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Deng J, Lin X, Qin J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Ji C, Shen S, Li Y, Zhang B, Lin N. SPTBN2 suppresses ferroptosis in NSCLC cells by facilitating SLC7A11 membrane trafficking and localization. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103039. [PMID: 38241838 PMCID: PMC10825533 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The function of SLC7A11 in the process of ferroptosis is well-established, as it regulates the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), thereby influencing tumor development along with drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the determinants governing SLC7A11's membrane trafficking and localization remain unknown. Our study identified SPTBN2 as a ferroptosis suppressor, enhancing NSCLC cells resistance to ferroptosis inducers. Mechanistically, SPTBN2, through its CH domain, interacted with SLC7A11 and connected it with the motor protein Arp1, thus facilitating the membrane localization of SLC7A11 - a prerequisite for its role as System Xc-, which mediates cystine uptake and GSH synthesis. Consequently, SPTBN2 suppressed ferroptosis through preserving the functional activity of System Xc- on the membrane. Moreover, Inhibiting SPTBN2 increased the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin through ferroptosis induction, both in vitro and in vivo. Using Abrine as a potential SPTBN2 inhibitor, its efficacy in promoting ferroptosis and sensitizing NSCLC cells to cisplatin was validated. Collectively, SPTBN2 is a potential therapeutic target for addressing ferroptosis dysfunction and cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, GuangXi, 530021, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiajia Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, GuangXi, 530007, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yingqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qingyi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Cong Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Shuying Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Yangling Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Nengming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine of Zhejiang Province, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Atang AE, Keller AR, Denha SA, Avery AW. Increased Actin Binding Is a Shared Molecular Consequence of Numerous SCA5 Mutations in β-III-Spectrin. Cells 2023; 12:2100. [PMID: 37626910 PMCID: PMC10453832 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the SPTBN2 gene encoding the cytoskeletal protein β-III-spectrin. Previously, we demonstrated that a L253P missense mutation, localizing to the β-III-spectrin actin-binding domain (ABD), causes increased actin-binding affinity. Here we investigate the molecular consequences of nine additional ABD-localized, SCA5 missense mutations: V58M, K61E, T62I, K65E, F160C, D255G, T271I, Y272H, and H278R. We show that all of the mutations, similar to L253P, are positioned at or near the interface of the two calponin homology subdomains (CH1 and CH2) comprising the ABD. Using biochemical and biophysical approaches, we demonstrate that the mutant ABD proteins can attain a well-folded state. However, thermal denaturation studies show that all nine mutations are destabilizing, suggesting a structural disruption at the CH1-CH2 interface. Importantly, all nine mutations cause increased actin binding. The mutant actin-binding affinities vary greatly, and none of the nine mutations increase actin-binding affinity as much as L253P. ABD mutations causing high-affinity actin binding, with the notable exception of L253P, appear to be associated with an early age of symptom onset. Altogether, the data indicate that increased actin-binding affinity is a shared molecular consequence of numerous SCA5 mutations, which has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam W. Avery
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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3
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Atang AE, Keller AR, Denha SA, Avery AW. Increased actin binding is a shared molecular consequence of numerous spinocerebellar ataxia mutations in β-III-spectrin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.20.529285. [PMID: 36865188 PMCID: PMC9980045 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.529285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the SPTBN2 gene encoding the cytoskeletal protein β-III-spectrin. Previously, we demonstrated that a L253P missense mutation, localizing to the β-III-spectrin actin-binding domain (ABD), causes increased actin-binding affinity. Here we investigate the molecular consequences of nine additional ABD-localized, SCA5 missense mutations: V58M, K61E, T62I, K65E, F160C, D255G, T271I, Y272H, and H278R. We show that all of the mutations, similar to L253P, are positioned at or near the interface of the two calponin homology subdomains (CH1 and CH2) comprising the ABD. Using biochemical and biophysical approaches, we demonstrate that the mutant ABD proteins can attain a well-folded state. However, thermal denaturation studies show that all nine mutations are destabilizing, suggesting a structural disruption at the CH1-CH2 interface. Importantly, all nine mutations cause increased actin binding. The mutant actin-binding affinities vary greatly, and none of the nine mutations increase actin-binding affinity as much as L253P. ABD mutations causing high-affinity actin binding, with the notable exception of L253P, appear to be associated with early age of symptom onset. Altogether, the data indicate increased actin-binding affinity is a shared molecular consequence of numerous SCA5 mutations, which has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda R. Keller
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Sarah A. Denha
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Adam W. Avery
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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Lorenzo DN, Edwards RJ, Slavutsky AL. Spectrins: molecular organizers and targets of neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:195-212. [PMID: 36697767 PMCID: PMC10598481 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spectrins are cytoskeletal proteins that are expressed ubiquitously in the mammalian nervous system. Pathogenic variants in SPTAN1, SPTBN1, SPTBN2 and SPTBN4, four of the six genes encoding neuronal spectrins, cause neurological disorders. Despite their structural similarity and shared role as molecular organizers at the cell membrane, spectrins vary in expression, subcellular localization and specialization in neurons, and this variation partly underlies non-overlapping disease presentations across spectrinopathies. Here, we summarize recent progress in discerning the local and long-range organization and diverse functions of neuronal spectrins. We provide an overview of functional studies using mouse models, which, together with growing human genetic and clinical data, are helping to illuminate the aetiology of neurological spectrinopathies. These approaches are all critical on the path to plausible therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Reginald J Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anastasia L Slavutsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Guhathakurta P, Rebbeck RT, Denha SA, Keller AR, Carter AL, Atang AE, Svensson B, Thomas DD, Hays TS, Avery AW. Early-phase drug discovery of β-III-spectrin actin-binding modulators for treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia type 5. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102956. [PMID: 36731793 PMCID: PMC9978034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-III-Spectrin is a key cytoskeletal protein that localizes to the soma and dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells and is required for dendritic arborization and signaling. A spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 L253P mutation in the cytoskeletal protein β-III-spectrin causes high-affinity actin binding. Previously we reported a cell-based fluorescence assay for identification of small-molecule actin-binding modulators of the L253P mutant β-III-spectrin. Here we describe a complementary, in vitro, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that uses purified L253P β-III-spectrin actin-binding domain (ABD) and F-actin. To validate the assay for high-throughput compatibility, we first confirmed that our 50% FRET signal was responsive to swinholide A, an actin-severing compound, and that this yielded excellent assay quality with a Z' value > 0.77. Second, we screened a 2684-compound library of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Importantly, the screening identified numerous compounds that decreased FRET between fluorescently labeled L253P ABD and F-actin. The activity and target of multiple Hit compounds were confirmed in orthologous cosedimentation actin-binding assays. Through future medicinal chemistry, the Hit compounds can potentially be developed into a spinocerebellar ataxia type 5-specific therapeutic. Furthermore, our validated FRET-based in vitro high-throughput screening platform is poised for screening large compound libraries for β-III-spectrin ABD modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Guhathakurta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robyn T Rebbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah A Denha
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda R Keller
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna L Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexandra E Atang
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Bengt Svensson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas S Hays
- Department of Genetics, Cellular Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adam W Avery
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA.
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Younger DS. Neurogenetic motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:183-250. [PMID: 37562870 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of neurogenetics have practical applications in rapid diagnosis on blood and body fluids to extract DNA, obviating the need for invasive investigations. The ability to obtain a presymptomatic diagnosis through genetic screening and biomarkers can be a guide to life-saving disease-modifying therapy or enzyme replacement therapy to compensate for the deficient disease-causing enzyme. The benefits of a comprehensive neurogenetic evaluation extend to family members in whom identification of the causal gene defect ensures carrier detection and at-risk counseling for future generations. This chapter explores the many facets of the neurogenetic evaluation in adult and pediatric motor disorders as a primer for later chapters in this volume and a roadmap for the future applications of genetics in neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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Li S, Liu T, Li K, Bai X, Xi K, Chai X, Mi L, Li J. Spectrins and human diseases. Transl Res 2022; 243:78-88. [PMID: 34979321 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spectrin, as one of the major components of a plasma membrane-associated cytoskeleton, is a cytoskeletal protein composed of the modular structure of α and β subunits. The spectrin-based skeleton is essential for preserving the integrity and mechanical characteristics of the cell membrane. Moreover, spectrin regulates a variety of cell processes including cell apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell spreading, and cell cycle. Dysfunction of spectrins is implicated in various human diseases including hemolytic anemia, neurodegenerative diseases, ataxia, heart diseases, and cancers. Here, we briefly discuss spectrins function as well as the clinical manifestations and currently known molecular mechanisms of human diseases related to spectrins, highlighting that strategies for targeting regulation of spectrins function may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Kejing Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Xinyi Bai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Kewang Xi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojing Chai
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Leyuan Mi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China; Clinical Laboratory Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Gansu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu, China; Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu, China.
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Chen HY, Hsu CL, Lin HY, Lin YF, Tsai SF, Ho YJ, Li YR, Tsai JW, Teng SC, Lin CH. Clinical and functional characterization of a novel STUB1 frameshift mutation in autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 48 (SCA48). J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:65. [PMID: 34565360 PMCID: PMC8466936 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous pathogenic variants in STUB1 are implicated in autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 48 (SCA48), which is a rare familial ataxia disorder. We investigated the clinical, genetic and functional characteristics of STUB1 mutations identified from a Taiwanese ataxia cohort. METHODS We performed whole genome sequencing in a genetically undiagnosed family with an autosomal dominant ataxia syndrome. Further Sanger sequencing of all exons and intron-exon boundary junctions of STUB1 in 249 unrelated patients with cerebellar ataxia was performed. The pathogenicity of the identified novel STUB1 variant was investigated. RESULTS We identified a novel heterozygous frameshift variant, c.832del (p.Glu278fs), in STUB1 in two patients from the same family. This rare mutation is located in the U-box of the carboxyl terminus of the Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) protein, which is encoded by STUB1. Further in vitro experiments demonstrated that this novel heterozygous STUB1 frameshift variant impairs the CHIP protein's activity and its interaction with the E2 ubiquitin ligase, UbE2D1, leading to neuronal accumulation of tau and α-synuclein, caspase-3 activation, and promoting cellular apoptosis through a dominant-negative pathogenic effect. The in vivo study revealed the influence of the CHIP expression level on the differentiation and migration of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors during cerebellar development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide clinical, genetic, and a mechanistic insight linking the novel heterozygous STUB1 frameshift mutation at the highly conserved U-box domain of CHIP as the cause of autosomal dominant SCA48. Our results further stress the importance of CHIP activity in neuronal protein homeostasis and cerebellar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Yun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Number 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Ho
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Ye-Ru Li
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Teng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Number 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Rosenfeld JA, Xiao R, Bekheirnia MR, Kanani F, Parker MJ, Koenig MK, van Haeringen A, Ruivenkamp C, Rosmaninho-Salgado J, Almeida PM, Sá J, Basto JP, Palen E, Oetjens KF, Burrage LC, Xia F, Liu P, Eng CM, Yang Y, Posey JE, Lee BH. Heterozygous variants in SPTBN1 cause intellectual disability and autism. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2037-2045. [PMID: 33847457 PMCID: PMC11182376 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spectrins are common components of cytoskeletons, binding to cytoskeletal elements and the plasma membrane, allowing proper localization of essential membrane proteins, signal transduction, and cellular scaffolding. Spectrins are assembled from α and β subunits, encoded by SPTA1 and SPTAN1 (α) and SPTB, SPTBN1, SPTBN2, SPTBN4, and SPTBN5 (β). Pathogenic variants in various spectrin genes are associated with erythroid cell disorders (SPTA1, SPTB) and neurologic disorders (SPTAN1, SPTBN2, and SPTBN4), but no phenotypes have been definitively associated with variants in SPTBN1 or SPTBN5. Through exome sequencing and case matching, we identified seven unrelated individuals with heterozygous SPTBN1 variants: two with de novo missense variants and five with predicted loss-of-function variants (found to be de novo in two, while one was inherited from a mother with a history of learning disabilities). Common features include global developmental delays, intellectual disability, and behavioral disturbances. Autistic features (4/6) and epilepsy (2/7) or abnormal electroencephalogram without overt seizures (1/7) were present in a subset. Identification of loss-of-function variants suggests a haploinsufficiency mechanism, but additional functional studies are required to fully elucidate disease pathogenesis. Our findings support the essential roles of SPTBN1 in human neurodevelopment and expand the knowledge of human spectrinopathy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mir Reza Bekheirnia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Renal Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Farah Kanani
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael J. Parker
- The Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities/Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mary K. Koenig
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Arie van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Claudia Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joana Rosmaninho-Salgado
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Almeida
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Sá
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pinto Basto
- Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Genomics, CGC Genetics, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emily Palen
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822, USA
| | - Kathryn F. Oetjens
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822, USA
| | - Lindsay C. Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Christine M. Eng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | | | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Brendan H. Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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Bian X, Wang S, Jin S, Xu S, Zhang H, Wang D, Shang W, Wang P. Two novel missense variants in SPTBN2 likely associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 5. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:5195-5203. [PMID: 33797620 PMCID: PMC8642373 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterozygous group of neurodegenerative disorders. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) is a rare autosomal-dominant ataxia with pure cerebellum involvement. The clinical characteristics are limb and gait ataxia, trunk ataxia, sensory deficits, abnormal eye movement, dysarthria, and hyperactive tendon reflexes. Spectrin beta nonerythrocytic 2 gene (SPTBN2), coding β-III spectrin protein, was identified to be associated with SCA5. To date, more than 19 variants of SPTBN2 have been reported. METHODS A family and an apparently sporadic patient with ataxia and cerebellar atrophy were recruited from Shandong Province (China). To discover the disease-causing variants, capillary electrophoresis and targeted next-generation sequencing were performed in the proband of the family and the sporadic patient. The candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and analyzed by bioinformatics software. RESULTS In our study, we verified two novel heterozygous variants in SPTBN2 in a SCA pedigree and a sporadic patient. The proband of the pedigree and her mother presented with walking instability and progressively getting worse. The sporadic patient suffered from slurred speech, walking instability, and drinking water choking cough. MRI examination of the proband and sporadic patient both displayed moderate cerebellar atrophy. The variants identified were traditionally conserved and predicted probably damaging and disease-causing by bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSION We identified two novel heterozygous variants of SPTBN2 resulting in severe ataxia which further delineated the correlation between the genotype and phenotype of SCA5, and pathogenesis of variants in SPTBN2 should be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Bian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Suqin Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Shunliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Dewei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China.
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11
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Miazek A, Zalas M, Skrzymowska J, Bogin BA, Grzymajło K, Goszczynski TM, Levine ZA, Morrow JS, Stankewich MC. Age-dependent ataxia and neurodegeneration caused by an αII spectrin mutation with impaired regulation of its calpain sensitivity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7312. [PMID: 33790315 PMCID: PMC8012654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal membrane-associated periodic spectrin skeleton (MPS) contributes to neuronal development, remodeling, and organization. Post-translational modifications impinge on spectrin, the major component of the MPS, but their role remains poorly understood. One modification targeting spectrin is cleavage by calpains, a family of calcium-activated proteases. Spectrin cleavage is regulated by activated calpain, but also by the calcium-dependent binding of calmodulin (CaM) to spectrin. The physiologic significance of this balance between calpain activation and substrate-level regulation of spectrin cleavage is unknown. We report a strain of C57BL/6J mice harboring a single αII spectrin point mutation (Sptan1 c.3293G > A:p.R1098Q) with reduced CaM affinity and intrinsically enhanced sensitivity to calpain proteolysis. Homozygotes are embryonic lethal. Newborn heterozygotes of either gender appear normal, but soon develop a progressive ataxia characterized biochemically by accelerated calpain-mediated spectrin cleavage and morphologically by disruption of axonal and dendritic integrity and global neurodegeneration. Molecular modeling predicts unconstrained exposure of the mutant spectrin's calpain-cleavage site. These results reveal the critical importance of substrate-level regulation of spectrin cleavage for the maintenance of neuronal integrity. Given that excessive activation of calpain proteases is a common feature of neurodegenerative disease and traumatic encephalopathy, we propose that damage to the spectrin MPS may contribute to the neuropathology of many disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Miazek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Zalas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Skrzymowska
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bryan A Bogin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krzysztof Grzymajło
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Goszczynski
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zachary A Levine
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, LH108, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jon S Morrow
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, LH108, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michael C Stankewich
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, LH108, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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12
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Sancho P, Andrés-Bordería A, Gorría-Redondo N, Llano K, Martínez-Rubio D, Yoldi-Petri ME, Blumkin L, Rodríguez de la Fuente P, Gil-Ortiz F, Fernández-Murga L, Sánchez-Monteagudo A, Lupo V, Pérez-Dueñas B, Espinós C, Aguilera-Albesa S. Expanding the β-III Spectrin-Associated Phenotypes toward Non-Progressive Congenital Ataxias with Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052505. [PMID: 33801522 PMCID: PMC7958857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A non-progressive congenital ataxia (NPCA) phenotype caused by β-III spectrin (SPTBN2) mutations has emerged, mimicking spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive type 14 (SCAR14). The pattern of inheritance, however, resembles that of autosomal dominant classical spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5). (2) Methods: In-depth phenotyping of two boys studied by a customized gene panel. Candidate variants were sought by structural modeling and protein expression. An extensive review of the literature was conducted in order to better characterize the SPTBN2-associated NPCA. (3) Results: Patients exhibited an NPCA with hypotonia, developmental delay, cerebellar syndrome, and cognitive deficits. Both probands presented with progressive global cerebellar volume loss in consecutive cerebral magnetic resonance imaging studies, characterized by decreasing midsagittal vermis relative diameter measurements. Cortical hyperintensities were observed on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, suggesting a neurodegenerative process. Each patient carried a novel de novo SPTBN2 substitution: c.193A > G (p.K65E) or c.764A > G (p.D255G). Modeling and protein expression revealed that both mutations might be deleterious. (4) Conclusions: The reported findings contribute to a better understanding of the SPTBN2-associated phenotype. The mutations may preclude proper structural organization of the actin spectrin-based membrane skeleton, which, in turn, is responsible for the underlying disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sancho
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (P.S.); (A.A.-B.); (D.M.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (V.L.)
| | - Amparo Andrés-Bordería
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (P.S.); (A.A.-B.); (D.M.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (V.L.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nerea Gorría-Redondo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (M.E.Y.-P.)
| | - Katia Llano
- Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Dolores Martínez-Rubio
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (P.S.); (A.A.-B.); (D.M.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (V.L.)
| | - María Eugenia Yoldi-Petri
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (M.E.Y.-P.)
| | - Luba Blumkin
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel;
| | | | | | | | - Ana Sánchez-Monteagudo
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (P.S.); (A.A.-B.); (D.M.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (V.L.)
| | - Vincenzo Lupo
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (P.S.); (A.A.-B.); (D.M.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (V.L.)
| | - Belén Pérez-Dueñas
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (P.S.); (A.A.-B.); (D.M.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.E.); (S.A.-A.); Tel.: +34-963-289-680 (C.E.); +34-848-422-563 (S.A.-A.)
| | - Sergio Aguilera-Albesa
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (M.E.Y.-P.)
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.E.); (S.A.-A.); Tel.: +34-963-289-680 (C.E.); +34-848-422-563 (S.A.-A.)
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13
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Fujishima K, Kurisu J, Yamada M, Kengaku M. βIII spectrin controls the planarity of Purkinje cell dendrites by modulating perpendicular axon-dendrite interactions. Development 2020; 147:226102. [PMID: 33234719 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the geometrical patterning of axon and dendrite wiring remains elusive, despite its crucial importance in the formation of functional neural circuits. The cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) arborizes a typical planar dendrite, which forms an orthogonal network with granule cell (GC) axons. By using electrospun nanofiber substrates, we reproduce the perpendicular contacts between PC dendrites and GC axons in culture. In the model system, PC dendrites show a preference to grow perpendicularly to aligned GC axons, which presumably contribute to the planar dendrite arborization in vivo We show that βIII spectrin, a causal protein for spinocerebellar ataxia type 5, is required for the biased growth of dendrites. βIII spectrin deficiency causes actin mislocalization and excessive microtubule invasion in dendritic protrusions, resulting in abnormally oriented branch formation. Furthermore, disease-associated mutations affect the ability of βIII spectrin to control dendrite orientation. These data indicate that βIII spectrin organizes the mouse dendritic cytoskeleton and thereby regulates the oriented growth of dendrites with respect to the afferent axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Fujishima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Kurisu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Midori Yamada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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CHIP as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32908122 PMCID: PMC7481199 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxy-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) functions both as a molecular co-chaperone and ubiquitin E3 ligase playing a critical role in modulating the degradation of numerous chaperone-bound proteins. To date, it has been implicated in the regulation of numerous biological functions, including misfolded-protein refolding, autophagy, immunity, and necroptosis. Moreover, the ubiquitous expression of CHIP in the central nervous system suggests that it may be implicated in a wide range of functions in neurological diseases. Several recent studies of our laboratory and other groups have highlighted the beneficial role of CHIP in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. The objective of this review is to discuss the possible molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases in which CHIP has a pivotal role, such as stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and polyglutamine diseases; furthermore, CHIP mutations could also cause neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the available literature, CHIP overexpression could serve as a promising therapeutic target for several neurological diseases.
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15
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Accogli A, St-Onge J, Addour-Boudrahem N, Lafond-Lapalme J, Laporte AD, Rouleau GA, Rivière JB, Srour M. Heterozygous Missense Pathogenic Variants Within the Second Spectrin Repeat of SPTBN2 Lead to Infantile-Onset Cerebellar Ataxia. J Child Neurol 2020; 35:106-110. [PMID: 31617442 DOI: 10.1177/0883073819878917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The term spinocerebellar ataxia encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders due to pathogenic variants in more than 100 genes, underlying 2 major groups of ataxia: autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA, also known as spinocerebellar ataxias [SCAs]) due to heterozygous variants or polyglutamine triplet expansions leading to adult-onset ataxia, and autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias (ARCAs, also known as SCARs) due to biallelic variants, usually resulting in more severe and earlier-onset cerebellar ataxia. Certain ataxia genes, including SPTBN2 which encodes β-III spectrin, are responsible for both SCA and SCAR, depending on whether the pathogenic variant occurs in a monoallelic or biallelic state, respectively. Accordingly, 2 major phenotypes have been linked to SPTBN2: pathogenic heterozygous in-frame deletions and missense variants result in an adult-onset, slowly progressive ADCA (SCA5) through a dominant negative effect, whereas biallelic loss-of-function variants cause SCAR14, an allelic disorder characterized by infantile-onset cerebellar ataxia and cognitive impairment. Of note, 2 heterozygous missense variants (c.1438C>T, p.R480 W; c.1309C>G, p.R437G), both lying in the second spectrin repeat of SPTBN2, have been linked to infantile-onset cerebellar ataxia, similar to SCAR14. Here, we report a novel de novo heterozygous pathogenic missense variant (c.1310G>A) in SPTBN2 in a child with infantile-onset cerebellar ataxia and mild cognitive impairment. This variant affects the same R437 residue of the second spectrin repeat but results in a different amino acid change (p.R437Q). We review previously reported cases and discuss possible pathomechanisms responsible for the early-onset cerebellar phenotype due to disease-causing variants in the second spectrin repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,DINOGMI-Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy
| | - Judith St-Onge
- McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Joël Lafond-Lapalme
- McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Myriam Srour
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Malik AR, Willnow TE. Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters in Physiology and Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225671. [PMID: 31726793 PMCID: PMC6888459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) encompass a class of five transporters with distinct expression in neurons and glia of the central nervous system (CNS). EAATs are mainly recognized for their role in uptake of the amino acid glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter. EAATs-mediated clearance of glutamate released by neurons is vital to maintain proper glutamatergic signalling and to prevent toxic accumulation of this amino acid in the extracellular space. In addition, some EAATs also act as chloride channels or mediate the uptake of cysteine, required to produce the reactive oxygen speciesscavenger glutathione. Given their central role in glutamate homeostasis in the brain, as well as their additional activities, it comes as no surprise that EAAT dysfunctions have been implicated in numerous acute or chronic diseases of the CNS, including ischemic stroke and epilepsy, cerebellar ataxias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Here we review the studies in cellular and animal models, as well as in humans that highlight the roles of EAATs in the pathogenesis of these devastating disorders. We also discuss the mechanisms regulating EAATs expression and intracellular trafficking and new exciting possibilities to modulate EAATs and to provide neuroprotection in course of pathologies affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Malik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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17
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Al-Muhaizea MA, AlMutairi F, Almass R, AlHarthi S, Aldosary MS, Alsagob M, AlOdaib A, Colak D, Kaya N. A Novel Homozygous Mutation in SPTBN2 Leads to Spinocerebellar Ataxia in a Consanguineous Family: Report of a New Infantile-Onset Case and Brief Review of the Literature. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:276-285. [PMID: 29196973 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the identification of likely genes and mutations associated with an autosomal recessive (AR) rare spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) phenotype in two patients with infantile onset, from a consanguineous family. Using genome-wide SNP screening, autozygosity mapping, targeted Sanger sequencing and nextgen sequencing, family segregation analysis, and comprehensive neuropanel, we discovered a novel mutation in SPTBN2. Next, we utilized multiple sequence alignment of amino acids from various species as well as crystal structures provided by protein data bank (PDB# 1WYQ and 1WJM) to model the mutation site and its effect on β-III-spectrin. Finally, we used various bioinformatic classifiers to determine pathogenicity of the missense variant. A comprehensive clinical and diagnostic workup including radiological exams were performed on the patients as part of routine patient care. The homozygous missense variant (c.1572C>T; p.R414C) detected in exon 2 was fully segregated in the family and absent in a large ethnic cohort as well as publicly available data sets. Our comprehensive targeted sequencing approaches did not reveal any other likely candidate variants or mutations in both patients. The two male siblings presented with delayed motor milestones and cognitive and learning disability. Brain MRI revealed isolated cerebellar atrophy more marked in midline inferior vermis at ages of 3 and 6.5 years. Sequence alignments of the amino acids for β-III-spectrin indicated that the arginine at 414 is highly conserved among various species and located towards the end of first spectrin repeat domain. Inclusive bioinformatic analysis predicted that the variant is to be damaging and disease causing. In addition to the novel mutation, a brief literature review of the previously reported mutations as well as clinical comparison of the cases were also presented. Our study reviews the previously reported SPTBN2 mutations and cases. Moreover, the novel mutation, p.R414C, adds up to the literature for the infantile-onset form of autosomal recessive ataxia associated with SPTBN2. Previously, few SPTBN2 recessive mutations have been reported in humans. Animal models especially the β-III-/- mouse model provided insights into early coordination and gait deficit suggestive of loss-of-function. It is expected to see more recessive SPTBN2 mutations appearing in the literature during the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Al-Muhaizea
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten AlMutairi
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Almass
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safinaz AlHarthi
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazhor S Aldosary
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysoon Alsagob
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali AlOdaib
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Nicita F, Nardella M, Bellacchio E, Alfieri P, Terrone G, Piccini G, Graziola F, Pignata C, Capuano A, Bertini E, Zanni G. Heterozygous missense variants of SPTBN2 are a frequent cause of congenital cerebellar ataxia. Clin Genet 2019; 96:169-175. [PMID: 31066025 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous missense variants in the SPTBN2 gene, encoding the non-erythrocytic beta spectrin 2 subunit (beta-III spectrin), have been identified in autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5), a rare adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, whereas homozygous loss of function variants in SPTBN2 have been associated with early onset cerebellar ataxia and global developmental delay (SCAR14). Recently, heterozygous SPTBN2 missense variants have been identified in a few patients with an early-onset ataxic phenotype. We report five patients with non-progressive congenital ataxia and psychomotor delay, 4/5 harboring novel heterozygous missense variants in SPTBN2 and one patient with compound heterozygous SPTBN2 variants. With an overall prevalence of 5% in our cohort of unrelated patients screened by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) for congenital or early-onset cerebellar ataxia, this study indicates that both dominant and recessive mutations of SPTBN2 together with CACNA1A and ITPR1, are a frequent cause of early-onset/congenital non-progressive ataxia and that their screening should be implemented in this subgroup of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nicita
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Nardella
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Piccini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Graziola
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Capuano
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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19
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Genis D, Ortega-Cubero S, San Nicolás H, Corral J, Gardenyes J, de Jorge L, López E, Campos B, Lorenzo E, Tonda R, Beltran S, Negre M, Obón M, Beltran B, Fàbregas L, Alemany B, Márquez F, Ramió-Torrentà L, Gich J, Volpini V, Pastor P. Heterozygous STUB1 mutation causes familial ataxia with cognitive affective syndrome (SCA48). Neurology 2018; 91:e1988-e1998. [PMID: 30381368 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a new spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA48) characterized by early cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome (CCAS) and late-onset SCA. METHODS This is a descriptive study of a family that has been followed for more than a decade with periodic neurologic and neuropsychological examinations, MRI, brain SPECT perfusion, and genetic analysis. Whole exome sequencing was performed in 3 affected and 1 unaffected family member and subsequently validated by linkage analysis of chromosome 16p13.3. RESULTS Six patients fully developed cognitive-affective and complete motor cerebellar syndrome associated with vermian and hemispheric cerebellar atrophy, suggesting a continuum from a dysexecutive syndrome slowly evolving to a complete and severe CCAS with late truncal ataxia. Three presymptomatic patients showed focal cerebellar atrophy in the vermian, paravermian, and the medial part of cerebellar lobes VI and VII, suggesting that cerebellar atrophy preceded the ataxia, and that the neurodegeneration begins in cerebellar areas related to cognition and emotion, spreading later to the whole cerebellum. Among the candidate variants, only the frameshift heterozygous c.823_824delCT STUB1 (p.L275Dfs*16) pathogenic variant cosegregated with the disease. The p.L275Dfs*16 heterozygous STUB1 pathogenic variant leads to neurodegeneration and atrophy in cognition- and emotion-related cerebellar areas and reinforces the importance of STUB1 in maintaining cognitive cerebellar function. CONCLUSIONS We report a heterozygous STUB1 pathogenic genetic variant causing dominant cerebellar ataxia. Since recessive mutations in STUB1 gene have been previously associated with SCAR16, these findings suggest a previously undescribed SCA locus (SCA48; MIM# 618093).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Genis
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector San Nicolás
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Corral
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Gardenyes
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura de Jorge
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva López
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Campos
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Lorenzo
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Tonda
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Negre
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Obón
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brigitte Beltran
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fàbregas
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Alemany
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabián Márquez
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gich
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Volpini
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Zhao Y, Liang X, Zhu F, Wen Y, Xu J, Yang J, Ding M, Cheng B, Ma M, Zhang L, Cheng S, Wu C, Wang S, Wang X, Ning Y, Guo X, Zhang F. A large-scale integrative analysis of GWAS and common meQTLs across whole life course identifies genes, pathways and tissue/cell types for three major psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:347-352. [PMID: 30339835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are complex psychiatric disorders. We conducted a large-scale integrative analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and life course consistent methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) datasets. The GWAS data of ADHD (including 20,183 cases and 35,191 controls), BP (including 7481 cases and 9250 controls) and SCZ (including 36,989 cases and 113,075 controls) were derived from published GWAS. Life course consistent meQTLs dataset was obtained from a longitudinal meQTLs analysis of 1018 mother-child pairs. Gene prioritization, pathway and tissue/cell type enrichment analysis were conducted by DEPICT. We identified multiple genes and pathways with common or disease specific effects, such as NISCH (P = 9.87 × 10-3 for BP and 2.49 × 10-6 for SCZ), ST3GAL3 (P = 1.19 × 10-2 for ADHD), and KEGG_MAPK_SIGNALING_PATHWAY (P = 1.56 × 10-3 for ADHD, P = 4.71 × 10-2 for BP, P = 4.60 × 10-4 for SCZ). Our study provides novel clues for understanding the genetic mechanism of ADHD, BP and SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yan Wen
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Miao Ding
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Bolun Cheng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Mei Ma
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shiqiang Cheng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Sen Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yujie Ning
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China.
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21
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Perkins EM, Suminaite D, Clarkson YL, Lee SK, Lyndon AR, Rothstein JD, Wyllie DJA, Tanaka K, Jackson M. Posterior cerebellar Purkinje cells in an SCA5/SPARCA1 mouse model are especially vulnerable to the synergistic effect of loss of β-III spectrin and GLAST. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 25:4448-4461. [PMID: 28173092 PMCID: PMC5409221 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical phenotypes of spinocerebellar ataxia type-5 (SCA5) and spectrin-associated autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type-1 (SPARCA1) are mirrored in mice lacking β-III spectrin (β-III-/-). One function of β-III spectrin is the stabilization of the Purkinje cell-specific glutamate transporter EAAT4 at the plasma membrane. In β-III-/- mice EAAT4 levels are reduced from an early age. In contrast levels of the predominant cerebellar glutamate transporter GLAST, expressed in Bergmann glia, only fall progressively from 3 months onwards. Here we elucidated the roles of these two glutamate transporters in cerebellar pathogenesis mediated through loss of β-III spectrin function by studying EAAT4 and GLAST knockout mice as well as crosses of both with β-III-/- mice. Our data demonstrate that EAAT4 loss, but not abnormal AMPA receptor composition, in young β-III-/- mice underlies early Purkinje cell hyper-excitability and that subsequent loss of GLAST, superimposed on the earlier deficiency of EAAT4, is responsible for Purkinje cell loss and progression of motor deficits. Yet the loss of GLAST appears to be independent of EAAT4 loss, highlighting that other aspects of Purkinje cell dysfunction underpin the pathogenic loss of GLAST. Finally, our results demonstrate that Purkinje cells in the posterior cerebellum of β-III-/- mice are most susceptible to the combined loss of EAAT4 and GLAST, with degeneration of proximal dendrites, the site of climbing fibre innervation, most pronounced. This highlights the necessity for efficient glutamate clearance from these regions and identifies dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission particularly within the posterior cerebellum as a key mechanism in SCA5 and SPARCA1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Perkins
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne L Clarkson
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sin Kwan Lee
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alastair R Lyndon
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, John Muir Building, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J A Wyllie
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mandy Jackson
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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β-III-spectrin spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 mutation reveals a dominant cytoskeletal mechanism that underlies dendritic arborization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9376-E9385. [PMID: 29078305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) L253P mutation in the actin-binding domain (ABD) of β-III-spectrin causes high-affinity actin binding and decreased thermal stability in vitro. Here we show in mammalian cells, at physiological temperature, that the mutant ABD retains high-affinity actin binding. Significantly, we provide evidence that the mutation alters the mobility and recruitment of β-III-spectrin in mammalian cells, pointing to a potential disease mechanism. To explore this mechanism, we developed a Drosophila SCA5 model in which an equivalent mutant Drosophila β-spectrin is expressed in neurons that extend complex dendritic arbors, such as Purkinje cells, targeted in SCA5 pathogenesis. The mutation causes a proximal shift in arborization coincident with decreased β-spectrin localization in distal dendrites. We show that SCA5 β-spectrin dominantly mislocalizes α-spectrin and ankyrin-2, components of the endogenous spectrin cytoskeleton. Our data suggest that high-affinity actin binding by SCA5 β-spectrin interferes with spectrin-actin cytoskeleton dynamics, leading to a loss of a cytoskeletal mechanism in distal dendrites required for dendrite stabilization and arbor outgrowth.
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Dewey EB, Johnston CA. Diverse mitotic functions of the cytoskeletal cross-linking protein Shortstop suggest a role in Dynein/Dynactin activity. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2555-2568. [PMID: 28747439 PMCID: PMC5597327 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortstop (Shot), an actin–microtubule cross-linking protein, interacts with the Dynactin component Arp-1 to control mitotic spindle assembly and positioning in Drosophila. Shot is important for proper chromosome congression and segregation. Loss of Shot in epithelial tissue leads to significant apoptosis, which when blocked leads to epithelial–mesenchymal transition-like changes. Proper assembly and orientation of the bipolar mitotic spindle is critical to the fidelity of cell division. Mitotic precision fundamentally contributes to cell fate specification, tissue development and homeostasis, and chromosome distribution within daughter cells. Defects in these events are thought to contribute to several human diseases. The underlying mechanisms that function in spindle morphogenesis and positioning remain incompletely defined, however. Here we describe diverse roles for the actin-microtubule cross-linker Shortstop (Shot) in mitotic spindle function in Drosophila. Shot localizes to mitotic spindle poles, and its knockdown results in an unfocused spindle pole morphology and a disruption of proper spindle orientation. Loss of Shot also leads to chromosome congression defects, cell cycle progression delay, and defective chromosome segregation during anaphase. These mitotic errors trigger apoptosis in Drosophila epithelial tissue, and blocking this apoptotic response results in a marked induction of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition marker MMP-1. The actin-binding domain of Shot directly interacts with Actin-related protein-1 (Arp-1), a key component of the Dynein/Dynactin complex. Knockdown of Arp-1 phenocopies Shot loss universally, whereas chemical disruption of F-actin does so selectively. Our work highlights novel roles for Shot in mitosis and suggests a mechanism involving Dynein/Dynactin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan B Dewey
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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Perkins E, Suminaite D, Jackson M. Cerebellar ataxias: β-III spectrin's interactions suggest common pathogenic pathways. J Physiol 2016; 594:4661-76. [PMID: 26821241 PMCID: PMC4983618 DOI: 10.1113/jp271195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders all characterised by postural abnormalities, motor deficits and cerebellar degeneration. Animal and in vitro models have revealed β‐III spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein present throughout the soma and dendritic tree of cerebellar Purkinje cells, to be required for the maintenance of dendritic architecture and for the trafficking and/or stabilisation of several membrane proteins: ankyrin‐R, cell adhesion molecules, metabotropic glutamate receptor‐1 (mGluR1), voltage‐gated sodium channels (Nav) and glutamate transporters. This scaffold of interactions connects β‐III spectrin to a wide variety of proteins implicated in the pathology of many SCAs. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding β‐III spectrin (SPTBN2) underlie SCA type‐5 whereas homozygous mutations cause spectrin associated autosomal recessive ataxia type‐1 (SPARCA1), an infantile form of ataxia with cognitive impairment. Loss‐of β‐III spectrin function appears to underpin cerebellar dysfunction and degeneration in both diseases resulting in thinner dendrites, excessive dendritic protrusion with loss of planarity, reduced resurgent sodium currents and abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission. The initial physiological consequences are a decrease in spontaneous activity and excessive excitation, likely to be offsetting each other, but eventually hyperexcitability gives rise to dark cell degeneration and reduced cerebellar output. Similar molecular mechanisms have been implicated for SCA1, 2, 3, 7, 13, 14, 19, 22, 27 and 28, highlighting alterations to intrinsic Purkinje cell activity, dendritic architecture and glutamatergic transmission as possible common mechanisms downstream of various loss‐of‐function primary genetic defects. A key question for future research is whether similar mechanisms underlie progressive cerebellar decline in normal ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Perkins
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Mandy Jackson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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25
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Avery AW, Crain J, Thomas DD, Hays TS. A human β-III-spectrin spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 mutation causes high-affinity F-actin binding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21375. [PMID: 26883385 PMCID: PMC4756369 DOI: 10.1038/srep21375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) is a human neurodegenerative disease that stems from mutations in the SPTBN2 gene encoding the protein β-III-spectrin. Here we investigated the molecular consequence of a SCA5 missense mutation that results in a L253P substitution in the actin-binding domain (ABD) of β-III-spectrin. We report that the L253P substitution in the isolated β-III-spectrin ABD causes strikingly high F-actin binding affinity (Kd = 75.5 nM) compared to the weak F-actin binding affinity of the wild-type ABD (Kd = 75.8 μM). The mutation also causes decreased thermal stability (Tm = 44.6 °C vs 59.5 °C). Structural analyses indicate that leucine 253 is in a loop at the interface of the tandem calponin homology (CH) domains comprising the ABD. Leucine 253 is predicted to form hydrophobic contacts that bridge the CH domains. The decreased stability of the mutant indicates that these bridging interactions are probably disrupted, suggesting that the high F-actin binding affinity of the mutant is due to opening of the CH domain interface. These results support a fundamental role for leucine 253 in regulating opening of the CH domain interface and binding of the ABD to F-actin. This study indicates that high-affinity actin binding of L253P β-III-spectrin is a likely driver of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Avery
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jonathan Crain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas S Hays
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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26
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Gurel PS, Hatch AL, Higgs HN. Connecting the cytoskeleton to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Curr Biol 2015; 24:R660-R672. [PMID: 25050967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A tendency in cell biology is to divide and conquer. For example, decades of painstaking work have led to an understanding of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi structure, dynamics, and transport. In parallel, cytoskeletal researchers have revealed a fantastic diversity of structure and cellular function in both actin and microtubules. Increasingly, these areas overlap, necessitating an understanding of both organelle and cytoskeletal biology. This review addresses connections between the actin/microtubule cytoskeletons and organelles in animal cells, focusing on three key areas: ER structure and function; ER-to-Golgi transport; and Golgi structure and function. Making these connections has been challenging for several reasons: the small sizes and dynamic characteristics of some components; the fact that organelle-specific cytoskeletal elements can easily be obscured by more abundant cytoskeletal structures; and the difficulties in imaging membranes and cytoskeleton simultaneously, especially at the ultrastructural level. One major concept is that the cytoskeleton is frequently used to generate force for membrane movement, with two potential consequences: translocation of the organelle, or deformation of the organelle membrane. While initially discussing issues common to metazoan cells in general, we subsequently highlight specific features of neurons, since these highly polarized cells present unique challenges for organellar distribution and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar S Gurel
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Anna L Hatch
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA.
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27
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Parolin Schnekenberg R, Perkins EM, Miller JW, Davies WIL, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M, Fawcett KA, Sims D, Gillard E, Hudspith K, Skehel P, Williams J, O'Regan M, Jayawant S, Jefferson R, Hughes S, Lustenberger A, Ragoussis J, Jackson M, Tucker SJ, Németh AH. De novo point mutations in patients diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy. Brain 2015; 138:1817-32. [PMID: 25981959 PMCID: PMC4572487 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy is commonly attributed to perinatal asphyxia. However, Schnekenberg et al. describe here four individuals with ataxic cerebral palsy likely due to de novo dominant mutations associated with increased paternal age. Therefore, patients with cerebral palsy should be investigated for genetic causes before the disorder is ascribed to asphyxia. Cerebral palsy is a sporadic disorder with multiple likely aetiologies, but frequently considered to be caused by birth asphyxia. Genetic investigations are rarely performed in patients with cerebral palsy and there is little proven evidence of genetic causes. As part of a large project investigating children with ataxia, we identified four patients in our cohort with a diagnosis of ataxic cerebral palsy. They were investigated using either targeted next generation sequencing or trio-based exome sequencing and were found to have mutations in three different genes, KCNC3, ITPR1 and SPTBN2. All the mutations were de novo and associated with increased paternal age. The mutations were shown to be pathogenic using a combination of bioinformatics analysis and in vitro model systems. This work is the first to report that the ataxic subtype of cerebral palsy can be caused by de novo dominant point mutations, which explains the sporadic nature of these cases. We conclude that at least some subtypes of cerebral palsy may be caused by de novo genetic mutations and patients with a clinical diagnosis of cerebral palsy should be genetically investigated before causation is ascribed to perinatal asphyxia or other aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parolin Schnekenberg
- 1 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK 2 Universidade Positivo, School of Medicine, Rua Parigot de Souza 5300, 81280-330, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Emma M Perkins
- 3 Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack W Miller
- 4 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wayne I L Davies
- 4 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK 5 School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia 6 Section of Physiology & Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli 1, Edificio D, Piano 106132 San Sisto, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina D'Adamo
- 6 Section of Physiology & Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli 1, Edificio D, Piano 106132 San Sisto, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Pessia
- 6 Section of Physiology & Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli 1, Edificio D, Piano 106132 San Sisto, Perugia, Italy 7 Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Katherine A Fawcett
- 8 CGAT Programme, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - David Sims
- 8 CGAT Programme, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Elodie Gillard
- 4 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Karl Hudspith
- 4 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Skehel
- 3 Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan Williams
- 9 Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Mary O'Regan
- 10 Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- 11 Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rosalind Jefferson
- 12 Department of Paediatrics, Royal Berkshire Foundation Trust Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Sarah Hughes
- 12 Department of Paediatrics, Royal Berkshire Foundation Trust Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Andrea Lustenberger
- 13 Department of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- 1 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mandy Jackson
- 3 Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen J Tucker
- 14 Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK 15 OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Disease, University of Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Andrea H Németh
- 4 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK 16 Department of Clinical Genetics, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
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28
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Clarkson YL, Perkins EM, Cairncross CJ, Lyndon AR, Skehel PA, Jackson M. β-III spectrin underpins ankyrin R function in Purkinje cell dendritic trees: protein complex critical for sodium channel activity is impaired by SCA5-associated mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3875-82. [PMID: 24603075 PMCID: PMC4065159 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta III spectrin is present throughout the elaborate dendritic tree of cerebellar Purkinje cells and is required for normal neuronal morphology and cell survival. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) and spectrin associated autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 1 are human neurodegenerative diseases involving progressive gait ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. Both disorders appear to result from loss of β-III spectrin function. Further elucidation of β-III spectrin function is therefore needed to understand disease mechanisms and identify potential therapeutic options. Here, we report that β-III spectrin is essential for the recruitment and maintenance of ankyrin R at the plasma membrane of Purkinje cell dendrites. Two SCA5-associated mutations of β-III spectrin both reduce ankyrin R levels at the cell membrane. Moreover, a wild-type β-III spectrin/ankyrin-R complex increases sodium channel levels and activity in cell culture, whereas mutant β-III spectrin complexes fail to enhance sodium currents. This suggests impaired ability to form stable complexes between the adaptor protein ankyrin R and its interacting partners in the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is a key mechanism by which mutant forms of β-III spectrin cause ataxia, initially by Purkinje cell dysfunction and exacerbated by subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Clarkson
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK and
| | - Emma M Perkins
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK and
| | | | - Alastair R Lyndon
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, John Muir Building, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Paul A Skehel
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK and
| | - Mandy Jackson
- The Centre for Integrative Physiology and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK and
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Abstract
Dominant spinocerebellar ataxias are a rare clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders. They are characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia resulting in unsteady gait, clumsiness, dysarthria, and swallowing difficulty. The onset of symptoms is usually in the third or fourth decade of life; however, more subtle clinical manifestations can start in early childhood. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5, a dominant spinocerebellar ataxia associated with mutations involving β-III spectrin (SPTBN2), has been described in 3 families. It typically consists of a slowly progressive spinocerebellar ataxia with onset in the third decade. The authors present the first case of infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia associated with a novel SPTBN2 mutation (transition C>T at nucleotide position 1438), the proband having a much more severe phenotype with global developmental delay, hypotonia, tremor, nystagmus, and facial myokymia.
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30
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Genetic studies of spectrin in the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for a novel lipid uptake apparatus. Genetics 2013; 195:871-81. [PMID: 24037266 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.155192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrin cytoskeleton defects produce a host of phenotypes affecting the plasma membrane, cell polarity, and secretory membrane traffic. However, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplained by prevailing models. Here we used the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster as a genetic model system to further elucidate mechanisms of αβ-spectrin function. The results provide unexpected new insights into spectrin function as well as mechanisms of dietary fat uptake and storage. We show that loss of α- or β-spectrin in the fat body eliminated a population of small cortical lipid droplets and altered plasma membrane architecture, but did not affect viability of the organism. We present a novel model in which αβ-spectrin directly couples lipid uptake at the plasma membrane to lipid droplet growth in the cytoplasm. In contrast, strong overexpression of β-spectrin caused fat body atrophy and larval lethality. Overexpression of β-spectrin also perturbed transport of dietary fat from the midgut to the fat body. This hypermorphic phenotype appears to be the result of blocking secretion of the lipid carrier lipophorin from fat cells. However, this midgut phenotype was never seen with spectrin loss of function, suggesting that spectrin is not normally required for lipophorin secretion or function. The β-spectrin hypermorphic phenotype was ameliorated by co-overexpression of α-spectrin. Based on the overexpression results here, we propose that β-spectrin family members may be prone to hypermorphic effects (including effects on secretion) if their activity is not properly regulated.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hereditäre Ataxien stellen aufgrund der Vielfalt der möglichen genetischen Ursachen eine große diagnostische Herausforderung für die medizinische Genetik dar. Dieses Problem wird dadurch verstärkt, dass zwar die Zahl der neu identifizierten Gene in den letzten 3 Jahren durch neue Sequenziertechnologien rasant zugenommen hat, häufig jedoch nur wenige Familien weltweit Mutationen in diesen Genen aufweisen, d. h. sie extrem selten sind. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über dominante und rezessive Ataxien und berücksichtigt dabei auch die neu identifizierten Ataxie-Gene. Um den Anforderungen einer praktisch-orientierten genetischen Diagnostik gerecht zu werden, versuchen wir dabei auch, Häufigkeitseinschätzungen der betroffenen Genorte zu geben und – sofern möglich – phänotypische Eigenschaften und Biomarker zu definieren, die eine genetische Diagnostik erfolgversprechend leiten können, insbesondere bei rezessiven Ataxien. Diese diagnostischen Indikatoren werden in Form von diagnostischen Pfaden zusammengefasst, die eine Orientierung bei der mehrstufigen genetischen Diagnostik dominanter und rezessiver Ataxien geben sollen. Aufgrund der Vielzahl der Genkandidaten und des großen phänotypischen Überlappungsbereichs wird es in den meisten Fällen jedoch am zeiteffizientesten und kostengünstigsten sein, Panel-Untersuchungen mittels Next-Generation-Sequencing-Technologien durchzuführen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Synofzik
- Aff1 grid.10392.39 0000000121901447 Sektion für Klinische Neurogenetik, Abteilung für Neurodegeneration, Zentrum für Neurologie, Hertie-Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung Universität Tübingen Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
- Aff2 grid.424247.3 0000 0004 0438 0426 Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Tübingen Deutschland
| | - L. Schöls
- Aff1 grid.10392.39 0000000121901447 Sektion für Klinische Neurogenetik, Abteilung für Neurodegeneration, Zentrum für Neurologie, Hertie-Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung Universität Tübingen Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
- Aff2 grid.424247.3 0000 0004 0438 0426 Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Tübingen Deutschland
| | - O. Riess
- Aff3 Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Angewandte Genomik Tübingen Deutschland
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Papal S, Cortese M, Legendre K, Sorusch N, Dragavon J, Sahly I, Shorte S, Wolfrum U, Petit C, El-Amraoui A. The giant spectrin βV couples the molecular motors to phototransduction and Usher syndrome type I proteins along their trafficking route. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3773-88. [PMID: 23704327 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the myosin VIIa gene cause Usher syndrome type IB (USH1B), characterized by deaf-blindness. A delay of opsin trafficking has been observed in the retinal photoreceptor cells of myosin VIIa-deficient mice. We identified spectrin βV, the mammalian β-heavy spectrin, as a myosin VIIa- and rhodopsin-interacting partner in photoreceptor cells. Spectrin βV displays a polarized distribution from the Golgi apparatus to the base of the outer segment, which, unlike that of other β spectrins, matches the trafficking route of opsin and other phototransduction proteins. Formation of spectrin βV-rhodopsin complex could be detected in the differentiating photoreceptors as soon as their outer segment emerges. A failure of the spectrin βV-mediated coupling between myosin VIIa and opsin molecules thus probably accounts for the opsin transport delay in myosin VIIa-deficient mice. We showed that spectrin βV also associates with two USH1 proteins, sans (USH1G) and harmonin (USH1C). Spectrins are supposed to function as heteromers of α and β subunits, but fluorescence resonance energy transfer and in vitro binding experiments indicated that spectrin βV can also form homodimers, which likely supports its αII-independent βV functions. Finally, consistent with its distribution along the connecting cilia axonemes, spectrin βV binds to several subunits of the microtubule-based motor proteins, kinesin II and the dynein complex. We therefore suggest that spectrin βV homomers couple some USH1 proteins, opsin and other phototransduction proteins to both actin- and microtubule-based motors, thereby contributing to their transport towards the photoreceptor outer disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Papal
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de génétique et physiologie de l'audition, Paris, France
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33
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Machnicka B, Czogalla A, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Bogusławska DM, Grochowalska R, Heger E, Sikorski AF. Spectrins: a structural platform for stabilization and activation of membrane channels, receptors and transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:620-34. [PMID: 23673272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on structure and functions of spectrin as a major component of the membrane skeleton. Recent advances on spectrin function as an interface for signal transduction mediation and a number of data concerning interaction of spectrin with membrane channels, adhesion molecules, receptors and transporters draw a picture of multifaceted protein. Here, we attempted to show the current depiction of multitask role of spectrin in cell physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Machnicka
- University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Elżbieta Heger
- University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Poland
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Fujioka S, Sundal C, Wszolek ZK. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type III: a review of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:14. [PMID: 23331413 PMCID: PMC3558377 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia (ADCA) Type III is a type of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) classically characterized by pure cerebellar ataxia and occasionally by non-cerebellar signs such as pyramidal signs, ophthalmoplegia, and tremor. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in adulthood; however, a minority of patients develop clinical features in adolescence. The incidence of ADCA Type III is unknown. ADCA Type III consists of six subtypes, SCA5, SCA6, SCA11, SCA26, SCA30, and SCA31. The subtype SCA6 is the most common. These subtypes are associated with four causative genes and two loci. The severity of symptoms and age of onset can vary between each SCA subtype and even between families with the same subtype. SCA5 and SCA11 are caused by specific gene mutations such as missense, inframe deletions, and frameshift insertions or deletions. SCA6 is caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansions encoding large uninterrupted glutamine tracts. SCA31 is caused by repeat expansions that fall outside of the protein-coding region of the disease gene. Currently, there are no specific gene mutations associated with SCA26 or SCA30, though there is a confirmed locus for each subtype. This disease is mainly diagnosed via genetic testing; however, differential diagnoses include pure cerebellar ataxia and non-cerebellar features in addition to ataxia. Although not fatal, ADCA Type III may cause dysphagia and falls, which reduce the quality of life of the patients and may in turn shorten the lifespan. The therapy for ADCA Type III is supportive and includes occupational and speech modalities. There is no cure for ADCA Type III, but a number of recent studies have highlighted novel therapies, which bring hope for future curative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Fujioka
- Department of Neurology at Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road Cannaday Bldg 2-E, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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35
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Salcedo-Sicilia L, Granell S, Jovic M, Sicart A, Mato E, Johannes L, Balla T, Egea G. βIII spectrin regulates the structural integrity and the secretory protein transport of the Golgi complex. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2157-66. [PMID: 23233669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.406462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A spectrin-based cytoskeleton is associated with endomembranes, including the Golgi complex and cytoplasmic vesicles, but its role remains poorly understood. Using new generated antibodies to specific peptide sequences of the human βIII spectrin, we here show its distribution in the Golgi complex, where it is enriched in the trans-Golgi and trans-Golgi network. The use of a drug-inducible enzymatic assay that depletes the Golgi-associated pool of PI4P as well as the expression of PH domains of Golgi proteins that specifically recognize this phosphoinositide both displaced βIII spectrin from the Golgi. However, the interference with actin dynamics using actin toxins did not affect the localization of βIII spectrin to Golgi membranes. Depletion of βIII spectrin using siRNA technology and the microinjection of anti-βIII spectrin antibodies into the cytoplasm lead to the fragmentation of the Golgi. At ultrastructural level, Golgi fragments showed swollen distal Golgi cisternae and vesicular structures. Using a variety of protein transport assays, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi and post-Golgi protein transports were impaired in βIII spectrin-depleted cells. However, the internalization of the Shiga toxin subunit B to the endoplasmic reticulum was unaffected. We state that βIII spectrin constitutes a major skeletal component of distal Golgi compartments, where it is necessary to maintain its structural integrity and secretory activity, and unlike actin, PI4P appears to be highly relevant for the association of βIII spectrin the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Salcedo-Sicilia
- Department de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Lise S, Clarkson Y, Perkins E, Kwasniewska A, Sadighi Akha E, Parolin Schnekenberg R, Suminaite D, Hope J, Baker I, Gregory L, Green A, Allan C, Lamble S, Jayawant S, Quaghebeur G, Cader MZ, Hughes S, Armstrong RJE, Kanapin A, Rimmer A, Lunter G, Mathieson I, Cazier JB, Buck D, Taylor JC, Bentley D, McVean G, Donnelly P, Knight SJL, Jackson M, Ragoussis J, Németh AH. Recessive mutations in SPTBN2 implicate β-III spectrin in both cognitive and motor development. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003074. [PMID: 23236289 PMCID: PMC3516553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-III spectrin is present in the brain and is known to be important in the function of the cerebellum. Heterozygous mutations in SPTBN2, the gene encoding β-III spectrin, cause Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 5 (SCA5), an adult-onset, slowly progressive, autosomal-dominant pure cerebellar ataxia. SCA5 is sometimes known as "Lincoln ataxia," because the largest known family is descended from relatives of the United States President Abraham Lincoln. Using targeted capture and next-generation sequencing, we identified a homozygous stop codon in SPTBN2 in a consanguineous family in which childhood developmental ataxia co-segregates with cognitive impairment. The cognitive impairment could result from mutations in a second gene, but further analysis using whole-genome sequencing combined with SNP array analysis did not reveal any evidence of other mutations. We also examined a mouse knockout of β-III spectrin in which ataxia and progressive degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells has been previously reported and found morphological abnormalities in neurons from prefrontal cortex and deficits in object recognition tasks, consistent with the human cognitive phenotype. These data provide the first evidence that β-III spectrin plays an important role in cortical brain development and cognition, in addition to its function in the cerebellum; and we conclude that cognitive impairment is an integral part of this novel recessive ataxic syndrome, Spectrin-associated Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia type 1 (SPARCA1). In addition, the identification of SPARCA1 and normal heterozygous carriers of the stop codon in SPTBN2 provides insights into the mechanism of molecular dominance in SCA5 and demonstrates that the cell-specific repertoire of spectrin subunits underlies a novel group of disorders, the neuronal spectrinopathies, which includes SCA5, SPARCA1, and a form of West syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lise
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Clarkson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Perkins
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Kwasniewska
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elham Sadighi Akha
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Parolin Schnekenberg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jilly Hope
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Baker
- Russell Cairns Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Gregory
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angie Green
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Allan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lamble
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardine Quaghebeur
- Department of Neuroradiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Zameel Cader
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hughes
- Royal Berkshire Foundation Trust Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. E. Armstrong
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Royal Berkshire Foundation Trust Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rimmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gerton Lunter
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Mathieson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cazier
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Buck
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny C. Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J. L. Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Jackson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea H. Németh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Forman OP, De Risio L, Stewart J, Mellersh CS, Beltran E. Genome-wide mRNA sequencing of a single canine cerebellar cortical degeneration case leads to the identification of a disease associated SPTBN2 mutation. BMC Genet 2012; 13:55. [PMID: 22781464 PMCID: PMC3413603 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-13-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration is a neurodegenerative disease described in several canine breeds including the Beagle. Affected Beagles are unable to ambulate normally from the onset of walking and the main pathological findings include Purkinje cell loss with swollen dendritic processes. Previous reports suggest an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The development of massively parallel sequencing techniques has presented the opportunity to investigate individual clinical cases using genome-wide sequencing approaches. We used genome-wide mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) of cerebellum tissue from a single Beagle with neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration as a method of candidate gene sequencing, with the aim of identifying the causal mutation. Results A four-week old Beagle dog presented with progressive signs of cerebellar ataxia and the owner elected euthanasia. Histopathology revealed findings consistent with cerebellar cortical degeneration. Genome-wide mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) of RNA from cerebellum tissue was used as a method of candidate gene sequencing. After analysis of the canine orthologues of human spinocerebellar ataxia associated genes, we identified a homozygous 8 bp deletion in the β-III spectrin gene, SPTBN2, associated with spinocerebellar type 5 in humans. Genotype analysis of the sire, dam, ten clinically unaffected siblings, and an affected sibling from a previous litter, showed the mutation to fully segregate with the disorder. Previous studies have shown that β-III spectrin is critical for Purkinje cell development, and the absence of this protein can lead to cell damage through excitotoxicity, consistent with the observed Purkinje cell loss, degeneration of dendritic processes and associated neurological dysfunction in this Beagle. Conclusions An 8 bp deletion in the SPTBN2 gene encoding β-III spectrin is associated with neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration in Beagle dogs. This study shows that mRNA-seq is a feasible method of screening candidate genes for mutations associated with rare diseases when a suitable tissue resource is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Forman
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK.
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Ingram MAC, Orr HT, Clark HB. Genetically engineered mouse models of the trinucleotide-repeat spinocerebellar ataxias. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:33-42. [PMID: 21810454 PMCID: PMC3227776 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are dominantly inherited disorders that primarily affect coordination of motor function but also frequently involve other brain functions. The models described in this review address mechanisms of trinucleotide-repeat expansions, particularly those relating to polyglutamine expression in the mutant proteins. Modeling chronic late-onset human ataxias in mice is difficult because of their short life-span. While this potential hindrance has been partially overcome by using over-expression of the mutant gene, and/or worsening of the mutation by increasing the length of the trinucleotide repeat expansion, interpretation of results from such models and extrapolation to the human condition should be cautious. Nevertheless, genetically engineered murine models of these diseases have enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of many of these conditions. A common theme in many of the polyglutamine-repeat diseases is nuclear localization of mutant protein, with resultant effects on gene regulation. Conditional mutant models and transgenic knock-down therapy have demonstrated the potential for reversibility of disease when production of mutant protein is halted. Several other genetically engineered murine models of SCA also have begun to show utility in the identification and assessment of more classical drug-based therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A C Ingram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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von Löhneysen K, Scott TM, Soldau K, Xu X, Friedman JS. Assessment of the red cell proteome of young patients with unexplained hemolytic anemia by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE). PLoS One 2012; 7:e34237. [PMID: 22509282 PMCID: PMC3317954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte cytosolic protein expression profiles of children with unexplained hemolytic anemia were compared with profiles of close relatives and controls by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). The severity of anemia in the patients varied from compensated (i.e., no medical intervention required) to chronic transfusion dependence. Common characteristics of all patients included chronic elevation of reticulocyte count and a negative workup for anemia focusing on hemoglobinopathies, morphologic abnormalities that would suggest a membrane defect, immune-mediated red cell destruction, and evaluation of the most common red cell enzyme defects, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase deficiency. Based upon this initial workup and presentation during infancy or early childhood, four patients classified as hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (HNSHA) of unknown etiology were selected for proteomic analysis. DIGE analysis of red cell cytosolic proteins clearly discriminated each anemic patient from both familial and unrelated controls, revealing both patient-specific and shared patterns of differential protein expression. Changes in expression pattern shared among the four patients were identified in several protein classes including chaperons, cytoskeletal and proteasome proteins. Elevated expression in patient samples of some proteins correlated with high reticulocyte count, likely identifying a subset of proteins that are normally lost during erythroid maturation, including proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism and protein synthesis. Proteins identified with patient-specific decreased expression included components of the glutathione synthetic pathway, antioxidant pathways, and proteins involved in signal transduction and nucleotide metabolism. Among the more than 200 proteins identified in this study are 21 proteins not previously described as part of the erythrocyte proteome. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying a global proteomic approach to aid characterization of red cells from patients with hereditary anemia of unknown cause, including the identification of differentially expressed proteins as potential candidates with a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina von Löhneysen
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Scott
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katrin Soldau
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xiuling Xu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Friedman
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ryan SD, Bhanot K, Ferrier A, De Repentigny Y, Chu A, Blais A, Kothary R. Microtubule stability, Golgi organization, and transport flux require dystonin-a2-MAP1B interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:727-42. [PMID: 22412020 PMCID: PMC3308695 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201107096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss of interaction between the dystonin-a2 isoform and the microtubule-associated protein MAP1B induces microtubule instability and trafficking defects that may underlie certain neuropathies. Loss of function of dystonin cytoskeletal linker proteins causes neurodegeneration in dystonia musculorum (dt) mutant mice. Although much investigation has focused on understanding dt pathology, the diverse cellular functions of dystonin isoforms remain poorly characterized. In this paper, we highlight novel functions of the dystonin-a2 isoform in mediating microtubule (MT) stability, Golgi organization, and flux through the secretory pathway. Using dystonin mutant mice combined with isoform-specific loss-of-function analysis, we found dystonin-a2 bound to MT-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) in the centrosomal region, where it maintained MT acetylation. In dt neurons, absence of the MAP1B–dystonin-a2 interaction resulted in altered MAP1B perikaryal localization, leading to MT deacetylation and instability. Deacetylated MT accumulation resulted in Golgi fragmentation and prevented anterograde trafficking via motor proteins. Maintenance of MT acetylation through trichostatin A administration or MAP1B overexpression mitigated the observed defect. These cellular aberrations are apparent in prephenotype dorsal root ganglia and primary sensory neurons from dt mice, suggesting they are causal in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Ryan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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β-III spectrin is critical for development of purkinje cell dendritic tree and spine morphogenesis. J Neurosci 2012; 31:16581-90. [PMID: 22090485 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3332-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding β-III spectrin give rise to spinocerebellar ataxia type 5, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive thinning of the molecular layer, loss of Purkinje cells and increasing motor deficits. A mouse lacking full-length β-III spectrin (β-III⁻/⁻) displays a similar phenotype. In vitro and in vivo analyses of Purkinje cells lacking β-III spectrin, reveal a critical role for β-III spectrin in Purkinje cell morphological development. Disruption of the normally well ordered dendritic arborization occurs in Purkinje cells from β-III⁻/⁻ mice, specifically showing a loss of monoplanar organization, smaller average dendritic diameter and reduced densities of Purkinje cell spines and synapses. Early morphological defects appear to affect distribution of dendritic, but not axonal, proteins. This study confirms that thinning of the molecular layer associated with disease pathogenesis is a consequence of Purkinje cell dendritic degeneration, as Purkinje cells from 8-month-old β-III⁻/⁻ mice have drastically reduced dendritic volumes, surface areas and total dendritic lengths compared with 5- to 6-week-old β-III⁻/⁻ mice. These findings highlight a critical role of β-III spectrin in dendritic biology and are consistent with an early developmental defect in β-III⁻/⁻ mice, with abnormal Purkinje cell dendritic morphology potentially underlying disease pathogenesis.
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Stankewich MC, Cianci CD, Stabach PR, Ji L, Nath A, Morrow JS. Cell organization, growth, and neural and cardiac development require αII-spectrin. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3956-66. [PMID: 22159418 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.080374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrin α2 (αII-spectrin) is a scaffolding protein encoded by the Spna2 gene and constitutively expressed in most tissues. Exon trapping of Spna2 in C57BL/6 mice allowed targeted disruption of αII-spectrin. Heterozygous animals displayed no phenotype by 2 years of age. Homozygous deletion of Spna2 was embryonic lethal at embryonic day 12.5 to 16.5 with retarded intrauterine growth, and craniofacial, neural tube and cardiac anomalies. The loss of αII-spectrin did not alter the levels of αI- or βI-spectrin, or the transcriptional levels of any β-spectrin or any ankyrin, but secondarily reduced by about 80% the steady state protein levels of βII- and βIII-spectrin. Residual βII- and βIII-spectrin and ankyrins B and G were concentrated at the apical membrane of bronchial and renal epithelial cells, without impacting cell morphology. Neuroepithelial cells in the developing brain were more concentrated and more proliferative in the ventricular zone than normal; axon formation was also impaired. Embryonic fibroblasts cultured on fibronectin from E14.5 (Spna2(-/-)) animals displayed impaired growth and spreading, a spiky morphology, and sparse lamellipodia without cortical actin. These data indicate that the spectrin-ankyrin scaffold is crucial in vertebrates for cell spreading, tissue patterning and organ development, particularly in the developing brain and heart, but is not required for cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Stankewich
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St. BML 150, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Hsu CL, Huang YH, Hsu CT, Yang UC. Prioritizing disease candidate genes by a gene interconnectedness-based approach. BMC Genomics 2011; 12 Suppl 3:S25. [PMID: 22369140 PMCID: PMC3333184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-s3-s25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide disease-gene finding approaches may sometimes provide us with a long list of candidate genes. Since using pure experimental approaches to verify all candidates could be expensive, a number of network-based methods have been developed to prioritize candidates. Such tools usually have a set of parameters pre-trained using available network data. This means that re-training network-based tools may be required when existing biological networks are updated or when networks from different sources are to be tried. Results We developed a parameter-free method, interconnectedness (ICN), to rank candidate genes by assessing the closeness of them to known disease genes in a network. ICN was tested using 1,993 known disease-gene associations and achieved a success rate of ~44% using a protein-protein interaction network under a test scenario of simulated linkage analysis. This performance is comparable with those of other well-known methods and ICN outperforms other methods when a candidate disease gene is not directly linked to known disease genes in a network. Interestingly, we show that a combined scoring strategy could enable ICN to achieve an even better performance (~50%) than other methods used alone. Conclusions ICN, a user-friendly method, can well complement other network-based methods in the context of prioritizing candidate disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lang Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan 11221, Republic of China
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Machnicka B, Grochowalska R, Bogusławska DM, Sikorski AF, Lecomte MC. Spectrin-based skeleton as an actor in cell signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:191-201. [PMID: 21877118 PMCID: PMC3249148 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances in functions of spectrins in non-erythroid cells. We discuss new data concerning the commonly known role of the spectrin-based skeleton in control of membrane organization, stability and shape, and tethering protein mosaics to the cellular motors and to all major filament systems. Particular effort has been undertaken to highlight recent advances linking spectrin to cell signaling phenomena and its participation in signal transduction pathways in many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Machnicka
- University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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Eschbach J, Dupuis L. Cytoplasmic dynein in neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:348-63. [PMID: 21420428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 (later referred to as dynein) is the major molecular motor moving cargoes such as mitochondria, organelles and proteins towards the minus end of microtubules. Dynein is involved in multiple basic cellular functions, such as mitosis, autophagy and structure of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, but also in neuron specific functions in particular retrograde axonal transport. Dynein is regulated by a number of protein complexes, notably by dynactin. Several studies have supported indirectly the involvement of dynein in neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and motor neuron diseases. First, axonal transport disruption represents a common feature occurring in neurodegenerative diseases. Second, a number of dynein-dependent processes, including autophagy or clearance of aggregation-prone proteins, are found defective in most of these diseases. Third, a number of mutant genes in various neurodegenerative diseases are involved in the regulation of dynein transport. This includes notably mutations in the P150Glued subunit of dynactin that are found in Perry syndrome and motor neuron diseases. Interestingly, gene products that are mutant in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease or spino-cerebellar ataxia are also involved in the regulation of dynein motor activity or of cargo binding. Despite a constellation of indirect evidence, direct links between the motor itself and neurodegeneration are few, and this might be due to the requirement of fully active dynein for development. Here, we critically review the evidence of dynein involvement in different neurodegenerative diseases and discuss potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Eschbach
- Inserm U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, F-67085, France
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