1
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Hormann FM, Hoogkamer AQ, Boeree A, Sonneveld E, Escherich G, den Boer ML, Boer JM. Integrating copy number data of 64 iAMP21 BCP-ALL patients narrows the common region of amplification to 1.57 Mb. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1128560. [PMID: 36910655 PMCID: PMC9996016 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1128560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) is a rare subtype of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL). It is unknown how iAMP21 contributes to leukaemia. The currently known commonly amplified region is 5.1 Mb. Methods We aimed to narrow down the common region of amplification by using high resolution techniques. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was used to determine copy number aberrations, Affymetrix U133 Plus2 expression arrays were used to determine gene expression. Genome-wide expression correlations were evaluated using Globaltest. Results We narrowed down the common region of amplification by combining copy number data from 12 iAMP21 cases with 52 cases from literature. The combined common region of amplification was 1.57 Mb, located from 36.07 to 37.64 Mb (GRCh38). This region is located telomeric from, but not including, RUNX1, which is the locus commonly used to diagnose iAMP21. This narrow region, which falls inside the Down Syndrome critical region, includes 13 genes of which the expression of eight genes was significantly upregulated compared with 143 non-iAMP21 B-other cases. Among these, transcriptional repressor RIPPLY3 (also known as DSCR6) was the highest overexpressed gene (fold change = 4.2, FDR < 0.001) and most strongly correlated (R = 0.58) with iAMP21-related genome-wide expression changes. Discussion The more precise definition of the common region of amplification could be beneficial in the diagnosis of iAMP21 based on copy number analysis from DNA sequencing or arrays as well as stimulate functional research into the role of the included genes in iAMP21 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M Hormann
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Erasmus Medical Center (MC) - Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex Q Hoogkamer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Boeree
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Sonneveld
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Escherich
- Cooperative study group for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (COALL) - German Cooperative Study Group for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Hamburg, Germany.,Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Erasmus Medical Center (MC) - Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Judith M Boer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
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2
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Gao H, Xu H, Wang C, Cui L, Huang X, Li W, Yue Z, Tian S, Zhao X, Xue T, Xing T, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang R, Li Z, Wang T. Optical Genome Mapping for Comprehensive Assessment of Chromosomal Aberrations and Discovery of New Fusion Genes in Pediatric B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010035. [PMID: 36612032 PMCID: PMC9817688 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the potential added value of Optical Genomic Mapping (OGM) for identifying chromosomal aberrations. METHODS We utilized Optical Genomic Mapping (OGM) to determine chromosomal aberrations in 46 children with B-cell Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL (B-ALL) and compared the results of OGM with conventional technologies. Partial detection results were verified by WGS and PCR. RESULTS OGM showed a good concordance with conventional cytogenetic techniques in identifying the reproducible and pathologically significant genomic SVs. Two new fusion genes (LMNB1::PPP2R2B and TMEM272::KDM4B) were identified by OGM and verified by WGS and RT-PCR for the first time. OGM has a greater ability to detect complex chromosomal aberrations, refine complicated karyotypes, and identify more SVs. Several novel fusion genes and single-gene alterations, associated with definite or potential pathologic significance that had not been detected by traditional methods, were also identified. CONCLUSION OGM addresses some of the limitations associated with conventional cytogenomic testing. This all-in-one process allows the detection of most major genomic risk markers in one test, which may have important meanings for the development of leukemia pathogenesis and targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Gao
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Hanli Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chanjuan Wang
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiaotong Huang
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Weijing Li
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Zhixia Yue
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Tianlin Xue
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Tianyu Xing
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Jun Li
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Ruidong Zhang
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- Hematologic Diseases Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (T.W.); Tel.: +86-010-59617603 (Z.L.); +86-010-59617613 (T.W.)
| | - Tianyou Wang
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China
- National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (T.W.); Tel.: +86-010-59617603 (Z.L.); +86-010-59617613 (T.W.)
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3
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Zak T, Gao J, Behdad A, Mehta J, Altman JK, Ji P, Lu X, Sukhanova M. Clinicopathologic and genetic evaluation of B-lymphoblastic leukemia with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) in adult patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:3200-3207. [PMID: 35995457 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) defines a rare provisional entity of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in the current WHO classification and has been described as specific for pediatric patients with a median age at diagnosis of 9-10 years. We report two adult cases of B-ALL with iAMP21, one 31-year-old woman and one 40-year-old man, identified by karyotyping and next generation sequencing (NGS), with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) pattern meeting diagnostic criteria for iAMP21. Both patients were treated on high-risk chemotherapeutic regimen followed by stem cell transplant. In contrast to reported high relapse rate within the first three years in pediatric population, our adult patients are alive in remission, with the interval from diagnosis to last follow up of 2.95 and 3.96 years. Our cases illustrate the importance of screening for iAMP21 in adult population when ETV6-RUNX1 FISH testing is not routinely performed for adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Zak
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juehua Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amir Behdad
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayesh Mehta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madina Sukhanova
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Koleilat A, Smadbeck JB, Zepeda‐Mendoza CJ, Williamson CM, Pitel BA, Golden CL, Xu X, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Hoppman NL, Peterson JF, Harrison CJ, Akkari YMN, Tsuchiya KD, Shago M, Baughn LB. Characterization of unusual iAMP21 B-lymphoblastic leukemia (iAMP21-ALL) from the Mayo Clinic and Children's Oncology Group. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2022; 61:710-719. [PMID: 35771717 PMCID: PMC9549522 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21-ALL) represents a recurrent high-risk cytogenetic abnormality and accurate identification is critical for appropriate clinical management. Identification of iAMP21-ALL has historically relied on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a RUNX1 probe. Current classification requires ≥ five copies of RUNX1 per cell and ≥ three additional copies of RUNX1 on a single abnormal iAMP21-chromosome. We sought to evaluate the performance of the RUNX1 probe in the identification of iAMP21-ALL. This study was a retrospective evaluation of iAMP21-ALL in the Mayo Clinic and Children's Oncology Group cohorts. Of 207 cases of iAMP21-ALL, 188 (91%) were classified as "typical" iAMP21-ALL, while 19 (9%) cases were classified as "unusual" iAMP21-ALL. The "unusual" iAMP21 cases did not meet the current definition of iAMP21 by FISH but were confirmed to have iAMP21 by chromosomal microarray. Half of the "unusual" iAMP21-ALL cases had less than five RUNX1 signals, while the remainder had ≥ five RUNX1 signals with some located apart from the abnormal iAMP21-chromosome. Nine percent of iAMP21-ALL cases fail to meet the FISH definition of iAMP21-ALL demonstrating that laboratories are at risk of misidentification of iAMP21-ALL when relying only on the RUNX1 FISH probe. Incorporation of chromosomal microarray testing circumvents these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Koleilat
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - James B. Smadbeck
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Cynthia M. Williamson
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Beth A. Pitel
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Crystal L. Golden
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xinjie Xu
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA,Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Patricia T. Greipp
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA,Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Rhett P. Ketterling
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA,Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Nicole L. Hoppman
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Jess F. Peterson
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA,Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christine J. Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle University Centre for CancerNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | | | - Karen D. Tsuchiya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Mary Shago
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Linda B. Baughn
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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5
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Javadekar SM, Nilavar NM, Paranjape A, Das K, Raghavan SC. Characterization of G-quadruplex antibody reveals differential specificity for G4 DNA forms. DNA Res 2021; 27:5934508. [PMID: 33084858 PMCID: PMC7711166 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that human genome can fold into non-B DNA structures, when appropriate sequence and favourable conditions are present. Among these, G-quadruplexes (G4-DNA) are associated with gene regulation, chromosome fragility and telomere maintenance. Although several techniques are used in detecting such structures in vitro, understanding their intracellular existence has been challenging. Recently, an antibody, BG4, was described to study G4 structures within cells. Here, we characterize BG4 for its affinity towards G4-DNA, using several biochemical and biophysical tools. BG4 bound to G-rich DNA derived from multiple genes that form G-quadruplexes, unlike complementary C-rich or random sequences. BLI studies revealed robust binding affinity (Kd = 17.4 nM). Gel shift assays show BG4 binds to inter- and intramolecular G4-DNA, when it is in parallel orientation. Mere presence of G4-motif in duplex DNA is insufficient for antibody recognition. Importantly, BG4 can bind to G4-DNA within telomere sequence in a supercoiled plasmid. Finally, we show that BG4 binds to form efficient foci in four cell lines, irrespective of their lineage, demonstrating presence of G4-DNA in genome. Importantly, number of BG4 foci within the cells can be modulated, upon knockdown of G4-resolvase, WRN. Thus, we establish specificity of BG4 towards G4-DNA and discuss its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya M Javadekar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Namrata M Nilavar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Amita Paranjape
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kohal Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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6
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Wrona E, Braun M, Pastorczak A, Taha J, Lejman M, Kowalczyk J, Fendler W, Młynarski W. MLPA as a complementary tool for diagnosis of chromosome 21 aberrations in childhood BCP-ALL. J Appl Genet 2019; 60:347-355. [PMID: 31456164 PMCID: PMC6803575 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-019-00509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 21 abnormalities are the most frequent genetic findings in childhood B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cases. Majority of patients are effectively diagnosed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and karyotyping; however, some cases may require additional tools to be used. Bone marrow samples of 373 childhood BCP-ALL patients were tested for chromosome 21 copy number variations (CNVs) with Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) P327 array. Results from MLPA and cytogenetics were compared between groups according to the type of abnormality found on chromosome 21. Out the group of 235 patients, chromosome 21 multiplication was found by FISH assay in 56 cases (23.81%), ETV6-RUNX1 fusion in 34 (14.47%) and iAMP21 in 3 (1.28%) children, remaining 142 (60.43%) patients had no known chromosome 21 aberration. Median peak ratios of all tested probes in MLPA in aforementioned groups were 1.47 (IQR 1.28-1.77) vs. 1.00 (IQR 1.00-1.09) vs. 2.79 (IQR 1.97-2.83) vs. 1.00 (1.00-1.11), respectively. Aforementioned peak ratio of ETV6-RUNX1 fusion group was similar with patients of no known chromosome 21 aberration (p = 0.71). Interestingly, both groups differed from patients with chromosome 21 multiplication (p < 10-5) and with iAMP21 (p < 10-5). All cases of iAMP21 were correctly recognized by MLPA. MLPA seems to be good additional tool in the diagnostic process of chromosome 21 CNVs, especially in cases with iAMP21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wrona
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Pastorczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Taha
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kowalczyk
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics & Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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7
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Ivanov Öfverholm I, Zachariadis V, Taylan F, Marincevic-Zuniga Y, Tran AN, Saft L, Nilsson D, Syvänen AC, Lönnerholm G, Harila-Saari A, Nordenskjöld M, Heyman M, Nordgren A, Nordlund J, Barbany G. Overexpression of chromatin remodeling and tyrosine kinase genes in iAMP21-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:604-613. [PMID: 31640433 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1678153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) is a cytogenetic subtype associated with relapse and poor prognosis in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL). The biology behind the high relapse risk is unknown and the aim of this study was to further characterize the genomic and transcriptional landscape of iAMP21. Using DNA arrays and sequencing, we could identify rearrangements and aberrations characteristic for iAMP21. RNA sequencing revealed that only half of the genes in the minimal region of amplification (20/45) were differentially expressed in iAMP21. Among them were the top overexpressed genes (p < 0.001) in iAMP21 vs. BCP ALL without iAMP21 and three candidate genes could be identified, the tyrosine kinase gene DYRK1A and chromatin remodeling genes CHAF1B and SON. While overexpression of DYRK1A and CHAF1B is associated with poor prognosis in malignant diseases including myeloid leukemia, this is the first study to show significant correlation with iAMP21-positive ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingegerd Ivanov Öfverholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanara Marincevic-Zuniga
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anh Nhi Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonie Saft
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gudmar Lönnerholm
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arja Harila-Saari
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Heyman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gisela Barbany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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So A, Le Guen T, Lopez BS, Guirouilh-Barbat J. Genomic rearrangements induced by unscheduled DNA double strand breaks in somatic mammalian cells. FEBS J 2017; 284:2324-2344. [PMID: 28244221 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly toxic lesions that can lead to profound genome rearrangements and/or cell death. They routinely occur in genomes due to endogenous or exogenous stresses. Efficient repair systems, canonical non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination exist in the cell and not only ensure the maintenance of genome integrity but also, via specific programmed DNA double-strand breaks, permit its diversity and plasticity. However, these repair systems need to be tightly controlled because they can also generate genomic rearrangements. Thus, when DSB repair is not properly regulated, genome integrity is no longer guaranteed. In this review, we will focus on non-programmed genome rearrangements generated by DSB repair, in somatic cells. We first discuss genome rearrangements induced by homologous recombination and end-joining. We then discuss recently described rearrangement mechanisms, driven by microhomologies, that do not involve the joining of DNA ends but rather initiate DNA synthesis (microhomology-mediated break-induced replication, fork stalling and template switching and microhomology-mediated template switching). Finally, we discuss chromothripsis, which is the shattering of a localized region of the genome followed by erratic rejoining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayeong So
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Tangui Le Guen
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Josée Guirouilh-Barbat
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
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9
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Gu J, Reynolds A, Fang L, DeGraffenreid C, Sterns K, Patel KP, Medeiros LJ, Lin P, Lu X. Coexistence of iAMP21 and ETV6-RUNX1 fusion in an adolescent with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: literature review of six additional cases. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:84. [PMID: 27895713 PMCID: PMC5117506 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) results from breakage-fusion-bridge cycles and chromothripsis is a distinct marker of a subgroup of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cases associated with a poor prognosis. iAMP21 accounts for 2% of pediatric B-ALL and occurs predominantly in older children or adolescents. ETV6-RUNX1 fusion, resulting from t(12;21)(p13;q22), is associated with an excellent outcome in younger children with B-ALL. Coexistence of iAMP21 with ETV6-RUNX1 fusion is extremely rare with limited clinical information available. Results We report the case of an 18-year old Caucasian man diagnosed with ETV6-RUNX1 fusion positive B-ALL. He was treated with intensive chemotherapy and achieved remission for 6 months before relapse, 15 months after the initial diagnosis. G-band karyotyping and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses performed on bone marrow revealed complex abnormalities: 41,X,-Y,der(3)t(3;20)(p11.2;q11.2),-4,t(5;22)(q32;q11.2),del(9)(p13),dic(9;17)(p13;p11.2),t(12;21)(p13;q22),der(14)t(14;17)(p11.2;q11.2),der(17;22)(q11.2;q11.2),-20,add(21)(q22),-22[4]/46,XY[15] with an iAMP21 and an ETV6-RUNX1. Additional molecular studies confirmed ETV6-RUNX1 fusion and with a TP53 mutation. High-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism microarray (SNP array) revealed the iAMP21 to be chromothripsis of 21q and subsequent metaphase FISH further delineated complex genomic aberrations. Although the patient received intensive chemotherapy with allogenic stem cell transplant, he died 26 months after initial diagnosis. We searched the literature and identified six cases showing coexisting iAMP21 and ETV6-RUNX1. The median age for these six patients was 10 years (range, 2–18) and males predominated. The median overall survival (OS) was 28 months. Conclusions Patients with B-ALL associated with both iAMP21 and ETV6-RUNX1 tend to be older children or adolescents and have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- School of Health Professions, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0002, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Alexandra Reynolds
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0350, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Lianghua Fang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0149, Houston, TX 77030 USA ; Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Corrie DeGraffenreid
- School of Health Professions, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0002, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Kenneth Sterns
- School of Health Professions, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0002, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Keyur P Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0149, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0072, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Pei Lin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0072, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0350, Houston, TX 77030 USA ; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 7-723, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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10
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Wang G, Zhao J, Vasquez KM. Detection of cis- and trans-acting Factors in DNA Structure-Induced Genetic Instability Using In silico and Cellular Approaches. Front Genet 2016; 7:135. [PMID: 27532010 PMCID: PMC4969553 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences that can adopt alternative DNA structures (i.e., non-B DNA) are very abundant in mammalian genomes, and recent studies have revealed many important biological functions of non-B DNA structures in chromatin remodeling, DNA replication, transcription, and genetic instability. Here, we provide results from an in silico web-based search engine coupled with cell-based experiments to characterize the roles of non-B DNA conformations in genetic instability in eukaryotes. The purpose of this article is to illustrate strategies that can be used to identify and interrogate the biological roles of non-B DNA structures, particularly on genetic instability. We have included unpublished data using a short H-DNA-forming sequence from the human c-MYC promoter region as an example, and identified two different mechanisms of H-DNA-induced genetic instability in yeast and mammalian cells: a DNA replication-related model of mutagenesis; and a replication-independent cleavage model. Further, we identified candidate proteins involved in H-DNA-induced genetic instability by using a yeast genetic screen. A combination of in silico and cellular methods, as described here, should provide further insight into the contributions of non-B DNA structures in biological functions, genetic evolution, and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliang Wang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute Austin, TX, USA
| | - Junhua Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute Austin, TX, USA
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11
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Johnson RC, Weinberg OK, Cascio MJ, Dahl GV, Mitton BA, Silverman LB, Cherry AM, Arber DA, Ohgami RS. Cytogenetic Variation of B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Intrachromosomal Amplification of Chromosome 21 (iAMP21): A Multi-Institutional Series Review. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:103-12. [PMID: 26071468 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpluyf11hqbyrb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) is a relatively uncommon manifestation of acute leukemia and limited predominantly to the pediatric population. Case-specific information regarding flow cytometric, morphologic, and laboratory findings of this subtype of leukemia is currently lacking. METHODS We searched the databases of three large institutions for lymphoblastic leukemia with iAMP21 from 2005 through 2012 and analyzed the clinicopathologic features. RESULTS We identified 17 cases with five or more RUNX1 signals on interphase nuclei, 14 of which were consistent with the Children's Oncology Group (COG) definition for iAMP21—namely, the presence of three or more RUNX1 signals on one marker chromosome. These cases showed a statistically significant lower peripheral WBC count and older age at diagnosis compared with all pediatric cases of B-ALL. We also identified three cases with increased RUNX1 signals scattered on multiple marker chromosomes that did not meet the COG definition of iAMP21 but showed similar 21q instability and older age at presentation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings not only demonstrate that B-ALL with iAMP21 is truly a distinct clinicopathologic entity but also suggest that a subset of cases of B-ALL with iAMP21 can show variable cytogenetic features.
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12
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Krem MM, Press OW, Horwitz MS, Tidwell T. Mechanisms and clinical applications of chromosomal instability in lymphoid malignancy. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:13-28. [PMID: 26018193 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes are unique among cells in that they undergo programmed DNA breaks and translocations, but that special property predisposes them to chromosomal instability (CIN), a cardinal feature of neoplastic lymphoid cells that manifests as whole chromosome- or translocation-based aneuploidy. In several lymphoid malignancies translocations may be the defining or diagnostic markers of the diseases. CIN is a cornerstone of the mutational architecture supporting lymphoid neoplasia, though it is perhaps one of the least understood components of malignant transformation in terms of its molecular mechanisms. CIN is associated with prognosis and response to treatment, making it a key area for impacting treatment outcomes and predicting prognoses. Here we will review the types and mechanisms of CIN found in Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and the lymphoid leukaemias, with emphasis placed on pathogenic mutations affecting DNA recombination, replication and repair; telomere function; and mitotic regulation of spindle attachment, centrosome function, and chromosomal segregation. We will discuss the means by which chromosome-level genetic aberrations may give rise to multiple pathogenic mutations required for carcinogenesis and conclude with a discussion of the clinical applications of CIN and aneuploidy to diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M Krem
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver W Press
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marshall S Horwitz
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Javadekar SM, Raghavan SC. Snaps and mends: DNA breaks and chromosomal translocations. FEBS J 2015; 282:2627-45. [PMID: 25913527 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrity in entirety is the preferred state of any organism. The temporal and spatial integrity of the genome ensures continued survival of a cell. DNA breakage is the first step towards creation of chromosomal translocations. In this review, we highlight the factors contributing towards the breakage of chromosomal DNA. It has been well-established that the structure and sequence of DNA play a critical role in selective fragility of the genome. Several non-B-DNA structures such as Z-DNA, cruciform DNA, G-quadruplexes, R loops and triplexes have been implicated in generation of genomic fragility leading to translocations. Similarly, specific sequences targeted by proteins such as Recombination Activating Genes and Activation Induced Cytidine Deaminase are involved in translocations. Processes that ensure the integrity of the genome through repair may lead to persistence of breakage and eventually translocations if their actions are anomalous. An insufficient supply of nucleotides and chromatin architecture may also play a critical role. This review focuses on a range of events with the potential to threaten the genomic integrity of a cell, leading to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya M Javadekar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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14
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Thys RG, Lehman CE, Pierce LCT, Wang YH. DNA secondary structure at chromosomal fragile sites in human disease. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:60-70. [PMID: 25937814 PMCID: PMC4412965 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150114223205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA has the ability to form a variety of secondary structures that can interfere with normal cellular processes, and many of these structures have been associated with neurological diseases and cancer. Secondary structure-forming sequences are often found at chromosomal fragile sites, which are hotspots for sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal translocations, and deletions. Structures formed at fragile sites can lead to instability by disrupting normal cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription. The instability caused by disruption of replication and transcription can lead to DNA breakage, resulting in gene rearrangements and deletions that cause disease. In this review, we discuss the role of DNA secondary structure at fragile sites in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Thys
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Christine E Lehman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | | | - Yuh-Hwa Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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15
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Morales ME, White TB, Streva VA, DeFreece CB, Hedges DJ, Deininger PL. The contribution of alu elements to mutagenic DNA double-strand break repair. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005016. [PMID: 25761216 PMCID: PMC4356517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alu elements make up the largest family of human mobile elements, numbering 1.1 million copies and comprising 11% of the human genome. As a consequence of evolution and genetic drift, Alu elements of various sequence divergence exist throughout the human genome. Alu/Alu recombination has been shown to cause approximately 0.5% of new human genetic diseases and contribute to extensive genomic structural variation. To begin understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to these rearrangements in mammalian cells, we constructed Alu/Alu recombination reporter cell lines containing Alu elements ranging in sequence divergence from 0%-30% that allow detection of both Alu/Alu recombination and large non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) deletions that range from 1.0 to 1.9 kb in size. Introduction of as little as 0.7% sequence divergence between Alu elements resulted in a significant reduction in recombination, which indicates even small degrees of sequence divergence reduce the efficiency of homology-directed DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Further reduction in recombination was observed in a sequence divergence-dependent manner for diverged Alu/Alu recombination constructs with up to 10% sequence divergence. With greater levels of sequence divergence (15%-30%), we observed a significant increase in DSB repair due to a shift from Alu/Alu recombination to variable-length NHEJ which removes sequence between the two Alu elements. This increase in NHEJ deletions depends on the presence of Alu sequence homeology (similar but not identical sequences). Analysis of recombination products revealed that Alu/Alu recombination junctions occur more frequently in the first 100 bp of the Alu element within our reporter assay, just as they do in genomic Alu/Alu recombination events. This is the first extensive study characterizing the influence of Alu element sequence divergence on DNA repair, which will inform predictions regarding the effect of Alu element sequence divergence on both the rate and nature of DNA repair events. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are a highly mutagenic form of DNA damage that can be repaired through one of several pathways with varied degrees of sequence preservation. Faithful repair of DSBs often occurs through gene conversion in which a sister chromatid is used as a repair template. Unfaithful repair of DSBs can occur through non-allelic homologous or homeologous recombination, which leads to chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, and translocations and has been shown to cause several human genetic diseases. Substrates for these homologous and homeologous events include Alu elements, which are approximately 300 bp elements that comprise ~11% of the human genome. We use a new reporter assay to show that repair of DSBs results in Alu-mediated deletions that resolve through several distinct repair pathways. Either single-strand annealing (SSA) repair or microhomology-mediated end joining occurs ‘in register’ between two Alu elements when Alu sequence divergence is low. However, with more diverged Alu elements, like those typically found in the human genome, repair of DSBs appears to use the Alu/Alu homeology to direct non-homologous end joining in the general vicinity of the Alu elements. Mutagenic NHEJ repair involving divergent Alu elements may represent a common repair event in primate genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Morales
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Travis B. White
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vincent A. Streva
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cecily B. DeFreece
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dale J. Hedges
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Prescott L. Deininger
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Blood Spotlight on iAMP21 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a high-risk pediatric disease. Blood 2015; 125:1383-6. [PMID: 25608562 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-569228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) defines a distinct cytogenetic subgroup of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Breakage-fusion-bridge cycles followed by chromothripsis and other complex structural rearrangements of chromosome 21 underlie the mechanism giving rise to iAMP21. Patients with iAMP21 are older (median age 9 years), with a low white cell count. They have a high relapse rate when treated as standard risk. Recent studies have shown improved outcome on intensive therapy. Molecular targets for therapy are being sought.
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17
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Kovac MB, Kovacova M, Bachraty H, Bachrata K, Piscuoglio S, Hutter P, Ilencikova D, Bartosova Z, Tomlinson I, Roethlisberger B, Heinimann K. High-resolution breakpoint analysis provides evidence for the sequence-directed nature of genome rearrangements in hereditary disorders. Hum Mutat 2014; 36:250-9. [PMID: 25418510 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although most of the pertinent data on the sequence-directed processes leading to genome rearrangements (GRs) have come from studies on somatic tissues, little is known about GRs in the germ line of patients with hereditary disorders. This study aims at identifying DNA motifs and higher order structures of genome architecture, which can result in losses and gains of genetic material in the germ line. We first identified candidate motifs by studying 112 pathogenic germ-line GRs in hereditary colorectal cancer patients, and subsequently created an algorithm, termed recombination type ratio, which correctly predicts the propensity of rearrangements with respect to homologous versus nonhomologous recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal B Kovac
- Research Group Human Genomics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
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18
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Baughn LB, Biegel JA, South ST, Smolarek TA, Volkert S, Carroll AJ, Heerema NA, Rabin KR, Zweidler-McKay PA, Loh M, Hirsch B. Integration of cytogenomic data for furthering the characterization of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a multi-institution, multi-platform microarray study. Cancer Genet 2014; 208:1-18. [PMID: 25678190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that among subgroups of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), the genetic profile of the leukemic blasts has significant impact on prognosis and stratification for therapy. Recent studies have documented the power of microarrays to screen genome-wide for copy number aberrations (CNAs) and regions of copy number-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CNLOH) that are not detectable by G-banding or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These studies have involved application of a single array platform for the respective cases. The present investigation demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of integrating array results from multiple laboratories (ARUP, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical Center) that utilize different array platforms (Affymetrix, Agilent, or Illumina) in their respective clinical settings. A total of 65 patients enrolled on the Children's Oncology Group (COG) study AALL08B1 were identified for study, as cytogenetic and FISH studies had also been performed on these patients, with a central review of those results available for comparison. Microarray data were first analyzed by the individual laboratories with their respective software systems; raw data files were then centrally validated using NEXUS software. The results demonstrated the added value of integrating multi-platform data with cytogenetic and FISH data and highlight novel findings identified by array including the co-occurrence of low and high risk abnormalities not previously reported to coexist within a clone, novel regions of chromosomal amplification, clones characterized by numerous whole chromosome LOH that do not meet criteria for doubling of a near-haploid, and characterization of array profiles associated with an IKZF1 deletion. Each of these findings raises questions that are clinically relevant to risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B Baughn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah T South
- ARUP Laboratories, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Teresa A Smolarek
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Suzanne Volkert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew J Carroll
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nyla A Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karen R Rabin
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mignon Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Betsy Hirsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Bose P, Hermetz KE, Conneely KN, Rudd MK. Tandem repeats and G-rich sequences are enriched at human CNV breakpoints. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101607. [PMID: 24983241 PMCID: PMC4090240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome breakage in germline and somatic genomes gives rise to copy number variation (CNV) responsible for genomic disorders and tumorigenesis. DNA sequence is known to play an important role in breakage at chromosome fragile sites; however, the sequences susceptible to double-strand breaks (DSBs) underlying CNV formation are largely unknown. Here we analyze 140 germline CNV breakpoints from 116 individuals to identify DNA sequences enriched at breakpoint loci compared to 2800 simulated control regions. We find that, overall, CNV breakpoints are enriched in tandem repeats and sequences predicted to form G-quadruplexes. G-rich repeats are overrepresented at terminal deletion breakpoints, which may be important for the addition of a new telomere. Interstitial deletions and duplication breakpoints are enriched in Alu repeats that in some cases mediate non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between the two sides of the rearrangement. CNV breakpoints are enriched in certain classes of repeats that may play a role in DNA secondary structure, DSB susceptibility and/or DNA replication errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promita Bose
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Hermetz
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen N. Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - M. Katharine Rudd
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
Repetitive genomic sequences can adopt a number of alternative DNA structures that differ from the canonical B-form duplex (i.e. non-B DNA). These non-B DNA-forming sequences have been shown to have many important biological functions related to DNA metabolic processes; for example, they may have regulatory roles in DNA transcription and replication. In addition to these regulatory functions, non-B DNA can stimulate genetic instability in the presence or absence of DNA damage, via replication-dependent and/or replication-independent pathways. This review focuses on the interactions of non-B DNA conformations with DNA repair proteins and how these interactions impact genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliang Wang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, United States
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, United States.
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21
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Li Y, Schwab C, Ryan S, Papaemmanuil E, Robinson HM, Jacobs P, Moorman AV, Dyer S, Borrow J, Griffiths M, Heerema NA, Carroll AJ, Talley P, Bown N, Telford N, Ross FM, Gaunt L, McNally RJQ, Young BD, Sinclair P, Rand V, Teixeira MR, Joseph O, Robinson B, Maddison M, Dastugue N, Vandenberghe P, Stephens PJ, Cheng J, Van Loo P, Stratton MR, Campbell PJ, Harrison CJ. Constitutional and somatic rearrangement of chromosome 21 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 2014; 508:98-102. [PMID: 24670643 PMCID: PMC3976272 DOI: 10.1038/nature13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in gene dosage are a major driver of cancer, known to be caused by a finite, but increasingly well annotated, repertoire of mutational mechanisms. This can potentially generate correlated copy-number alterations across hundreds of linked genes, as exemplified by the 2% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with recurrent amplification of megabase regions of chromosome 21 (iAMP21). We used genomic, cytogenetic and transcriptional analysis, coupled with novel bioinformatic approaches, to reconstruct the evolution of iAMP21 ALL. Here we show that individuals born with the rare constitutional Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 15 and 21, rob(15;21)(q10;q10)c, have approximately 2,700-fold increased risk of developing iAMP21 ALL compared to the general population. In such cases, amplification is initiated by a chromothripsis event involving both sister chromatids of the Robertsonian chromosome, a novel mechanism for cancer predisposition. In sporadic iAMP21, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles are typically the initiating event, often followed by chromothripsis. In both sporadic and rob(15;21)c-associated iAMP21, the final stages frequently involve duplications of the entire abnormal chromosome. The end-product is a derivative of chromosome 21 or the rob(15;21)c chromosome with gene dosage optimized for leukaemic potential, showing constrained copy-number levels over multiple linked genes. Thus, dicentric chromosomes may be an important precipitant of chromothripsis, as we show rob(15;21)c to be constitutionally dicentric and breakage-fusion-bridge cycles generate dicentric chromosomes somatically. Furthermore, our data illustrate that several cancer-specific mutational processes, applied sequentially, can coordinate to fashion copy-number profiles over large genomic scales, incrementally refining the fitness benefits of aggregated gene dosage changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Li
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Claire Schwab
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarra Ryan
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Hazel M Robinson
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patricia Jacobs
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
| | - Anthony V Moorman
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sara Dyer
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julian Borrow
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Griffiths
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nyla A Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andrew J Carroll
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Polly Talley
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nick Bown
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nick Telford
- Oncology Cytogenetics, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Fiona M Ross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
| | - Lorraine Gaunt
- Regional Cytogenetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard J Q McNally
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bryan D Young
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Sinclair
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vikki Rand
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Genetics Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute, and Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), Porto University, Portugal
| | - Olivia Joseph
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ben Robinson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Mark Maddison
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nicole Dastugue
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, Génétique des Hémopathies, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter Vandenberghe
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jiqiu Cheng
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering - ESAT, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine J Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Garcia DRN, Arancibia AM, Ribeiro RC, Land MGP, Silva MLM. Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) detected by ETV6/RUNX1 FISH screening in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2013; 35:369-71. [PMID: 24255623 PMCID: PMC3832320 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20130111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome abnormalities that usually define high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia
are the t(9;22)/ breakpoint cluster region protein-Abelson murine leukemia viral
oncogene homolog 1, hypodiploid with < 44 chromosomes and 11q23/ myeloid/lymphoid
leukemia gene rearrangements. The spectrum of acute lymphoblastic leukemia genetic
abnormalities is nevertheless rapidly expanding. Therefore, newly described
chromosomal aberrations are likely to have an impact on clinical care in the near
future. Recently, the rare intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 started to
be considered a high-risk chromosomal abnormality. It occurs in approximately 2-5% of
pediatric patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This
abnormality is associated with a poor outcome. Hence, an accurate detection of this
abnormality is expected to become very important in the choice of appropriate
therapy. In this work the clinical and molecular cytogenetic evaluation by
fluorescence in situ hybridization of a child with B-cell precursor acute
lymphoblastic leukemia presenting the rare intrachromosomal amplification of
chromosome 21 is described.
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23
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An international study of intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21): cytogenetic characterization and outcome. Leukemia 2013; 28:1015-21. [PMID: 24166298 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) defines a distinct cytogenetic subgroup of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL). To date, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), with probes specific for the RUNX1 gene, provides the only reliable detection method (five or more RUNX1 signals per cell). Patients with iAMP21 are older (median age 9 years) with a low white cell count. Previously, we demonstrated a high relapse risk when these patients were treated as standard risk. Recent studies have shown improved outcome on intensive therapy. In view of these treatment implications, accurate identification is essential. Here we have studied the cytogenetics and outcome of 530 iAMP21 patients that highlighted the association of specific secondary chromosomal and genetic changes with iAMP21 to assist in diagnosis, including the gain of chromosome X, loss or deletion of chromosome 7, ETV6 and RB1 deletions. These iAMP21 patients when treated as high risk showed the same improved outcome as those in trial-based studies regardless of the backbone chemotherapy regimen given. This study reinforces the importance of intensified treatment to reduce the risk of relapse in iAMP21 patients. This now well-defined patient subgroup should be recognised by World Health Organisation (WHO) as a distinct entity of BCP-ALL.
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24
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Moorman AV, Robinson H, Schwab C, Richards SM, Hancock J, Mitchell CD, Goulden N, Vora A, Harrison CJ. Risk-directed treatment intensification significantly reduces the risk of relapse among children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21: a comparison of the MRC ALL97/99 and UKALL2003 trials. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3389-96. [PMID: 23940220 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.48.9377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect on outcome of intensifying therapy for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and an intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21). PATIENTS AND METHODS We report two cohorts of patients treated on Medical Research Council ALL97 or United Kingdom (UK) ALL2003. iAMP21 was identified retrospectively in ALL97 and was not used to guide therapy. However, in UKALL2003, iAMP21 was determined prospectively, and patients were allocated to the most intensive treatment arm (regimen C), which included augmented Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster consolidation, escalating Capizzi maintenance, double delayed intensification, and an option for first remission transplantation. The presence of iAMP21 was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes specific for the RUNX1 gene. RESULTS iAMP21 was identified in 2% of patients with B-cell precursor ALL treated on UKALL2003 and ALL97. The event-free survival, relapse, and overall survival rates at 5 years for iAMP21 patients treated on ALL97 and UKALL2003 were 29% and 78%, 70% and 16%, and 67% and 89%, respectively (all P < .01). Patients treated on ALL97 had an increased risk of relapse compared with patients treated on UKALL2003 (hazard ratio, 7.2; 95% CI, 2.91 to 17.87; P < .001). CONCLUSION iAMP21 patients with ALL benefitted from receiving more intensive therapy in UKALL2003. In UKALL2011, they will continue to be treated as cytogenetic high risk, receive intensive chemotherapy (regimen C), and will only be recommended for transplantation if they do not achieve a complete remission by the end of induction therapy. This study illustrates how the discovery and characterization of disease-specific genetic aberrations can be used to tailor therapy more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Moorman
- Anthony V. Moorman, Hazel Robinson, Claire Schwab, and Christine J. Harrison, Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle; Sue M. Richards, University of Oxford; Christopher D. Mitchell, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Jeremy Hancock, Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol National Health Service Trust, Bristol; Nicholas Goulden, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London; and Ajay Vora, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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25
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Sato T, Arai E, Kohno T, Tsuta K, Watanabe SI, Soejima K, Betsuyaku T, Kanai Y. DNA methylation profiles at precancerous stages associated with recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59444. [PMID: 23544068 PMCID: PMC3609833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the significance of DNA methylation alterations at precancerous stages of lung adenocarcinoma. Using single-CpG resolution Infinium array, genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed in 36 samples of normal lung tissue obtained from patients without any primary lung tumor, 145 samples of non-cancerous lung tissue (N) obtained from patients with lung adenocarcinomas, and 145 samples of tumorous tissue (T). Stepwise progression of DNA methylation alterations from normal lung tissue to non-cancerous lung tissue obtained from patients with lung adenocarcinomas, and then tumorous tissue samples, was observed at 3,270 CpG sites, suggesting that non-cancerous lung tissue obtained from patients with lung adenocarcinomas was at precancerous stages with DNA methylation alterations. At CpG sites of 2,083 genes, DNA methylation status in samples of non-cancerous lung tissue obtained from patients with lung adenocarcinomas was significantly correlated with recurrence after establishment of lung adenocarcinomas. Among such recurrence-related genes, 28 genes are normally unmethylated (average β-values based on Infinium assay in normal lung tissue samples was less than 0.2) and their DNA hypermethylation at precancerous stages was strengthened during progression to lung adenocarcinomas (Δβ(T-N)>0.1). Among these 28 genes, we focused on 6 for which implications in transcription regulation, apoptosis or cell adhesion had been reported. DNA hypermethylation of the ADCY5, EVX1, GFRA1, PDE9A, and TBX20 genes resulted in reduced mRNA expression in tumorous tissue samples. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment of lung cancer cell lines restored the mRNA expression levels of these 5 genes. Reduced mRNA expression in tumorous tissue samples was significantly correlated with tumor aggressiveness. These data suggest that DNA methylation alterations at precancerous stages determine tumor aggressiveness and outcome through silencing of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Arai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoracic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Vasquez KM, Wang G. The yin and yang of repair mechanisms in DNA structure-induced genetic instability. Mutat Res 2013; 743-744:118-131. [PMID: 23219604 PMCID: PMC3661696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
DNA can adopt a variety of secondary structures that deviate from the canonical Watson-Crick B-DNA form. More than 10 types of non-canonical or non-B DNA secondary structures have been characterized, and the sequences that have the capacity to adopt such structures are very abundant in the human genome. Non-B DNA structures have been implicated in many important biological processes and can serve as sources of genetic instability, implicating them in disease and evolution. Non-B DNA conformations interact with a wide variety of proteins involved in replication, transcription, DNA repair, and chromatin architectural regulation. In this review, we will focus on the interactions of DNA repair proteins with non-B DNA and their roles in genetic instability, as the proteins and DNA involved in such interactions may represent plausible targets for selective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, United States.
| | - Guliang Wang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, United States
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27
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Cer RZ, Bruce KH, Donohue DE, Temiz NA, Mudunuri US, Yi M, Volfovsky N, Bacolla A, Luke BT, Collins, Stephens RM. Searching for non-B DNA-forming motifs using nBMST (non-B DNA motif search tool). CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2012; Chapter 18:Unit 18.7.1-22. [PMID: 22470144 PMCID: PMC3350812 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg1807s73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes basic protocols on using the non-B DNA Motif Search Tool (nBMST) to search for sequence motifs predicted to form alternative DNA conformations that differ from the canonical right-handed Watson-Crick double-helix, collectively known as non-B DNA, and on using the associated PolyBrowse, a GBrowse-based genomic browser. The nBMST is a Web-based resource that allows users to submit one or more DNA sequences to search for inverted repeats (cruciform DNA), mirror repeats (triplex DNA), direct/tandem repeats (slipped/hairpin structures), G4 motifs (tetraplex, G-quadruplex DNA), alternating purine-pyrimidine tracts (left-handed Z-DNA), and A-phased repeats (static bending). The nBMST is versatile, simple to use, does not require bioinformatics skills, and can be applied to any type of DNA sequences, including viral and bacterial genomes, up to an aggregate of 20 megabasepairs (Mbp).
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Affiliation(s)
- RZ Cer
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - KH Bruce
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - DE Donohue
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - NA Temiz
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - US Mudunuri
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - M Yi
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - N Volfovsky
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - A Bacolla
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
- The Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Division of Toxicology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78723, USA
| | - BT Luke
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - Collins
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - RM Stephens
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
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28
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Mullighan CG. Genomic profiling of B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011; 24:489-503. [PMID: 22127311 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is comprised of multiple subtypes defined by recurring chromosomal alterations that are important events in leukemogenesis and are widely used in diagnosis and risk stratification, yet fail to fully explain the biology of this disease. In the last 5 years, genome-wide profiling of gene expression, structural DNA alterations and sequence variations has yielded important insights into the nature of submicroscopic genetic alterations that define novel subgroups of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and cooperate with known cytogenetic alterations in leukemogenesis. Importantly, several of these alterations are important determinants of risk of relapse and are potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, these advances and future directions in the genomic analysis of ALL are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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