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Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a large family of proteins that transduce extracellular signals to the inside of the cell to ultimately affect important cellular functions such as cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. They are expressed in the nervous system and can regulate behavior through modulation of neuronal and glial function. As a result, RTKs are implicated in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders such as depression and addiction. Evidence has emerged that 5 RTKs (tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), RET proto-oncogene (RET), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)) modulate alcohol drinking and other behaviors related to alcohol addiction. RTKs are considered highly "druggable" targets and small-molecule inhibitors of RTKs have been developed for the treatment of various conditions, particularly cancer. These kinases are therefore attractive targets for the development of new pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol use disorder (AUD). This review will examine the preclinical evidence describing TrkB, RET, ALK, FGFR, and EGFR modulation of alcohol drinking and other behaviors relevant to alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Hamada
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, MC 912, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Amy W Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, MC 912, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA.
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Tang J, Chen X, Cai B, Chen G. A logical relationship for schizophrenia, bipolar, and major depressive disorder. Part 4: Evidence from chromosome 4 high-density association screen. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:392-405. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Department of Radiology; Qianfo Hill Campus Hospital of Shandong University; Jinan 250061 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medicine; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences; Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Cai
- CapitalBio corporation, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medicine; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences; Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
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Genome-wide association study of subcortical brain volume in PTSD cases and trauma-exposed controls. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1265. [PMID: 29187748 PMCID: PMC5802459 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the traumatic event, a significant fraction of trauma survivors subsequently develop PTSD. The additional variability in PTSD risk is expected to arise from genetic susceptibility. Unfortunately, several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have failed to identify a consistent genetic marker for PTSD. The heritability of intermediate phenotypes such as regional brain volumes is often 80% or higher. We conducted a GWAS of subcortical brain volumes in a sample of recent military veteran trauma survivors (n = 157), grouped into PTSD (n = 66) and non-PTSD controls (n = 91). Covariates included PTSD diagnosis, sex, intracranial volume, ancestry, childhood trauma, SNP×PTSD diagnosis, and SNP×childhood trauma. We identified several genetic markers in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs9373240 (p = 2.0 × 10-7, FDR q = 0.0375) that were associated with caudate volume. We also observed a significant interaction between rs9373240 and childhood trauma (p-values = 0.0007-0.002), whereby increased trauma exposure produced a stronger association between SNPs and increased caudate volume. We identified several SNPs in high LD with rs34043524, which is downstream of the TRAM1L1 gene that were associated with right lateral ventricular volume (p = 1.73 × 10-7; FDR q = 0.032) and were also associated with lifetime alcohol abuse or dependence (p = 2.49 × 10-7; FDR q = 0.0375). Finally, we identified several SNPs in high LD with rs13140180 (p = 2.58 × 10-7; FDR q = .0016), an intergenic region on chromosome 4, and several SNPs in the TMPRSS15 associated with right nucleus accumbens volume (p = 2.58 × 10-7; FDR q = 0.017). Both TRAM1L1 and TMPRSS15 have been previously implicated in neuronal function. Key results survived genome-wide multiple-testing correction in our sample. Leveraging neuroimaging phenotypes may offer a shortcut, relative to clinical phenotypes, in mapping the genetic architecture and neurobiological pathways of PTSD.
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Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence strongly indicate that genetic factors contribute to the risk for alcohol use disorders (AUD). There is substantial heterogeneity in AUD, which complicates studies seeking to identify specific genetic factors. To identify these genetic effects, several different alcohol-related phenotypes have been analyzed, including diagnosis and quantitative measures related to AUDs. Study designs have used candidate gene analyses, genetic linkage studies, genomewide association studies (GWAS), and analyses of rare variants. Two genes that encode enzymes of alcohol metabolism have the strongest effect on AUD: aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B each has strongly protective variants that reduce risk, with odds ratios approximately 0.2-0.4. A number of other genes important in AUD have been identified and replicated, including GABRA2 and alcohol dehydrogenases 1B and 4. GWAS have identified additional candidates. Rare variants are likely also to play a role; studies of these are just beginning. A multifaceted approach to gene identification, targeting both rare and common variations and assembling much larger datasets for meta-analyses, is critical for identifying the key genes and pathways important in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Gene network analysis shows immune-signaling and ERK1/2 as novel genetic markers for multiple addiction phenotypes: alcohol, smoking and opioid addiction. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:25. [PMID: 26044620 PMCID: PMC4456775 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Addictions to alcohol and tobacco, known risk factors for cancer, are complex heritable disorders. Addictive behaviors have a bidirectional relationship with pain. We hypothesize that the associations between alcohol, smoking, and opioid addiction observed in cancer patients have a genetic basis. Therefore, using bioinformatics tools, we explored the underlying genetic basis and identified new candidate genes and common biological pathways for smoking, alcohol, and opioid addiction. Results Literature search showed 56 genes associated with alcohol, smoking and opioid addiction. Using Core Analysis function in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software, we found that ERK1/2 was strongly interconnected across all three addiction networks. Genes involved in immune signaling pathways were shown across all three networks. Connect function from IPA My Pathway toolbox showed that DRD2 is the gene common to both the list of genetic variations associated with all three addiction phenotypes and the components of the brain neuronal signaling network involved in substance addiction. The top canonical pathways associated with the 56 genes were: 1) calcium signaling, 2) GPCR signaling, 3) cAMP-mediated signaling, 4) GABA receptor signaling, and 5) G-alpha i signaling. Conlusions Cancer patients are often prescribed opioids for cancer pain thus increasing their risk for opioid abuse and addiction. Our findings provide candidate genes and biological pathways underlying addiction phenotypes, which may be future targets for treatment of addiction. Further study of the variations of the candidate genes could allow physicians to make more informed decisions when treating cancer pain with opioid analgesics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0167-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Manzardo AM, McGuire A, Butler MG. Clinically relevant genetic biomarkers from the brain in alcoholism with representation on high resolution chromosome ideograms. Gene 2015; 560:184-94. [PMID: 25655461 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcoholism arises from combined effects of multiple biological factors including genetic and non-genetic causes with gene/environmental interaction. Intensive research and advanced genetic technology has generated a long list of genes and biomarkers involved in alcoholism neuropathology. These markers reflect complex overlapping and competing effects of possibly hundreds of genes which impact brain structure, function, biochemical alcohol processing, sensitivity and risk for dependence. METHOD We compiled a tabular list of clinically relevant genetic biomarkers for alcoholism targeting expression disturbances in the human brain through an extensive search of keywords related to alcoholism, alcohol abuse, and genetics from peer reviewed medical research articles and related nationally sponsored websites. Gene symbols were then placed on high resolution human chromosome ideograms with gene descriptions in tabular form. RESULTS We identified 337 clinically relevant genetic biomarkers and candidate genes for alcoholism and alcohol-responsiveness from human brain research. Genetic biomarkers included neurotransmitter pathways associated with brain reward processes for dopaminergic (e.g., DRD2, MAOA, and COMT), serotoninergic (e.g., HTR3A, HTR1B, HTR3B, and SLC6A4), GABAergic (e.g., GABRA1, GABRA2, and GABRG1), glutaminergic (GAD1, GRIK3, and GRIN2C) and opioid (e.g., OPRM1, OPRD1, and OPRK1) pathways which presumably impact reinforcing properties of alcohol. Gene level disturbances in cellular and molecular networks impacted by alcohol and alcoholism pathology include transketolase (TKT), transferrin (TF), and myelin (e.g., MBP, MOBP, and MOG). CONCLUSIONS High resolution chromosome ideograms provide investigators, physicians, geneticists and counselors a convenient visual image of the distribution of alcoholism genetic biomarkers from brain research with alphabetical listing of genes in tabular form allowing comparison between alcoholism-related phenotypes, and clinically-relevant alcoholism gene(s) at the chromosome band level to guide research, diagnosis, and treatment. Chromosome ideograms may facilitate gene-based personalized counseling of alcohol dependent individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Austen McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Pan Y, Luo X, Liu X, Wu LY, Zhang Q, Wang L, Wang W, Zuo L, Wang KS. Genome-wide association studies of maximum number of drinks. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1717-24. [PMID: 23953852 PMCID: PMC4286179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maximum number of drinks (MaxDrinks) defined as "Maximum number of alcoholic drinks consumed in a 24-h period" is an intermediate phenotype that is closely related to alcohol dependence (AD). Family, twin and adoption studies have shown that the heritability of MaxDrinks is approximately 0.5. We conducted the first genome-wide association (GWA) study and meta-analysis of MaxDrinks as a continuous phenotype. 1059 individuals were from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample and 1628 individuals were from the Study of Addiction - Genetics and Environment (SAGE) sample. Family sample with 3137 individuals was from the Australian twin-family study of alcohol use disorder (OZALC). Two population-based Caucasian samples (COGA and SAGE) with 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for gene discovery and one family-based Caucasian sample was used for replication. Through meta-analysis we identified 162 SNPs associated with MaxDirnks (p < 10(-4)). The most significant association with MaxDrinks was observed with SNP rs11128951 (p = 4.27 × 10(-8)) near SGOL1 gene at 3p24.3. Furthermore, several SNPs (rs17144687 near DTWD2, rs12108602 near NDST4, and rs2128158 in KCNB2) showed significant associations with MaxDrinks (p < 5 × 10(-7)) in the meta-analysis. Especially, 8 SNPs in DDC gene showed significant associations with MaxDrinks (p < 5 × 10(-7)) in the SAGE sample. Several flanking SNPs in above genes/regions were confirmed in the OZALC family sample. In conclusions, we identified several genes/regions associated with MaxDrinks. These findings can improve the understanding about the pathogenesis of alcohol consumption phenotypes and alcohol-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Long-Yang Wu
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Weize Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ke-Sheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Kim JY, Bae JS, Park BL, Kim JH, Kim LH, Kim JW, Lee BC, Kang TC, Choi IG, Shin HD. Association study of DKK2 polymorphisms with alcohol dependence and alcohol-related harm. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:545-50. [PMID: 24117450 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence (AD) is a common disorder with both environmental and genetic factors. Previous studies have shown that the genomic region from chromosome 4q22-q32 is closely associated with AD. Furthermore, a study with Irish subjects revealed that the polymorphisms of Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor (DKK2), located at 4q25, showed a significant association with AD. METHODS We conducted a replication study of the association between DKK2 polymorphisms and AD with 459 alcoholics and 444 normal controls, all of Korean descendent. To rank the AD of the subjects, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was utilized. Using the TaqMan assay, 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DKK2 were genotyped. RESULTS Our analysis showed that rs17037102 (Q146R) was significantly associated with overall AUDIT score (p = 0.003, p(corr) = 0.05 in dominant model). Further analysis showed that the SNP was significantly associated with alcohol-related harm (p = 0.001, p(corr) = 0.02 in co-dominant model). Several other SNPs, including the 3 SNPs which were associated with AD in European population, showed marginal associations that were erased when corrections for multiple testing was applied. Furthermore, rs17037102 was in linkage disequilibrium with the nonexonic DKK2 SNPs which showed associations with AD in the previous study with Irish population, which suggests that rs17037102 may be the causal SNP. CONCLUSIONS We found 1 DKK2 SNP to be significantly associated with alcohol-related harm in alcoholic subjects. The SNP might be the causal SNP which led its linked SNPs to show associations in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yongha Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Feng Z. A generalized quasi-likelihood scoring approach for simultaneously testing the genetic association of multiple traits. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Miki T, Kusaka T, Yokoyama T, Ohta KI, Suzuki S, Warita K, Jamal M, Wang ZY, Ueki M, Liu JQ, Yakura T, Tamai M, Sumitani K, Hosomi N, Takeuchi Y. Short-term ethanol exposure causes imbalanced neurotrophic factor allocation in the basal forebrain cholinergic system: a novel insight into understanding the initial processes of alcohol addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:201-10. [PMID: 24061482 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol ingestion affects both motor and cognitive functions. One brain system that is influenced by ethanol is the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic projection system, which projects to diverse neocortical and limbic areas. The BF is associated with memory and cognitive function. Our primary interest is the examination of how regions that receive BF cholinergic projections are influenced by short-term ethanol exposure through alterations in the mRNA levels of neurotrophic factors [nerve growth factor/TrkA, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/GDNF family receptor α1]. Male BALB/C mice were fed a liquid diet containing 5 % (v/v) ethanol. Pair-fed control mice were maintained on an identical liquid diet, except that the ethanol was isocalorically substituted with sucrose. Mice exhibiting signs of ethanol intoxication (stages 1-2) were used for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Among the BF cholinergic projection regions, decreased levels of GDNF mRNA and increased levels of TrkB mRNA were observed in the basal nucleus, and increased levels of TrkB mRNA were observed in the cerebral cortex. There were no significant alterations in the levels of expression of relevant neurotrophic factors in the septal nucleus and hippocampus. Given that neurotrophic factors function in retrograde/anterograde or autocrine/paracrine mechanisms and that BF cholinergic projection regions are neuroanatomically connected, these findings suggested that an imbalanced allocation of neurotrophic factor ligands and receptors is an initial phenomenon in alcohol addiction. The exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in the BF cholinergic system are unknown. However, our results provide a novel notion for the understanding of the initial processes in alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Miki
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan,
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Liu Z, Guo X, Jiang Y, Zhang H. NCK2 is significantly associated with opiates addiction in African-origin men. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:748979. [PMID: 23533358 PMCID: PMC3603435 DOI: 10.1155/2013/748979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance dependence is a complex environmental and genetic disorder with significant social and medical concerns. Understanding the etiology of substance dependence is imperative to the development of effective treatment and prevention strategies. To this end, substantial effort has been made to identify genes underlying substance dependence, and in recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have led to discoveries of numerous genetic variants for complex diseases including substance dependence. Most of the GWAS discoveries were only based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a single dichotomized outcome. By employing both SNP- and gene-based methods of analysis, we identified a strong (odds ratio = 13.87) and significant (P value = 1.33E - 11) association of an SNP in the NCK2 gene on chromosome 2 with opiates addiction in African-origin men. Codependence analysis also identified a genome-wide significant association between NCK2 and comorbidity of substance dependence (P value = 3.65E - 08) in African-origin men. Furthermore, we observed that the association between the NCK2 gene (P value = 3.12E - 10) and opiates addiction reached the gene-based genome-wide significant level. In summary, our findings provided the first evidence for the involvement of NCK2 in the susceptibility to opiates addiction and further revealed the racial and gender specificities of its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifa Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Heping Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Guo X, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang H. Large scale association analysis for drug addiction: results from SNP to gene. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:939584. [PMID: 23365539 PMCID: PMC3543790 DOI: 10.1100/2012/939584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genetic association studies used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) data to identify genetic variants for complex diseases. Although SNP-based associations are most common in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), gene-based association analysis has received increasing attention in understanding genetic etiologies for complex diseases. While both methods have been used to analyze the same data, few genome-wide association studies compare the results or observe the connection between them. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the data from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) and compared the results from the SNP-based and gene-based analyses. Our results suggest that the gene-based method complements the individual SNP-based analysis, and conceptually they are closely related. In terms of gene findings, our results validate many genes that were either reported from the analysis of the same dataset or based on animal studies for substance dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhifa Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Serata D, Kotzalidis GD, Riozzi B, Storto M, Panaccione I, Romano S, Rapinesi C, Porfiri GM, Casolla B, Del Casale A, Curto M, Caloro M, Girardi N, Savoja V, Nicoletti F, Tatarelli R, Girardi P. Increased serum Dickkopf-1 levels in drug-abusing psychotic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36:239-44. [PMID: 22122879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway, which is known to be impaired in both psychotic and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we examined serum DKK1 levels as an indicator of ongoing neurodegeneration in psychotic patients, with or without a recent or current history of drug abuse. METHODS We measured serum DKK1 levels by ELISA in 22 inpatients with psychosis and no history of drug abuse, 22 with psychosis and drug abuse, and 16 controls. We rated psychopathology using the following rating scales: the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) severity scale; and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Extrapyramidal motor symptoms were assessed by the Simpson-Angus Neurological Rating Scale (NRS). RESULTS Inpatients with psychosis and comorbid substance abuse showed significantly higher serum DKK1 levels than inpatients with psychosis and no comorbid substance abuse or controls. Comorbid patients had earlier onset, longer duration of psychosis, and more severe extrapyramidal motor symptoms. However, we did not find any significant correlation between DKK1 levels and rating scale scores. CONCLUSION Psychosis led to elevated serum DKK1 levels, and substance abuse led to a further increase. Knowing that there is a correlation between brain and blood levels of DKK1, we speculate that the observed increase in DKK1 levels reflects drug-induced neurotoxicity in our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Serata
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University-Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Kendler KS, Kalsi G, Holmans PA, Sanders AR, Aggen SH, Dick DM, Aliev F, Shi J, Levinson DF, Gejman PV. Genomewide association analysis of symptoms of alcohol dependence in the molecular genetics of schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:963-75. [PMID: 21314694 PMCID: PMC3083473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While genetic influences on alcohol dependence (AD) are substantial, progress in the identification of individual genetic variants that impact on risk has been difficult. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study on 3,169 alcohol consuming subjects from the population-based Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample. Subjects were asked 7 questions about symptoms of AD which were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix 6.0 array. Three sets of analyses were conducted separately for European American (EA, n = 2,357) and African-American (AA, n = 812) subjects: individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), candidate genes and enriched pathways using gene ontology (GO) categories. RESULTS The symptoms of AD formed a highly coherent single factor. No SNP approached genome-wide significance. In the EA sample, the most significant intragenic SNP was in KCNMA1, the human homolog of the slo-1 gene in C. Elegans. Genes with clusters of significant SNPs included AKAP9, phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class G (PIGG), and KCNMA1. In the AA sample, the most significant intragenic SNP was CEACAM6 and genes showing empirically significant SNPs included KCNQ5, SLC35B4, and MGLL. In the candidate gene based analyses, the most significant findings were with ADH1C, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NFKB1) and ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) in the EA sample, and ADH5, POMC, and CHRM2 in the AA sample. The ALIGATOR program identified a significant excess of associated SNPs within and near genes in a substantial number of GO categories over a range of statistical stringencies in both the EA and AA sample. CONCLUSIONS While we cannot be highly confident about any single result from these analyses, a number of findings were suggestive and worthy of follow-up. Although quite large samples will be needed to obtain requisite power, the study of AD symptoms in general population samples is a viable complement to case-control studies in identifying genetic risk variants for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, 23298, USA.
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