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Xu Z, Moreno-Giró À, Zhao D, Krämer A, Pandey RK, Xu B, Lundström SL, Holmdahl R. Fcgr2b and Fcgr3 are the major genetic factors for cartilage antibody-induced arthritis, overriding the effect of Hc encoding complement C5. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350659. [PMID: 38314895 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is associated with not only MHC class II genetic polymorphism but also, to some extent, with other loci including genes encoding Fc gamma receptors (FCGRs) and complement C5. In this study, we used a cartilage antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model in which arthritis develops within a 12-h timeframe, to determine the relative importance of FCGRs and C5 (Hc). In CAIA, inhibiting or deleting FCGR3 substantially hindered arthritis development, underscoring the crucial role of this receptor. Blocking FCGR3 also reduced the levels of FCGR4, and vice versa. When employing an IgG1 arthritogenic cocktail that exclusively interacts with FCGR2B and FCGR3, joint inflammation was promptly initiated in Fcgr2b-- mice but not in Fcgr3-- mice, suggesting that FCGR3 is sufficient for CAIA development. Regarding complement activation, Fcgr2b++.Hc** mice with C5 mutated were fully resistant to CAIA, whereas Fcgr2b--.Hc** mice developed arthritis rapidly. We conclude that FCGR3 is essential and sufficient for CAIA development, particularly when induced by IgG1 antibodies. The human ortholog of mouse FCGR3, FCGR2A, may be associated with RA pathogenesis. FCGR2B deficiency allows for rapid arthritis progression and overrides the resistance conferred by C5 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Xu
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Àlex Moreno-Giró
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Redoxis AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Danxia Zhao
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Krämer
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bingze Xu
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Lundström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Topping LM, Romero-Castillo L, Urbonaviciute V, Bolinsson H, Clanchy FI, Holmdahl R, Bäckström BT, Williams RO. Standardization of Antigen-Emulsion Preparations for the Induction of Autoimmune Disease Models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892251. [PMID: 35769487 PMCID: PMC9234561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune murine disease models are vital tools for identifying novel targets and finding better treatments for human diseases. Complete Freund’s adjuvant is commonly used to induce disease in autoimmune models, and the quality of the adjuvant/autoantigen emulsion is of critical importance in determining reproducibility. We have established an emulsification method using a standard homogenizer and specially designed receptacle. Emulsions are easy to prepare, form stable and uniform water-in-oil particles, are faster to make than the traditional syringe method, use less material and are designed to fill syringes with ease. In the present study, we have validated the emulsions for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, collagen II induced arthritis, antigen induced arthritis, and delayed type hypersensitivity models. These models were induced consistently and reproducibly and, in some cases, the new method outperformed the traditional method. The method described herein is simple, cost-effective and will reduce variability, thereby requiring fewer animals for in vivo research involving animal models of autoimmune disease and in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Topping
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Romero-Castillo
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilma Urbonaviciute
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Bolinsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Felix I. Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. Thomas Bäckström
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Autoimmunity, BTB Emulsions AB, Malmo, Sweden
- *Correspondence: B. Thomas Bäckström,
| | - Richard O. Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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3
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Ge C, Tong D, Lönnblom E, Liang B, Cai W, Fahlquist-Hagert C, Li T, Kastbom A, Gjertsson I, Dobritzsch D, Holmdahl R. Antibodies to cartilage oligomeric matrix protein are pathogenic in mice and may be clinically relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:961-971. [PMID: 35080151 PMCID: PMC9320966 DOI: 10.1002/art.42072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is an autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and experimental models of arthritis. This study was undertaken to investigate the structure, function, and relevance of anti‐COMP antibodies. Methods We investigated the pathogenicity of monoclonal anti‐COMP antibodies in mice using passive transfer experiments, and we explored the interaction of anti‐COMP antibodies with cartilage using immunohistochemical staining. The interaction of the monoclonal antibody 15A11 in complex with its specific COMP epitope P6 was determined by x‐ray crystallography. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and a surface plasma resonance technique were used to study the modulation of calcium ion binding to 15A11. The clinical relevance and value of serum IgG specific to the COMP P6 epitope and its citrullinated variants were evaluated in a large Swedish cohort of RA patients. Results The murine monoclonal anti‐COMP antibody 15A11 induced arthritis in naive mice. The crystal structure of the 15A11–P6 complex explained how the antibody could bind to COMP, which can be modulated by calcium ions. Moreover, serum IgG specific to the COMP P6 peptide and its citrullinated variants was detectable at significantly higher levels in RA patients compared to healthy controls and correlated with a higher disease activity score. Conclusion Our findings provide the structural basis for binding a pathogenic anti‐COMP antibody to cartilage. The recognized epitope can be citrullinated, and levels of antibodies to this epitope are elevated in RA patients and correlate with higher disease activity, implicating a pathogenic role of anti‐COMP antibodies in a subset of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrong Ge
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dongmei Tong
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bibo Liang
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Pharmacology School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Fahlquist-Hagert
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Medical Inflammation Research, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taotao Li
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alf Kastbom
- Department of Rheumatology in Östergötland, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 171 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Pharmacology School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Inflammation Research, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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4
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Fernandez Lahore G, Förster M, Johannesson M, Sabatier P, Lönnblom E, Aoun M, He Y, Nandakumar KS, Zubarev RA, Holmdahl R. Polymorphic estrogen receptor binding site causes Cd2-dependent sex bias in the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5565. [PMID: 34552089 PMCID: PMC8458462 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex autoimmune diseases are sexually dimorphic. An interplay between predisposing genetics and sex-related factors probably controls the sex discrepancy in the immune response, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we positionally identify a polymorphic estrogen receptor binding site that regulates Cd2 expression, leading to female-specific differences in T cell-dependent mouse models of autoimmunity. Female mice with reduced Cd2 expression have impaired autoreactive T cell responses. T cells lacking Cd2 costimulation upregulate inhibitory Lag-3. These findings help explain sexual dimorphism in human autoimmunity, as we find that CD2 polymorphisms are associated with rheumatoid arthritis and 17-β-estradiol-regulation of CD2 is conserved in human T cells. Hormonal regulation of CD2 might have implications for CD2-targeted therapy, as anti-Cd2 treatment more potently affects T cells in female mice. These results demonstrate the relevance of sex-genotype interactions, providing strong evidence for CD2 as a sex-sensitive predisposing factor in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Fernandez Lahore
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Michael Förster
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martina Johannesson
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Sabatier
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mike Aoun
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yibo He
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammation Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), 710004, Xi'an, China.
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5
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Vaartjes D, Klaczkowska D, Cragg MS, Nandakumar KS, Bäckdahl L, Holmdahl R. Genetic dissection of a major haplotype associated with arthritis reveal FcγR2b and FcγR3 to act additively. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:682-693. [PMID: 33244759 PMCID: PMC7984332 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A haplotype with tightly linked Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) genes is known as a major locus controlling immune responses and autoimmune diseases, including arthritis. Here, we split a congenic fragment derived from the NOD mouse (Cia9) to study its effect on immune response and arthritis in mice. We found that arthritis susceptibility was indeed controlled by the FcγR gene cluster and a recombination between the FcγR2b and FcγR3 loci gave us the opportunity to separately study their impact. We identified the NOD-derived FcγR2b and FcγR3 alleles as disease-promoting for arthritis development without impact on antibody secretion. We further found that macrophage-mediated phagocytosis was directly correlated to FcγR3 expression in the congenic mice. In conclusion, we positioned FcγR2b and FcγR3 alleles as disease regulatory and showed that their genetic polymorphisms independently and additively control innate immune cell activation and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Vaartjes
- Division of Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Dorota Klaczkowska
- Division of Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine GroupCentre for Cancer ImmunologyUniversity of Southampton Faculty of MedicineSouthamptonUK
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Division of Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- SMU‐KI United Medical Inflammation CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liselotte Bäckdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- SMU‐KI United Medical Inflammation CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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6
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Zhu W, Lönnblom E, Förster M, Johannesson M, Tao P, Meng L, Lu S, Holmdahl R. Natural polymorphism of Ym1 regulates pneumonitis through alternative activation of macrophages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/43/eaba9337. [PMID: 33087360 PMCID: PMC7577715 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have positionally cloned the Ym1 gene, with a duplication and a promoter polymorphism, as a major regulator of inflammation. Mice with the RIIIS/J haplotype, with the absence of Ym1 expression, showed reduced susceptibility to mannan-enhanced collagen antibody-induced arthritis and to chronic arthritis induced by intranasal exposure of mannan. Depletion of lung macrophages alleviated arthritis, whereas intranasal supplement of Ym1 protein to Ym1-deficient mice reversed the disease, suggesting a key role of Ym1 for inflammatory activity by lung macrophages. Ym1-deficient mice with pneumonitis had less eosinophil infiltration, reduced production of type II cytokines and IgG1, and skewing of macrophages toward alternative activation due to enhanced STAT6 activation. Proteomics analysis connected Ym1 polymorphism with changed lipid metabolism. Induced PPAR-γ and lipid metabolism in Ym1-deficient macrophages contributed to cellular polarization. In conclusion, the natural polymorphism of Ym1 regulates alternative activation of macrophages associated with pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Michael Förster
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Martina Johannesson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Pei Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China.
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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7
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Abstract
In this chapter we will review both the rationale and experimental design for using Heterogeneous Stock (HS) populations for fine-mapping of complex traits in mice and rats. We define an HS as an outbred population derived from an intercross between two or more inbred strains. HS have been used to perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for multiple behavioral, physiological, and gene expression traits. GWAS using HS require four key steps, which we review: selection of an appropriate HS population, phenotyping, genotyping, and statistical analysis. We provide advice on the selection of an HS, comment on key issues related to phenotyping, discuss genotyping methods relevant to these populations, and describe statistical genetic analyses that are applicable to genetic analyses that use HS.
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8
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Yau ACY, Holmdahl R. Rheumatoid arthritis: identifying and characterising polymorphisms using rat models. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:1111-1123. [PMID: 27736747 PMCID: PMC5087835 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disorder characterised by erosive inflammation of the articular cartilage and by destruction of the synovial joints. It is regulated by both genetic and environmental factors, and, currently, there is no preventative treatment or cure for this disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified ∼100 new loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis, in addition to the already known locus within the major histocompatibility complex II region. However, together, these loci account for only a modest fraction of the genetic variance associated with this disease and very little is known about the pathogenic roles of most of the risk loci identified. Here, we discuss how rat models of rheumatoid arthritis are being used to detect quantitative trait loci that regulate different arthritic traits by genetic linkage analysis and to positionally clone the underlying causative genes using congenic strains. By isolating specific loci on a fixed genetic background, congenic strains overcome the challenges of genetic heterogeneity and environmental interactions associated with human studies. Most importantly, congenic strains allow functional experimental studies be performed to investigate the pathological consequences of natural genetic polymorphisms, as illustrated by the discovery of several major disease genes that contribute to arthritis in rats. We discuss how these advances have provided new biological insights into arthritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Y Yau
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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9
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Genome Sequencing of Chromosome 1 Substitution Lines Derived from Chinese Wild Mice Revealed a Unique Resource for Genetic Studies of Complex Traits. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3571-3580. [PMID: 27605517 PMCID: PMC5100856 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.033902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse resources such as Collaborative Cross, outbred stocks, Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel, and chromosome substitution strains have been instrumental to many progresses in the studies of complex traits genetics. We have established a population of chromosome 1 (Chr 1) substitution lines (C1SLs) in which donor chromosomes were derived from Chinese wild mice. Genome sequencing of 18 lines of this population showed that Chr 1 had been replaced by the donor chromosome. About 4.5 million unique single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels were discovered on Chr 1, of which 1.3 million were novel. Compared with sequenced classical inbred strains, Chr 1 of each C1SL had fivefold more variants, and more loss of function and potentially regulatory variants. Further haplotype analysis showed that the donor chromosome accumulated more historical recombination events, with the largest haplotype block being only 100 kb, and about 57% of the blocks were <1 kb. Subspecies origin analysis showed that these chromosomes had a mosaic genome structure that dominantly originated from Mus musculus musculus and M. m. castaneus subspecies, except for the C57BL/6J-Chr1KM line from M. m. domesticus. In addition, phenotyping four of these lines on blood biochemistry suggested that there were substantial phenotypic variations among our lines, especially line C57BL/6J-Chr1HZ and donor strain C57BL/6J. Further gene ontology enrichment revealed that the differentially expressed genes among liver-expressed genes between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J-Chr1HZ were enriched in lipid metabolism biological processes. All these characteristics enable C1SLs to be a unique resource for identifying and fine mapping quantitative trait loci on mouse Chr 1, and carrying out systems genetics studies of complex traits.
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10
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Guerard S, Boieri M, Hultqvist M, Holmdahl R, Wing K. The SKG Mutation in ZAP-70 also Confers Arthritis Susceptibility in C57 Black Mouse Strains. Scand J Immunol 2016; 84:3-11. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Guerard
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Boieri
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - M. Hultqvist
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Redoxis AB; Medicon Village Scheelevägen 2; Lund Sweden
| | - R. Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. Wing
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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11
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Lemcke S, Müller S, Möller S, Schillert A, Ziegler A, Cepok-Kauffeld S, Comabella M, Montalban X, Rülicke T, Nandakumar KS, Hemmer B, Holmdahl R, Pahnke J, Ibrahim SM. Nerve conduction velocity is regulated by the inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase II gene. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2420-9. [PMID: 25129256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of nerve conduction is common in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), and measurement of evoked potentials (visual, motor, or sensory) has been widely used for diagnosis and recently also as a prognostic marker for MS. We used a classical genetic approach to identify novel genes controlling nerve conduction. First, we used quantitative trait mapping in F2 progeny of B10/SJL mice to identify EAE31, a locus controlling latency of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and clinical onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Then, by combining congenic mapping, in silico haplotype analyses, and comparative genomics we identified inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase, type II (Inpp4b) as the quantitative trait gene for EAE31. Sequence variants of Inpp4b (C/A, exon 13; A/C, exon 14) were identified as differing among multiple mouse strains and correlated with individual cortical MEP latency differences. To evaluate the functional relevance of the amino acid exchanges at positions S474R and H548P, we generated transgenic mice carrying the longer-latency allele (Inpp4b(474R/548P)) in the C57BL/6J background. Inpp4b(474R/548P) mice exhibited significantly longer cortical MEP latencies (4.5 ± 0.22 ms versus 3.7 ± 0.13 ms; P = 1.04 × 10(-9)), indicating that INPP4B regulates nerve conduction velocity. An association of an INPP4B polymorphism (rs13102150) with MS was observed in German and Spanish MS cohorts (3676 controls and 911 cases) (P = 8.8 × 10(-3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lemcke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Susen Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Neurodegeneration Research Lab, Department of Neurology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Möller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sabine Cepok-Kauffeld
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research Division, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Neurodegeneration Research Lab, Department of Neurology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Saleh M Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Raposo B, Dobritzsch D, Ge C, Ekman D, Xu B, Lindh I, Förster M, Uysal H, Nandakumar KS, Schneider G, Holmdahl R. Epitope-specific antibody response is controlled by immunoglobulin V(H) polymorphisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:405-11. [PMID: 24534192 PMCID: PMC3949579 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epitope-specific antibody responses recognized by germline-encoded structures are of significant relevance for the development of autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. Autoantibody formation is essential for the development of certain autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-type II collagen (CII) antibodies are found in RA patients; they interact with cartilage in vivo and are often highly pathogenic in the mouse. Autoreactivity to CII is directed to multiple epitopes and conserved between mice and humans. We have previously mapped the antibody response to CII in a heterogeneous stock cohort of mice, with a strong association with the IgH locus. We positioned the genetic polymorphisms and determined the structural requirements controlling antibody recognition of one of the major CII epitopes. Polymorphisms at positions S31R and W33T of the associated variable heavy chain (VH) allele were identified and confirmed by gene sequencing. The Fab fragment binding the J1 epitope was crystallized, and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the importance of those two variants for antigen recognition. Back mutation to germline sequence provided evidence for a preexisting recognition of the J1 epitope. These data demonstrate a genetic association of epitope-specific antibody responses with specific VH alleles, and it highlights the importance of germline-encoded antibodies in the pathogenesis of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Raposo
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research and 2 Section for Molecular Structural Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Alves MM, Sribudiani Y, Brouwer RWW, Amiel J, Antiñolo G, Borrego S, Ceccherini I, Chakravarti A, Fernández RM, Garcia-Barcelo MM, Griseri P, Lyonnet S, Tam PK, van Ijcken WFJ, Eggen BJL, te Meerman GJ, Hofstra RMW. Contribution of rare and common variants determine complex diseases-Hirschsprung disease as a model. Dev Biol 2013; 382:320-9. [PMID: 23707863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Finding genes for complex diseases has been the goal of many genetic studies. Most of these studies have been successful by searching for genes and mutations in rare familial cases, by screening candidate genes and by performing genome wide association studies. However, only a small fraction of the total genetic risk for these complex genetic diseases can be explained by the identified mutations and associated genetic loci. In this review we focus on Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) as an example of a complex genetic disorder. We describe the genes identified in this congenital malformation and postulate that both common 'low penetrant' variants in combination with rare or private 'high penetrant' variants determine the risk on HSCR, and likely, on other complex diseases. We also discuss how new technological advances can be used to gain further insights in the genetic background of complex diseases. Finally, we outline a few steps to develop functional assays in order to determine the involvement of these variants in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Dr. Molewaterplein, 50, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Förster M, Raposo B, Ekman D, Klaczkowska D, Popovic M, Nandakumar KS, Lindvall T, Hultqvist M, Teneva I, Johannesson M, Ahlqvist E, Holmdahl R. Genetic control of antibody production during collagen-induced arthritis development in heterogeneous stock mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3594-603. [PMID: 22886420 DOI: 10.1002/art.34658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify genetic factors driving pathogenic autoantibody formation in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in order to better understand the etiology of RA and identify possible new avenues for therapeutic intervention. METHODS We performed a genome-wide analysis of quantitative trait loci controlling autoantibody to type II collagen (anti-CII), anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA), and rheumatoid factor (RF). To identify loci controlling autoantibody production, we induced CIA in a heterogeneous stock-derived mouse cohort, with contribution of 8 inbred mouse strains backcrossed to C57BL/10.Q. Serum samples were collected from 1,640 mice before arthritis onset and at the peak of the disease. Antibody concentrations were measured by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and linkage analysis was performed using a linear regression-based method. RESULTS We identified loci controlling formation of anti-CII of different IgG isotypes (IgG1, IgG3), antibodies to major CII epitopes (C1, J1, U1), antibodies to a citrullinated CII peptide (citC1), and RF. The anti-CII, ACPA, and RF responses were all found to be controlled by distinct genes, one of the most important loci being the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. CONCLUSION This comprehensive genetic analysis of autoantibody formation in CIA demonstrates an association not only of anti-CII, but interestingly also of ACPA and RF, with arthritis development in mice. These results underscore the importance of non-major histocompatibility complex genes in controlling the formation of clinically relevant autoantibodies.
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15
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Ghazalpour A, Rau CD, Farber CR, Bennett BJ, Orozco LD, van Nas A, Pan C, Allayee H, Beaven SW, Civelek M, Davis RC, Drake TA, Friedman RA, Furlotte N, Hui ST, Jentsch JD, Kostem E, Kang HM, Kang EY, Joo JW, Korshunov VA, Laughlin RE, Martin LJ, Ohmen JD, Parks BW, Pellegrini M, Reue K, Smith DJ, Tetradis S, Wang J, Wang Y, Weiss JN, Kirchgessner T, Gargalovic PS, Eskin E, Lusis AJ, LeBoeuf RC. Hybrid mouse diversity panel: a panel of inbred mouse strains suitable for analysis of complex genetic traits. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:680-92. [PMID: 22892838 PMCID: PMC3586763 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an association-based approach using classical inbred strains of mice in which we correct for population structure, which is very extensive in mice, using an efficient mixed-model algorithm. Our approach includes inbred parental strains as well as recombinant inbred strains in order to capture loci with effect sizes typical of complex traits in mice (in the range of 5% of total trait variance). Over the last few years, we have typed the hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) strains for a variety of clinical traits as well as intermediate phenotypes and have shown that the HMDP has sufficient power to map genes for highly complex traits with resolution that is in most cases less than a megabase. In this essay, we review our experience with the HMDP, describe various ongoing projects, and discuss how the HMDP may fit into the larger picture of common diseases and different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatole Ghazalpour
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christoph D. Rau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles R. Farber
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian J. Bennett
- Department of Genetics, and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Luz D. Orozco
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atila van Nas
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon W. Beaven
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard C. Davis
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A. Drake
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rick A. Friedman
- Department of Otology/Skull Base Surgery, House Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nick Furlotte
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon T. Hui
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. David Jentsch
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emrah Kostem
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eun Yong Kang
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jong Wha Joo
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Bioinformatics Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vyacheslav A. Korshunov
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rick E. Laughlin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Ohmen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, House Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian W. Parks
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Desmond J. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sotirios Tetradis
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Science, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Physiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James N. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Todd Kirchgessner
- Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Peter S. Gargalovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Computer Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Science, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renée C. LeBoeuf
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109-4725, USA
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Ermann J, Glimcher LH. After GWAS: mice to the rescue? Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:564-70. [PMID: 23031443 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of human autoimmune diseases remains incompletely understood, despite significant progress from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In this review we outline how studies in mice may help filling these knowledge gaps. Forward genetic approaches including mutagenesis screens and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies can identify candidate genes for in depth analysis in human patient populations. Reverse genetic approaches utilize genetically engineered mice to analyze the function of disease-associated genes and their variants. Inbred strains are a distinctive feature of mouse genetics and we discuss their history, advantages and disadvantages. Three factors need to be considered when comparing experimental results from studies in mice and humans: In addition to species-specific differences, phenotypes are affected by the genetic background of the mouse strain being analyzed, and by microbial factors. Despite of these complexities, mice are essential discovery tools in the post GWAS era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Ermann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Robert Brigham Arthritis Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
The dramatic increase in the amount of research data being produced necessarily leads to higher demands on statistical thresholds and on experimental planning. This is to avoid positive selection of multiple tested data. Here we would like to highlight the need for including littermate controls in animal experiments, in particular when genetically modified strains are analysed for quantitative phenotypes. Thus, this suggestion will have impact on most immunological experiments performed today.
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Cao D, Khmaladze I, Jia H, Bajtner E, Nandakumar KS, Blom T, Mo JA, Holmdahl R. Pathogenic Autoreactive B Cells Are Not Negatively Selected toward Matrix Protein Collagen II. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4451-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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