical use of stem cells in the near future. In this Review, we discuss the recent advances in the derivation of telencephalic (cortical and hippocampal) neurons from PSCs, assessing specificity and efficiency of the differentiation protocols, with particular emphasis on the genetic and molecular characterization of PSC-derived neurons. Second, we address the remaining challenges for cellular replacement therapies in cortical brain injuries, focusing on electrophysiological properties, functional integration and therapeutic effects of the transplanted neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Terrigno
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Busti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Cremisi
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Biophysics Institute (IBF), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Dell’Osso B, Carlotta Palazzo M, Carlo Altamura A. Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Alterations in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia: Focus on Neuro-Immuno-Inflammation. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Boroujeni ME, Gardaneh M, Shahriari MH, Aliaghaei A, Hasani S. Synergy Between Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-Conditioned Medium and Knockout Serum Replacement Converts Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Dopamine-Secreting Neurons. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 20:309-319. [PMID: 28437187 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) have great capacity to differentiate into mesodermal origins as well as nonmesodermal lineages, including neural cells. This valuable feature paves the way for the therapeutic application of hADSCs for neurodegenerative maladies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). We tested the capacity of choroid plexus epithelial cell-conditioned medium (CPEC-CM) alone or cocktailed with knockout serum (KS) to induce dopaminergic (DAergic) differentiation of hADSCs. To this end, hADSCs from lipoaspirate were phenotypically characterized and shown to maintain mesodermal multipotency so that selected media easily differentiated them into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. To begin inducing hADSC neuronal differentiation, we isolated CPECs from rat brain and expanded them in culture to obtain CPEC-CM. We then treated hADSCs with optimized quantities of collected CPEC-CM, KS, or both. The ADSCs treated with either CPEC-CM or CPEC-CM and KS displayed morphological changes typical of neuron-like phenotypes. As revealed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and immunostaining analyses, hADSCs cotreated with CPEC-CM and KS expressed significantly higher levels of neuronal and DAergic markers in comparison with single-treated groups. Moreover, the hADSCs began expressing dopamine-biosynthesizing enzymes mainly after cotreatment with CPEC-CM and KS. Consequently, only cotreated hADSCs were capable of synthesizing and releasing dopamine detectable by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, hADSCs growing in an ordinary medium were found positive for astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), but stopped GFAP expression on either single or cotreatments. These combined results suggest that CPEC-CM and KS can synergize to remarkably augment DAergic induction of hADSCs, an effect that has implications for cell replacement therapy for PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni
- 1 Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mossa Gardaneh
- 1 Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Hasan Shahriari
- 1 Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Hasani
- 1 Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran, Iran
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Bokara KK, Kim JH, Kim JY, Lee JE. Transfection of arginine decarboxylase gene increases the neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:256-265. [PMID: 27591482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the clinical use of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is hampered by heterogeneity, poor neuronal yield and low survival rate. Recently, we reported that retrovirus-delivered human arginine decarboxylase (hADC) genes improve cell survival against oxidative insult in murine NPCs in vitro. This study investigates whether the induced expression of hADC gene in mNPCs induces any significant change in the cell fate commitment. The evaluation of induced hADC gene function was assessed by knockdown of hADC gene using specific siRNA. The hADC gene delivery triggered higher expression of N-CAM, cell adhesion molecule and MAP-2, neuronal marker. However, the hADC gene knockdown showed downregulation of N-CAM and MAP-2 expression suggesting that hADC gene delivery favors cell fate commitment of mNPCs towards neuronal lineage. Neurite outgrowth was significantly longer in the hADC infected cells. The neurotrophic signal, BDNF aided in the neuronal commitment, differentiation, and maturation of hADC-mNPCs through PI3K and ERK1/2 activation. The induction of neuron-like differentiation is believed to be regulated by the expression of GSK-3β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that hADC gene delivery favors cell fate commitment of mNPCs towards neuronal lineage, bring new advances in the field of neurogenesis and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Bokara
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; BK 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Layden MJ, Johnston H, Amiel AR, Havrilak J, Steinworth B, Chock T, Röttinger E, Martindale MQ. MAPK signaling is necessary for neurogenesis in Nematostella vectensis. BMC Biol 2016; 14:61. [PMID: 27480076 PMCID: PMC4968017 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nerve net of Nematostella is generated using a conserved cascade of neurogenic transcription factors. For example, NvashA, a homolog of the achaete-scute family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, is necessary and sufficient to specify a subset of embryonic neurons. However, positive regulators required for the expression of neurogenic transcription factors remain poorly understood. Results We show that treatment with the MEK/MAPK inhibitor U0126 severely reduces the expression of known neurogenic genes, Nvath-like, NvsoxB(2), and NvashA, and known markers of differentiated neurons, suggesting that MAPK signaling is necessary for neural development. Interestingly, ectopic NvashA fails to rescue the expression of neural markers in U0126-treated animals. Double fluorescence in situ hybridization and transgenic analysis confirmed that NvashA targets represent both unique and overlapping populations of neurons. Finally, we used a genome-wide microarray to identify additional patterning genes downstream of MAPK that might contribute to neurogenesis. We identified 18 likely neural transcription factors, and surprisingly identified ~40 signaling genes and transcription factors that are expressed in either the aboral domain or animal pole that gives rise to the endomesoderm at late blastula stages. Conclusions Together, our data suggest that MAPK is a key early regulator of neurogenesis, and that it is likely required at multiple steps. Initially, MAPK promotes neurogenesis by positively regulating expression of NvsoxB(2), Nvath-like, and NvashA. However, we also found that MAPK is necessary for the activity of the neurogenic transcription factor NvashA. Our forward molecular approach provided insight about the mechanisms of embryonic neurogenesis. For instance, NvashA suppression of Nvath-like suggests that inhibition of progenitor identity is an active process in newly born neurons, and we show that downstream targets of NvashA reflect multiple neural subtypes rather than a uniform neural fate. Lastly, analysis of the MAPK targets in the early embryo suggests that MAPK signaling is critical not only to neurogenesis, but also endomesoderm formation and aboral patterning. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0282-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Layden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
| | - Hereroa Johnston
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis UMR 7284, CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Aldine R Amiel
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis UMR 7284, CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Jamie Havrilak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Bailey Steinworth
- The Whitney Marine Laboratory for Marine Science, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, USA
| | - Taylor Chock
- The Whitney Marine Laboratory for Marine Science, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, USA
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis UMR 7284, CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Marine Laboratory for Marine Science, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, USA.
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Aniol VA, Tishkina AO, Gulyaeva NV. Neurogenesis and neuroinflammation: The role of Wnt proteins. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Kiyota T, Morrison CM, Tu G, Dyavarshetty B, Weir RA, Zhang G, Xiong H, Gendelman HE. Presenilin-1 familial Alzheimer's disease mutation alters hippocampal neurogenesis and memory function in CCL2 null mice. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:311-21. [PMID: 26112421 PMCID: PMC4567522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in hippocampal neurogenesis are associated with learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the linkage between them, β-amyloidosis and neuroinflammation is not well understood. To this end, we generated a mouse overexpressing familial AD (FAD) mutant human presenilin-1 (PS1) crossed with a knockout (KO) of the CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) gene. The PS1/CCL2KO mice developed robust age-dependent deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis associated with impairments in learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation. Neurogliogenesis gene profiling supported β-amyloid independent pathways for FAD-associated deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis. We conclude that these PS1/CCL2KO mice are suitable for studies linking host genetics, immunity and hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyota
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Bolton JL, Bilbo SD. Developmental programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet: focus on inflammatory mechanisms. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 25364282 PMCID: PMC4214174 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.3/jbolton] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is now epidemic worldwide. Beyond associated diseases such as diabetes, obesity is linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Alarmingly maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption during gestation/lactation may “program” offspring longterm for increased obesity themselves, along with increased vulnerability to mood disorders. We review the evidence that programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet is propagated by inflammatory mechanisms, as obesity and high-fat diets are independently associated with exaggerated systemic levels of inflammatory mediators. Due to the recognized dual role of these immune molecules (eg, interleukin [IL]-6, 11-1β) in placental function and brain development, any disruption of their delicate balance with growth factors or neurotransmitters (eg, serotonin) by inflammation early in life can permanently alter the trajectory of fetal brain development. Finally, epigenetic regulation of inflammatory pathways is a likely candidate for persistent changes in metabolic and brain function as a consequence of the perinatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bolton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Deng S, Zhang Y, Xu C, Ma D. MicroRNA-125b-2 overexpression represses ectodermal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:355-62. [PMID: 26059631 PMCID: PMC4501654 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs or miRS) have been demonstrated to be essential for neural development. miR-125b-2, presented on human chromosome 21, is overexpressed in neurons of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) with cognitive impairments. It has been reported that miR-125b-2 promotes specific types of neuronal differentiation; however, the function of miR-125b-2 in the early development of the embryo has remained to be fully elucidated. In the present study, a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line was stably transfected with a miR-125b-2 lentiviral expression vector and found that miR-125b-2 overexpression did not affect the self-renewal or proliferation of mESCs. However, miR-125b-2 overexpression inhibited the differentiation of mESCs into endoderm and ectoderm. Finally, miR-125b-2 overexpression was found to impair all-trans-retinoic acid-induced neuron development in embryoid bodies. The findings of the present study implied that miR-125b-2 overexpression suppressed the differentiation of mESCs into neurons, which highlights that miR‑125b-2 is important in the regulation of ESC differentiation. The present study provided a basis for the further identification of novel targets of miR-125b-2, which may contribute to an enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ESC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chundi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Ginsenoside Rd promotes neurogenesis in rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia via activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:421-8. [PMID: 25832422 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rd (Rd) on neurogenesis in rat brain after ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). METHODS Male SD rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. The rats were injected with Rd (1, 2.5, and 5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) from d 1 to d 3 after MCAO, and with BrdU (50 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) from d 3 to d 6, then sacrificed on 7 d. The infarct size and neurological scores were assessed. Neurogenesis in the brains was detected by BrdU, DCX, Nestin, and GFAP immunohistochemistry staining. PC12 cells subjected to OGD/reperfusion were used as an in vitro model of brain ischemia. VEGF and BDNF levels were assessed with ELISA, and Akt and ERK phosphorylation was measured using Western blotting. RESULTS Rd administration dose-dependently decreased the infarct size and neurological scores in the rats with IRI. The high dose of Rd 5 (mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) significantly increased Akt phosphorylation in ipsilateral hemisphere, and markedly increased the number of BrdU/DCX and Nestin/GFAP double-positive cells in ischemic area, which was partially blocked by co-administration of the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002. Treatment with Rd (25, 50, and 100 μmol/L) during reperfusion significantly increased the expression of VEGF and BDNF in PC12 cells with IRI. Furthermore, treatment with Rd dose-dependently increased the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, and significantly decreased PC12 cell apoptosis, which were blocked by co-application of LY294002. CONCLUSION Rd not only attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain, but also promotes neurogenesis via increasing VEGF and BDNF expression and activating the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways.
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Fazeli Z, Ghaderian SMH, Rajabibazl M, Salami S, Vazifeh Shiran N, Omrani MD. Expression Pattern of Neuronal Markers in PB-MSCs Treated by Growth Factors Noggin, bFGF and EGF. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2015; 4:209-17. [PMID: 27014645 PMCID: PMC4769598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into neuronal like cells under appropriate culture condition. In this study, we investigated whether MSCs derived from human peripheral blood (PB-MSCs) can differentiate into neuronal like cells by synergic effect of the growth factors EGF, bFGF and Noggin. For this purpose, the expression of five neuronal markers (Nestin, β III tubulin, NFM, MAP2 and NSE) were evaluated in treated PB-MSCs by SYBR Green Real time PCR. The expression analysis showed a higher expression of β-tubulin and NFM in treated BP-MSCs compared with untreated PB-MSCs as a control group. The expression of Nestin was also diminished in PB-MSCs treated with Noggin. This study suggested that the treatment of PB- MSCs with Noggin alongside with bFGF and EGF might differentiate these cells into neuronal lineage cells. The obtained results could be further developed for useful applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fazeli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. # These authors have equally contribution.
| | - Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Ghaderian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. # These authors have equally contribution.
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Siamak Salami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nader Vazifeh Shiran
- Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. # These authors have equally contribution.
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Lv MH, Tan YL, Yan SX, Tian L, Chen DC, Tan SP, Wang ZR, Yang FD, Yoon JH, Zunta-Soares GB, Soares JC, Zhang XY. Decreased serum TNF-alpha levels in chronic schizophrenia patients on long-term antipsychotics: correlation with psychopathology and cognition. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:165-72. [PMID: 24958229 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A substantial body of evidence implicates TNF-alpha (TNFα) and TNFα-related signaling pathways in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The current study examined the relationship between TNFα serum levels and both psychopathological as well as cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum TNFα levels were assessed in 89 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and compared to 43 healthy control subjects matched for age and gender. Schizophrenic symptomatology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and serum TNFα levels were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS TNFα levels were significantly lower in patients with chronic schizophrenia relative to healthy control subjects (p<0.01). Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the TNFα levels and the PANSS total score (p<0.01). Additionally, TNFα levels were significantly negatively correlated with scores on general psychopathology (p<0.01), positive (p<0.05) and cognitive subscales (p<0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified TNFα levels as a significant predictor of scores on the general psychopathology subscale of the PANSS. CONCLUSION The significant relations observed in the current study between TNFα and the PANSS and its subscales suggest that immune disturbance may be involved in the psychopathology and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Han Lv
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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16
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DeVeale B, Bausch-Fluck D, Seaberg R, Runciman S, Akbarian V, Karpowicz P, Yoon C, Song H, Leeder R, Zandstra PW, Wollscheid B, van der Kooy D. Surfaceome profiling reveals regulators of neural stem cell function. Stem Cells 2014; 32:258-68. [PMID: 24023036 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The composition of cell-surface proteins changes during lineage specification, altering cellular responses to their milieu. The changes that characterize maturation of early neural stem cells (NSCs) remain poorly understood. Here we use mass spectrometry-based cell surface capture technology to profile the cell surface of early NSCs and demonstrate functional requirements for several enriched molecules. Primitive NSCs arise from embryonic stem cells upon removal of Transforming growth factor-β signaling, while definitive NSCs arise from primitive NSCs upon Lif removal and FGF addition. In vivo aggregation assays revealed that N-cadherin upregulation is sufficient for the initial exclusion of definitive NSCs from pluripotent ectoderm, while c-kit signaling limits progeny of primitive NSCs. Furthermore, we implicate EphA4 in primitive NSC survival signaling and Erbb2 as being required for NSC proliferation. This work elucidates several key mediators of NSC function whose relevance is confirmed on forebrain-derived populations and identifies a host of other candidates that may regulate NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian DeVeale
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Xu D, Zhao W, Pan G, Qian M, Zhu X, Liu W, Cai G, Cui Z. Expression of Nemo-like kinase after spinal cord injury in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 52:410-8. [PMID: 24395089 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt can induce signal transduction via the canonical pathway, which was involved in many processes in the nervous system. Nemo-like kinase (NLK) acts as a negative regulator of β-catenin/T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) and functions downstream of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 in the Wnt signaling pathway. In this study, we performed a spinal cord injury (SCI) test in adult Sprague-Dawley rats and investigated the dynamic changes and role of NLK expression in the spinal cord. Western blot analysis revealed that NLK expression was low in normal spinal cord. It then increased markedly, peaked at 3 days, and declined to basal levels from 5 days after injury. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that NLK immunoactivity was expressed at low levels in gray and white matter under normal conditions and increased prominently in gray matter after the SCI test. Double immunofluorescent staining for NLK, caspase-3, β-catenin, and NeuN (neuronal nuclei) revealed that NLK and β-catenin were markedly increased and colocalized in apoptotic neurons. Coimmunoprecipitation data demonstrated that overexpression of NLK protein reduced β-catenin binding to LEF-1. Our results suggested that NLK was associated with neuronal apoptosis through attenuating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway after SCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
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18
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Neurodevelopment Alterations, Neurodegeneration, and Immunoinflammatory Patterns in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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19
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Zhang XY, Tang W, Xiu MH, Chen DC, Yang FD, Tan YL, Wang ZR, Zhang F, Liu J, Liu L, Chen Y, Wen N, Kosten TR. Interleukin 18 and cognitive impairment in first episode and drug naïve schizophrenia versus healthy controls. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 32:105-11. [PMID: 23499732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the inflammatory and immune systems have been documented to occur from the earliest stages of schizophrenia, and have been associated with neurodevelopmental changes. Cognitive impairment is a core feature in the pathology of schizophrenia, and recent studies showed a significant increase in serum IL-18 in schizophrenia, and a putative role of IL-18 in neuroprogression and thus neurocognitive defects. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of IL-18 with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. We recruited 77 first episode and drug naïve schizophrenic patients and 75 healthy control subjects and examined the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and serum IL-18 in both groups. Schizophrenic symptoms were assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). We found that IL-18 levels were non-significantly higher in patients than controls (206.0±92.9 pg/ml vs 193.2±41.8 pg/ml, p=0.28). Cognitive scores on the RBANS and nearly all of its five subscales (all p<0.05) except for the Visuospatial/Constructional index (p>0.05) were significantly lower in schizophrenic patients than normal controls. For the patients, IL-18 was positively associated with the Visuospatial/Constructional domain of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that cognitive deficits occur during the acute stage of a schizophrenic episode, and IL-18 may be involved in Visuospatial/Constructional deficits of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang Zhang
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Altamura AC, Pozzoli S, Fiorentini A, Dell'osso B. Neurodevelopment and inflammatory patterns in schizophrenia in relation to pathophysiology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:63-70. [PMID: 23021973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As for other major psychoses, the etiology of schizophrenia still remains poorly understood, involving genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, as well as environmental contributions. In addition, immune alterations have been widely reported in schizophrenic patients, involving both the unspecific and specific pathways of the immune system, and suggesting that infectious/autoimmune processes play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of the disorder. Cytokines, in particular, are supposed to play a critical role in infectious and inflammatory processes, mediating the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system. In this perspective, even though mixed results have been reported, it seems that schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance in inflammatory cytokines. Alterations in the inflammatory and immune systems, moreover, seem to be already present in the early stages of schizophrenia and connected to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of the disorder, identifying its roots in brain development abnormalities that do not manifest themselves until adolescence or early adulthood. At the same time, neuropathological and longitudinal studies in schizophrenia also support a neurodegenerative hypothesis and, more recently, a novel mixed hypothesis, integrating neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models, has been put forward. The present review aims to provide an updated overview of the connections between the immune and inflammatory alterations and the aforementioned hypotheses in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carlo Altamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy.
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21
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Liu H, Jia D, Li A, Chau J, He D, Ruan X, Liu F, Li J, He L, Li B. p53 regulates neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation via BMP-Smad1 signaling and Id1. Stem Cells Dev 2013. [PMID: 23199293 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play essential roles in nervous system development and postnatal neuroregeneration and their deregulation underlies the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Yet how NSC proliferation and differentiation are controlled is not fully understood. Here we present evidence that tumor suppressor p53 regulates NSC proliferation and differentiation via the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-Smad1 pathway and its target gene inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1). p53 deficiency led to increased neurogenesis in vivo, and biased neuronal differentiation and augmented NSC proliferation of ex vivo NSCs. This is accompanied by elevated Smad1 expression/activation in the brain and NSC, which contributes to accelerated neuronal differentiation of p53(-/-) NSCs. p53 deficiency also leads to upregulation of Id1, whose expression is repressed by p53 in BMP-Smad1-dependent and -independent manners. Elevated Id1 expression contributes to augmented proliferation and, unexpectedly, accelerated neuronal differentiation of p53(-/-) NSCs as well. This study reveals a molecular mechanism by which tumor suppressor p53 controls NSC proliferation and differentiation and establishes a connection between p53 and Id1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The nervous system is characterized by its complex network of highly specialized cells that enable us to perceive stimuli from the outside world and react accordingly. The computational integration enabled by these networks remains to be elucidated, but appropriate sensory input, processing, and motor control are certainly essential for survival. Consequently, loss of nervous tissue due to injury or disease represents a considerable biomedical challenge. Stem cell research offers the promise to provide cells for nervous system repair to replace lost and damaged neural tissue and alleviate disease. We provide a protocol-based chapter on fundamental principles and procedures of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation and neural transplantation. Rather than detailed methodological step-by-step descriptions of these procedures, we provide an overview and highlight the most critical aspects and key steps of PSC neural induction, subtype specification in different in vitro systems, as well as neural cell transplantation to the central nervous system. We conclude with a summary of suitable readout methods including in vitro phenotypic analysis, histology, and functional analysis in vivo.
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23
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Momčilović O, Montoya-Sack J, Zeng X. Dopaminergic differentiation using pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:3610-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Sudheer S, Bhushan R, Fauler B, Lehrach H, Adjaye J. FGF inhibition directs BMP4-mediated differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to syncytiotrophoblast. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2987-3000. [PMID: 22724507 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is known to support differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into mesoderm and extraembryonic lineages, whereas other signaling pathways can largely influence this lineage specification. Here, we set out to reinvestigate the influence of ACTIVIN/NODAL and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways on the lineage choices made by hESCs during BMP4-driven differentiation. We show that BMP activation, coupled with inhibition of both ACTIVIN/NODAL and FGF signaling, induces differentiation of hESCs, specifically to βhCG hormone-secreting multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast and does not support induction of embryonic and extraembryonic lineages, extravillous trophoblast, and primitive endoderm. It has been previously reported that FGF2 can switch BMP4-induced hESC differentiation outcome to mesendoderm. Here, we show that FGF inhibition alone, or in combination with either ACTIVIN/NODAL inhibition or BMP activation, supports hESC differentiation to hCG-secreting syncytiotrophoblast. We show that the inhibition of the FGF pathway acts as a key in directing BMP4-mediated hESC differentiation to syncytiotrophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sudheer
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Bilbo SD, Schwarz JM. The immune system and developmental programming of brain and behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:267-86. [PMID: 22982535 PMCID: PMC3484177 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain, endocrine, and immune systems are inextricably linked. Immune molecules have a powerful impact on neuroendocrine function, including hormone-behavior interactions, during health as well as sickness. Similarly, alterations in hormones, such as during stress, can powerfully impact immune function or reactivity. These functional shifts are evolved, adaptive responses that organize changes in behavior and mobilize immune resources, but can also lead to pathology or exacerbate disease if prolonged or exaggerated. The developing brain in particular is exquisitely sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous signals, and increasing evidence suggests the immune system has a critical role in brain development and associated behavioral outcomes for the life of the individual. Indeed, there are associations between many neuropsychiatric disorders and immune dysfunction, with a distinct etiology in neurodevelopment. The goal of this review is to describe the important role of the immune system during brain development, and to discuss some of the many ways in which immune activation during early brain development can affect the later-life outcomes of neural function, immune function, mood and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 572 Research Drive, Box 91050, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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26
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Leclerc C, Néant I, Moreau M. The calcium: an early signal that initiates the formation of the nervous system during embryogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:3. [PMID: 22593733 PMCID: PMC3351002 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling pathways have crucial roles in development from fertilization through differentiation to organogenesis. In the nervous system, Ca(2+) signals are important regulators for various neuronal functions, including formation and maturation of neuronal circuits and long-term memory. However, Ca(2+) signals are also involved in the earliest steps of neurogenesis including neural induction, differentiation of neural progenitors into neurons, and the neuro-glial switch. This review examines when and how Ca(2+) signals are generated during each of these steps with examples taken from in vivo studies in vertebrate embryos and from in vitro assays using embryonic and neural stem cells (NSCs). During the early phases of neurogenesis few investigations have been performed to study the downstream targets of Ca(2+) which posses EF-hand in their structure. This opens an entire field of research. We also discuss the highly specific nature of the Ca(2+) signaling pathway and its interaction with the other signaling pathways involved in early neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Leclerc
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse III, CNRS UMR 5547Toulouse, France and GDRE n731, “Ca toolkit coded proteins as drug targets in animal and plant cells”
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Shimada T, Takai Y, Shinohara K, Yamasaki A, Tominaga-Yoshino K, Ogura A, Toi A, Asano K, Shintani N, Hayata-Takano A, Baba A, Hashimoto H. A simplified method to generate serotonergic neurons from mouse embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells. J Neurochem 2012; 122:81-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kennedy KAM, Sandiford SDE, Skerjanc IS, Li SSC. Reactive oxygen species and the neuronal fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:215-21. [PMID: 21947442 PMCID: PMC11114775 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant or elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can mediate deleterious cellular effects, including neuronal toxicity and degeneration observed in the etiology of a number of pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Nevertheless, ROS can be generated in a controlled manner and can regulate redox sensitive transcription factors such as NFκB, AP-1 and NFAT. Moreover, ROS can modulate the redox state of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, thereby having an impact on many transcriptional networks and signaling cascades important for neurogenesis. A large body of literature links the controlled generation of ROS at low-to-moderate levels with the stimulation of differentiation in certain developmental programs such as neurogenesis. In this regard, ROS are involved in governing the acquisition of the neural fate-from neural induction to the elaboration of axons. Here, we summarize and discuss the growing body of literature that describe a role for ROS signaling in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. M. Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Shelley D. E. Sandiford
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Ilona S. Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Shawn S.-C. Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
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29
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Madabhushi M, Lacy E. Anterior visceral endoderm directs ventral morphogenesis and placement of head and heart via BMP2 expression. Dev Cell 2011; 21:907-19. [PMID: 22075149 PMCID: PMC3386144 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In amniotes, ventral folding morphogenesis achieves gut internalization, linear heart tube formation, ventral body wall closure, and encasement of the fetus in extraembryonic membranes. Impairment of ventral morphogenesis results in human birth defects involving body wall, gut, and heart malformations and in mouse misplacement of head and heart. Absence of knowledge about genetic pathways and cell populations directing ventral folding in mammals has precluded systematic study of cellular mechanisms driving this vital morphogenetic process. We report tissue-specific mouse mutant analyses identifying the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway as a key regulator of ventral morphogenesis. BMP2 expressed in anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) signals to epiblast derivatives during gastrulation to orchestrate initial stages of ventral morphogenesis, including foregut development and positioning of head and heart. These findings identify unanticipated functions for the AVE in organizing the gastrulating embryo and indicate that visceral endoderm-expressed BMP2 coordinates morphogenetic cell behaviors in multiple epiblast lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Madabhushi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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30
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Slawny NA, O'Shea KS. Dynamic changes in Wnt signaling are required for neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:205-16. [PMID: 21856426 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) and the epiblast share a similar gene expression profile and an attenuated cell cycle, making them an accessible and tractable model system to study lineage choice at gastrulation. Differentiation of the epiblast and ESC to the mesendodermal lineage has been shown to rely on Wnt/β-catenin signaling; which counterintuitively, is also required to inhibit differentiation and maintain pluripotency. To examine these seemingly contradictory roles, we developed a mouse ESC (ESC) line that inducibly expresses a dominant negative Tcf4 (dnTcf4) protein to block canonical Wnt signaling. Cells expressing the dnTcf4 protein differentiated largely to Sox3 positive neural precursors but were unable to progress to βIII tubulin positive neurons unless Wnt signaling was derepressed, demonstrating a sequential requirement for Wnt signaling in lineage differentiation. To determine if Wnt/β-catenin signaling is similarily required at sequential stages of neural differentiation in the intact embryo, we delivered shRNA targeting β-catenin to pregnant mice on E5.5 of development. Blocking canonical Wnt signaling during post-implantation development increased the number of neural precursors which failed to differentiate to mature neurons, and produced defects of embryonic axis elongation, neurulation and neural tube closure that phenocopy the β-catenin null embryo. These results demonstrate that lineage differentiation relies on sequential repression and derepression of critical signaling pathways involved in maintaining pluripotency versus differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Slawny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Leclerc C, Néant I, Moreau M. Early neural development in vertebrates is also a matter of calcium. Biochimie 2011; 93:2102-11. [PMID: 21742011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling pathways have crucial roles in development from fertilization through differentiation to organogenesis. In the nervous system, Ca(2+) signals are important regulators for various neuronal functions, including formation and maturation of neuronal circuits and long-term memory. However, Ca(2+) signals are mainly involved in the earliest steps of nervous system development including neural induction, differentiation of neural progenitors into neurons, and the neuro-glial switch. This review examines when and how Ca(2+) signals are generated during each of these steps with examples taken from in vivo studies in vertebrate embryos and from in vitro assays using embryonic and neural stem cells. Also discussed is the highly specific nature of the Ca(2+) signaling pathway and its interaction with the other signaling pathways involved in early neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Leclerc
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR CNRS 5547 and GDR 2688, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France.
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Ribeiro D, Ellwanger K, Glagow D, Theofilopoulos S, Corsini NS, Martin-Villalba A, Niehrs C, Arenas E. Dkk1 regulates ventral midbrain dopaminergic differentiation and morphogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15786. [PMID: 21347250 PMCID: PMC3037958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf1 (Dkk1) is a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor that participates in many processes during embryonic development. One of its roles during embryogenesis is to induce head formation, since Dkk1-null mice lack head structures anterior to midbrain. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is also known to regulate different aspects of ventral midbrain (VM) dopaminergic (DA) neuron development and, in vitro, Dkk1-mediated inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway improves the DA differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). However, the in vivo function of Dkk1 on the development of midbrain DA neurons remains to be elucidated. Here we examined Dkk1+/− embryos and found that Dkk1 is required for the differentiation of DA precursors/neuroblasts into DA neurons at E13.5. This deficit persisted until E17.5, when a defect in the number and distribution of VM DA neurons was detected. Furthermore, analysis of the few Dkk1−/− embryos that survived until E17.5 revealed a more severe loss of midbrain DA neurons and morphogenesis defects. Our results thus show that Dkk1 is required for midbrain DA differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Ribeiro
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Ellwanger
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Désirée Glagow
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina S. Corsini
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Hunkapiller J, Singla V, Seol A, Reiter JF. The ciliogenic protein Oral-Facial-Digital 1 regulates the neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:831-41. [PMID: 20873986 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral-Facial-Digital 1 (OFD1) Syndrome is an X-linked developmental disorder caused by mutations in the gene Ofd1. OFD1 syndrome involves malformation of the face, oral cavity, and digits and may be characterized by cystic kidneys and mental retardation. Deletion or missense mutations in Ofd1 also result in loss of primary cilia, a microtubule-based cellular projection that mediates multiple signaling pathways. Ofd1 mutant mice display pleiotropic developmental phenotypes, including neural, skeletal, and cardiac defects. To address how loss of Ofd1 and loss of primary cilia affect early differentiation decisions, we analyzed embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from Ofd1 mutant embryonic stem (ES) cells. Ofd1 mutant EBs do not form primary cilia and display defects in Hedgehog and Wnt signaling. Additionally, we show that ES cells lacking Ofd1 display an increased capacity to differentiate into neurons. Nevertheless, neurons derived from Ofd1 mutant ES cells fail to differentiate into V3 interneurons, a cell type dependent on ciliary function and Hedgehog signaling. Thus, loss of Ofd1 affects ES cell interpretation of developmental cues and reveals that EBs model some aspects of ciliopathies, providing insights into the developmental origins of OFD1 syndrome and functions of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hunkapiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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34
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Olovnikov AM. How could the program of aging be arranged? RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Main H, Lee KL, Yang H, Haapa-Paananen S, Edgren H, Jin S, Sahlgren C, Kallioniemi O, Poellinger L, Lim B, Lendahl U. Interactions between Notch- and hypoxia-induced transcriptomes in embryonic stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1610-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Itasaki N, Hoppler S. Crosstalk between Wnt and bone morphogenic protein signaling: a turbulent relationship. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:16-33. [PMID: 19544585 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt and the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways are evolutionarily conserved and essentially independent signaling mechanisms, which, however, often regulate similar biological processes. Wnt and BMP signaling are functionally integrated in many biological processes, such as embryonic patterning in Drosophila and vertebrates, formation of kidney, limb, teeth and bones, maintenance of stem cells, and cancer progression. Detailed inspection of regulation in these and other tissues reveals that Wnt and BMP signaling are functionally integrated in four fundamentally different ways. The molecular mechanism evolved to mediate this integration can also be summarized in four different ways. However, a fundamental aspect of functional and mechanistic interaction between these pathways relies on tissue-specific mechanisms, which are often not conserved and cannot be extrapolated to other tissues. Integration of the two pathways contributes toward the sophisticated means necessary for creating the complexity of our bodies and the reliable and healthy function of its tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Itasaki
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom.
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37
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Cajánek L, Ribeiro D, Liste I, Parish CL, Bryja V, Arenas E. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling blockade promotes neuronal induction and dopaminergic differentiation in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2917-27. [PMID: 19725118 DOI: 10.1002/stem.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent not only a promising source of cells for cell replacement therapy, but also a tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular signaling and dopaminergic (DA) neuron development. One of the main regulators of DA neuron development is Wnt signaling. Here we used mouse ESCs (mESCs) lacking Wnt1 or the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) to decipher the action of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling on DA neuron development in mESCs. We provide evidence that the absence of LRP6 abrogates responsiveness of mESCs to Wnt ligand stimulation. Using two differentiation protocols, we show that the loss of Wnt1 or LRP6 increases neuroectodermal differentiation and the number of mESC-derived DA neurons. These effects were similar to those observed following treatment of mESCs with the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway inhibitor Dickkopf1 (Dkk1). Combined, our results show that decreases in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling enhance neuronal and DA differentiation of mESCs. These findings suggest that: 1) Wnt1 or LRP6 are not strictly required for the DA differentiation of mESCs in vitro, 2) the levels of morphogens and their activity in ESC cultures need to be optimized to improve DA differentiation, and 3) by enhancing the differentiation and number of ESC-derived DA neurons with Dkk1, the application of ESCs for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukás Cajánek
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Schlosser G. Making senses development of vertebrate cranial placodes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:129-234. [PMID: 20801420 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cranial placodes (which include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, otic, lateral line, profundal/trigeminal, and epibranchial placodes) give rise to many sense organs and ganglia of the vertebrate head. Recent evidence suggests that all cranial placodes may be developmentally related structures, which originate from a common panplacodal primordium at neural plate stages and use similar regulatory mechanisms to control developmental processes shared between different placodes such as neurogenesis and morphogenetic movements. After providing a brief overview of placodal diversity, the present review summarizes current evidence for the existence of a panplacodal primordium and discusses the central role of transcription factors Six1 and Eya1 in the regulation of processes shared between different placodes. Upstream signaling events and transcription factors involved in early embryonic induction and specification of the panplacodal primordium are discussed next. I then review how individual placodes arise from the panplacodal primordium and present a model of multistep placode induction. Finally, I briefly summarize recent advances concerning how placodal neurons and sensory cells are specified, and how morphogenesis of placodes (including delamination and migration of placode-derived cells and invagination) is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
Cytokines are pleotrophic proteins that coordinate the host response to infection as well as mediate normal, ongoing signaling between cells of nonimmune tissues, including the nervous system. As a consequence of this dual role, cytokines induced in response to maternal infection or prenatal hypoxia can profoundly impact fetal neurodevelopment. The neurodevelopmental roles of individual cytokine signaling pathways are being elucidated through gain- and loss-of-function studies in cell culture and model organisms. We review this work with a particular emphasis on studies where cytokines, their receptors, or components of their signaling pathways have been altered in vivo. The extensive and diverse requirements for properly regulated cytokine signaling during normal nervous system development revealed by these studies sets the foundation for ongoing and future work aimed at understanding how cytokines induced normally and pathologically during critical stages of fetal development alter nervous system function and behavior later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard M/C 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Seuntjens E, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Sampaolesi M, Verfaillie CM, Huylebroeck D. Transforming Growth Factor type beta and Smad family signaling in stem cell function. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:449-58. [PMID: 19892581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of the Transforming Growth Factor type beta (TGFbeta) family exert multiple and sometimes opposite effects on most cell types in vivo depending on cellular context, which mainly includes the stage of the target cell, the local environment of this cell or niche, and the identity and the dosage of the ligand. Significant progress has been made in the molecular dissection of the regulation of the activity of the ligands and their intracellular signal transduction pathways, including via the canonical Smad pathway where Smads interact with many transcription factors. This knowledge together with results from functional studies within the embryology and stem cell research fields is giving us insight in the role of individual ligands and other components of this signaling system and where and how it regulates many properties of embryonic and adult stem/progenitor cells, which is anticipated to contribute to successful cell-based therapy in the future. We review and discuss recent progress on the effects of Nodal/Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and their canonical signaling in cells with stem cell properties. We focus on embryonic stem cells and their maintenance and pluripotency, and conversion into selected cell types of neuroectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, on induced pluripotent cells and on neurogenic cells in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen) of the Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Campus Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Yan B, Neilson KM, Moody SA. Notch signaling downstream of foxD5 promotes neural ectodermal transcription factors that inhibit neural differentiation. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1358-65. [PMID: 19253404 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of the Notch signaling pathway in regulating several transcription factors that stabilize a neural fate and expand the neural plate. Increased Notch signaling in a neural lineage via a constitutively activated form (NICD) up-regulated geminin and zic2 in a cell-autonomous manner, and expanded the neural plate domains of sox11, sox2, and sox3. Loss- and gain-of-function assays show that foxD5 acts upstream of notch1 gene expression. Decreasing Notch signaling with an anti-morphic form of a Notch ligand (X-Delta-1(STU)) showed that the foxD5-mediated expansion of the sox gene neural plate domains requires Notch signaling. However, geminin and zic2 appear to be dually regulated by foxD5 and Notch1 signaling. These studies demonstrate that: (1) Notch signaling acts downstream of foxD5 to promote the expression of a subset of neural ectodermal transcription factors; and (2) Notch signaling and the foxD5 transcriptional pathway together maintain the neural plate in an undifferentiated state. Developmental Dynamics 238:1358-1365, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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42
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Expression pattern of the expanded noggin gene family in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Gene Expr Patterns 2009; 9:246-53. [PMID: 19174194 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Noggin genes are mainly known as inhibitors of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signalling pathway. Noggin genes play an important role in various developmental processes such as axis formation and neural differentiation. In vertebrates, inhibition of the BMP pathway is usually carried out together with other inhibitory molecules: chordin and follistatin. Recently, it has been shown in planarians that the BMP pathway has a conserved function in the maintenance and re-establishment of the dorsoventral axis during homeostasis and regeneration. In an attempt to further characterize the BMP pathway in this model we have undertaken an in silico search of noggin genes in the genome of Schmidtea mediterranea. In contrast to other systems in which between one and four noggin genes have been reported, ten genes containing a noggin domain are present in S. mediterranea. These genes have been classified into two groups: noggin genes (two genes) and noggin-like genes (eight genes). Noggin-like genes are characterized by the presence of an insertion of 50-60 amino acids in the middle of the noggin domain. Here, we report the characterization of this expanded family of noggin genes in planarians as well as their expression patterns in both intact and regenerating animals. In situ hybridizations show that planarian noggin genes are expressed in a variety of cell types located in different regions of the planarian body.
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43
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Sauerzweig S, Munsch T, Lessmann V, Reymann KG, Braun H. A population of serum deprivation-induced bone marrow stem cells (SD-BMSC) expresses marker typical for embryonic and neural stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:50-66. [PMID: 18992240 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow represents an easy accessible source of adult stem cells suitable for various cell based therapies. Several studies in recent years suggested the existence of pluripotent stem cells within bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) expressing marker proteins of both embryonic and tissue committed stem cells. These subpopulations were referred to as MAPC, MIAMI and VSEL-cells. Here we describe SD-BMSC (serumdeprivation-induced BMSC) which are induced as a distinct subpopulation after complete serumdeprivation. SD-BMSC are generated from small-sized nestin-positive BMSC (S-BMSC) organized as round-shaped cells in the top layer of BMSC-cultures. The generation of SD-BMSC is caused by a selective proliferation of S-BMSC and accompanied by changes in both morphology and gene expression. SD-BMSC up-regulate not only markers typical for neural stem cells like nestin and GFAP, but also proteins characteristic for embryonic cells like Oct4 and SOX2. We hypothesize, that SD-BMSC like MAPC, MIAMI and VSEL-cells represent derivatives from a single pluripotent stem cell fraction within BMSC exhibiting characteristics of embryonic and tissue committed stem cells. The complete removal of serum might offer a simple way to specifically enrich this fraction of pluripotent embryonic like stem cells in BMSC cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sauerzweig
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (IfN), Projectgroup Neuropharmacology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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