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Shah R, Eklund EA, Radenkovic S, Sadek M, Shammas I, Verberkmoes S, Ng BG, Freeze HH, Edmondson AC, He M, Kozicz T, Altassan R, Morava E. ALG13-Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (ALG13-CDG): Updated clinical and molecular review and clinical management guidelines. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108472. [PMID: 38703411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
ALG13-Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (CDG), is a rare X-linked CDG caused by pathogenic variants in ALG13 (OMIM 300776) that affects the N-linked glycosylation pathway. Affected individuals present with a predominantly neurological manifestation during infancy. Epileptic spasms are a common presenting symptom of ALG13-CDG. Other common phenotypes include developmental delay, seizures, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and hypotonia. Current management of ALG13-CDG is targeted to address patients' symptoms. To date, less than 100 individuals have been reported with ALG13-CDG. In this article, an international group of experts in CDG reviewed all reported individuals affected with ALG13-CDG and suggested diagnostic and management guidelines for ALG13-CDG. The guidelines are based on the best available data and expert opinion. Neurological symptoms dominate the phenotype of ALG13-CDG where epileptic spasm is confirmed to be the most common presenting symptom of ALG13-CDG in association with hypotonia and developmental delay. We propose that ACTH/prednisolone treatment should be trialed first, followed by vigabatrin, however ketogenic diet has been shown to have promising results in ALG13-CDG. In order to optimize medical management, we also suggest early cardiac, gastrointestinal, skeletal, and behavioral assessments in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameen Shah
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Erik A Eklund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Silvia Radenkovic
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mustafa Sadek
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ibrahim Shammas
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sanne Verberkmoes
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bobby G Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hudson H Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew C Edmondson
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ruqaiah Altassan
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medical Genomics, Centre for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.
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Kanmaz S, Yılmaz S, Olculu CB, Toprak DE, Ince T, Yılmaz Ö, Atas Y, Sen G, Şimşek E, Serin HM, Durmuşalioğlu EA, Işık E, Atik T, Aktan G, Cogulu O, Gokben S, Ozkınay F, Tekgul H. The Utility of Genetic Testing in Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome: A Step-Based Approach in the Next-Generation Sequencing Era. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 157:100-107. [PMID: 38905742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the utility of genetic testing for etiology-specific diagnosis (ESD) in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) with a step-based diagnostic approach in the next-generation sequencing (NGS) era. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 314 patients with IESS, followed by the Pediatric Neurology Division of Ege University Hospital between 2005 and 2021. The ESD was evaluated using a step-based approach: step I (clinical phenomenology), step II (neuroimaging), step III (metabolic screening), and step IV (genetic testing). The diagnostic utility of genetic testing was evaluated to compare the early-NGS period (2005 to 2013, n = 183) and the NGS era (2014 to 2021, n = 131). RESULTS An ESD was established in 221 of 314 (70.4%) infants with IESS: structural, 40.8%; genetic, 17.2%; metabolic, 8.3%; immune-infectious, 4.1%. The diagnostic yield of genetic testing increased from 8.9% to 41.7% in the cohort during the four follow-up periods. The rate of unknown etiology decreased from 34.9% to 22.1% during the follow-up periods. The genetic ESD was established as 27.4% with genetic testing in the NGS era. The genetic testing in the NGS era increased dramatically in subgroups with unknown and structural etiologies. The diagnostic yields of the epilepsy panels increased from 7.6% to 19.2%. However, the diagnostic yield of whole exome sequencing remained at similar levels during the early-NGS period at 54.5% and in the NGS era at 59%. CONCLUSIONS The more genetic ESD (27.4%) was defined for IESS in the NGS era with the implication of precision therapy (37.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Kanmaz
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Sanem Yılmaz
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye.
| | - Cemile Büşra Olculu
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Dilara Ece Toprak
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Tuğçe Ince
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Özlem Yılmaz
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Yavuz Atas
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Gursel Sen
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Erdem Şimşek
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Hepsen Mine Serin
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Enise Avcı Durmuşalioğlu
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Esra Işık
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Tahir Atik
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Gul Aktan
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Ozgur Cogulu
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Sarenur Gokben
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Ferda Ozkınay
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Hasan Tekgul
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkiye
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Kim SH, Seo J, Kwon SS, Teng LY, Won D, Shin S, Lee JS, Lee ST, Choi JR, Kang HC. Common genes and recurrent causative variants in 957 Asian patients with pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia 2024; 65:766-778. [PMID: 38073125 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify common genes and recurrent causative variants in a large group of Asian patients with different epilepsy syndromes and subgroups. METHODS Patients with unexplained pediatric-onset epilepsy were identified from the in-house Severance Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy Database. All patients underwent either exome sequencing or multigene panels from January 2017 to December 2019, at Severance Children's Hospital in Korea. Clinical data were extracted from the medical records. RESULTS Of the 957 patients studied, 947 (99.0%) were Korean and 570 were male (59.6%). The median age at testing was 4.91 years (interquartile range, 1.53-9.39). The overall diagnostic yield was 32.4% (310/957). Clinical exome sequencing yielded a diagnostic rate of 36.9% (134/363), whereas the epilepsy panel yielded a diagnostic rate of 29.9% (170/569). Diagnostic yield differed across epilepsy syndromes. It was high in Dravet syndrome (87.2%, 41/47) and early infantile developmental epileptic encephalopathy (60.7%, 17/28), but low in West syndrome (21.8%, 34/156) and myoclonic-atonic epilepsy (4.8%, 1/21). The most frequently implicated genes were SCN1A (n = 49), STXBP1 (n = 15), SCN2A (n = 14), KCNQ2 (n = 13), CDKL5 (n = 11), CHD2 (n = 9), SLC2A1 (n = 9), PCDH19 (n = 8), MECP2 (n = 6), SCN8A (n = 6), and PRRT2 (n = 5). The recurrent genetic abnormalities included 15q11.2 deletion/duplication (n = 9), Xq28 duplication (n = 5), PRRT2 deletion (n = 4), MECP2 duplication (n = 3), SCN1A, c.2556+3A>T (n = 3), and 2q24.3 deletion (n = 3). SIGNIFICANCE Here we present the results of a large-scale study conducted in East Asia, where we identified several common genes and recurrent variants that varied depending on specific epilepsy syndromes. The overall genetic landscape of the Asian population aligns with findings from other populations of varying ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieun Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Sung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lip-Yuen Teng
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - DongJu Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Saeam Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Soo Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Rak Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Snyder HE, Jain P, RamachandranNair R, Jones KC, Whitney R. Genetic Advancements in Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome and Opportunities for Precision Medicine. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:266. [PMID: 38540325 PMCID: PMC10970414 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a devastating developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) consisting of epileptic spasms, as well as one or both of developmental regression or stagnation and hypsarrhythmia on EEG. A myriad of aetiologies are associated with the development of IESS; broadly, 60% of cases are thought to be structural, metabolic or infectious in nature, with the remainder genetic or of unknown cause. Epilepsy genetics is a growing field, and over 28 copy number variants and 70 single gene pathogenic variants related to IESS have been discovered to date. While not exhaustive, some of the most commonly reported genetic aetiologies include trisomy 21 and pathogenic variants in genes such as TSC1, TSC2, CDKL5, ARX, KCNQ2, STXBP1 and SCN2A. Understanding the genetic mechanisms of IESS may provide the opportunity to better discern IESS pathophysiology and improve treatments for this condition. This narrative review presents an overview of our current understanding of IESS genetics, with an emphasis on animal models of IESS pathogenesis, the spectrum of genetic aetiologies of IESS (i.e., chromosomal disorders, single-gene disorders, trinucleotide repeat disorders and mitochondrial disorders), as well as available genetic testing methods and their respective diagnostic yields. Future opportunities as they relate to precision medicine and epilepsy genetics in the treatment of IESS are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Snyder
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Puneet Jain
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada
| | - Rajesh RamachandranNair
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Robyn Whitney
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada (R.R.)
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Ng ACH, Choudhary A, Barrett KT, Gavrilovici C, Scantlebury MH. Mechanisms of infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: What have we learned from animal models? Epilepsia 2024; 65:266-280. [PMID: 38036453 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The devastating developmental and epileptic encephalopathy of infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) has numerous causes, including, but not limited to, brain injury, metabolic, and genetic conditions. Given the stereotyped electrophysiologic, age-dependent, and clinical findings, there likely exists one or more final common pathways in the development of IESS. The identity of this final common pathway is unknown, but it may represent a novel therapeutic target for infantile spasms. Previous research on IESS has focused largely on identifying the neuroanatomic substrate using specialized neuroimaging techniques and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in human patients. Over the past three decades, several animal models of IESS were created with an aim to interrogate the underlying pathogenesis of IESS, to identify novel therapeutic targets, and to test various treatments. Each of these models have been successful at recapitulating multiple aspects of the human IESS condition. These animal models have implicated several different molecular pathways in the development of infantile spasms. In this review we outline the progress that has been made thus far using these animal models and discuss future directions to help researchers identify novel treatments for drug-resistant IESS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Cheuk-Him Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anamika Choudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karlene T Barrett
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cezar Gavrilovici
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Liang Y, Wan L, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu G, Yang G. Infantile epileptic spasm syndrome as a new NR2F1 gene phenotype. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024; 84:75-83. [PMID: 38010976 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NR2F1 pathogenetic variants are associated with the Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome (BBSOAS). Recent studies indicate that BBSOAS patients not only have visual impairments but may also have developmental delays, hypotonia, thin corpus callosum and epileptic seizures. However, reports of BBSOAS occurrence along with infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) are rare. METHODS Here, we report three cases involving children with IESS and BBSOAS caused by de novo NR2F1 pathogenetic variants and summarize the genotype, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of them. RESULTS All three children experienced epileptic spasms and global developmental delays, with brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) suggesting abnormalities (thinning of the corpus callosum or widened extracerebral spaces) and two of the children exhibiting abnormal visual evoked potentials. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that new missense NR2F1 pathogenetic variants may lead to IESS with abnormal visual evoked potentials. Thus, clinicians should be aware of the Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome and regular monitoring of the fundus, and the optic nerve is necessary during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xinting Liu
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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Nagarajan B, Gowda VK, Yoganathan S, Sharawat IK, Srivastava K, Vora N, Badheka R, Danda S, Kalane U, Kaur A, Madaan P, Mehta S, Negi S, Panda PK, Rajadhyaksha S, Saini AG, Saini L, Shah S, Srinivasan VM, Suthar R, Thomas M, Vyas S, Sankhyan N, Sahu JK. Landscape of genetic infantile epileptic spasms syndrome-A multicenter cohort of 124 children from India. Epilepsia Open 2023; 8:1383-1404. [PMID: 37583270 PMCID: PMC10690684 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Literature on the genotypic spectrum of Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (IESS) in children is scarce in developing countries. This multicentre collaboration evaluated the genotypic and phenotypic landscape of genetic IESS in Indian children. METHODS Between January 2021 and June 2022, this cross-sectional study was conducted at six centers in India. Children with genetically confirmed IESS, without definite structural-genetic and structural-metabolic etiology, were recruited and underwent detailed in-person assessment for phenotypic characterization. The multicentric data on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of genetic IESS were collated and analyzed. RESULTS Of 124 probands (60% boys, history of consanguinity in 15%) with genetic IESS, 105 had single gene disorders (104 nuclear and one mitochondrial), including one with concurrent triple repeat disorder (fragile X syndrome), and 19 had chromosomal disorders. Of 105 single gene disorders, 51 individual genes (92 variants including 25 novel) were identified. Nearly 85% of children with monogenic nuclear disorders had autosomal inheritance (dominant-55.2%, recessive-14.2%), while the rest had X-linked inheritance. Underlying chromosomal disorders included trisomy 21 (n = 14), Xq28 duplication (n = 2), and others (n = 3). Trisomy 21 (n = 14), ALDH7A1 (n = 10), SCN2A (n = 7), CDKL5 (n = 6), ALG13 (n = 5), KCNQ2 (n = 4), STXBP1 (n = 4), SCN1A (n = 4), NTRK2 (n = 4), and WWOX (n = 4) were the dominant single gene causes of genetic IESS. The median age at the onset of epileptic spasms (ES) and establishment of genetic diagnosis was 5 and 12 months, respectively. Pre-existing developmental delay (94.3%), early age at onset of ES (<6 months; 86.2%), central hypotonia (81.4%), facial dysmorphism (70.1%), microcephaly (77.4%), movement disorders (45.9%) and autistic features (42.7%) were remarkable clinical findings. Seizures other than epileptic spasms were observed in 83 children (66.9%). Pre-existing epilepsy syndrome was identified in 21 (16.9%). Nearly 60% had an initial response to hormonal therapy. SIGNIFICANCE Our study highlights a heterogenous genetic landscape and phenotypic pleiotropy in children with genetic IESS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Nagarajan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | - Vykuntaraju K. Gowda
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyIndira Gandhi Institute of Child HealthBengaluruIndia
| | - Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological SciencesChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | - Indar Kumar Sharawat
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of PediatricsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesRishikeshIndia
| | - Kavita Srivastava
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsBharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical CollegePuneIndia
| | - Nitish Vora
- Royal Institute of Child NeurosciencesAhmedabadIndia
| | - Rahul Badheka
- Royal Institute of Child NeurosciencesAhmedabadIndia
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Medical GeneticsChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | - Umesh Kalane
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of PediatricsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesRishikeshIndia
| | - Anupriya Kaur
- Genetics and Metabolic Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | - Priyanka Madaan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyAmrita Institute of Medical SciencesFaridabadIndia
| | - Sanjiv Mehta
- Royal Institute of Child NeurosciencesAhmedabadIndia
| | - Sandeep Negi
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | - Prateek Kumar Panda
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of PediatricsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesRishikeshIndia
| | - Surekha Rajadhyaksha
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsBharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical CollegePuneIndia
| | - Arushi Gahlot Saini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | - Lokesh Saini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
- Department of PediatricsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesJodhpurIndia
| | | | | | - Renu Suthar
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | - Maya Thomas
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological SciencesChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | - Sameer Vyas
- Division of Neuroimaging and Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiodiagnosis and ImagingPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | - Naveen Sankhyan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | - Jitendra Kumar Sahu
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of PediatricsPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
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Ünalp A, Güzin Y, Ünay B, Tosun A, Çavuşoğlu D, Tekin HG, Kurul SH, Arhan E, Edizer S, Öztürk G, Yiş U, Yılmaz Ü. Retracted: Clinical and genetic evaluations of rare childhood epilepsies in Turkey's national cohort. Epileptic Disord 2023; 25:924. [PMID: 37584621 DOI: 10.1002/epd2.20150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Aycan Ünalp, Yiğithan Güzin, Bülent Ünay, Ayşe Tosun, Dilek Çavuşoğlu, Hande Gazeteci Tekin, Semra Hız Kurul, Ebru Arhan, Selvinaz Edizer, Gülten Öztürk, Uluç Yiş, Ünsal Yılmaz, Turkish Rare Epilepsies Study Group, Clinical and genetic evaluations of rare childhood epilepsies in Turkey's national cohort, Epileptic Disorders, 2023, (https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.20150) The above article, published online on 16 August 2023 on Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Editor-in-Chief, Sándor Beniczky, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The authors asked for a retraction based on an experimental error which would alter the results of the study if corrected.
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Tello JA, Jiang L, Zohar Y, Restifo LL. Drosophila CASK regulates brain size and neuronal morphogenesis, providing a genetic model of postnatal microcephaly suitable for drug discovery. Neural Dev 2023; 18:6. [PMID: 37805506 PMCID: PMC10559581 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-023-00174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CASK-related neurodevelopmental disorders are untreatable. Affected children show variable severity, with microcephaly, intellectual disability (ID), and short stature as common features. X-linked human CASK shows dosage sensitivity with haploinsufficiency in females. CASK protein has multiple domains, binding partners, and proposed functions at synapses and in the nucleus. Human and Drosophila CASK show high amino-acid-sequence similarity in all functional domains. Flies homozygous for a hypomorphic CASK mutation (∆18) have motor and cognitive deficits. A Drosophila genetic model of CASK-related disorders could have great scientific and translational value. METHODS We assessed the effects of CASK loss of function on morphological phenotypes in Drosophila using established genetic, histological, and primary neuronal culture approaches. NeuronMetrics software was used to quantify neurite-arbor morphology. Standard nonparametric statistics methods were supplemented by linear mixed effects modeling in some cases. Microfluidic devices of varied dimensions were fabricated and numerous fluid-flow parameters were used to induce oscillatory stress fields on CNS tissue. Dissociation into viable neurons and neurite outgrowth in vitro were assessed. RESULTS We demonstrated that ∆18 homozygous flies have small brains, small heads, and short bodies. When neurons from developing CASK-mutant CNS were cultured in vitro, they grew small neurite arbors with a distinctive, quantifiable "bushy" morphology that was significantly rescued by transgenic CASK+. As in humans, the bushy phenotype showed dosage-sensitive severity. To overcome the limitations of manual tissue trituration for neuronal culture, we optimized the design and operation of a microfluidic system for standardized, automated dissociation of CNS tissue into individual viable neurons. Neurons from CASK-mutant CNS dissociated in the microfluidic system recapitulate the bushy morphology. Moreover, for any given genotype, device-dissociated neurons grew larger arbors than did manually dissociated neurons. This automated dissociation method is also effective for rodent CNS. CONCLUSIONS These biological and engineering advances set the stage for drug discovery using the Drosophila model of CASK-related disorders. The bushy phenotype provides a cell-based assay for compound screening. Nearly a dozen genes encoding CASK-binding proteins or transcriptional targets also have brain-development mutant phenotypes, including ID. Hence, drugs that improve CASK phenotypes might also benefit children with disorders due to mutant CASK partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Tello
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5023, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Linan Jiang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Yitshak Zohar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- BIO5 Interdisciplinary Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Linda L Restifo
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5023, USA.
- BIO5 Interdisciplinary Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Toudji I, Toumi A, Chamberland É, Rossignol E. Interneuron odyssey: molecular mechanisms of tangential migration. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1256455. [PMID: 37779671 PMCID: PMC10538647 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1256455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons are critical components of neural networks. They provide local and long-range inhibition and help coordinate network activities involved in various brain functions, including signal processing, learning, memory and adaptative responses. Disruption of cortical GABAergic interneuron migration thus induces profound deficits in neural network organization and function, and results in a variety of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. It is thus of paramount importance to elucidate the specific mechanisms that govern the migration of interneurons to clarify some of the underlying disease mechanisms. GABAergic interneurons destined to populate the cortex arise from multipotent ventral progenitor cells located in the ganglionic eminences and pre-optic area. Post-mitotic interneurons exit their place of origin in the ventral forebrain and migrate dorsally using defined migratory streams to reach the cortical plate, which they enter through radial migration before dispersing to settle in their final laminar allocation. While migrating, cortical interneurons constantly change their morphology through the dynamic remodeling of actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeleton as they detect and integrate extracellular guidance cues generated by neuronal and non-neuronal sources distributed along their migratory routes. These processes ensure proper distribution of GABAergic interneurons across cortical areas and lamina, supporting the development of adequate network connectivity and brain function. This short review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling cortical GABAergic interneuron migration, with a focus on tangential migration, and addresses potential avenues for cell-based interneuron progenitor transplants in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Toudji
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Asmaa Toumi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Émile Chamberland
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Rossignol
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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11
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Mori T, Zhou M, Tabuchi K. Diverse Clinical Phenotypes of CASK-Related Disorders and Multiple Functional Domains of CASK Protein. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1656. [PMID: 37628707 PMCID: PMC10454856 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CASK-related disorders are a form of rare X-linked neurological diseases and most of the patients are females. They are characterized by several symptoms, including microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH), epilepsy, congenital nystagmus, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Whole-genome sequencing has identified various mutations, including nonsense and missense mutations, from patients with CASK-related disorders, revealing correlations between specific mutations and clinical phenotypes. Notably, missense mutations associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability were found throughout the whole region of the CASK protein, while missense mutations related to microcephaly and MICPCH were restricted in certain domains. To investigate the pathophysiology of CASK-related disorders, research groups have employed diverse methods, including the generation of CASK knockout mice and the supplementation of CASK to rescue the phenotypes. These approaches have yielded valuable insights into the identification of functional domains of the CASK protein associated with a specific phenotype. Additionally, recent advancements in the AI-based prediction of protein structure, such as AlphaFold2, and the application of genome-editing techniques to generate CASK mutant mice carrying missense mutations from patients with CASK-related disorders, allow us to understand the pathophysiology of CASK-related disorders in more depth and to develop novel therapeutic methods for the fundamental treatment of CASK-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Mori
- Department of Neuroinnovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
| | - Mengyun Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Neuroinnovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
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Kessi M, Chen B, Shan LD, Wang Y, Yang L, Yin F, He F, Peng J, Wang G. Genotype-phenotype correlations of STXBP1 pathogenic variants and the treatment choices for STXBP1-related disorders in China. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:46. [PMID: 36882827 PMCID: PMC9990233 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to analyze the genotype-phenotype correlations of STXBP1 pathogenic variants, prognostic factors and the treatment choices in a case-series of STXBP1-related disorders from China. METHODS The clinical data and genetic results of the children diagnosed with STXBP1-related disorders at Xiangya hospital from 2011 to 2019 were collected retrospectively, and analyzed. We divided our patients into groups for comparison purposes: patients with missense variants and nonsense variants, patients who are seizure-free and not seizure-free, patients with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID) and severe to profound global developmental delay (GDD). RESULTS Nineteen patients were enrolled: 17 (89.5%) unrelated and 2 (10.5%) familial. Twelve (63.2%) were females. Developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) was observed in 18 (94.7%) patients and ID alone in 1 (5.3%) individual. Thirteen patients (68.4%) had profound ID/GDD, 4 (23.53%) severe, 1 (5.9%) moderate and 1 (5.9%) mild. Three patients (15.8%) with profound ID died. A total of 19 variants were detected: pathogenic (n = 15) and likely pathogenic (n = 4). Seven were novel variants: c.664-1G>-, M486R, H245N, H498Pfs*44, L41R, L410del, and D90H. Of the 8 previous reported variants, 2 were recurrent: R406C and R292C. Anti-seizure medications were used in combinations, and 7 patients became seizure-free, and most of them achieved seizure freedom within the first 2 years of life irrespective of the type of the mutation. Effective medications for the seizure-free individuals included adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) and/or levetiracetam and/or phenobarbital and/or sodium valproate and/or topiramate and/or vigabatrin and/or nitrazepam. There was no correlation between the types of pathogenic variants and the phenotypes. CONCLUSION Our case-series showed that there is no genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with STXBP1-related disorders. This study adds 7 novel variants which expand the spectrum of STXBP1-related disorders. Combinations of levetiracetam and/or sodium valproate and/or ACTH and/or phenobarbital and/or vigabatrin and/or topiramate and/or nitrazepam were more often associated with seizure freedom in our cohort within 2 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kessi
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Baiyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Dan Shan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guoli Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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13
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Ryner RF, Derera ID, Armbruster M, Kansara A, Sommer ME, Pirone A, Noubary F, Jacob M, Dulla CG. Cortical Parvalbumin-Positive Interneuron Development and Function Are Altered in the APC Conditional Knockout Mouse Model of Infantile and Epileptic Spasms Syndrome. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1422-1440. [PMID: 36717229 PMCID: PMC9987578 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0572-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile and epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by infantile or late-onset spasms, abnormal neonatal EEG, and epilepsy. Few treatments exist for IESS, clinical outcomes are poor, and the molecular and circuit-level etiologies of IESS are not well understood. Multiple human IESS risk genes are linked to Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a pathway that controls developmental transcriptional programs and promotes glutamatergic excitation via β-catenin's role as a synaptic scaffold. We previously showed that deleting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a component of the β-catenin destruction complex, in excitatory neurons (APC cKO mice, APCfl/fl x CaMKIIαCre) increased β-catenin levels in developing glutamatergic neurons and led to infantile behavioral spasms, abnormal neonatal EEG, and adult epilepsy. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the development of GABAergic interneurons (INs) is disrupted in APC cKO male and female mice. IN dysfunction is implicated in human IESS, is a feature of other rodent models of IESS, and may contribute to the manifestation of spasms and seizures. We found that parvalbumin-positive INs (PV+ INs), an important source of cortical inhibition, were decreased in number, underwent disproportionate developmental apoptosis, and had altered dendrite morphology at P9, the peak of behavioral spasms. PV+ INs received excessive excitatory input, and their intrinsic ability to fire action potentials was reduced at all time points examined (P9, P14, P60). Subsequently, GABAergic transmission onto pyramidal neurons was uniquely altered in the somatosensory cortex of APC cKO mice at all ages, with both decreased IPSC input at P14 and enhanced IPSC input at P9 and P60. These results indicate that inhibitory circuit dysfunction occurs in APC cKOs and, along with known changes in excitation, may contribute to IESS-related phenotypes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Infantile and epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a devastating epilepsy with limited treatment options and poor clinical outcomes. The molecular, cellular, and circuit disruptions that cause infantile spasms and seizures are largely unknown, but inhibitory GABAergic interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in rodent models of IESS and may contribute to human IESS. Here, we use a rodent model of IESS, the APC cKO mouse, in which β-catenin signaling is increased in excitatory neurons. This results in altered parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneuron development and GABAergic synaptic dysfunction throughout life, showing that pathology arising in excitatory neurons can initiate long-term interneuron dysfunction. Our findings further implicate GABAergic dysfunction in IESS, even when pathology is initiated in other neuronal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael F Ryner
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Isabel D Derera
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Moritz Armbruster
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Anar Kansara
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Mary E Sommer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Antonella Pirone
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Farzad Noubary
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michele Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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14
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Riikonen R. Biochemical mechanisms in pathogenesis of infantile epileptic spasm syndrome. Seizure 2023; 105:1-9. [PMID: 36634586 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms leading to infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) remain obscure. The only common factor seems to be that the spasms are restricted to a limited period of infancy, during a certain maturational state. Here the current literature regarding the biochemical mechanisms of brain maturation in IESS is reviewed, and various hypotheses of the pathophysiology are put together. They include: (1) imbalance of inhibitory (NGF, IGF-1, ACTH, GABA) and excitatory factors (glutamate, nitrites) which distinguishes the different etiological subgroups, (2) abnormality of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis linking insults and early life stress, (3) inflammation (4) yet poorly known genetic and epigenetic factors, and (5) glucocorticoid and vigabatrin action on brain development, pinpointing at molecular targets of the pathophysiology from another angle. An altered maturational process may explain why so many, seemingly independent etiological factors lead to the same clinical syndrome and frequently to developmental delay. Understanding these factors can provide ideas for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raili Riikonen
- Children's Hospital, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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15
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Boonsimma P, Ittiwut C, Kamolvisit W, Ittiwut R, Chetruengchai W, Phokaew C, Srichonthong C, Poonmaksatit S, Desudchit T, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. Exome sequencing as first-tier genetic testing in infantile-onset pharmacoresistant epilepsy: diagnostic yield and treatment impact. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:179-187. [PMID: 36198807 PMCID: PMC9905506 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacoresistant epilepsy presenting during infancy poses both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We aim to identify diagnostic yield and treatment implications of exome sequencing (ES) as first-tier genetic testing for infantile-onset pharmacoresistant epilepsy. From June 2016 to December 2020, we enrolled patients with infantile-onset (age ≤ 12 months) pharmacoresistant epilepsy. 103 unrelated patients underwent ES. Clinical characteristics and changes in management due to the molecular diagnosis were studied. 42% (43/103) had epilepsy onset within the first month of life. After ES as first-tier genetic testing, 62% (64/103) of the cases were solved. Two partially solved cases (2%; 2/103) with heterozygous variants identified in ALDH7A1 known to cause autosomal recessive pyridoxine dependent epilepsy underwent genome sequencing (GS). Two novel large deletions in ALDH7A1 were detected in both cases. ES identified 66 pathogenic and likely pathogenic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in 27 genes. 19 variants have not been previously reported. GS identified two additional copy number variations (CNVs). The most common disease-causing genes are SCN1A (13%; 13/103) and KCNQ2 (8%; 8/103). Eight percent (8/103) of the patients had treatable disorders and specific treatments were provided resulting in seizure freedom. Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy was the most common treatable epilepsy (6%; 6/103). Furthermore, 35% (36/103) had genetic defects which guided gene-specific treatments. Altogether, the diagnostic yield is 64%. Molecular diagnoses change management in 43% of the cases. This study substantiates the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) as the first-tier genetic investigation in infantile-onset pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponghatai Boonsimma
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chupong Ittiwut
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wuttichart Kamolvisit
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Ittiwut
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wanna Chetruengchai
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chureerat Phokaew
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chalurmpon Srichonthong
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sathida Poonmaksatit
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tayard Desudchit
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanya Suphapeetiporn
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Sakpichaisakul K, Boonkrongsak R, Lertbutsayanukul P, Iemwimangsa N, Klumsathian S, Panthan B, Trachoo O. Epileptic spasms related to neuronal differentiation factor 2 (NEUROD2) mutation respond to combined vigabatrin and high dose prednisolone therapy. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:461. [PMID: 36494631 PMCID: PMC9733267 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epileptic spasms are a devastating form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) with various etiologies. Early diagnosis and a shorter lead time to treatment are crucial to stop the seizures and optimize the neurodevelopmental outcome. Genetic testing has become an integral part of epilepsy care that directly guides management and family planning and discovers new targeted treatments. Neuronal differentiation Factor 2 (NEUROD2) variants have recently been a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and EIEEs with distinctive features. However, there is limited information about the clinical and electroencephalographic response of epileptic spasm treatment in NEUROD2-related NDD syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION We report a female patient of Southeast Asian ethnicity with global developmental delay and epileptic spasms commencing in the first few months of life. A novel de novo heterozygous pathogenic NEUROD2 variant, p. E130Q, was subsequently identified by whole-exome sequencing. Electroencephalogram before treatment showed multifocal independent spikes predominantly in both posterior head regions and demonstrated marked improvement following combined vigabatrin and high-dose prednisolone treatment. However, multiple courses of relapse occurred after weaning off the antiseizure medication. CONCLUSIONS We propose that epileptic spasms related to de novo NEUROD2 pathogenic variant respond well to combined vigabatrin and high-dose prednisolone therapy. These findings may imply the benefit of using combination therapy to treat epileptic spasms in NEUROD2-related NDD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kullasate Sakpichaisakul
- grid.415584.90000 0004 0576 1386Department of Pediatrics, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Rachata Boonkrongsak
- grid.415584.90000 0004 0576 1386Department of Pediatrics, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | | | - Nareenart Iemwimangsa
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Centre for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Sommon Klumsathian
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Centre for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | | | - Objoon Trachoo
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Centre for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6 Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Liu LY, Lu Q, Wang QH, Wang YY, Zhang B, Zou LP. Diagnostic yield of a multi-strategy genetic testing procedure in a nationwide cohort of 728 patients with infantile spasms in China. Seizure 2022; 103:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Lee S, Kim BR, Kim YO. Rates of rare copy number variants in different circumstances among patients with genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221131233. [PMID: 36217831 PMCID: PMC10481157 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221131233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) have genetic etiology, which has been uncovered with different methods. Although chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has been broadly used in patients with DEE, data is still limited. METHODS Among 560 children (<18 years) who underwent CMA in our hospital between January 2013 and June 2021, 146 patients with developmental delay and recurrent seizures were screened. Patients with major brain abnormalities, metabolic abnormalities, and specific syndromes were excluded. The rate of rare copy number variants (CNVs) was estimated in total and according to seizure-onset age, relation to first seizure with the diagnosis of developmental delay, epilepsy syndromes, and organ anomalies. RESULTS Among the 110 patients enrolled, the rate of rare CNVs was 16.4%, varying by seizure-onset age: 33.3% in three neonates, 21.2% in 33 infants, 13.3% in 45 early childhood patients, 5.3% in 19 late childhood patients, and 30.0% in 10 adolescents. In relation to the first seizure with the diagnosis of developmental delay, the rates were 3.7%, 22.2%, and 12.5% in "before", "after", and "concurrent" subclasses, respectively. The rates of rare CNVs were 16.7% in "other predominantly focal or multifocal epilepsy", 28.6% in "other predominantly generalized epilepsy (PGE)", and 15.4% in West syndrome. The rates were 27.8% in minor brain anomalies, 37.5% in facial dysmorphism, and 22.2%, 20.0%, and 57.1% in endocrine, genitourinary and cardiovascular anomalies, respectively. CONCLUSION The rate of rare CNVs in patients with genetic DEE was 16.4% in total, which was higher in seizures occurring below the infantile period or after the diagnosis of developmental delay, in PGE, and in the presence of facial dysmorphism or cardiovascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Children’s Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ok Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Children’s Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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19
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Yan J, Kothur K, Innes EA, Han VX, Jones HF, Patel S, Tsang E, Webster R, Gupta S, Troedson C, Menezes MP, Antony J, Ardern-Holmes S, Tantsis E, Mohammad S, Wienholt L, Pires AS, Heng B, Guillemin GJ, Guller A, Gill D, Bandodkar S, Dale RC. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid in epileptic spasms: A biomarker of response to corticosteroids. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104280. [PMID: 36174397 PMCID: PMC9515432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epileptic (previously infantile) spasms is the most common epileptic encephalopathy occurring during infancy and is frequently associated with abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes. Epileptic spasms have a diverse range of known (genetic, structural) and unknown aetiologies. High dose corticosteroid treatment for 4 weeks often induces remission of spasms, although the mechanism of action of corticosteroid is unclear. Animal models of epileptic spasms have shown decreased brain kynurenic acid, which is increased after treatment with the ketogenic diet. We quantified kynurenine pathway metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of infants with epileptic spasms and explored clinical correlations. Methods A panel of nine metabolites in the kynurenine pathway (tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, and picolinic acid) were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CSF collected from paediatric patients less than 3 years of age with epileptic spasms (n=34, 19 males, mean age 0.85, median 0.6, range 0.3–3 yrs) were compared with other epilepsy syndromes (n=26, 9 males, mean age 1.44, median 1.45, range 0.3–3 yrs), other non-inflammatory neurological diseases (OND) (n=29, 18 males, mean age 1.47, median 1.6, range 0.1–2.9 yrs) and inflammatory neurological controls (n=12, 4 males, mean age 1.80, median 1.80, range 0.8–2.5 yrs). Findings There was a statistically significant decrease of CSF kynurenic acid in patients with epileptic spasms compared to OND (p<0.0001). In addition, the kynurenic acid/kynurenine (KYNA/KYN) ratio was lower in the epileptic spasms subgroup compared to OND (p<0.0001). Epileptic spasms patients who were steroid responders or partial steroid responders had lower KYNA/KYN ratio compared to patients who were refractory to steroids (p<0.005, p<0.05 respectively). Interpretation This study demonstrates decreased CSF kynurenic acid and KYNA/KYN in epileptic spasms, which may also represent a biomarker for steroid responsiveness. Given the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of kynurenic acid, further therapeutics able to increase kynurenic acid should be explored. Funding Financial support for the study was granted by Dale NHMRC Investigator grant APP1193648, Petre Foundation, Cerebral Palsy Alliance and Department of Biochemistry at the Children's Hospital at Westmead. Prof Guillemin is funded by NHMRC Investigator grant APP1176660 and Macquarie University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Yan
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kavitha Kothur
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily A Innes
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Velda X Han
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannah F Jones
- Starship Hospital, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shrujna Patel
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erica Tsang
- Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Webster
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sachin Gupta
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Troedson
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Manoj P Menezes
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jayne Antony
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone Ardern-Holmes
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Esther Tantsis
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shekeeb Mohammad
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise Wienholt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ananda S Pires
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Guller
- Computational NeuroSurgery Lab, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deepak Gill
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sushil Bandodkar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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20
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Mutation in the STXBP1 Gene Associated with Early Onset West Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatr Rep 2022; 14:386-395. [PMID: 36278550 PMCID: PMC9589999 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric14040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntaxin-binding protein1 (STXBP1) is a member of the Sec1/Munc18-1 protein family, which comprises important regulators of the secretory and synaptic vesicle fusion machinery underlying hormonal and neuronal transmission, respectively. STXBP1 pathogenic variants are associated with multiple neurological disorders. Herein, we present the case of a Japanese girl with a mutation in the STXBP1 gene, who was born at 40 weeks without neonatal asphyxia. At 15 days old, she developed epilepsy and generalized seizures. Around 88 days old, she presented with a series of nodding spasms, with the seizure frequency gradually increasing. Interictal EEG indicated hypsarrhythmia and she presented with developmental regression. At 1.5 years old, genetic testing was performed and mutational analysis revealed an STXBP1 gene mutation (c.875G > A: p.Arg292His). Accordingly, she was diagnosed with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, presenting West syndrome’s clinical characteristics caused by the STXBP1 gene mutation. Although drug treatment has reduced the frequency of epileptic seizures, her development has remained regressive. The relationship between the location and type of genetic abnormality and the phenotype remains unclear. Future studies should investigate the genotype−phenotype correlation and the underlying pathophysiology to elucidate the causal relationships among the multiple phenotype-determining factors.
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21
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Lee S, Jang S, Kim JI, Chae JH, Kim KJ, Lim BC. Whole genomic approach in mutation discovery of infantile spasms patients. Front Neurol 2022; 13:944905. [PMID: 35937050 PMCID: PMC9354570 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.944905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of epilepsy disorders in early infancy. The genetic backgrounds of IS have been gradually unraveled along with the increased application of next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, to date, only selected genomic regions have been sequenced using a targeted approach in most cases of IS, and the genetic etiologies of the majority of patients remain unknown. We conducted a proof-of-concept study using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for the genetic diagnosis of IS. We included 16 patients with IS for this study, and WGS was applied as a first-tier test for genetic diagnosis. In total, we sequenced the whole genomes of 28 participants, including the genomes of six patients, which were sequenced with those of their parents. Among variants identified, we focused on those located in epilepsy or seizure-associated genes. We used two different methods to call relevant large deletions from WGS results. We found pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in four patients (25.0%); a de novo variant in HDAC4, compound heterozygous variants in GRM7, and heterozygous variants in CACNA1E and KMT2E. We also selected two more candidate variants in SOX5 and SHROOM4 intronic regions. Although there are currently several difficulties in applying WGS for genetic diagnosis, especially in clinical interpretation of non-coding variants, we believe that developing sequencing technologies would overcome these hurdles in the near future. Considering the vast genetic heterogeneity and the substantial portion of patients with unknown etiologies, further studies using whole genomic approaches are necessary for patients with IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbok Lee
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sesong Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Medical Research Center, Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chae
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byung Chan Lim
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22
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Cai T, Huang J, Ma X, Hu S, Zhu L, Zhu J, Feng Z. Case Report: Identification of Two Variants of ALG13 in Families With or Without Seizure and Binocular Strabismus: Phenotypic Spectrum Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:892940. [PMID: 35899201 PMCID: PMC9310169 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.892940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genetic causes in most affected children with intellectual disability and/or development delay remain unknown. Methods: To identify potential variants responsible for these disorders, we recruited 161 affected families and performed whole-exome sequencing and associated bioinformatics analysis. Results: In the present study, we report the identification of variants in the ALG13 gene in two of the families. In family 1, a known pathogenic missense variant (c.23T > C; p.V8A) of ALG13 was identified in a boy and his mother. In family 2, a novel missense variant (c.862C > G; p.L288V) of the same gene was identified in the affected boy and his phenotypically normal mother. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis by comparing reported 28 different variants (HGMD) showed that three major phenotypes, including various seizures/epilepsy, intellectual disability, and development delay (such as growth, speech, motor, etc.), are present in most affected individuals. However, other phenotypes, such as strabismus and absence of seizure in our second patient, are not reported if any, which may represent a unique case of X-linked recessive nonsyndromic disorder caused by a mutation in ALG13. Conclusion: We identified two missense variants in ALG13 in a cohort of 161 families with affected individuals diagnosed as intellectual disability and/or development delay. A novel c.862C > G mutation may represent a case of X-linked recessive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cai
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Experimental Medicine Section, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Tao Cai, ; Zhichun Feng,
| | - Jieting Huang
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Organ Failure, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwei Ma
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Hu
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,The National Engineering Laboratory for Birth Defects Prevention and Control of Key Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwen Zhu
- Angen Gene Medicine Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichun Feng
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Organ Failure, Beijing, China,The National Engineering Laboratory for Birth Defects Prevention and Control of Key Technology, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Tao Cai, ; Zhichun Feng,
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23
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Madaan P, Kaushal Y, Srivastava P, Crow YJ, Livingston JH, Ahuja C, Sankhyan N. Delineating the epilepsy phenotype of NRROS-related microgliopathy: A case report and literature review. Seizure 2022; 100:15-20. [PMID: 35716448 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative regulator of reactive oxygen species (NRROS) related microgliopathy, a rare and recently recognized neurodegenerative condition, is caused by pathogenic variants in the NRROS gene, which plays a major role in the regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1. METHODS We report a child presenting with infantile spasms syndrome (ISS) with subsequent progressive neurodegeneration who was identified to harbour a novel likely pathogenic NRROS variant (c.1359del; p.Ser454Alafs*11). The previously published reports of patients with this disorder were also reviewed systematically. RESULTS Including our index patient, 11 children (6 girls) were identified in total. Early development was normal in seven of these eleven children. All had a history of drug-resistant epilepsy, with 3 having epileptic spasms. The median age at seizure onset and developmental regression was 12 months, and the median age at death was 36 months. Intracranial calcifications were described in eight of eleven children. Neuroimaging revealed progressive cerebral atrophy and white matter loss in all children. The most common reported genetic variation was c.1981delC; (p.Leu661Serfs*97) observed in two families (likely due to a founder effect). CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic variants in NRROS should be suspected in children with neuro-regression and drug-resistant epilepsy including ISS with onset in the first two years of life. Punctate or serpiginous calcifications at the grey-white matter junction and acquired microcephaly are further clues towards the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Madaan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashovardhan Kaushal
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Yanick J Crow
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - John H Livingston
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
| | - Chirag Ahuja
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging (Section of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology), PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naveen Sankhyan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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24
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Zhang Y, Nie Y, Mu Y, Zheng J, Xu X, Zhang F, Shu J, Liu Y. A de novo variant in CASK gene causing intellectual disability and brain hypoplasia: a case report and literature review. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:73. [PMID: 35550617 PMCID: PMC9097383 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic variation of CASK gene can cause CASK related mental disorders. The main clinical manifestations are microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, X-linked mental disorders with or without nystagmus and FG syndrome. The main pathogenic mechanism is the loss of function of related protein caused by variant. We reported a Chinese male newborn with a de novo variant in CASK gene. Case presentation We present an 18-day-old baby with growth retardation and brain hypoplasia. Whole-exome sequencing was performed, which detected a hemizygous missense variant c.764G > A of CASK gene. The variant changed the 255th amino acid from Arg to His. Software based bioinformatics analyses were conducted to infer its functional effect. Conclusions In this paper, a de novo variant of CASK gene was reported. Moreover, a detailed description of all the cases described in the literature is reported. CASK variants cause a variety of clinical phenotypes. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of typical clinical symptoms. Genetic testing should be performed as early as possible if this disease is suspected. This case provides an important reference for the diagnosis and treatment of future cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Nie
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yu Mu
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Jianbo Shu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China.
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25
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Demarest S, Calhoun J, Eschbach K, Yu HC, Mirsky D, Angione K, Shaikh TH, Carvill GL, Benke TA, Gunti J, Vanderveen G. Whole-exome sequencing and adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy in individuals with infantile spasms. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:633-640. [PMID: 35830182 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify additional genes associated with infantile spasms using a cohort with defined infantile spasms. METHOD Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 21 consented individuals with infantile spasms and their unaffected parents (a trio-based study). Clinical history and imaging were reviewed. Potentially deleterious exonic variants were identified and segregated. To refine potential candidates, variants were further prioritized on the basis of evidence for relevance to disease phenotype or known associations with infantile spasms, epilepsy, or neurological disease. RESULTS Likely pathogenic de novo variants were identified in NR2F1, GNB1, NEUROD2, GABRA2, and NDUFAF5. Suggestive dominant and recessive candidate variants were identified in PEMT, DYNC1I1, ASXL1, RALGAPB, and STRADA; further confirmation is required to support their relevance to disease etiology. INTERPRETATION This study supports the utility of WES in uncovering the genetic etiology in undiagnosed individuals with infantile spasms with an overall yield of five out of 21. High-priority candidates were identified in an additional five individuals. WES provides additional support for previously described disease-associated genes and expands their already broad mutational and phenotypic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Demarest
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeff Calhoun
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Krista Eschbach
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hung-Chun Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David Mirsky
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katie Angione
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tamim H Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tim A Benke
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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26
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Chuan Z, Ruikun C, Qian L, Shiyue M, Shengju H, Yong Y, Haibo L, Neng X, Yong Z, Huiqin X, Weijia W, Ling H, Bingbo Z, Zhang Q, Yan W, Zongfu C, Xu M. Genetic and Phenotype Analysis of a Chinese Cohort of Infants and Children With Epilepsy. Front Genet 2022; 13:869210. [PMID: 35571021 PMCID: PMC9091957 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.869210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy in childhood is a common and diverse neurological disorder. We conducted a genetic and phenotype analysis of a Chinese cohort of infants and children with epilepsy. Methods: We conducted a pedigree analysis of 260 Chinese patients with epilepsy onset during infancy or childhood by whole exome sequencing (WES). Results: Of the 260 probands analyzed, a genetic diagnosis was established in 135 patients. One-hundred eighty-eight phenotypes were detected in those 135 positive/likely positive patients, 106 patients had more than two phenotypes, and 67 patients had more than three phenotypes. A total of 142 variants of 81 genes were detected among the positive/likely positive patients. Among these 142 variants, of which 87 of 66 genes were novel. Conclusion: Our findings extend the variant spectrum of genes related to epilepsy. Our results will be useful for genetic testing and counseling for patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Chuan
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Ruikun
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li Qian
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Shiyue
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Shengju
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yong
- Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Haibo
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao Neng
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Chenzhou First People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Zhao Yong
- Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Xue Huiqin
- Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wang Weijia
- Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ling
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhou Bingbo
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wang Yan
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cao Zongfu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cao Zongfu, ; Ma Xu,
| | - Ma Xu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cao Zongfu, ; Ma Xu,
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Pathophysiological Heterogeneity of the BBSOA Neurodevelopmental Syndrome. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081260. [PMID: 35455940 PMCID: PMC9024734 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maturation of the human brain is regulated by highly coordinated developmental events, such as neural cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Any impairment of these interconnected multi-factorial processes can affect brain structure and function and lead to distinctive neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review the pathophysiology of the Bosch–Boonstra–Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS; OMIM 615722; ORPHA 401777), a recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by the haploinsufficiency of NR2F1 gene, a key transcriptional regulator of brain development. Although intellectual disability, developmental delay and visual impairment are arguably the most common symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, multiple additional features are often reported, including epilepsy, autistic traits and hypotonia. The presence of specific symptoms and their variable level of severity might depend on still poorly characterized genotype–phenotype correlations. We begin with an overview of the several mutations of NR2F1 identified to date, then further focuses on the main pathological features of BBSOAS patients, providing evidence—whenever possible—for the existing genotype–phenotype correlations. On the clinical side, we lay out an up-to-date list of clinical examinations and therapeutic interventions recommended for children with BBSOAS. On the experimental side, we describe state-of-the-art in vivo and in vitro studies aiming at deciphering the role of mouse Nr2f1, in physiological conditions and in pathological contexts, underlying the BBSOAS features. Furthermore, by modeling distinct NR2F1 genetic alterations in terms of dimer formation and nuclear receptor binding efficiencies, we attempt to estimate the total amounts of functional NR2F1 acting in developing brain cells in normal and pathological conditions. Finally, using the NR2F1 gene and BBSOAS as a paradigm of monogenic rare neurodevelopmental disorder, we aim to set the path for future explorations of causative links between impaired brain development and the appearance of symptoms in human neurological syndromes.
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Drosophila carrying epilepsy-associated variants in the vitamin B6 metabolism gene PNPO display allele- and diet-dependent phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115524119. [PMID: 35217610 PMCID: PMC8892510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115524119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to epilepsy. Understanding their contributions and interactions helps disease management. However, it is often challenging to study gene–environment interaction in humans due to their heterogeneous genetic background and less controllable environmental factors. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been proven to be a powerful model to study human diseases, including epilepsy. We generated knock-in flies carrying different epilepsy-associated pyridox(am)ine 5′-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) alleles and studied the developmental, behavioral, electrophysiological, and fitness effects of each mutant allele under different dietary conditions. We showed that phenotypes in knock-in flies are allele and diet dependent, providing clues for timely and specific diet interventions. Our results offer biological insights into mechanisms underlying phenotypic variations and specific therapeutic strategies. Pyridox(am)ine 5′-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6 required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the monoamines. Pathogenic variants in PNPO have been increasingly identified in patients with neonatal epileptic encephalopathy and early-onset epilepsy. These patients often exhibit different types of seizures and variable comorbidities. Recently, the PNPO gene has also been implicated in epilepsy in adults. It is unclear how these phenotypic variations are linked to specific PNPO alleles and to what degree diet can modify their expression. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we generated four knock-in Drosophila alleles, hWT, hR116Q, hD33V , and hR95H, in which the endogenous Drosophila PNPO was replaced by wild-type human PNPO complementary DNA (cDNA) and three epilepsy-associated variants. We found that these knock-in flies exhibited a wide range of phenotypes, including developmental impairments, abnormal locomotor activities, spontaneous seizures, and shortened life span. These phenotypes are allele dependent, varying with the known biochemical severity of these mutations and our characterized molecular defects. We also showed that diet treatments further diversified the phenotypes among alleles, and PLP supplementation at larval and adult stages prevented developmental impairments and seizures in adult flies, respectively. Furthermore, we found that hR95H had a significant dominant-negative effect, rendering heterozygous flies susceptible to seizures and premature death. Together, these results provide biological bases for the various phenotypes resulting from multifunction of PNPO, specific molecular and/or genetic properties of each PNPO variant, and differential allele–diet interactions.
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Peng P, Kessi M, Mao L, He F, Zhang C, Chen C, Pang N, Yin F, Pan Z, Peng J. Etiologic Classification of 541 Infantile Spasms Cases: A Cohort Study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:774828. [PMID: 35330882 PMCID: PMC8940518 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.774828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the etiology of infantile spasms (IS) in a large Chinese cohort based on the United States National Infantile Spasms Consortium (NISC) classification. METHODS In the present study, we recruited IS patients diagnosed at a single center (Xiangya Hospital, Central South University) between Jan 2010 and Aug 2019. Thereafter, we collected their clinical and genetic information retrospectively. Their underlying etiologies were classified according to the NISC classification and then compared in different scenarios to understand their distribution. RESULTS A total of 541 patients with IS from 18 provinces were included in this study. The underlying etiology was identified in 53.2% of the cases: structural-acquired, 25.3%; genetic, 12.9%; genetic-structural, 7.2%; structural-congenital, 5.0%; metabolic, 2.4%; infections, 0.4% and immune, 0%. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) provided the highest diagnostic yield (26.9%). In structural-acquired IS, the proportion of hypoglycemic brain injuries was significant, second only to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. There was no patient discovered to have Down syndrome. STXBP1, CDKL5, TSC2, KCNQ2, IRF2BPL, and TSC1 were the most frequently implicated genes. Genetic causes were found to be the most common cause of IS in the early onset group, while structural-acquired etiologies were common in males and preterm babies. Patients with pre-spasm seizures were associated with a higher proportion of identified causes than those without. Non-acquired structural etiologies were more common in patients without hypsarrhythmia than in those with hypsarrhythmia. SIGNIFICANCE The most prevalent cause of IS was structural acquired followed by genetic causes. When brain MRI fails to detect the etiology, we propose WES as the next step. Structural-acquired IS and cases with genetic disorders are characteristic of the Chinese cohort, however, the etiology differs with the patient's age of onset, gestation age at birth, sex, and the presence/absence of both pre-spasm seizures, and hypsarrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miriam Kessi
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leilei Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ciliu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Zou Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
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Sheidley BR, Malinowski J, Bergner AL, Bier L, Gloss DS, Mu W, Mulhern MM, Partack EJ, Poduri A. Genetic testing for the epilepsies: A systematic review. Epilepsia 2021; 63:375-387. [PMID: 34893972 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous genetic testing options for individuals with epilepsy have emerged over the past decade without clear guidelines regarding optimal testing strategies. We performed a systematic evidence review (SER) and conducted meta-analyses of the diagnostic yield of genetic tests commonly utilized for patients with epilepsy. We also assessed nonyield outcomes (NYOs) such as changes in treatment and/or management, prognostic information, recurrence risk determination, and genetic counseling. METHODS We performed an SER, in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central through December of 2020. We included studies that utilized genome sequencing (GS), exome sequencing (ES), multigene panel (MGP), and/or genome-wide comparative genomic hybridization/chromosomal microarray (CGH/CMA) in cohorts (n ≥ 10) ascertained for epilepsy. Quality assessment was undertaken using ROBINS-I (Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions). We estimated diagnostic yields and 95% confidence intervals with random effects meta-analyses and narratively synthesized NYOs. RESULTS From 5985 nonduplicated articles published through 2020, 154 met inclusion criteria and were included in meta-analyses of diagnostic yield; 43 of those were included in the NYO synthesis. The overall diagnostic yield across all test modalities was 17%, with the highest yield for GS (48%), followed by ES (24%), MGP (19%), and CGH/CMA (9%). The only phenotypic factors that were significantly associated with increased yield were (1) the presence of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and/or (2) the presence of neurodevelopmental comorbidities. Studies reporting NYOs addressed clinical and personal utility of testing. SIGNIFICANCE This comprehensive SER, focused specifically on the literature regarding patients with epilepsy, provides a comparative assessment of the yield of clinically available tests, which will help shape clinician decision-making and policy regarding insurance coverage for genetic testing. We highlight the need for prospective assessment of the clinical and personal utility of genetic testing for patients with epilepsy and for standardization in reporting patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth R Sheidley
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Amanda L Bergner
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louise Bier
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David S Gloss
- Department of Neurology, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia, USA
| | - Weiyi Mu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen M Mulhern
- Department of Pathology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily J Partack
- Genomics Services, Quest Diagnostics, Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kim SK, Nguyen C, Jones KB, Tashjian RZ. A genome-wide association study for shoulder impingement and rotator cuff disease. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021; 30:2134-2145. [PMID: 33482370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to identify genetic variants associated with rotator cuff disease by performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for shoulder impingement using the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort and then combining the GWAS data with a prior GWAS for rotator cuff tears. The loci identified by the GWAS and meta-analysis were examined for changes in expression following rotator cuff tearing using RNA sequencing. METHODS A GWAS was performed using data from UKB with 3864 cases of shoulder impingement. The summary statistics from shoulder impingement and a prior study on rotator cuff tears were combined in a meta-analysis. Also, the previous association of 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with shoulder impingement from a published GWAS using the UKB was tested. Rotator cuff tendon biopsies were obtained from 24 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (cases) and 9 patients who underwent open reduction internal fixation for a proximal humeral fracture (controls). Total RNA was extracted and differential gene expression was measured by RNA sequencing for genes with variants associated with rotator cuff tearing. RESULTS The shoulder impingement GWAS identified 4 new loci: LOC100506457, LSP1P3, LOC100506207, and MIS18BP1/LINC00871. Combining data with a prior GWAS for rotator cuff tears in a meta-analysis resulted in the identification of an additional 7 loci: SLC39A8/UBE2D3, C5orf63, ASTN2, STK24, FRMPD4, ACOT9/SAT1, and LINC00890/ALG13. Many of the identified loci have known biologic functions or prior associations with diseases, suggesting possible biologic pathways leading to rotator cuff disease. RNA sequencing experiments show that expression of STK24 increases whereas expression of SAT1 and UBE2D3 decreases following rotator cuff tearing. Two SNPs previously reported to show an association with shoulder impingement from a prior UKB GWAS were not validated in our study. CONCLUSION This is the first GWAS for shoulder impingement in which new data from UKB enabled the identification of 4 loci showing a genetic association. A meta-analysis with a prior GWAS for rotator cuff tearing identified an additional 7 loci. The known biologic roles of many of the 11 loci suggest plausible biologic mechanisms underlying the etiology of rotator cuff disease. The risk alleles from each of the genetic loci can be used to assess the risk for rotator cuff disease in individual patients, enabling preventative or restorative actions via personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Condor Nguyen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert Z Tashjian
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Bosque JR, Gómez-Nieto R, Hormigo S, Herrero-Turrión MJ, Díaz-Casado E, Sancho C, López DE. Molecular tools for the characterization of seizure susceptibility in genetic rodent models of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106594. [PMID: 31685382 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal activity that arises from imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory synapses, which are highly correlated to functional and structural changes in specific brain regions. The difference between the normal and the epileptic brain may harbor genetic alterations, gene expression changes, and/or protein alterations in the epileptogenic nucleus. It is becoming increasingly clear that such differences contribute to the development of distinct epilepsy phenotypes. The current major challenges in epilepsy research include understanding the disease progression and clarifying epilepsy classifications by searching for novel molecular biomarkers. Thus, the application of molecular techniques to carry out comprehensive studies at deoxyribonucleic acid, messenger ribonucleic acid, and protein levels is of utmost importance to elucidate molecular dysregulations in the epileptic brain. The present review focused on the great diversity of technical approaches available and new research methodology, which are already being used to study molecular alterations underlying epilepsy. We have grouped the different techniques according to each step in the flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins, and illustrated with specific examples in animal models of epilepsy, some of which are our own. Separately and collectively, the genomic and proteomic techniques, each with its own strengths and limitations, provide valuable information on molecular mechanisms underlying seizure susceptibility and regulation of neuronal excitability. Determining the molecular differences between genetic rodent models of epilepsy and their wild-type counterparts might be a key in determining mechanisms of seizure susceptibility and epileptogenesis as well as the discovery and development of novel antiepileptic agents. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Bosque
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Sebastián Hormigo
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Javier Herrero-Turrión
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; INCYL Neurological Tissue Bank (BTN-INCYL), Spain
| | - Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Consuelo Sancho
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Dolores E López
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States of America.
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Epilepsy Syndromes in the First Year of Life and Usefulness of Genetic Testing for Precision Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071051. [PMID: 34356067 PMCID: PMC8307222 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high pace of gene discovery has resulted in thrilling advances in the field of epilepsy genetics. Clinical testing with comprehensive gene panels, exomes, or genomes are now increasingly available and have led to a significant higher diagnostic yield in early-onset epilepsies and enabled precision medicine approaches. These have been instrumental in providing insights into the pathophysiology of both early-onset benign and self-limited syndromes and devastating developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs). Genetic heterogeneity is seen in many epilepsy syndromes such as West syndrome and epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), indicating that two or more genetic loci produce the same or similar phenotypes. At the same time, some genes such as SCN2A can be associated with a wide range of epilepsy syndromes ranging from self-limited familial neonatal epilepsy at the mild end to Ohtahara syndrome, EIFMS, West syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, or unclassifiable DEEs at the severe end of the spectrum. The aim of this study was to review the clinical and genetic heterogeneity associated with epilepsy syndromes starting in the first year of life including: Self-limited familial neonatal, neonatal-infantile or infantile epilepsies, genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus spectrum, myoclonic epilepsy in infancy, Ohtahara syndrome, early myoclonic encephalopathy, West syndrome, Dravet syndrome, EIMFS, and unclassifiable DEEs. We also elaborate on the advantages and pitfalls of genetic testing in such conditions. Finally, we describe how a genetic diagnosis can potentially enable precision therapy in monogenic epilepsies and emphasize that early genetic testing is a cornerstone for such therapeutic strategies.
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Alsharhan H, He M, Edmondson AC, Daniel EJP, Chen J, Donald T, Bakhtiari S, Amor DJ, Jones EA, Vassallo G, Vincent M, Cogné B, Deb W, Werners AH, Jin SC, Bilguvar K, Christodoulou J, Webster RI, Yearwood KR, Ng BG, Freeze HH, Kruer MC, Li D, Raymond KM, Bhoj EJ, Sobering AK. ALG13 X-linked intellectual disability: New variants, glycosylation analysis, and expanded phenotypes. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1001-1012. [PMID: 33734437 PMCID: PMC8720508 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in ALG13 (ALG13 UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit) cause an X-linked congenital disorder of glycosylation (ALG13-CDG) where individuals have variable clinical phenotypes that include developmental delay, intellectual disability, infantile spasms, and epileptic encephalopathy. Girls with a recurrent de novo c.3013C>T; p.(Asn107Ser) variant have normal transferrin glycosylation. Using a highly sensitive, semi-quantitative flow injection-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF/MS) N-glycan assay, we report subtle abnormalities in N-glycans that normally account for <0.3% of the total plasma glycans that may increase up to 0.5% in females with the p.(Asn107Ser) variant. Among our 11 unrelated ALG13-CDG individuals, one male had abnormal serum transferrin glycosylation. We describe seven previously unreported subjects including three novel variants in ALG13 and report a milder neurodevelopmental course. We also summarize the molecular, biochemical, and clinical data for the 53 previously reported ALG13-CDG individuals. We provide evidence that ALG13 pathogenic variants may mildly alter N-linked protein glycosylation in both female and male subjects, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Alsharhan
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew C. Edmondson
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Earnest J. P. Daniel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyhiesia Donald
- Pediatrics Ward, Grenada General Hospital, St. George’s, Grenada
- Clinical Teaching Unit, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
- Department of Child Health, Neurology, Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David J. Amor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Grace Vassallo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie Vincent
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Wallid Deb
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Arend H. Werners
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, St. George University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Sheng C. Jin
- Department of Genetics and Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John Christodoulou
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard I. Webster
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Bobby G. Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Hudson H. Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael C. Kruer
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
- Department of Child Health, Neurology, Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Dong Li
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimiyo M. Raymond
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth J. Bhoj
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew K. Sobering
- Department of Biochemistry, St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
- Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, True Blue, St. George’s, Grenada
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Liu L, Liu F, Wang Q, Xie H, Li Z, Lu Q, Wang Y, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Picker J, Cui X, Zou L, Chen X. Confirming the contribution and genetic spectrum of de novo mutation in infantile spasms: Evidence from a Chinese cohort. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1689. [PMID: 33951346 PMCID: PMC8222834 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We determined the yield, genetic spectrum, and actual origin of de novo mutations (DNMs) for infantile spasms (ISs) in a Chinese cohort. The efficacy of levetiracetam (LEV) for STXBP1‐related ISs was explored also. Methods Targeted sequencing of 153 epilepsy‐related candidate genes was applied to 289 Chinese patients with undiagnosed ISs. Trio‐based amplicon deep sequencing was used for all DNMs to distinguish somatic/mosaic mutations from germline ones. Results Total of 26 DNMs were identified from 289 recruited Chinese patients with undiagnosed ISs. Among them, 24 DNMs were interpreted as pathogenic mutations based on American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, contributing to 8.3% (24/289) of diagnosis yield in the Chinese IS cohort. CDKL5 and STXBP1 are the top genes with recurrent DNMs, accounting for 3.1% (9/289) of yield. Further deep resequencing for the trio members showed that 22.7% (5/22) of DNMs are actually somatic in the proband or a parent. These somatic carriers presented milder seizure attacks than those with true germline DNMs. After treatment with LEV for half a year, three patients with DNM in STXBP1 showed improved clinical symptoms, including seizure‐free and normal electroencephalogram, except for a patient with a second DNM in DIAPH3. Significance Our study confirmed the contribution and genetic spectrum of DNMs in Chinese IS patients. Somatic mutation account for a quarter of DNMs in IS cases. Treatment with LEV improved the prognosis of STXBP1‐related ISs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Graduate School of Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengchang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Lab Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jonathan Picker
- Division of Genetics & Genomics (Department of Medicine) and Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaodai Cui
- Department of Lab Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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Fontana A, Consentino MC, Motta M, Costanza G, Lo Bianco M, Marino S, Falsaperla R, Praticò AD. Syntaxin Binding Protein 1 Related Epilepsies. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSyntaxin binding protein 1 (STXBP1), commonly known as MUNC18–1, is a member of SEC1 family membrane trafficking proteins; their function consists in controlling the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors complex assembly, making them essentials regulators of vesicle fusion. The precise function and molecular mechanism through which Munc18–1 contributes to neurotransmitter releasing is not entirely understood, but several evidences suggest its probable role in exocytosis. In 2008, heterozygous de novo mutations in neuronal protein Munc18–1 were first referred as a cause of Ohtahara syndrome development. Currently, a wide examination of the published data proved that 3.1% of patients with severe epilepsy carry a pathogenic de novo mutation including STXBP1 and approximately 10.2% of early onset epileptic encephalopathy is due to an aberrant STXBP1 form codified by the mutated gene. STXBP1 mutations can be associated to a wide clinical heterogeneity. All affected individuals show developmental delay and approximately the 95% of cases have seizures and early onset epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by infantile spasms as the main consistent feature. Burst suppression pattern and hypsarrhythmia are the most frequent EEG anomalies. Other neuronal disorders include Rett syndrome and behavioral and movement disorders. Mild dysmorphic features have been detected in a small number of cases. No genotype–phenotype correlation has been reported. Management of STXBP1 encephalopathy requires a multidisciplinary approach, including epilepsy control and neurological rehabilitation. About 25% of patients are refractory to standard therapy. A single or combined antiepileptic drugs may be required. Several studies described vigabatrin, valproic acid, levetiracetam, topiramate, clobazam, and oxcarbazepine as effective in seizure control. Lamotrigine, zonisamide, and phenobarbital are also commonly used. To date, it remains unclear which therapy is the most effective. Severe morbidity and high mortality are inevitable consequences in some of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fontana
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Consentino
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Milena Motta
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costanza
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Lo Bianco
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Marino
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital “Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco,” Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital “Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco,” Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neonatal Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Hospital “Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco,” Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea D. Praticò
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Scalia B, Venti V, Ciccia LM, Criscione R, Lo Bianco M, Sciuto L, Falsaperla R, Zanghì A, Praticò AD. Aristaless-Related Homeobox (ARX): Epilepsy Phenotypes beyond Lissencephaly and Brain Malformations. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) transcription factor is involved in the development of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. ARX mutations have been associated with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and are responsible for both malformation (in particular lissencephaly) and nonmalformation complex phenotypes. The epilepsy phenotypes related to ARX mutations are West syndrome and X-linked infantile spasms, X-linked myoclonic epilepsy with spasticity and intellectual development and Ohtahara and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy syndrome, which are related in most of the cases to intellectual disability and are often drug resistant. In this article, we shortly reviewed current knowledge of the function of ARX with a particular attention on its consequences in the development of epilepsy during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Scalia
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Venti
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lina M. Ciccia
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Criscione
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Lo Bianco
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Sciuto
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital “Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco,” Catania, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care unit and Neonatology, University Hospital “Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco,” Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Zanghì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology “G.F. Ingrassia,” University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea D. Praticò
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Abstract
Epilepsy and autism frequently co-occur. Epilepsy confers an increased risk of autism and autism confers an increased risk of epilepsy. Specific epilepsy syndromes, intellectual disability, and female gender present a particular risk of autism in individuals with epilepsy. Epilepsy and autism are likely to share common etiologies, which predispose individuals to either or both conditions. Genetic factors, metabolic disorders, mitochondrial disorders, and immune dysfunction all can be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M C Besag
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 5-7 Rush Court, Bedford MK40 3JT, UK; University College London, London, UK; King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Michael J Vasey
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 5-7 Rush Court, Bedford MK40 3JT, UK
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CASK related disorder: Epilepsy and developmental outcome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 31:61-69. [PMID: 33640666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CASK pathogenic variants are associated with variable features, as intellectual disability, optic atrophy, brainstem/cerebellar hypoplasia, and epileptic encephalopathy. Few studies describe the electroclinical features of epilepsy in patients with CASK pathogenic variants and their relationship with developmental delay. METHODS this national multicentre cohort included genetically confirmed patients with different CASK pathogenic variants. Our findings were compared with cohorts reported in the literature. RESULTS we collected 34 patients (29 females) showing from moderate (4 patients) to severe (22) and profound (8) developmental delay; all showed pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, all except three with microcephaly. Seventeen out of 34 patients (50%) suffered from epileptic seizures, including spasms (11 patients, 32.3%), generalized (5) or focal seizures (1). In 8/17 individuals (47.1%), epilepsy started at or beyond the age of 24 months. Seven (3 males) out of the 11 children with spasms showed EEG features and a course supporting the diagnosis of a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Drug resistance was frequent in our cohort (52.9% of patients with epilepsy). EEG abnormalities included poorly organized background activity with diffuse or multifocal epileptiform abnormalities and sleep-activation, with possible appearance over the follow-up period. Developmental delay degree was not statistically different among patients with or without seizures but feeding difficulties were more frequent in patients with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS epilepsy is a frequent comorbidity with a high incidence of spasms and drug resistance. Overall developmental disability does not seem to be more severe in the group of patients with epilepsy nor to be linked to specific epilepsy/EEG characteristics. A childhood onset of epilepsy is frequent, with possible worsening over time, so that serial and systematic monitoring is mandatory.
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40
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Paprocka J, Jezela-Stanek A, Tylki-Szymańska A, Grunewald S. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation from a Neurological Perspective. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010088. [PMID: 33440761 PMCID: PMC7827962 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plasma proteins, cell membrane proteins and other proteins are glycoproteins with sugar chains attached to the polypeptide-glycans. Glycosylation is the main element of the post-translational transformation of most human proteins. Since glycosylation processes are necessary for many different biological processes, patients present a diverse spectrum of phenotypes and severity of symptoms. The most frequently observed neurological symptoms in congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are: epilepsy, intellectual disability, myopathies, neuropathies and stroke-like episodes. Epilepsy is seen in many CDG subtypes and particularly present in the case of mutations in the following genes: ALG13, DOLK, DPAGT1, SLC35A2, ST3GAL3, PIGA, PIGW, ST3GAL5. On brain neuroimaging, atrophic changes of the cerebellum and cerebrum are frequently seen. Brain malformations particularly in the group of dystroglycanopathies are reported. Despite the growing number of CDG patients in the world and often neurological symptoms dominating in the clinical picture, the number of performed screening tests eg transferrin isoforms is systematically decreasing as broadened genetic testing is recently more favored. The aim of the review is the summary of selected neurological symptoms in CDG described in the literature in one paper. It is especially important for pediatric neurologists not experienced in the field of metabolic medicine. It may help to facilitate the diagnosis of this expanding group of disorders. Biochemically, this paper focuses on protein glycosylation abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Paprocka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Science in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-606-415-888
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymańska
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, W 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Stephanie Grunewald
- NIHR Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
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41
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Datta AN, Bahi-Buisson N, Bienvenu T, Buerki SE, Gardiner F, Cross JH, Heron B, Kaminska A, Korff CM, Lepine A, Lesca G, McTague A, Mefford HC, Mignot C, Milh M, Piton A, Pressler RM, Ruf S, Sadleir LG, de Saint Martin A, Van Gassen K, Verbeek NE, Ville D, Villeneuve N, Zacher P, Scheffer IE, Lemke JR. The phenotypic spectrum of X-linked, infantile onset ALG13-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Epilepsia 2021; 62:325-334. [PMID: 33410528 PMCID: PMC7898319 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Asparagine‐linked glycosylation 13 (ALG13) deficiencies have been repeatedly described in the literature with the clinical phenotype of a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Most cases were females carrying the recurrent ALG13 de novo variant, p.(Asn107Ser), with normal transferrin electrophoresis. Methods We delineate the phenotypic spectrum of 38 individuals, 37 girls and one boy, 16 of them novel and 22 published, with the most common pathogenic ALG13 variant p.(Asn107Ser) and additionally report the phenotype of three individuals carrying other likely pathogenic ALG13 variants. Results The phenotypic spectrum often comprised pharmacoresistant epilepsy with epileptic spasms, mostly with onset within the first 6 months of life and with spasm persistence in one‐half of the cases. Tonic seizures were the most prevalent additional seizure type. Electroencephalography showed hypsarrhythmia and at a later stage of the disease in one‐third of all cases paroxysms of fast activity with electrodecrement. ALG13‐related DEE was usually associated with severe to profound developmental delay; ambulation was acquired by one‐third of the cases, whereas purposeful hand use was sparse or completely absent. Hand stereotypies and dyskinetic movements including dystonia or choreoathetosis were relatively frequent. Verbal communication skills were absent or poor, and eye contact and pursuit were often impaired. Significance X‐linked ALG13‐related DEE usually manifests as West syndrome with severe to profound developmental delay. It is predominantly caused by the recurrent de novo missense variant p.(Asn107Ser). Comprehensive functional studies will be able to prove or disprove an association with congenital disorder of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre N Datta
- Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine Department, University Children's Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Pediatric Neurology, Necker-Enfants Malades Children's Hospital, Paris and Institute IMAGINE, INSERM U1163, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Paris Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah E Buerki
- Pediatric Neurology Department, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Gardiner
- Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Helen Cross
- Clinical Neuroscience, University College London-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Bénédicte Heron
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Armand Trousseau-La Roche Guyon University Hospital, APHP and GRC No. 19, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | - Anna Kaminska
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christian M Korff
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Lepine
- Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Diseases Department, University Hospital La Timone, Marseilles, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Amy McTague
- Clinical Neuroscience, University College London-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cyrill Mignot
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Intellectual Deficiencies of Rare Causes, , Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Milh
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Piton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ronit M Pressler
- Clinical Neuroscience, University College London-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Susanne Ruf
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lynette G Sadleir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anne de Saint Martin
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Koen Van Gassen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke E Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dorothée Ville
- Pediatric Neurology Department and Reference Center of Rare Epilepsies, Mother Child Women's Hospital, Lyon University Hospital, France
| | - Nathalie Villeneuve
- Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Diseases Department, University Hospital La Timone, Marseilles, France
| | - Pia Zacher
- Epilepsy Center Kleinwachau, Radeberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Gibaud M, Barth M, Lefranc J, Mention K, Villeneuve N, Schiff M, Maurey H, Barthez MA, Caubel I, Chouchane M, Doummar D, Kossorotoff M, Lamblin MD, Roubertie A, Nabbout R, Van Bogaert P. West Syndrome Is an Exceptional Presentation of Pyridoxine- and Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Epilepsy: Data From a French Cohort and Review of the Literature. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:621200. [PMID: 33748042 PMCID: PMC7973036 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.621200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To characterize the electro-clinical presentation of patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent epilepsy in order to determine whether some of them could be diagnosed as de novo West syndrome, i. e., West syndrome that starts after the age of 2 months without other types of seizures (focal seizures for instance) before the onset of epileptic spasms. Methods: We analyzed data from an unpublished cohort of 28 genetically confirmed cases of PDE with antiquitine (ATQ) deficiency and performed a review of the literature looking for description of West syndrome in patients with either PDE with ATQ deficiency or PLP-dependent epilepsy with Pyridox(am)ine phosphate oxidase (PNPO) deficiency. Results: Of the 28 cases from the ATQ deficiency French cohort, 5 had spasms. In four cases, spasms were associated with other types of seizures (myoclonus, focal seizures). In the last case, seizures started on the day of birth. None of these cases corresponded to de novo West syndrome. The review of the literature found only one case of PNPO deficiency presenting as de novo West syndrome and no case of ATQ deficiency. Significance: The presentation of PDE- and PLP-dependent epilepsy as de novo West syndrome is so exceptional that it probably does not justify a systematic trial of pyridoxine or PLP. We propose considering a therapeutic trial with these vitamins in West syndrome if spasms are associated with other seizure types or start before the age of 2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gibaud
- Service de neuropédiatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Magalie Barth
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Karine Mention
- Centre de référence des Maladies Héréditaires du métabolisme, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Villeneuve
- Service de neuropédiatrie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Centre de référence maladies héréditaires du métabolisme Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Maurey
- Service de neuropédiatrie Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre APHP Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Diane Doummar
- Service de neuropédiatrie, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau APHP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Manoëlle Kossorotoff
- Service de neuropédiatrie et maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades APHP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Lamblin
- Service de physiologie et explorations fonctionnelles, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- Service de neuropédiatrie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Service de neuropédiatrie et maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades APHP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Van Bogaert
- Service de neuropédiatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Stefanski A, Calle-López Y, Leu C, Pérez-Palma E, Pestana-Knight E, Lal D. Clinical sequencing yield in epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 2020; 62:143-151. [PMID: 33200402 PMCID: PMC7839709 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Clinical genetic sequencing is frequently utilized to diagnose individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Here we perform a meta‐analysis and systematic review of the success rate (diagnostic yield) of clinical sequencing through next‐generation sequencing (NGS) across NDDs. We compare the genetic testing yield across NDD subtypes and sequencing technology. Methods We performed a systematic review of the PubMed literature until May 2020. We included clinical sequencing studies that utilized NGS in individuals with epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or intellectual disability (ID). Data were extracted, reviewed, and categorized according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Two investigators performed clinical evaluation and grouping following the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines. Pooled rates of the diagnostic yield and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with a random‐effects model. Results We identified 103 studies (epilepsy, N = 72; ASD, N = 14; ID, N = 21) across 32,331 individuals. Targeted gene panel sequencing was used in 73, and exome sequencing in 36 cohorts. Given highly selected patient cohorts, the diagnostic yield was 17.1% for ASD, 24% for epilepsy, and 28.2% for ID (23.7% overall). The highest diagnostic yield for epilepsy subtypes was observed in individuals with ID (27.9%) and early onset seizures (36.8%). The diagnostic yield for exome sequencing was higher than for panel sequencing, even though not statistically significant (27.2% vs 22.6%, P = .071). We observed that clinical sequencing studies are performed predominantly in countries with a high Inequality‐adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) (countries with sequencing studies: IHDI median = 0.84, interquartile range [IQR] = 0.09 vs countries without sequencing studies: IHDI median = 0.56, IQR = 0.3). No studies from Africa, India, or Latin America were identified, indicating potential barriers to genetic testing. Significance This meta‐analysis and systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of clinical sequencing studies of NDDs and will help guide policymaking and steer decision‐making in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Stefanski
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yamile Calle-López
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Epilepsy Program, Neuroclinica, University of Antioquia, Medellín, CO, USA
| | - Costin Leu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Palma
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Elia Pestana-Knight
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dennis Lal
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA.,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Ng BG, Eklund EA, Shiryaev SA, Dong YY, Abbott MA, Asteggiano C, Bamshad MJ, Barr E, Bernstein JA, Chelakkadan S, Christodoulou J, Chung WK, Ciliberto MA, Cousin J, Gardiner F, Ghosh S, Graf WD, Grunewald S, Hammond K, Hauser NS, Hoganson GE, Houck KM, Kohler JN, Morava E, Larson AA, Liu P, Madathil S, McCormack C, Meeks NJ, Miller R, Monaghan KG, Nickerson DA, Palculict TB, Papazoglu GM, Pletcher BA, Scheffer IE, Schenone AB, Schnur RE, Si Y, Rowe LJ, Serrano Russi AH, Russo RS, Thabet F, Tuite A, Mercedes Villanueva M, Wang RY, Webster RI, Wilson D, Zalan A, Wolfe LA, Rosenfeld JA, Rhodes L, Freeze HH. Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:1333-1348. [PMID: 32681751 PMCID: PMC7722193 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. This more than doubles the number of known cases. A key finding is that a vast majority of the individuals presents with West syndrome, a feature shared with other CDG types. Among these, the initial epileptic spasms best responded to adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisolone, while clobazam and felbamate showed promise for continued epilepsy treatment. A ketogenic diet seems to play an important role in the treatment of these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby G. Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Erik A. Eklund
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sergey A. Shiryaev
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yin Y. Dong
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mary-Alice Abbott
- Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Children’s Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Carla Asteggiano
- CEMECO—CONICET, Children Hospital, School of Medicine, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
- Chair of Pharmacology, Catholic University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eileen Barr
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan A. Bernstein
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - John Christodoulou
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Michael A. Ciliberto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Janice Cousin
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fiona Gardiner
- University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suman Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - William D. Graf
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children’s; University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Stephanie Grunewald
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Institute of Child Health University College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Center, London, UK
| | - Katherine Hammond
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Natalie S. Hauser
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute Division of Medical Genomics Inova Fairfax Hospital Falls Church, Virginia
| | - George E. Hoganson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kimberly M. Houck
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennefer N. Kohler
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Austin A. Larson
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas
| | - Sujana Madathil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Colleen McCormack
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Naomi J.L. Meeks
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rebecca Miller
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute Division of Medical Genomics Inova Fairfax Hospital Falls Church, Virginia
| | | | | | | | - Gabriela Magali Papazoglu
- CEMECO—CONICET, Children Hospital, School of Medicine, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Beth A. Pletcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ingrid E. Scheffer
- University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Yue Si
- GeneDx, Inc. Laboratory, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Leah J. Rowe
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alvaro H. Serrano Russi
- Division of Medical Genetics Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Allysa Tuite
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Raymond Y. Wang
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Richard I. Webster
- T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children’s Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children’s Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Dorcas Wilson
- Netcare Sunninghill Hospital, Sandton, South Africa
- Nelson Mandela Children’s Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alice Zalan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Lynne A. Wolfe
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Hudson H. Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
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Infantile spasms: Etiology, lead time and treatment response in a resource limited setting. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2020; 14:100397. [PMID: 33196034 PMCID: PMC7656466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2020.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury was the commonest cause of Infantile Spasms (IS). Comprehensive genetic evaluation was performed in presumed genetic IS patients. Molecular diagnosis was achieved in 44% of presumed genetic patients. Longer lead time to treatment was significantly associated with resistant spasms.
This study explores the etiology and lead time to treatment for infantile spasm (IS) patients and their effect on treatment responsiveness, in a limited resource setting. Patients with IS onset age ≤12 months’, seen over 3 years were recruited retrospectively. Clinical information, neuroimaging and genetic results retrieved. Patients categorized into three primary etiological groups: Structural (including Structural Genetic), Genetic, and Unknown. The effect of etiology and lead time from IS onset to initiating appropriate treatment on spasm resolution, evaluated. Total 113 patients were eligible. Mean IS onset age was 6.86(±4.25) months (M: F 3.3:1). Patients were grouped into: Structural 85, Genetic 11 and Unknown 17. Etiology was ascertained in 94/113 (83.1%) with neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury (NHBI) being the most common (40/113, 36%). A genetic etiology identified in 17 (including 6 Structural Genetic, of which five had Tuberous Sclerosis). Structural group was less likely to be treatment resistant (p = 0.013, OR 0.30 [0.12–0.76]). Median treatment lead time – 60 days. Longer lead time to treatment was significantly associated with resistant spasms (χ2 for trend = 10.0, p = 0.0015). NHBI was the commonest underlying cause of IS. There was significant time lag to initiating appropriate treatment, affecting treatment responsiveness.
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Rademacher A, Schwarz N, Seiffert S, Pendziwiat M, Rohr A, van Baalen A, Helbig I, Weber Y, Muhle H. Whole-Exome Sequencing in NF1-Related West Syndrome Leads to the Identification of KCNC2 as a Novel Candidate Gene for Epilepsy. Neuropediatrics 2020; 51:368-372. [PMID: 32392612 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have an increased risk for West syndrome (WS), but the underlying mechanisms linking NF1 and WS are unknown. In contrast to other neurocutaneous syndromes, intracerebral abnormalities explaining the course of infantile spasms (IS) are often absent and the seizure outcome is usually favorable. Several studies have investigated a potential genotype-phenotype correlation between NF1 and seizure susceptibility, but an association was not identified. Therefore, we identified three patients with NF1-related WS (NF1-WS) in a cohort of 51 NF1 patients and performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify genetic modifiers. In two NF1 patients with WS and good seizure outcome, we did not identify variants in epilepsy-related genes. However, in a single patient with NF1-WS and transition to drug-resistant epilepsy, we identified a de novo variant in KCNC2 (c.G499T, p.D167Y) coding for Kv3.2 as a previously undescribed potassium channel to be correlated to epilepsy. Electrophysiological studies of the identified KCNC2 variant demonstrated both a strong loss-of-function effect for the current amplitude and a gain-of-function effect for the channel activation recommending a complex network effect. These results suggest that systematic genetic analysis for potentially secondary genetic etiologies in NF1 patients and severe epilepsy presentations should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Rademacher
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Schwarz
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Seiffert
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel Rohr
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andreas van Baalen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Epileptology and Neurology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Sharma S, Anand A, Garg D, Batra S, Mukherjee SB, Patra B, Aneja S. Use of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 1989, 2010, and 2017 Classification of Epilepsy in children in a low-resource setting: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:397-405. [PMID: 32913948 PMCID: PMC7469804 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study was designed to test the applicability of the 1989, 2010, and 2017 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of epilepsy in children from a resource-limited setting in India. METHODS Classification of seizure types and syndromes was done through parental interviews and review of medical records in children with epilepsy aged one month to 18 years. Available investigations including EEG, MRI, and metabolic/genetic tests were used in classifying patients as per the 1989, 2010, and 2017 ILAE (level II-epilepsy type) classification. We compared the proportion of children remaining unclassified by each scheme. RESULTS Seven hundred and twenty-six children (436 males, mean age 6.4 ± 4.6 years) were enrolled. Using the 1989 ILAE classification, we were able to classify 95.7%, and 82.6% children by the 2010 scheme. The 2017 ILAE classification could classify all 726 children at level I (seizure type), 664 (91.0%) children at level II (epilepsy type), and an electroclinical syndrome could be identified in 409 (56.1%) of the children. An etiology could be identified in 75%, perinatal brain injury being the most frequent. West syndrome was the most common electroclinical syndrome, identified in 22.7% patients. The 1989 ILAE classification system was superior to the 2010 system (P = .01) in epilepsy classification. There was no difference between the 1989 and 2017 schemes (P = .31) or the 2010 and 2017 schemes (P = .10). SIGNIFICANCE The 2017 ILAE classification, being multidimensional, allowed classification of children who could not undergo extensive evaluation due to economic constraints and also provided room for overlapping etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvasini Sharma
- Department of PediatricsLady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children’s HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Aakanksha Anand
- Department of PediatricsLady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children’s HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Divyani Garg
- Department of NeurologyLady Hardinge Medical College and associated Smt. Sucheta Kriplani HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sakshi Batra
- Department of PediatricsLady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children’s HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sharmila B. Mukherjee
- Department of PediatricsLady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children’s HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Bijoy Patra
- Department of PediatricsLady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children’s HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Satinder Aneja
- Department of PediatricsLady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children’s HospitalNew DelhiIndia
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Mukherjee K, Patel PA, Rajan DS, LaConte LEW, Srivastava S. Survival of a male patient harboring CASK Arg27Ter mutation to adolescence. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1426. [PMID: 32696595 PMCID: PMC7549553 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CASK is an X‐linked gene in mammals and its deletion in males is incompatible with life. CASK heterozygous mutations in female patients associate with intellectual disability, microcephaly, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and optic nerve hypoplasia, whereas CASK hemizygous mutations in males manifest as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with a grim prognosis. Here, we report a rare case of survival of a male patient harboring a CASK null mutation to adolescent age. Methods Trio whole exome sequencing analysis was performed from blood genomic DNA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and electroencephalogram (EEG) analyses were performed to determine anomalies in brain development, metabolite concentrations, and electrical activity, respectively. Results Trio‐WES analysis identified a de novo c.79C>T (p.Arginine27Ter) mutation in CASK causing a premature translation termination at the very N‐terminus of the protein. The 17‐years, and 11‐month‐old male patient displayed profound intellectual disability, microcephaly, dysmorphism, ponto‐cerebellar hypoplasia, and intractable epilepsy. His systemic symptoms included overall reduced somatic growth, dysautonomia, ventilator and G tube dependence, and severe osteopenia. Brain MRI revealed a severe cerebellar and brain stem hypoplasia with progressive cerebral atrophy. EEG spectral analysis revealed a global functional defect with generalized background slowing and delta waves dominating even in the awake state. Conclusion This case study is the first to report survival of a male patient carrying a CASK loss‐of‐function mutation to adolescence and highlights that improved palliative care could extend survival. Moreover, the genomic position encoding Arg27 in CASK may possess an increased susceptibility to mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konark Mukherjee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Paras A Patel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Deepa S Rajan
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leslie E W LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Sarika Srivastava
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Abstract
Epilepsy and autism frequently co-occur. Epilepsy confers an increased risk of autism and autism confers an increased risk of epilepsy. Specific epilepsy syndromes, intellectual disability, and female gender present a particular risk of autism in individuals with epilepsy. Epilepsy and autism are likely to share common etiologies, which predispose individuals to either or both conditions. Genetic factors, metabolic disorders, mitochondrial disorders, and immune dysfunction all can be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M C Besag
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 5-7 Rush Court, Bedford MK40 3JT, UK; University College London, London, UK; King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Michael J Vasey
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 5-7 Rush Court, Bedford MK40 3JT, UK
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Genotype-phenotype correlates of infantile-onset developmental & epileptic encephalopathy syndromes in South India: A single centre experience. Epilepsy Res 2020; 166:106398. [PMID: 32593896 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A paucity of literature exists on genotype- phenotype correlates of 'unknown-etiology' infantile-onset developmental-epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) from India. The primary objective was to explore the yield of genetic testing in identifying potential disease causing variants in electro-clinical phenotypes of DEE METHODS: An observational hospital-based study was undertaken on children with unexplained refractory seizure-onset ≤12 months age and developmental delay, whose families consented and underwent genetic testing during a three year time period (2016-2018) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) or multiplex ligand protein amplification. Yield was considered based on demonstration of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants only and variants of unknown significance (VUS) were documented. RESULTS Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified in 26 (31.7 %) out of 82 children with DEE. These included those variants responsible for primarily DEE- 21(76.7 %); neuro-metabolic disorders- 3(18.6 %) and chromosomal deletions- 2(4.7 %). Of these patients, early-infantile epilepsy onset ≤ 6 months age was noted in 22(84.6 %). The DEE studied included Ohtahara syndrome associated with STXBP1 and SCN8A variants with yield of 50 % (2/4 tested); early myoclonic encephalopathy (no yield in 2); West syndrome with CDKL5, yield of 13.3 % (2/15 tested); epilepsy of infancy with migrating partial seizures due to CACNA1A and KCNT1 variants, yield of 67 % (2/3 tested); DEE-unclassified with KCNQ2, AP3B2, ZEB2, metabolic variants (SUOX, ALDH7A1, GLDC) and chromosome deletions (chr 1p36, chr2q24.3); yield of 32 % (8/25 tested). Patients with Dravet syndrome/Dravet-like phenotypes (N = 33) had variants in SCN1A (N = 10), SCN1B, CHD2; yield of 36.4 % (12/33 tested; 57.1 % from NGS). Eighteen patients with potential variants (SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN8A, KCNQ2, ALDH7A1 which also included VUS) could be offered targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms a good yield of genetic testing in neonatal and infantile-onset DEE provided robust phenotyping of infants is attempted with prognostic and therapeutic implications, particularly relevant to centres with resource constraints.
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