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Tjader NP, Beer AJ, Ramroop J, Tai MC, Ping J, Gandhi T, Dauch C, Neuhausen SL, Ziv E, Sotelo N, Ghanekar S, Meadows O, Paredes M, Gillespie J, Aeilts A, Hampel H, Zheng W, Jia G, Hu Q, Wei L, Liu S, Ambrosone CB, Palmer JR, Carpten JD, Yao S, Stevens P, Ho WK, Pan JW, Fadda P, Huo D, Teo SH, McElroy JP, Toland AE. Association of ESR1 germline variants with TP53 somatic variants in breast tumors in a genome-wide study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.06.23299442. [PMID: 38106140 PMCID: PMC10723566 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.23299442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background In breast tumors, somatic mutation frequencies in TP53 and PIK3CA vary by tumor subtype and ancestry. HER2 positive and triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) have a higher frequency of TP53 somatic mutations than other subtypes. PIK3CA mutations are more frequently observed in hormone receptor positive tumors. Emerging data suggest tumor mutation status is associated with germline variants and genetic ancestry. We aimed to identify germline variants that are associated with somatic TP53 or PIK3CA mutation status in breast tumors. Methods A genome-wide association study was conducted using breast cancer mutation status of TP53 and PIK3CA and functional mutation categories including TP53 gain of function (GOF) and loss of function mutations and PIK3CA activating/hotspot mutations. The discovery analysis consisted of 2850 European ancestry women from three datasets. Germline variants showing evidence of association with somatic mutations were selected for validation analyses based on predicted function, allele frequency, and proximity to known cancer genes or risk loci. Candidate variants were assessed for association with mutation status in a multi-ancestry validation study, a Malaysian study, and a study of African American/Black women with TNBC. Results The discovery Germline x Mutation (GxM) association study found five variants associated with one or more TP53 phenotypes with P values <1×10-6, 33 variants associated with one or more TP53 phenotypes with P values <1×10-5, and 44 variants associated with one or more PIK3CA phenotypes with P values <1×10-5. In the multi-ancestry and Malaysian validation studies, germline ESR1 locus variant, rs9383938, was associated with the presence of TP53 mutations overall (P values 6.8×10-5 and 9.8×10-8, respectively) and TP53 GOF mutations (P value 8.4×10-6). Multiple variants showed suggestive evidence of association with PIK3CA mutation status in the validation studies, but none were significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions We found evidence that germline variants were associated with TP53 and PIK3CA mutation status in breast cancers. Variants near the estrogen receptor alpha gene, ESR1, were significantly associated with overall TP53 mutations and GOF mutations. Larger multi-ancestry studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine if these variants contribute to ancestry-specific differences in mutation frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijole P. Tjader
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abigail J. Beer
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Johnny Ramroop
- The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mei-Chee Tai
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Jie Ping
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37203
| | - Tanish Gandhi
- Biomedical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Medical School, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cara Dauch
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Clinical Trials Office, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Department of Population Sciences, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Elad Ziv
- University of California, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, Institute for Human Genetics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nereida Sotelo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shreya Ghanekar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Owen Meadows
- Biomedical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Monica Paredes
- Biomedical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jessica Gillespie
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amber Aeilts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Heather Hampel
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37203
| | - Guochong Jia
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37203
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Christine B. Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Control and Prevention, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Julie R. Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D. Carpten
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Translational Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Control and Prevention, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Stevens
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Weang-Kee Ho
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia
| | - Jia Wern Pan
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Paolo Fadda
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Genomics Shared Resource, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Joseph Paul McElroy
- The Ohio State University Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Mai H, Xie H, Hou J, Chen H, Zhou B, Hou J, Jiang D. A Genetic Variant of PPP1CB Influences Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Han Chinese: A Pathway Based Analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:1055-1064. [PMID: 34513747 PMCID: PMC8422165 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s321939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Activation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling is an important stage preceding cancer cell metastasis. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-associated risk loci. However, limited sample size or strict significance threshold of GWAS may cause HBV-related HCC risk-associated genetic loci to be undetected. We aimed to investigate the performance of the SNP rs13025377 in PPP1CB in HCC. Patients and Methods We performed a case-control study including 1161 cases and 1353 controls to evaluate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 98 actin-cytoskeleton regulatory genes and risk of HBV-related HCC. The effects of SNPs on HBV-related HCC risk were assessed under logistic regression model and corrected by false discovery rate (FDR). Results We found that rs13025377 in PPP1CB was significantly associated with HBV-related HCC risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.72~0.91, P = 4.88×10-4]. The risk allele A of rs13025377 increased PPP1CB expression levels in normal liver tissue. SNP rs4665434 was tagged by rs13025377 (r2 = 0.9) and its protective allele disrupted CTCF and Cohesin motifs. According to public datasets, PPP1CB, CTCF and Cohesin expression levels are increased in tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier plots demonstrated that higher PPP1CB expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS). Moreover, we observed strong correlation between CTCF, Cohesin, and PPP1CB in various liver tissues. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis confirmed that PPP1CB plays a role in HCC through actin-cytoskeleton regulation. Conclusion Thus, these findings indicated that PPP1CB may be a key gene in actin-cytoskeleton regulation and rs13025377 contributes to the risk of HBV-related HCC by regulating PPP1CB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Deke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
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3
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Lakeman IMM, Rodríguez-Girondo M, Lee A, Ruiter R, Stricker BH, Wijnant SRA, Kavousi M, Antoniou AC, Schmidt MK, Uitterlinden AG, van Rooij J, Devilee P. Validation of the BOADICEA model and a 313-variant polygenic risk score for breast cancer risk prediction in a Dutch prospective cohort. Genet Med 2020; 22:1803-1811. [PMID: 32624571 PMCID: PMC7605432 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the performance of the recently extended Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease Incidence and Carrier Estimation Algorithm (BOADICEA version 5) in a Dutch prospective cohort, using a polygenic risk score (PRS) based on 313 breast cancer (BC)-associated variants (PRS313) and other, nongenetic risk factors. METHODS Since 1989, 6522 women without BC aged 45 or older of European descent have been included in the Rotterdam Study. The PRS313 was calculated per 1 SD in controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). Cox regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between the PRS313 and incident BC risk. Cumulative 10-year risks were calculated with BOADICEA including different sets of variables (age, risk factors and PRS313). C-statistics were used to evaluate discriminative ability. RESULTS In total, 320 women developed BC. The PRS313 was significantly associated with BC (hazard ratio [HR] per SD of 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.40-1.73]). Using 10-year risk estimates including age and the PRS313, other risk factors improved the discriminatory ability of the BOADICEA model marginally, from a C-statistic of 0.636 to 0.653. CONCLUSIONS The effect size of the PRS313 is highly reproducible in the Dutch population. Our results validate the BOADICEA v5 model for BC risk assessment in the Dutch general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge M M Lakeman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Girondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rikje Ruiter
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara R A Wijnant
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Gašperšič J, Videtič Paska A. Potential of modern circulating cell-free DNA diagnostic tools for detection of specific tumour cells in clinical practice. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2020; 30:030504. [PMID: 32774122 PMCID: PMC7394254 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2020.030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine is a developing field of medicine that has gained in importance in recent decades. New diagnostic tests based on the analysis of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were developed as a tool of diagnosing different cancer types. By detecting the subpopulation of mutated DNA from cancer cells, it is possible to detect the presence of a specific tumour in early stages of the disease. Mutation analysis is performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or the next generation sequencing (NGS), however, cfDNA protocols need to be modified carefully in preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical stages. To further improve treatment of cancer the Food and Drug Administration approved more than 20 companion diagnostic tests that combine cancer drugs with highly efficient genetic diagnostic tools. Tools detect mutations in the DNA originating from cancer cells directly through the subpopulation of cfDNA, the circular tumour DNA (ctDNA) analysis or with visualization of cells through intracellular DNA probes. A large number of ctDNA tests in clinical studies demonstrate the importance of new findings in the field of cancer diagnosis. We describe the innovations in personalized medicine: techniques for detecting ctDNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) mutations approved Food and Drug Administration companion genetic diagnostics, candidate genes for assembling the cancer NGS panels, and a brief mention of the multitude of cfDNA currently in clinical trials. Additionally, an overview of the development steps of the diagnostic tools will refresh and expand the knowledge of clinics and geneticists for research opportunities beyond the development phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Gašperšič
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alja Videtič Paska
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Yu G, Liao J, Wu J, Ding J, Zhang L. The proliferation of colorectal cancer cells is suppressed by silencing of EIF3H. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1694-1701. [PMID: 30022709 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1484271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit H (EIF3H) is a subunit of EIF3, which is involved in mRNA recruitment and ribosomal complex disassembly and is known to be a driver of cell proliferation and survival in cancer. To investigate its function in colorectal cancer, the Oncomine database was used to evaluate the expression of EIF3H in human colorectal cancer and normal tissues. Then, we constructed a Lentivirus shorthair EIF3H vector (Lv-shEIF3H) to silence EIF3H expression in the colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW1116. We observed impaired cell growth and colony formation in these silenced cell lines. In addition, we showed that EIF3H knock-down led to cell apoptosis. In conclusion, EIF3H plays key roles in the apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells, which suggests EIF3H as a potential diagnostic biomarker in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhua Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Junlan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Armed Police Corps Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of colorectal surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Das CK, Linder B, Bonn F, Rothweiler F, Dikic I, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Mandal M, Kögel D. BAG3 Overexpression and Cytoprotective Autophagy Mediate Apoptosis Resistance in Chemoresistant Breast Cancer Cells. Neoplasia 2018; 20:263-279. [PMID: 29462756 PMCID: PMC5852393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Target-specific treatment modalities are currently not available for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and acquired chemotherapy resistance is a primary obstacle for the treatment of these tumors. Here we employed derivatives of BT-549 and MDA-MB-468 TNBC cell lines that were adapted to grow in the presence of either 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin or Docetaxel in an aim to identify molecular pathways involved in the adaptation to drug-induced cell killing. All six drug-adapted BT-549 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines displayed cross resistance to chemotherapy and decreased apoptosis sensitivity. Expression of the anti-apoptotic co-chaperone BAG3 was notably enhanced in two thirds (4/6) of the six resistant lines simultaneously with higher expression of HSP70 in comparison to parental controls. Doxorubicin-resistant BT-549 (BT-549rDOX20) and 5-Fluorouracil-resistant MDA-MB-468 (MDA-MB-468r5-FU2000) cells were chosen for further analysis with the autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 and lentiviral depletion of ATG5, indicating that enhanced cytoprotective autophagy partially contributes to increased drug resistance and cell survival. Stable lentiviral BAG3 depletion was associated with a robust down-regulation of Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, restoration of drug-induced apoptosis and reduced cell adhesion in these cells, and these death-sensitizing effects could be mimicked with the BAG3/Hsp70 interaction inhibitor YM-1 and by KRIBB11, a selective transcriptional inhibitor of HSF-1. Furthermore, BAG3 depletion was able to revert the EMT-like transcriptional changes observed in BT-549rDOX20 and MDA-MB-468r5-FU2000 cells. In summary, genetic and pharmacological interference with BAG3 is capable to resensitize TNBC cells to treatment, underscoring its relevance for cell death resistance and as a target to overcome therapy resistance of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kanta Das
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Benedikt Linder
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Bonn
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Rothweiler
- Institute for Medical Virology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Institute for Medical Virology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Biosciences, The University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute for Medical Virology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany.
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7
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Curtit E, Pivot X, Henriques J, Paget-Bailly S, Fumoleau P, Rios M, Bonnefoi H, Bachelot T, Soulié P, Jouannaud C, Bourgeois H, Petit T, Tennevet I, Assouline D, Mathieu MC, Jacquin JP, Lavau-Denes S, Darut-Jouve A, Ferrero JM, Tarpin C, Lévy C, Delecroix V, Trillet-Lenoir V, Cojocarasu O, Meunier J, Pierga JY, Kerbrat P, Faure-Mercier C, Blanché H, Sahbatou M, Boland A, Bacq D, Besse C, Thomas G, Deleuze JF, Pauporté I, Romieu G, Cox DG. Assessment of the prognostic role of a 94-single nucleotide polymorphisms risk score in early breast cancer in the SIGNAL/PHARE prospective cohort: no correlation with clinico-pathological characteristics and outcomes. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:98. [PMID: 28830573 PMCID: PMC5568360 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have to date identified 94 genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) associated with risk of developing breast cancer. A score based on the combined effect of the 94 risk alleles can be calculated to measure the global risk of breast cancer. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the 94-SNP-based risk score is associated with clinico-pathological characteristics, breast cancer subtypes and outcomes in early breast cancer. Methods A 94-SNP risk score was calculated in 8703 patients in the PHARE and SIGNAL prospective case cohorts. This score is the total number of inherited risk alleles based on 94 selected SNPs. Clinical data and outcomes were prospectively registered. Genotyping was obtained from a GWAS. Results The median 94-SNP risk score in 8703 patients with early breast cancer was 77.5 (range: 58.1–97.6). The risk score was not associated with usual prognostic and predictive factors (age; tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) status; Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade; inflammatory features; estrogen receptor status; progesterone receptor status; human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status) and did not correlate with breast cancer subtypes. The 94-SNP risk score did not predict outcomes represented by overall survival or disease-free survival. Conclusions In a prospective case cohort of 8703 patients, a risk score based on 94 SNPs was not associated with breast cancer characteristics, cancer subtypes, or patients’ outcomes. If we hypothesize that prognosis and subtypes of breast cancer are determined by constitutional genetic factors, our results suggest that a score based on breast cancer risk-associated SNPs is not associated with prognosis. Trial registration PHARE cohort: NCT00381901, Sept. 26, 2006 – SIGNAL cohort: INCa RECF1098, Jan. 28, 2009 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0888-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Curtit
- Hôpital Jean-Minjoz, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, UMR 1098 INSERM-EFS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Boulevard Fleming, 25000, Besançon, France. .,Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Jean Minjoz, 3, boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25030, Besancon Cedex, France.
| | - Xavier Pivot
- Hôpital Jean-Minjoz, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, UMR 1098 INSERM-EFS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Boulevard Fleming, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Julie Henriques
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Unité de Méthodologie et de Qualité de Vie en Cancérologie, 2 place St Jacques, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Paget-Bailly
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Unité de Méthodologie et de Qualité de Vie en Cancérologie, 2 place St Jacques, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Fumoleau
- Georges-François Leclerc, 1 Rue du Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Maria Rios
- Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine - Alexis Vautrin, département d'Oncologie Médicale, 6, avenue de Bourgogne, 54511, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Bonnefoi
- Institut Bergonié, Département d'Oncologie Médicale, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Bachelot
- Centre Léon Bérard, Département de Cancérologie Médicale, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Patrick Soulié
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Service Oncologie Médicale, 2 rue Moll, 49993, Angers Cedex 09, France
| | - Christelle Jouannaud
- Institut Jean Godinot, Service Oncologie Médicale, 1 rue du Général Koenig, 51056, Reims cedex, France
| | - Hugues Bourgeois
- Clinique Victor Hugo-Centre Jean Bernard, 18 rue Victor Hugo, 72015, Le Mans Cedex 2, France
| | - Thierry Petit
- Centre Paul Strauss, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, 67065, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | - David Assouline
- Institut Daniel Hollard, Service Oncologie Médicale, 8 rue du Docteur Calmette, 38028, Grenoble Cedex 01, France
| | - Marie-Christine Mathieu
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Comité de Pathologie mammaire, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Jacquin
- Institut de Cancérologie Lucien Neuwirth, Service Oncologie Médicale, 108 bis avenue Albert Raimond, 42270, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Sandrine Lavau-Denes
- Centre Hospitalier de Limoges, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Ariane Darut-Jouve
- Clinique Drévon, Centre d'oncologie et de radiothérapie du Parc, 18 cours du général de Gaulle, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ferrero
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Département Oncologie Médicale, 33 avenue de Valombrose, 06189, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Carole Tarpin
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Département d'Oncologie Médicale, 232 Boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Lévy
- Centre François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, 14076, Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Delecroix
- Centre Etienne Dolet, Pôle Mutualiste, Service Oncologie Médicale, 11 boulevard Georges Charpak, 44606, Saint Nazaire, France
| | - Véronique Trillet-Lenoir
- Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495, Pierre-Benite Cedex, France
| | - Oana Cojocarasu
- Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Service d'Onco-Hématologie et Médecine interne, 194 avenue Rubillard, 72037, Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Meunier
- Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Service d'Oncologie médicale, 1 rue Porte Madeleine, 45032, Orleans Cedex 1, France
| | - Jean-Yves Pierga
- Institut Curie, Department of Medical Oncology, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pierre Kerbrat
- Centre Eugène Marquis, Service Oncologie médicale, Rue de la Bataille Flandres-Dunkerque, CS 44229, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Céline Faure-Mercier
- Institut National du Cancer, Direction de la Recherche, 52 avenue Morizet, 92513, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Hélène Blanché
- Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Mourad Sahbatou
- Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National du Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Bacq
- Centre National du Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Céline Besse
- Centre National du Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Thomas
- Synergie Lyon Cancer, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010, Paris, France.,Centre National du Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Iris Pauporté
- Institut National du Cancer, Direction de la Recherche, 52 avenue Morizet, 92513, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Gilles Romieu
- Oncologie Sénologie, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, 34298, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - David G Cox
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052 - Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373, Lyon, France
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8
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Onodera Y, Takagi K, Miki Y, Takayama KI, Shibahara Y, Watanabe M, Ishida T, Inoue S, Sasano H, Suzuki T. TACC2 (transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 2) in breast carcinoma as a potent prognostic predictor associated with cell proliferation. Cancer Med 2016; 5:1973-82. [PMID: 27333920 PMCID: PMC4971925 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming acidic coiled‐coil protein 2 (TACC2) belongs to TACC family proteins and involved in a variety of cellular processes through interactions with some molecules involved in centrosomes/microtubules dynamics. Mounting evidence suggests that TACCs is implicated in the progression of some human malignancies, but significance of TACC2 protein in breast carcinoma is still unknown. Therefore, in this study, we examined the clinical significance of TACC2 in breast carcinoma and biological functions by immunohistochemistry and in vitro experiments. Immunohistochemistry for TACC2 was performed in 154 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma. MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐453 breast carcinoma cell lines were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TACC2, and subsequently, cell proliferation, 5‐Bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU), and invasion assays were performed. TACC2 immunoreactivity was detected in 78 out of 154 (51%) breast carcinoma tissues, and it was significantly associated with Ki‐67 LI. The immunohistochemical TACC2 status was significantly associated with increased incidence of recurrence and breast cancer‐specific death of the patients, and multivariate analyses demonstrated TACC2 status as an independent prognostic factor for both disease‐free and breast cancer‐specific survival. Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that TACC2 significantly increased the proliferation activity of MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐453. These results suggest that TACC2 plays an important role in the cell proliferation of breast carcinoma and therefore immunohistochemical TACC2 status is a candidate of worse prognostic factor in breast cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Onodera
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takagi
- Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takayama
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shibahara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan.,Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Wu Y, Abbey CK, Liu J, Ong I, Peissig P, Onitilo AA, Fan J, Yuan M, Burnside ES. Discriminatory power of common genetic variants in personalized breast cancer diagnosis. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 9787. [PMID: 27279675 DOI: 10.1117/12.2217030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Technology advances in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has engendered optimism that we have entered a new age of precision medicine, in which the risk of breast cancer can be predicted on the basis of a person's genetic variants. The goal of this study is to evaluate the discriminatory power of common genetic variants in breast cancer risk estimation. We conducted a retrospective case-control study drawing from an existing personalized medicine data repository. We collected variables that predict breast cancer risk: 153 high-frequency/low-penetrance genetic variants, reflecting the state-of-the-art GWAS on breast cancer, mammography descriptors and BI-RADS assessment categories in the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon. We trained and tested naïve Bayes models by using these predictive variables. We generated ROC curves and used the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to quantify predictive performance. We found that genetic variants achieved comparable predictive performance to BI-RADS assessment categories in terms of AUC (0.650 vs. 0.659, p-value = 0.742), but significantly lower predictive performance than the combination of BI-RADS assessment categories and mammography descriptors (0.650 vs. 0.751, p-value < 0.001). A better understanding of relative predictive capability of genetic variants and mammography data may benefit clinicians and patients to make appropriate decisions about breast cancer screening, prevention, and treatment in the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Wu
- Dept. of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US
| | - Craig K Abbey
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, US
| | - Jie Liu
- Dept. of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Irene Ong
- Dept. of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US
| | - Peggy Peissig
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, US
| | - Adedayo A Onitilo
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, US ; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Marshfield Clinic Weston Center, Weston, WI, US
| | - Jun Fan
- Dept. of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Ming Yuan
- Dept. of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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10
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Petridis C, Brook MN, Shah V, Kohut K, Gorman P, Caneppele M, Levi D, Papouli E, Orr N, Cox A, Cross SS, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Peto J, Swerdlow A, Schoemaker MJ, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Dennis J, Michailidou K, Benitez J, González-Neira A, Tessier DC, Vincent D, Li J, Figueroa J, Kristensen V, Borresen-Dale AL, Soucy P, Simard J, Milne RL, Giles GG, Margolin S, Lindblom A, Brüning T, Brauch H, Southey MC, Hopper JL, Dörk T, Bogdanova NV, Kabisch M, Hamann U, Schmutzler RK, Meindl A, Brenner H, Arndt V, Winqvist R, Pylkäs K, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Lubinski J, Jakubowska A, Mulligan AM, Andrulis IL, Tollenaar RAEM, Devilee P, Le Marchand L, Haiman CA, Mannermaa A, Kosma VM, Radice P, Peterlongo P, Marme F, Burwinkel B, van Deurzen CHM, Hollestelle A, Miller N, Kerin MJ, Lambrechts D, Floris G, Wesseling J, Flyger H, Bojesen SE, Yao S, Ambrosone CB, Chenevix-Trench G, Truong T, Guénel P, Rudolph A, Chang-Claude J, Nevanlinna H, Blomqvist C, Czene K, Brand JS, Olson JE, Couch FJ, Dunning AM, Hall P, Easton DF, Pharoah PDP, Pinder SE, Schmidt MK, Tomlinson I, Roylance R, García-Closas M, Sawyer EJ. Genetic predisposition to ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:22. [PMID: 26884359 PMCID: PMC4756509 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive form of breast cancer. It is often associated with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and is considered to be a non-obligate precursor of IDC. It is not clear to what extent these two forms of cancer share low-risk susceptibility loci, or whether there are differences in the strength of association for shared loci. METHODS To identify genetic polymorphisms that predispose to DCIS, we pooled data from 38 studies comprising 5,067 cases of DCIS, 24,584 cases of IDC and 37,467 controls, all genotyped using the iCOGS chip. RESULTS Most (67 %) of the 76 known breast cancer predisposition loci showed an association with DCIS in the same direction as previously reported for invasive breast cancer. Case-only analysis showed no evidence for differences between associations for IDC and DCIS after considering multiple testing. Analysis by estrogen receptor (ER) status confirmed that loci associated with ER positive IDC were also associated with ER positive DCIS. Analysis of DCIS by grade suggested that two independent SNPs at 11q13.3 near CCND1 were specific to low/intermediate grade DCIS (rs75915166, rs554219). These associations with grade remained after adjusting for ER status and were also found in IDC. We found no novel DCIS-specific loci at a genome wide significance level of P < 5.0x10(-8). CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study provides the strongest evidence to date of a shared genetic susceptibility for IDC and DCIS. Studies with larger numbers of DCIS are needed to determine if IDC or DCIS specific loci exist.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genotype
- Humans
- Ki-67 Antigen/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Petridis
- Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Mark N Brook
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Vandna Shah
- Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Kelly Kohut
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Patricia Gorman
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Michele Caneppele
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Dina Levi
- Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Efterpi Papouli
- Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Nick Orr
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Simon S Cross
- Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel C Tessier
- Centre d'innovation Génome Québec et Université McGill, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Daniel Vincent
- Centre d'innovation Génome Québec et Université McGill, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Penny Soucy
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada.
| | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada.
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Natalia V Bogdanova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maria Kabisch
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany.
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Rob A E M Tollenaar
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Italian Foundation of Cancer Research) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.
| | - Frederik Marme
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Antoinette Hollestelle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicola Miller
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Michael J Kerin
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Jelle Wesseling
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Thérèse Truong
- Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France.
- University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France.
- University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Judith S Brand
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Janet E Olson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sarah E Pinder
- Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rebecca Roylance
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
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Lawrenson K, Li Q, Kar S, Seo JH, Tyrer J, Spindler TJ, Lee J, Chen Y, Karst A, Drapkin R, Aben KKH, Anton-Culver H, Antonenkova N, Baker H, Bandera EV, Bean Y, Beckmann MW, Berchuck A, Bisogna M, Bjorge L, Bogdanova N, Brinton LA, Brooks-Wilson A, Bruinsma F, Butzow R, Campbell IG, Carty K, Chang-Claude J, Chenevix-Trench G, Chen A, Chen Z, Cook LS, Cramer DW, Cunningham JM, Cybulski C, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Dennis J, Dicks E, Doherty JA, Dörk T, du Bois A, Dürst M, Eccles D, Easton DT, Edwards RP, Eilber U, Ekici AB, Fasching PA, Fridley BL, Gao YT, Gentry-Maharaj A, Giles GG, Glasspool R, Goode EL, Goodman MT, Grownwald J, Harrington P, Harter P, Hasmad HN, Hein A, Heitz F, Hildebrandt MAT, Hillemanns P, Hogdall E, Hogdall C, Hosono S, Iversen ES, Jakubowska A, James P, Jensen A, Ji BT, Karlan BY, Kruger Kjaer S, Kelemen LE, Kellar M, Kelley JL, Kiemeney LA, Krakstad C, Kupryjanczyk J, Lambrechts D, Lambrechts S, Le ND, Lee AW, Lele S, Leminen A, Lester J, Levine DA, Liang D, Lissowska J, Lu K, Lubinski J, Lundvall L, Massuger LFAG, Matsuo K, McGuire V, McLaughlin JR, Nevanlinna H, McNeish I, Menon U, Modugno F, Moysich KB, Narod SA, Nedergaard L, Ness RB, Azmi MAN, Odunsi K, Olson SH, Orlow I, Orsulic S, Weber RP, Pearce CL, Pejovic T, Pelttari LM, Permuth-Wey J, Phelan CM, Pike MC, Poole EM, Ramus SJ, Risch HA, Rosen B, Rossing MA, Rothstein JH, Rudolph A, Runnebaum IB, Rzepecka IK, Salvesen HB, Schildkraut JM, Schwaab I, Sellers TA, Shu XO, Shvetsov YB, Siddiqui N, Sieh W, Song H, Southey MC, Sucheston L, Tangen IL, Teo SH, Terry KL, Thompson PJ, Timorek A, Tsai YY, Tworoger SS, van Altena AM, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Vergote I, Vierkant RA, Wang-Gohrke S, Walsh C, Wentzensen N, Whittemore AS, Wicklund KG, Wilkens LR, Woo YL, Wu X, Wu AH, Yang H, Zheng W, Ziogas A, Monteiro A, Pharoah PD, Gayther SA, Freedman ML. Cis-eQTL analysis and functional validation of candidate susceptibility genes for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8234. [PMID: 26391404 PMCID: PMC4580986 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have reported 11 regions conferring risk of high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses can identify candidate susceptibility genes at risk loci. Here we evaluate cis-eQTL associations at 47 regions associated with HGSOC risk (P≤10(-5)). For three cis-eQTL associations (P<1.4 × 10(-3), FDR<0.05) at 1p36 (CDC42), 1p34 (CDCA8) and 2q31 (HOXD9), we evaluate the functional role of each candidate by perturbing expression of each gene in HGSOC precursor cells. Overexpression of HOXD9 increases anchorage-independent growth, shortens population-doubling time and reduces contact inhibition. Chromosome conformation capture identifies an interaction between rs2857532 and the HOXD9 promoter, suggesting this SNP is a leading causal variant. Transcriptomic profiling after HOXD9 overexpression reveals enrichment of HGSOC risk variants within HOXD9 target genes (P=6 × 10(-10) for risk variants (P<10(-4)) within 10 kb of a HOXD9 target gene in ovarian cells), suggesting a broader role for this network in genetic susceptibility to HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Qiyuan Li
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ji-Heui Seo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tassja J. Spindler
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Janet Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Yibu Chen
- Bioinformatics Service, Norris Medical Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Alison Karst
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Katja K. H. Aben
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Netherlands, PO Box 19079, 3501 DB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Director of Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Natalia Antonenkova
- Byelorussian Institute for Oncology and Medical Radiology Aleksandrov N.N., 223040 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Helen Baker
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Yukie Bean
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Maria Bisogna
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Line Bjorge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5058 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Natalia Bogdanova
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Ralf Butzow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian G. Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Karen Carty
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Anne Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Linda S. Cook
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Daniel W. Cramer
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Julie M. Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ed Dicks
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, 65199 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 5YA, UK
| | - Douglas T. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Robert P. Edwards
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Ovarian Cancer Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Ursula Eilber
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles California 90095, USA
| | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Biostatistics and Informatics Shared Resource, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London W1T 7DN, UK
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rosalind Glasspool
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
- Community and Population Health Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Jacek Grownwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patricia Harrington
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Philipp Harter
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, 65199 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Hanis Nazihah Hasmad
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, 65199 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Michelle A. T. Hildebrandt
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Estrid Hogdall
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Unit, Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Hogdall
- Gyn Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Satoyo Hosono
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-0021, Japan
| | - Edwin S. Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paul James
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - Allan Jensen
- Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Susanne Kruger Kjaer
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Gynaecology, The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda E. Kelemen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29435, USA
| | - Melissa Kellar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Joseph L. Kelley
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Mentre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5058 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandrina Lambrechts
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nhu D. Le
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Alice W. Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Shashi Lele
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Arto Leminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Douglas A. Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karen Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Lene Lundvall
- Molecular Unit, Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leon F. A. G. Massuger
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medical Sciences, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California 94305, USA
| | - John R. McLaughlin
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian McNeish
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Usha Menon
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London W1T 7DN, UK
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Ovarian Cancer Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
- Women's Cancer Research Program, Magee-Women's Research Institute and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Kirsten B. Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Steven A. Narod
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10017, USA
| | - Lotte Nedergaard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberta B. Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mat Adenan Noor Azmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Sara H. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10017, USA
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10017, USA
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Rachel Palmieri Weber
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Celeste L. Pearce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Liisa M. Pelttari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer Permuth-Wey
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Catherine M. Phelan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Malcolm C. Pike
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Poole
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Harvey A. Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Barry Rosen
- Department of Gynecologic-Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2J7
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Joseph H. Rothstein
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California 94305, USA
| | - Anja Rudolph
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Iwona K. Rzepecka
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Helga B. Salvesen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5058 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Joellen M. Schildkraut
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Institut für Humangenetik Wiesbaden, 65187 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Ira Schwaab
- Institut für Humangenetik Wiesbaden, 65187 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Yurii B. Shvetsov
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California 94305, USA
| | - Honglin Song
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lara Sucheston
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Ingvild L. Tangen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5058 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kathryn L. Terry
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Pamela J. Thompson
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
- Community and Population Health Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Agnieszka Timorek
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Oncology, IInd Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University and Brodnowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ya-Yu Tsai
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Shelley S. Tworoger
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Anne M. van Altena
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Els Van Nieuwenhuysen
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Walsh
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Alice S. Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California 94305, USA
| | - Kristine G. Wicklund
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Yin-Ling Woo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Hannah Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, Director of Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Alvaro Monteiro
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, Division of Population Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Paul D. Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Simon A. Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Matthew L. Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Howell A, Anderson AS, Clarke RB, Duffy SW, Evans DG, Garcia-Closas M, Gescher AJ, Key TJ, Saxton JM, Harvie MN. Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:446. [PMID: 25467785 PMCID: PMC4303126 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is an increasing public health problem. Substantial advances have been made in the treatment of breast cancer, but the introduction of methods to predict women at elevated risk and prevent the disease has been less successful. Here, we summarize recent data on newer approaches to risk prediction, available approaches to prevention, how new approaches may be made, and the difficult problem of using what we already know to prevent breast cancer in populations. During 2012, the Breast Cancer Campaign facilitated a series of workshops, each covering a specialty area of breast cancer to identify gaps in our knowledge. The risk-and-prevention panel involved in this exercise was asked to expand and update its report and review recent relevant peer-reviewed literature. The enlarged position paper presented here highlights the key gaps in risk-and-prevention research that were identified, together with recommendations for action. The panel estimated from the relevant literature that potentially 50% of breast cancer could be prevented in the subgroup of women at high and moderate risk of breast cancer by using current chemoprevention (tamoxifen, raloxifene, exemestane, and anastrozole) and that, in all women, lifestyle measures, including weight control, exercise, and moderating alcohol intake, could reduce breast cancer risk by about 30%. Risk may be estimated by standard models potentially with the addition of, for example, mammographic density and appropriate single-nucleotide polymorphisms. This review expands on four areas: (a) the prediction of breast cancer risk, (b) the evidence for the effectiveness of preventive therapy and lifestyle approaches to prevention, (c) how understanding the biology of the breast may lead to new targets for prevention, and (d) a summary of published guidelines for preventive approaches and measures required for their implementation. We hope that efforts to fill these and other gaps will lead to considerable advances in our efforts to predict risk and prevent breast cancer over the next 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Howell
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M29 9LT Manchester, UK
- The Christie, NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
| | - Annie S Anderson
- Centre for Public Health Nutrition Research, Division of Cancer Research, Level 7, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Mailbox 7, George Pirie Way, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
| | - Stephen W Duffy
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M29 9LT Manchester, UK
- The Christie, NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL UK
| | - Montserat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG London, UK
| | - Andy J Gescher
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE2 7LX UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | - John M Saxton
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, University Drive, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Michelle N Harvie
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M29 9LT Manchester, UK
- The Christie, NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
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