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Zalon AJ, Quiriconi DJ, Pitcairn C, Mazzulli JR. α-Synuclein: Multiple pathogenic roles in trafficking and proteostasis pathways in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241232963. [PMID: 38420922 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241232963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. A hallmark of both familial and sporadic PD is the presence of Lewy body inclusions composed mainly of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn), a presynaptic protein encoded by the SNCA gene. The mechanisms driving the relationship between α-syn accumulation and neurodegeneration are not completely understood, although recent evidence indicates that multiple branches of the proteostasis pathway are simultaneously perturbed when α-syn aberrantly accumulates within neurons. Studies from patient-derived midbrain cultures that develop α-syn pathology through the endogenous expression of PD-causing mutations show that proteostasis disruption occurs at the level of synthesis/folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), downstream ER-Golgi trafficking, and autophagic-lysosomal clearance. Here, we review the fundamentals of protein transport, highlighting the specific steps where α-syn accumulation may intervene and the downstream effects on proteostasis. Current therapeutic efforts are focused on targeting single pathways or proteins, but the multifaceted pathogenic role of α-syn throughout the proteostasis pathway suggests that manipulating several targets simultaneously will provide more effective disease-modifying therapies for PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Zalon
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Drew J Quiriconi
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caleb Pitcairn
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Jin M, Shi R, Gao D, Wang B, Li N, Li X, Sik A, Liu K, Zhang X. ErbB2 pY -1248 as a predictive biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on research with RPPA technology and in vivo verification. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14407. [PMID: 37564024 PMCID: PMC10848095 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to reveal a promising biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on research with reverse phase protein array (RPPA) technology for the first time and in vivo verification, which gains time for early intervention in PD, thus increasing the effectiveness of treatment and reducing disease morbidity. METHODS AND RESULTS We employed RPPA technology which can assess both total and post-translationally modified proteins to identify biomarker candidates of PD in a cellular PD model. As a result, the phosphorylation (pY-1248) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ErbB2 is a promising biomarker candidate for PD. In addition, lapatinib, an ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was used to verify this PD biomarker candidate in vivo. We found that lapatinib-attenuated dopaminergic neuron loss and PD-like behavior in the zebrafish PD model. Accordingly, the expression of ErbB2pY-1248 significantly increased in the MPTP-induced mouse PD model. Our results suggest that ErbB2pY-1248 is a predictive biomarker for PD. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that ErbB2pY-1248 is a predictive biomarker of PD by using RPPA technology and in vivo verification. It offers a new perspective on PD diagnosing and treatment, which will be essential in identifying individuals at risk of PD. In addition, this study provides new ideas for digging into biomarkers of other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)Ji'nanChina
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong ProvinceJi'nanChina
| | - Ruidie Shi
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)Ji'nanChina
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong ProvinceJi'nanChina
- School of PsychologyNorth China University of Science and TechnologyTang'shanChina
| | - Daili Gao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)Ji'nanChina
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong ProvinceJi'nanChina
| | - Baokun Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)Ji'nanChina
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong ProvinceJi'nanChina
| | - Ning Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)Ji'nanChina
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong ProvinceJi'nanChina
| | - Xia Li
- Mills Institute for Personalized Cancer Care, Fynn Biotechnologies Ltd.Ji'nanChina
| | - Attila Sik
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical SchoolUniversity of PecsPécsHungary
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Medical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Physiology, Medical SchoolUniversity of PecsPécsHungary
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)Ji'nanChina
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong ProvinceJi'nanChina
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- School of PsychologyNorth China University of Science and TechnologyTang'shanChina
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3
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Taşdemir Ş, Morçimen ZG, Doğan AA, Görgün C, Şendemir A. Surface Area of Graphene Governs Its Neurotoxicity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37201186 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene and its derivatives are widely exploited for biomedical applications. It has been shown that graphene may exert different degrees of toxicity in in vivo or in vitro models when administered via different routes and penetrated through physiological barriers, subsequently being distributed within tissues or located within cells. In this study, in vitro neurotoxicity of graphene with different surface areas (150 and 750 m2/g) was examined on dopaminergic neuron model cells. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with graphene possessing two different surface areas (150 and 750 m2/g) in different concentrations between 400 and 3.125 μg/mL, and the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were investigated. Both sizes of graphene have shown increased cell viability in decreasing concentrations. Cell damage increased with higher surface area. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) results have concluded that the viability loss of the cells is not through membrane damage. Neither of the two graphene types showed damage through lipid peroxidation (MDA) oxidative stress pathway. Glutathione (GSH) values increased within the first 24 and 48 h for both types of graphene. This increase suggests that graphene has an antioxidant effect on the SH-SY5Y model neurons. Comet analysis shows that graphene does not show genotoxicity on either surface area. Although there are many studies on graphene and its derivatives on their use with different cells in the literature, there are conflicting results in these studies, and most of the literature is focused on graphene oxide. Among these studies, no study examining the effect of graphene surface areas on the cell was found. Our study contributes to the literature in terms of examining the cytotoxic and genotoxic behavior of graphene with different surface areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Taşdemir
- Bioengineering Department, Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | | | | | - Cansu Görgün
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova 16126, Italy
| | - Aylin Şendemir
- Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Technologies, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
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4
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Lee RMQ, Koh TW. Genetic modifiers of synucleinopathies-lessons from experimental models. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad001. [PMID: 38596238 PMCID: PMC10913850 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a pleiotropic protein underlying a group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Together, these are known as synucleinopathies. Like all neurological diseases, understanding of disease mechanisms is hampered by the lack of access to biopsy tissues, precluding a real-time view of disease progression in the human body. This has driven researchers to devise various experimental models ranging from yeast to flies to human brain organoids, aiming to recapitulate aspects of synucleinopathies. Studies of these models have uncovered numerous genetic modifiers of α-synuclein, most of which are evolutionarily conserved. This review discusses what we have learned about disease mechanisms from these modifiers, and ways in which the study of modifiers have supported ongoing efforts to engineer disease-modifying interventions for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Min Qi Lee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Tong-Wey Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 #05-01, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
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Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Treatment of Myocardial Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054577. [PMID: 36902008 PMCID: PMC10003569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) therapy brings great hope to the treatment of myocardial injuries, while extracellular vesicles may be one of the main mechanisms of its action. iPSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (iPSCs-sEVs) can carry genetic and proteinaceous substances and mediate the interaction between iPSCs and target cells. In recent years, more and more studies have focused on the therapeutic effect of iPSCs-sEVs in myocardial injury. IPSCs-sEVs may be a new cell-free-based treatment for myocardial injury, including myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. In the current research on myocardial injury, the extraction of sEVs from mesenchymal stem cells induced by iPSCs was widely used. Isolation methods of iPSCs-sEVs for the treatment of myocardial injury include ultracentrifugation, isodensity gradient centrifugation, and size exclusion chromatography. Tail vein injection and intraductal administration are the most widely used routes of iPSCs-sEV administration. The characteristics of sEVs derived from iPSCs which were induced from different species and organs, including fibroblasts and bone marrow, were further compared. In addition, the beneficial genes of iPSC can be regulated through CRISPR/Cas9 to change the composition of sEVs and improve the abundance and expression diversity of them. This review focused on the strategies and mechanisms of iPSCs-sEVs in the treatment of myocardial injury, which provides a reference for future research and the application of iPSCs-sEVs.
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6
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Neupane S, De Cecco E, Aguzzi A. The Hidden Cell-to-Cell Trail of α-Synuclein Aggregates. J Mol Biol 2022:167930. [PMID: 36566800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The progressive accumulation of insoluble aggregates of the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy, and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, commonly referred to as synucleinopathies. Despite considerable progress on the structural biology of these aggregates, the molecular mechanisms mediating their cell-to-cell transmission, propagation, and neurotoxicity remain only partially understood. Numerous studies have highlighted the stereotypical spatiotemporal spreading of pathological α-Syn aggregates across different tissues and anatomically connected brain regions over time. Experimental evidence from various cellular and animal models indicate that α-Syn transfer occurs in two defined steps: the release of pathogenic α-Syn species from infected cells, and their uptake via passive or active endocytic pathways. Once α-Syn aggregates have been internalized, little is known about what drives their toxicity or how they interact with the endogenous protein to promote its misfolding and subsequent aggregation. Similarly, unknown genetic factors modulate different cellular responses to the aggregation and accumulation of pathogenic α-Syn species. Here we discuss the current understanding of the molecular phenomena associated with the intercellular spreading of pathogenic α-Syn seeds and summarize the evidence supporting the transmission hypothesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in α-Syn aggregates transmission is essential to develop novel targeted therapeutics against PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Neupane
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. https://twitter.com/neuron_sandesh
| | - Elena De Cecco
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Sultana P, Novotny J. Rab11 and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221142360. [PMID: 36464817 PMCID: PMC9726856 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221142360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicles mediate the trafficking of membranes/proteins in the endocytic and secretory pathways. These pathways are regulated by small GTPases of the Rab family. Rab proteins belong to the Ras superfamily of GTPases, which are significantly involved in various intracellular trafficking and signaling processes in the nervous system. Rab11 is known to play a key role especially in recycling many proteins, including receptors important for signal transduction and preservation of functional activities of nerve cells. Rab11 activity is controlled by GEFs (guanine exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase activating proteins), which regulate its function through modulating GTP/GDP exchange and the intrinsic GTPase activity, respectively. Rab11 is involved in the transport of several growth factor molecules important for the development and repair of neurons. Overexpression of Rab11 has been shown to significantly enhance vesicle trafficking. On the other hand, a reduced expression of Rab11 was observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. Current evidence appears to support the notion that Rab11 and its cognate proteins may be potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we briefly discuss the function of Rab11 and its related interaction partners in intracellular pathways that may be involved in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Jiri Novotny, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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8
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Swaroop RS, Pradhan SS, Darshan VMD, Phalguna KS, Sivaramakrishnan V. Integrated network pharmacology approach shows a potential role of Ginseng catechins and ginsenosides in modulating protein aggregation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:333. [PMID: 36330377 PMCID: PMC9622974 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative motor neuron disease. The disease is characterized by protein aggregates. The symptoms include weakness, denervation of muscles, atrophy and progressive paralysis of bulbar and respiratory muscles and dysphagia. Various secondary metabolites are evaluated for their ability to improve symptoms in ALS. Ginseng has been traditionally used for treating several neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies using model systems have shown a potential role of Ginseng catechins and Ginsenosides in clearing protein aggregation associated with ALS. We focus on Network pharmacology approach to understand the effect of Ginseng catechins or ginsenosides on protein aggregation associated with ALS. A catechin/ginsenoside-protein interaction network was generated and the pathways obtained were compared with those obtained from transcriptomic datasets of ALS from GEO database. Knock out of MAPK14, AKT and GSK from Catechin and BACE 1 from ginsenoside modulated pathways inhibited protein aggregation. Catechins and ginsenosides have potential as therapeutic agents in the management of ALS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03401-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Sai Swaroop
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Sai Sanwid Pradhan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - V. M. Datta Darshan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Kanikaram Sai Phalguna
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
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9
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The Effect of Aggregated Alpha Synuclein on Synaptic and Axonal Proteins in Parkinson’s Disease—A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091199. [PMID: 36139038 PMCID: PMC9496556 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein is a core component of Lewy bodies, one of the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease. Aggregated α-synuclein can impair both synaptic functioning and axonal transport. However, understanding the pathological role that α-synuclein plays at a cellular level is complicated as existing findings are multifaceted and dependent on the mutation, the species, and the quantity of the protein that is involved. This systematic review aims to stratify the research findings to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the role of aggregated α-synuclein on synaptic and axonal proteins in Parkinson’s disease models. A literature search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted and a total of 39 studies were included for analysis. The review provides evidence for the dysregulation or redistribution of synaptic and axonal proteins due to α-synuclein toxicity. However, due to the high quantity of variables that were used in the research investigations, it was challenging to ascertain exactly what effect α-synuclein has on the expression of the proteins. A more standardized experimental approach regarding the variables that are employed in future studies is crucial so that existing literature can be consolidated. New research involving aggregated α-synuclein at the synapse and regarding axonal transport could be advantageous in guiding new treatment solutions.
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10
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Molecular and Functional Interactions of Alpha-Synuclein with Rab3a. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102239. [PMID: 35809645 PMCID: PMC9396396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (a-Syn) is a presynaptic protein, the misfolding of which is associated with Parkinson’s disease. Rab GTPases are small guanine nucleotide binding proteins that play key roles in vesicle trafficking and have been associated with a-Syn function and dysfunction. a-Syn is enriched on synaptic vesicles, where it has been reported to interact with GTP-bound Rab3a, a master regulator of synaptic vesicle trafficking. a-Syn is known to bind weakly to Rab8a in solution via a positively charged patch, but the physiological implications of such interactions have not been explored. Here, we investigate direct interactions between a-Syn and Rab3a in solution and on lipid membranes using NMR spectroscopy. We find that the C terminus of a-Syn interacts with Rab3a in a manner similar to its previously reported interaction with Rab8a. While weak in solution, we demonstrate that this interaction becomes stronger when the proteins are bound to a membrane surface. The Rab3a binding site for a-Syn is similar to the surface that contacts the Rab3a effector rabphilin-3A, which modulates the enzymatic activity of Rab3a. Accordingly, we show that a-Syn inhibits GTP hydrolysis by Rab3a and that inhibition is more potent on the membrane surface, suggesting that their interaction may be functionally relevant. Finally, we show that phosphorylation of a-Syn residue Ser 129, a modification associated with Parkinson’s disease pathology, enhances its interactions with Rab3a and increases its ability to inhibit Rab3a GTP hydrolysis. These results represent the first observation of a functional role for synuclein-Rab interactions and for a-Syn Ser 129 phosphorylation.
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The Rab11-regulated endocytic pathway and BDNF/TrkB signaling: Roles in plasticity changes and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105796. [PMID: 35728773 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that rely on the intracellular transport of organelles. This process is regulated by molecular motors such as dynein and kinesins and the Rab family of monomeric GTPases that together help move cargo along microtubules in dendrites, somas, and axons. Rab5-Rab11 GTPases regulate receptor trafficking along early-recycling endosomes, which is a process that determines the intracellular signaling output of different signaling pathways, including those triggered by BDNF binding to its tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB. BDNF is a well-recognized neurotrophic factor that regulates experience-dependent plasticity in different circuits in the brain. The internalization of the BDNF/TrkB complex results in signaling endosomes that allow local signaling in dendrites and presynaptic terminals, nuclear signaling in somas and dynein-mediated long-distance signaling from axons to cell bodies. In this review, we briefly discuss the organization of the endocytic pathway and how Rab11-recycling endosomes interact with other endomembrane systems. We further expand upon the roles of the Rab11-recycling pathway in neuronal plasticity. Then, we discuss the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways and their functional relationships with the postendocytic trafficking of BDNF, including axonal transport, emphasizing the role of BDNF signaling endosomes, particularly Rab5-Rab11 endosomes, in neuronal plasticity. Finally, we discuss the evidence indicating that the dysfunction of the early-recycling pathway impairs BDNF signaling, contributing to several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ng L, Wang X, Yang C, Su C, Li M, Cheung AKL. Celastrol Downmodulates Alpha-Synuclein-Specific T Cell Responses by Mediating Antigen Trafficking in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833515. [PMID: 35309340 PMCID: PMC8926036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the elderly. It is associated with motor dysfunction due to the accumulation of misfolded or aggregated fibrillar alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the mid-brain. Current treatments are mainly focused on relieving the symptoms but are accompanied by side effects and are limited in halting disease progression. Increasing evidence points to peripheral immune cells underlying disease development, especially T cells contributing to α-syn-related neuroinflammation in PD. The onset of these cells is likely mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), whose role in α-syn-specific responses remain less studied. Moreover, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-derived compounds that are candidates to treat PD may alleviate DC-T cell-mediated immune responses. Therefore, our study focused on the role of DC in response to fibrillar α-syn and subsequent induction of antigen-specific T cell responses, and the effect of TCM Curcumin-analog C1 and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F-derived Celastrol. We found that although fibrillar α-syn did not induce significant inflammatory or T cell-mediating cytokines, robust pro-inflammatory T cell responses were found by co-culturing fibrillar α-syn-pulsed DCs with α-syn-specific CD4+ T cells. Celastrol, but not C1, reduced the onset of pro-inflammatory T cell differentiation, through promoting interaction of endosomal, amphisomal, and autophagic vesicles with fibrillar α-syn, which likely lead to its degradation and less antigen peptides available for presentation and T cell recognition. In conclusion, regulating the intracellular trafficking/processing of α-syn by DCs can be a potential approach to control the progression of PD, in which Celastrol is a potential candidate to accomplish this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Ng
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengfu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Ka Loon Cheung, ; Min Li,
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Ka Loon Cheung, ; Min Li,
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Teixeira M, Sheta R, Idi W, Oueslati A. Alpha-Synuclein and the Endolysosomal System in Parkinson's Disease: Guilty by Association. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091333. [PMID: 34572546 PMCID: PMC8472725 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of the protein α- synuclein (α-syn) into proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) is the neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence suggests that LB are also composed of other cellular components such as cellular membrane fragments and vesicular structures, suggesting that dysfunction of the endolysosomal system might also play a role in LB formation and neuronal degeneration. Yet the link between α-syn aggregation and the endolysosomal system disruption is not fully elucidated. In this review, we discuss the potential interaction between α-syn and the endolysosomal system and its impact on PD pathogenesis. We propose that the accumulation of monomeric and aggregated α-syn disrupt vesicles trafficking, docking, and recycling, leading to the impairment of the endolysosomal system, notably the autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway. Reciprocally, PD-linked mutations in key endosomal/lysosomal machinery genes (LRRK2, GBA, ATP13A2) also contribute to increasing α-syn aggregation and LB formation. Altogether, these observations suggest a potential synergistic role of α-syn and the endolysosomal system in PD pathogenesis and represent a viable target for the development of disease-modifying treatment for PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Teixeira
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Razan Sheta
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Walid Idi
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abid Oueslati
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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14
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Oliveira LMA, Gasser T, Edwards R, Zweckstetter M, Melki R, Stefanis L, Lashuel HA, Sulzer D, Vekrellis K, Halliday GM, Tomlinson JJ, Schlossmacher M, Jensen PH, Schulze-Hentrich J, Riess O, Hirst WD, El-Agnaf O, Mollenhauer B, Lansbury P, Outeiro TF. Alpha-synuclein research: defining strategic moves in the battle against Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34312398 PMCID: PMC8313662 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of the genetic era in Parkinson's disease (PD) research in 1997, α-synuclein was identified as an important player in a complex neurodegenerative disease that affects >10 million people worldwide. PD has been estimated to have an economic impact of $51.9 billion in the US alone. Since the initial association with PD, hundreds of researchers have contributed to elucidating the functions of α-synuclein in normal and pathological states, and these remain critical areas for continued research. With this position paper the authors strive to achieve two goals: first, to succinctly summarize the critical features that define α-synuclein's varied roles, as they are known today; and second, to identify the most pressing knowledge gaps and delineate a multipronged strategy for future research with the goal of enabling therapies to stop or slow disease progression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M A Oliveira
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Neurology, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julianna J Tomlinson
- Neuroscience Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Schlossmacher
- Neuroscience Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine & DANDRITE, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julia Schulze-Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omar El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Tiago F Outeiro
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
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15
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Koss DJ, Campesan S, Giorgini F, Outeiro TF. Dysfunction of RAB39B-Mediated Vesicular Trafficking in Lewy Body Diseases. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1744-1758. [PMID: 33939203 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular vesicular trafficking is essential for neuronal development, function, and homeostasis and serves to process, direct, and sort proteins, lipids, and other cargo throughout the cell. This intricate system of membrane trafficking between different compartments is tightly orchestrated by Ras analog in brain (RAB) GTPases and their effectors. Of the 66 members of the RAB family in humans, many have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and impairment of their functions contributes to cellular stress, protein aggregation, and death. Critically, RAB39B loss-of-function mutations are known to be associated with X-linked intellectual disability and with rare early-onset Parkinson's disease. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted altered RAB39B expression in idiopathic cases of several Lewy body diseases (LBDs). This review contextualizes the role of RAB proteins in LBDs and highlights the consequences of RAB39B impairment in terms of endosomal trafficking, neurite outgrowth, synaptic maturation, autophagy, as well as alpha-synuclein homeostasis. Additionally, the potential for therapeutic intervention is examined via a discussion of the recent progress towards the development of specific RAB modulators. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Koss
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susanna Campesan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.,Scientific employee with a honorary contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Alrashidi H, Eaton S, Heales S. Biochemical characterization of proliferative and differentiated SH-SY5Y cell line as a model for Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:105009. [PMID: 33684546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. The cellular pathology includes dopamine depletion, decrease in mitochondrial complex I enzyme activity, lysosomal glucocerebrosidase enzyme activity and glutathione levels. The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line is one of the most widely used cell line models for Parkinson's disease. However, the consensus on its suitability as a model in its proliferative or differentiated state is lacking. In this study, we characterized and compared the biochemical processes most often studied in PD. This in proliferative and differentiated phenotypes of SH-SY5Y cells and several differences were found. Most notably, extracellular dopamine metabolism was significantly higher in differentiated SH-SY5Y. Furthermore, there was a greater variability in glutathione levels in proliferative phenotype (+/- 49%) compared to differentiated (+/- 16%). Finally, enzyme activity assay revealed significant increase in the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase activity in differentiated phenotype. In contrast, our study has found similarities between the two phenotypes in mitochondrial electron transport chain activity and tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression. The results of this study demonstrate that despite coming from the same cell line, these cells possess some key differences in their biochemistry. This highlights the importance of careful characterization of relevant disease pathways to assess the suitability of cell lines, such as SH-SY5Y cells, for modelling PD or other diseases, i.e. when using the same cell line but different differentiation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Alrashidi
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Simon Eaton
- Development Biology and Cancer, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Simon Heales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
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17
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Wu M, Su H, Zhao M. The Role of α-Synuclein in Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1007-1021. [PMID: 33555547 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), a highly addictive psychostimulant, is the second most widely used illicit drug. METH produces damage dopamine neurons and apoptosis via multiple inter-regulating mechanisms, including dopamine overload, hyperthermia, oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein degradation system dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that chronic METH abuse is associated with neurodegenerative changes in the human brain and an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). METH use and PD may share some common steps in causing neurotoxicity. Accumulation of α-synuclein, a presynaptic protein, is the pathological hallmark of PD. Intriguingly, α-synuclein upregulation and aggregation are also found in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in chronic METH users. This suggests α-synuclein may play a role in METH-induced neurotoxicity. The mechanism of α-synuclein cytotoxicity in PD has attracted considerable attention; however, how α-synuclein affects METH-induced neurotoxicity has not been reviewed. In this review, we summarize the relationship between METH use and PD, interdependent mechanisms that are involved in METH-induced neurotoxicity and the significance of α-synuclein upregulation in response to METH use. The identification of α-synuclein overexpression and aggregation as a contributor to METH-induced neurotoxicity may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of the deleterious effect of this drug and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Shanghai, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Fakhree MAA, Konings IBM, Kole J, Cambi A, Blum C, Claessens MMAE. The Localization of Alpha-synuclein in the Endocytic Pathway. Neuroscience 2021; 457:186-195. [PMID: 33482328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) that is abundantly present in the brain and is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). In spite of its abundance and its contribution to PD pathogenesis, the exact cellular function of αS remains largely unknown. The ability of αS to remodel phospholipid model membranes combined with biochemical and cellular studies suggests that αS is involved in endocytosis. To unravel with which route(s) and stage(s) of the endocytic pathway αS is associated, we quantified the colocalization between αS and endocytic marker proteins in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, using an object based colocalization analysis. Comparison with randomized data allowed us to discriminate between structural and coincidental colocalizations. A large fraction of the αS positive vesicles colocalizes with caveolin positive vesicles, a smaller fraction colocalizes with EEA1 and Rab7. We find no structural colocalization between αS and clathrin and Rab11 positive vesicles. We conclude that in a physiological context, αS is structurally associated with caveolin dependent membrane vesiculation and is found further along the endocytic pathway, in decreasing amounts, on early and late endosomes. Our results not only shed new light on the function of αS, they also provide a possible link between αS function and vesicle trafficking malfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A A Fakhree
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Irene B M Konings
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kole
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Blum
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille M A E Claessens
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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19
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Choi YR, Park SJ, Park SM. Molecular events underlying the cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein. FEBS J 2020; 288:6593-6602. [PMID: 33332736 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is associated with the formation of protein inclusion bodies called Lewy bodies (LB) or Lewy neurites (LN). α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a major component of LB and LN. The formation of LB or LN is mediated by formation of α-Syn fibrils, which are formed from α-Syn monomers and oligomers. Additionally, intercellular α-Syn propagation has been proposed to be important for the progression of PD. Thus, various studies have focused on elucidating the role of α-Syn propagation in the pathogenesis of PD. Previous studies have reported that α-Syn species are released from the cells through various pathways, including the unconventional secretion pathways. The released α-Syn species are internalized by the cells through multiple mechanisms, including receptor-mediated endocytosis. Some molecular processes involved in intercellular α-Syn propagation have been recently elucidated. This review discusses the current studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying the release and uptake of α-Syn and their physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ree Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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20
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O’Sullivan MJ, Lindsay AJ. The Endosomal Recycling Pathway-At the Crossroads of the Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176074. [PMID: 32842549 PMCID: PMC7503921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal recycling pathway lies at the heart of the membrane trafficking machinery in the cell. It plays a central role in determining the composition of the plasma membrane and is thus critical for normal cellular homeostasis. However, defective endosomal recycling has been linked to a wide range of diseases, including cancer and some of the most common neurological disorders. It is also frequently subverted by many diverse human pathogens in order to successfully infect cells. Despite its importance, endosomal recycling remains relatively understudied in comparison to the endocytic and secretory transport pathways. A greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that support transport through the endosomal recycling pathway will provide deeper insights into the pathophysiology of disease and will likely identify new approaches for their detection and treatment. This review will provide an overview of the normal physiological role of the endosomal recycling pathway, describe the consequences when it malfunctions, and discuss potential strategies for modulating its activity.
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21
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Hisanaga SI, Wei R, Huo A, Tomomura M. LMTK1, a Novel Modulator of Endosomal Trafficking in Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:112. [PMID: 32714146 PMCID: PMC7344150 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons extend long processes known as axons and dendrites, through which they communicate with each other. The neuronal circuits formed by the axons and dendrites are the structural basis of higher brain functions. The formation and maintenance of these processes are essential for physiological brain activities. Membrane components, both lipids, and proteins, that are required for process formation are supplied by vesicle transport. Intracellular membrane trafficking is regulated by a family of Rab small GTPases. A group of Rabs regulating endosomal trafficking has been studied mainly in nonpolarized culture cell lines, and little is known about their regulation in polarized neurons with long processes. As shown in our recent study, lemur tail (former tyrosine) kinase 1 (LMTK1), an as yet uncharacterized Ser/Thr kinase associated with Rab11-positive recycling endosomes, modulates the formation of axons, dendrites, and spines in cultured primary neurons. LMTK1 knockdown or knockout (KO) or the expression of a kinase-negative mutant stimulates the transport of endosomal vesicles in neurons, leading to the overgrowth of axons, dendrites, and spines. More recently, we found that LMTK1 regulates TBC1D9B Rab11 GAP and proposed the Cdk5/p35-LMTK1-TBC1D9B-Rab11 pathway as a signaling cascade that regulates endosomal trafficking. Here, we summarize the biochemical, cell biological, and physiological properties of LMTK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa Campus, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa Campus, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Anni Huo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa Campus, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Mineko Tomomura
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Meikai University School of Health Sciences, Urayasu, Japan
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22
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Brás IC, Dominguez-Meijide A, Gerhardt E, Koss D, Lázaro DF, Santos PI, Vasili E, Xylaki M, Outeiro TF. Synucleinopathies: Where we are and where we need to go. J Neurochem 2020; 153:433-454. [PMID: 31957016 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of disorders characterized by the accumulation of inclusions rich in the a-synuclein (aSyn) protein. This group of disorders includes Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple systems atrophy, and pure autonomic failure (PAF). In addition, genetic alterations (point mutations and multiplications) in the gene encoding for aSyn (SNCA) are associated with familial forms of Parkinson's disease, the most common synucleinopathy. The Synuclein Meetings are a series that has been taking place every 2 years for about 12 years. The Synuclein Meetings bring together leading experts in the field of Synuclein and related human conditions with the goal of discussing and advancing the research. In 2019, the Synuclein meeting took place in Ofir, a city in the outskirts of Porto, Portugal. The meeting, entitled "Synuclein Meeting 2019: Where we are and where we need to go", brought together >300 scientists studying both clinical and molecular aspects of synucleinopathies. The meeting covered a many of the open questions in the field, in a format that prompted open discussions between the participants, and underscored the need for additional research that, hopefully, will lead to future therapies for a group of as of yet incurable disorders. Here, we provide a summary of the topics discussed in each session and highlight what we know, what we do not know, and what progress needs to be made in order to enable the field to continue to advance. We are confident this systematic assessment of where we stand will be useful to steer the field and contribute to filling knowledge gaps that may form the foundations for future therapeutic strategies, which is where we need to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Caldeira Brás
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Koss
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diana F Lázaro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrícia I Santos
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mary Xylaki
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Rai SN, Singh P. Advancement in the modelling and therapeutics of Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 104:101752. [PMID: 31996329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of L-dopa in the middle of the 20th century (1960s), there is not any neuroprotective therapy available although significant development has been made in the treatment of symptomatic Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurological disorders like PD can be modelled in animals so as to recapitulates most of the symptoms seen in PD patients. In aging population, PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, even though significant outcomes have been achieved in PD research yet it still is a mystery to solve the treatments for PD. In the last two decades, PD models have provided enhanced precision into the understanding of the process of PD disease, its etiology, pathology, and molecular mechanisms behind it. Furthermore, at the same time as cellular models have helped to recognize specific events, animal models, both toxic and genetic, have replicated almost all of the hallmarks of PD and are very helpful for testing and finding new strategies for neuroprotection. Recently, in both classical and newer models, major advances have been done in the modelling of supplementary PD features have come into the light. In this review, we have try to provide an updated summary of the characteristics of these models related to in vitro and in vivo models, animal models for PD, stem cell model for PD, newer 3D model as well as the strengths and limitations of these most popular PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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24
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Abstract
Defects in membrane trafficking are hallmarks of neurodegeneration. Rab GTPases are key regulators of membrane trafficking. Alterations of Rab GTPases, or the membrane compartments they regulate, are associated with virtually all neuronal activities in health and disease. The observation that many Rab GTPases are associated with neurodegeneration has proven a challenge in the quest for cause and effect. Neurodegeneration can be a direct consequence of a defect in membrane trafficking. Alternatively, changes in membrane trafficking may be secondary consequences or cellular responses. The secondary consequences and cellular responses, in turn, may protect, represent inconsequential correlates or function as drivers of pathology. Here, we attempt to disentangle the different roles of membrane trafficking in neurodegeneration by focusing on selected associations with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and selected neuropathies. We provide an overview of current knowledge on Rab GTPase functions in neurons and review the associations of Rab GTPases with neurodegeneration with respect to the following classifications: primary cause, secondary cause driving pathology or secondary correlate. This analysis is devised to aid the interpretation of frequently observed membrane trafficking defects in neurodegeneration and facilitate the identification of true causes of pathology.
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25
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Saraste J, Prydz K. A New Look at the Functional Organization of the Golgi Ribbon. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:171. [PMID: 31497600 PMCID: PMC6713163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of vertebrate cells is a Golgi ribbon consisting of multiple cisternal stacks connected into a single-copy organelle next to the centrosome. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms that link the stacks together and the functional significance of ribbon formation remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these questions are of considerable interest, since there is increasing evidence that Golgi fragmentation – the unlinking of the stacks in the ribbon – is intimately connected not only to normal physiological processes, such as cell division and migration, but also to pathological states, including neurodegeneration and cancer. Challenging a commonly held view that ribbon architecture involves the formation of homotypic tubular bridges between the Golgi stacks, we present an alternative model, based on direct interaction between the biosynthetic (pre-Golgi) and endocytic (post-Golgi) membrane networks and their connection with the centrosome. We propose that the central domains of these permanent pre- and post-Golgi networks function together in the biogenesis and maintenance of the more transient Golgi stacks, and thereby establish “linker compartments” that dynamically join the stacks together. This model provides insight into the reversible fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon that takes place in dividing and migrating cells and its regulation along a cell surface – Golgi – centrosome axis. Moreover, it helps to understand transport pathways that either traverse or bypass the Golgi stacks and the positioning of the Golgi apparatus in differentiated neuronal, epithelial, and muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Rab GTPases: Switching to Human Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080909. [PMID: 31426400 PMCID: PMC6721686 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab proteins compose the largest family of small GTPases and control the different steps of intracellular membrane traffic. More recently, they have been shown to also regulate cell signaling, division, survival, and migration. The regulation of these processes generally occurs through recruitment of effectors and regulatory proteins, which control the association of Rab proteins to membranes and their activation state. Alterations in Rab proteins and their effectors are associated with multiple human diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and infections. This review provides an overview of how the dysregulation of Rab-mediated functions and membrane trafficking contributes to these disorders. Understanding the altered dynamics of Rabs and intracellular transport defects might thus shed new light on potential therapeutic strategies.
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27
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Lin Y, Lu Y, Li X. Biological characteristics of exosomes and genetically engineered exosomes for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. J Drug Target 2019; 28:129-141. [PMID: 31280623 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1641508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A primary focus of pharmacology is the accurate transport of drugs from the peripheral veins and their delivery to specific tissues and organs. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles with comparatively enhanced circulation stability, biocompatibility, physicochemical stability and bio-barrier permeation ability, as well as reduced toxicity. Therefore, they are considered a superior drug delivery platform. Core ligands and homing peptides fuse with transmembrane proteins on the exosome surface. Genetically engineered exosomes target specific tissues or organs and agents such as siRNA, miRNA and chemotherapeutics can be loaded into exosomes to improve the regulation of target tissues and organs. Here, we review exosome biogenesis, release, uptake and isolation. We also summarise the current applications of genetically engineered exosomes for tumours, and neurological, cardiovascular and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiong Lu
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Fifth Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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28
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Cheng J, Lu Q, Song L, Ho MS. α-Synuclein Trafficking in Parkinson's Disease: Insights From Fly and Mouse Models. ASN Neuro 2019; 10:1759091418812587. [PMID: 30482039 PMCID: PMC6259071 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418812587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation and accumulation are common pathological hallmarks in neurodegenerative diseases. To efficiently clear and eliminate such aggregation becomes an important cellular strategy for cell survival. Lewy bodies inclusion and aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) during the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) serve as a good example and are potentially linked to other pathological PD features such as progressive dopaminergic neuron cell death, behavioral defects, and nonmotor symptoms like anosmia, cognitive impairment, and depression. Years of research have revealed a variety of mechanisms underlying α-Syn aggregation, clearance, and spread. Particularly, vesicular routes associated with the trafficking of α-Syn, leading to its aggregation and accumulation, have been shown to play vital roles in PD pathogenesis. How α-Syn proteins propagate among cells in a prion-like manner, either from or to neurons and glia, via means of uptake or secretion, are questions under active investigation and have been of central interest in the field of PD study. This review covers components and pathways of possible vesicular routes involved in α-Syn trafficking. Events including but not limited to exocytosis and endocytosis will be discussed within the context of an overall cellular trafficking theme. Recent advances on α-Syn trafficking mechanisms and their significance in mediating PD pathogenesis will be thoroughly reviewed, ending with a discussion on the advantages and limitations of different animal PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cheng
- 1 School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Qingqing Lu
- 2 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Li Song
- 2 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Margaret S Ho
- 1 School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Qu L, Pan C, He SM, Lang B, Gao GD, Wang XL, Wang Y. The Ras Superfamily of Small GTPases in Non-neoplastic Cerebral Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:121. [PMID: 31213978 PMCID: PMC6555388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases from the Ras superfamily play crucial roles in basic cellular processes during practically the entire process of neurodevelopment, including neurogenesis, differentiation, gene expression, membrane and protein traffic, vesicular trafficking, and synaptic plasticity. Small GTPases are key signal transducing enzymes that link extracellular cues to the neuronal responses required for the construction of neuronal networks, as well as for synaptic function and plasticity. Different subfamilies of small GTPases have been linked to a number of non-neoplastic cerebral diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), intellectual disability, epilepsy, drug addiction, Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a large number of idiopathic cerebral diseases. Here, we attempted to make a clearer illustration of the relationship between Ras superfamily GTPases and non-neoplastic cerebral diseases, as well as their roles in the neural system. In future studies, potential treatments for non-neoplastic cerebral diseases which are based on small GTPase related signaling pathways should be explored further. In this paper, we review all the available literature in support of this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Lang
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Dong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Lian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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30
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Marvian AT, Koss DJ, Aliakbari F, Morshedi D, Outeiro TF. In vitro models of synucleinopathies: informing on molecular mechanisms and protective strategies. J Neurochem 2019; 150:535-565. [PMID: 31004503 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a central player in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as synucleinopathies. The protein was first associated with PD just over 20 years ago, when it was found to (i) be a major component of Lewy bodies and (ii) to be also associated with familial forms of PD. The characterization of α-Syn pathology has been achieved through postmortem studies of human brains. However, the identification of toxic mechanisms associated with α-Syn was only achieved through the use of experimental models. In vitro models are highly accessible, enable relatively rapid studies, and have been extensively employed to address α-Syn-associated neurodegeneration. Given the diversity of models used and the outcomes of the studies, a cumulative and comprehensive perspective emerges as indispensable to pave the way for further investigations. Here, we subdivided in vitro models of α-Syn pathology into three major types: (i) models simulating α-Syn fibrillization and the formation of different aggregated structures in vitro, (ii) models based on the intracellular expression of α-Syn, reporting on pathogenic conditions and cellular dysfunctions induced, and (iii) models using extracellular treatment with α-Syn aggregated species, reporting on sites of interaction and their downstream consequences. In summary, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms discovered and categorize protective strategies, in order to pave the way for future studies and the identification of effective therapeutic strategies. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tayaranian Marvian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - David J Koss
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Farhang Aliakbari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dina Morshedi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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31
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LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, and tau: partners in crime or unfortunate bystanders? Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:827-838. [PMID: 31085616 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has tremendously expanded our understanding of the players and mechanisms involved. Mutations in the genes encoding for alpha-synuclein (aSyn), LRRK2, and tau have been associated with familial and sporadic forms of the disease. aSyn is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are pathognomonic protein inclusions in PD. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients but is also seen in the brains of PD patients. LRRK2 is a complex multi-domain protein with kinase and GTPase enzymatic activity. Since aSyn and tau are phosphoproteins, we review the possible interplay between the three proteins. Understanding the interplay between LRRK2, aSyn and tau is extremely important, as this may enable the identification of novel targets and pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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32
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Living in Promiscuity: The Multiple Partners of Alpha-Synuclein at the Synapse in Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010141. [PMID: 30609739 PMCID: PMC6337145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a small protein that, in neurons, localizes predominantly to presynaptic terminals. Due to elevated conformational plasticity, which can be affected by environmental factors, in addition to undergoing disorder-to-order transition upon interaction with different interactants, α-syn is counted among the intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) family. As with many other IDPs, α-syn is considered a hub protein. This function is particularly relevant at synaptic sites, where α-syn is abundant and interacts with many partners, such as monoamine transporters, cytoskeletal components, lipid membranes, chaperones and synaptic vesicles (SV)-associated proteins. These protein–protein and protein–lipid membrane interactions are crucial for synaptic functional homeostasis, and alterations in α-syn can cause disruption of this complex network, and thus a failure of the synaptic machinery. Alterations of the synaptic environment or post-translational modification of α-syn can induce its misfolding, resulting in the formation of oligomers or fibrillary aggregates. These α-syn species are thought to play a pathological role in neurodegenerative disorders with α-syn deposits such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are referred to as synucleinopathies. Here, we aim at revising the complex and promiscuous role of α-syn at synaptic terminals in order to decipher whether α-syn molecular interactants may influence its conformational state, contributing to its aggregation, or whether they are just affected by it.
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33
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Wang HL, Lu CS, Yeh TH, Shen YM, Weng YH, Huang YZ, Chen RS, Liu YC, Cheng YC, Chang HC, Chen YL, Chen YJ, Lin YW, Hsu CC, Lin HL, Chiu CH, Chiu CC. Combined Assessment of Serum Alpha-Synuclein and Rab35 is a Better Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol 2019; 15:488-495. [PMID: 31591837 PMCID: PMC6785464 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2019.15.4.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is essential to develop a reliable predictive serum biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). The accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) and up-regulated expression of Rab35 participate in the etiology of PD. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the combined assessment of serum αSyn and Rab35 is a useful predictive biomarker for PD. METHODS Serum levels of αSyn or Rab35 were determined in serum samples from 59 sporadic PD patients, 19 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients, 20 multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, and 60 normal controls (NC). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the diagnostic accuracy of αSyn or/and Rab35 in discriminating PD patients from NC or atypical parkinsonian patients. RESULTS The levels of αSyn and Rab35 were increased in PD patients. The serum level of Rab35 was positively correlated with that of αSyn in PD patients. Compared to analyzing αSyn or Rab35 alone, the combined analysis of αSyn and Rab35 produced a larger area under the ROC curve and performed better in discriminating PD patients from NC, MSA patients, or PSP patients. When age was dichotomized at 55, 60, 65, or 70 years, the combined assessment of αSyn and Rab35 for classifying PD was better in the group below the cutoff age than in the group above the cutoff age. CONCLUSIONS Combined assessment of serum αSyn and Rab35 is a better biomarker for discriminating PD patients from NC or atypical parkinsonian patients, and is a useful predictive biomarker for younger sporadic PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin Song Lu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Ming Shen
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Yi Hsin Weng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou Shayn Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chuan Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Chen Chang
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying Ling Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Jie Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan Wei Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia Chen Hsu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang Li Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi Han Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Masaracchia C, Hnida M, Gerhardt E, Lopes da Fonseca T, Villar-Pique A, Branco T, Stahlberg MA, Dean C, Fernández CO, Milosevic I, Outeiro TF. Membrane binding, internalization, and sorting of alpha-synuclein in the cell. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:79. [PMID: 30107856 PMCID: PMC6090819 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) plays a crucial role in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies, since it misfolds and accumulates in typical proteinaceous inclusions. While the function of aSyn is thought to be related to vesicle binding and trafficking, the precise molecular mechanisms linking aSyn with synucleinopathies are still obscure. aSyn can spread in a prion-like manner between interconnected neurons, contributing to the propagation of the pathology and to the progressive nature of synucleinopathies. Here, we investigated the interaction of aSyn with membranes and trafficking machinery pathways using cellular models of PD that are amenable to detailed molecular analyses. We found that different species of aSyn can enter cells and form high molecular weight species, and that membrane binding properties are important for the internalization of aSyn. Once internalized, aSyn accumulates in intracellular inclusions. Interestingly, we found that internalization is blocked in the presence of dynamin inhibitors (blocked membrane scission), suggesting the involvement of the endocytic pathway in the internalization of aSyn. By screening a pool of small Rab-GTPase proteins (Rabs) which regulate membrane trafficking, we found that internalized aSyn partially colocalized with Rab5A and Rab7. Initially, aSyn accumulated in Rab4A-labelled vesicles and, at later stages, it reached the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) where it gets degraded. In total, our study emphasizes the importance of membrane binding, not only as part of the normal function but also as an important step in the internalization and subsequent accumulation of aSyn. Importantly, we identified a fundamental role for Rab proteins in the modulation of aSyn processing, clearance and spreading, suggesting that targeting Rab proteins may hold important therapeutic value in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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35
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14-3-3 Proteins Reduce Cell-to-Cell Transfer and Propagation of Pathogenic α-Synuclein. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8211-8232. [PMID: 30093536 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1134-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αsyn) is the key protein that forms neuronal aggregates in the neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. Recent evidence points to the prion-like spread of αsyn from one brain region to another. Propagation of αsyn is likely dependent on release, uptake, and misfolding. Under normal circumstances, this highly expressed brain protein functions normally without promoting pathology, yet the underlying endogenous mechanisms that prevent αsyn spread are not understood. 14-3-3 proteins are highly expressed brain proteins that have chaperone function and regulate protein trafficking. In this study, we investigated the potential role of the 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of αsyn spread using two models of αsyn spread. In a paracrine αsyn model, 14-3-3θ promoted release of αsyn complexed with 14-3-3θ. Despite higher amounts of released αsyn, extracellular αsyn showed reduced oligomerization and seeding capability, reduced internalization, and reduced toxicity in primary mixed-gender mouse neurons. 14-3-3 inhibition reduced the amount of αsyn released, yet released αsyn was more toxic and demonstrated increased oligomerization, seeding capability, and internalization. In the preformed fibril model, 14-3-3 θ reduced αsyn aggregation and neuronal death, whereas 14-3-3 inhibition enhanced αsyn aggregation and neuronal death in primary mouse neurons. 14-3-3s blocked αsyn spread to distal chamber neurons not exposed directly to fibrils in multichamber, microfluidic devices. These findings point to 14-3-3s as a direct regulator of αsyn propagation, and suggest that dysfunction of 14-3-3 function may promote αsyn pathology in PD and related synucleinopathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Transfer of misfolded aggregates of α-synuclein from one brain region to another is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. This process is dependent on active release, internalization, and misfolding of α-synuclein. 14-3-3 proteins are highly expressed chaperone proteins that interact with α-synuclein and regulate protein trafficking. We used two different models in which toxicity is associated with cell-to-cell transfer of α-synuclein to test whether 14-3-3s impact α-synuclein toxicity. We demonstrate that 14-3-3θ reduces α-synuclein transfer and toxicity by inhibiting oligomerization, seeding capability, and internalization of α-synuclein, whereas 14-3-3 inhibition accelerates the transfer and toxicity of α-synuclein in these models. Dysfunction of 14-3-3 function may be a critical mechanism by which α-synuclein propagation occurs in disease.
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Parkinson's disease-like burst firing activity in subthalamic nucleus induced by AAV-α-synuclein is normalized by LRRK2 modulation. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 116:13-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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37
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Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
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38
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Longhena F, Faustini G, Varanita T, Zaltieri M, Porrini V, Tessari I, Poliani PL, Missale C, Borroni B, Padovani A, Bubacco L, Pizzi M, Spano P, Bellucci A. Synapsin III is a key component of α-synuclein fibrils in Lewy bodies of PD brains. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:875-888. [PMID: 29330884 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy bodies (LB) and Lewy neurites (LN), which are primarily composed of α-synuclein (α-syn), are neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We recently found that the neuronal phosphoprotein synapsin III (syn III) controls dopamine release via cooperation with α-syn and modulates α-syn aggregation. Here, we observed that LB and LN, in the substantia nigra of PD patients and hippocampus of one subject with DLB, displayed a marked immunopositivity for syn III. The in situ proximity ligation assay revealed the accumulation of numerous proteinase K-resistant neuropathological inclusions that contained both α-syn and syn III in tight association in the brain of affected subjects. Most strikingly, syn III was identified as a component of α-syn-positive fibrils in LB-enriched protein extracts from PD brains. Finally, a positive correlation between syn III and α-syn levels was detected in the caudate putamen of PD subjects. Collectively, these findings indicate that syn III is a crucial α-syn interactant and a key component of LB fibrils in the brain of patients affected by PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Michela Zaltieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - PierFranco Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital for Neurorehabilitation (NHS-Italy), Venice Lido, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Laboratory of Personalized and Preventive Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by intracellular inclusions of aggregated and misfolded α-Synuclein (α-Syn), and the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the brain. The resulting motor abnormalities mark the progression of PD, while non-motor symptoms can already be identified during early, prodromal stages of disease. Recent studies provide evidence that during this early prodromal phase, synaptic and axonal abnormalities occur before the degenerative loss of neuronal cell bodies. These early phenotypes can be attributed to synaptic accumulation of toxic α-Syn. Under physiological conditions, α-Syn functions in its native conformation as a soluble monomer. However, PD patient brains are characterized by intracellular inclusions of insoluble fibrils. Yet, oligomers and protofibrils of α-Syn have been identified to be the most toxic species, with their accumulation at presynaptic terminals affecting several steps of neurotransmitter release. First, high levels of α-Syn alter the size of synaptic vesicle pools and impair their trafficking. Second, α-Syn overexpression can either misregulate or redistribute proteins of the presynaptic SNARE complex. This leads to deficient tethering, docking, priming and fusion of synaptic vesicles at the active zone (AZ). Third, α-Syn inclusions are found within the presynaptic AZ, accompanied by a decrease in AZ protein levels. Furthermore, α-Syn overexpression reduces the endocytic retrieval of synaptic vesicle membranes during vesicle recycling. These presynaptic alterations mediated by accumulation of α-Syn, together impair neurotransmitter exocytosis and neuronal communication. Although α-Syn is expressed throughout the brain and enriched at presynaptic terminals, DA neurons are the most vulnerable in PD, likely because α-Syn directly regulates dopamine levels. Indeed, evidence suggests that α-Syn is a negative modulator of dopamine by inhibiting enzymes responsible for its synthesis. In addition, α-Syn is able to interact with and reduce the activity of VMAT2 and DAT. The resulting dysregulation of dopamine levels directly contributes to the formation of toxic α-Syn oligomers. Together these data suggest a vicious cycle of accumulating α-Syn and deregulated dopamine that triggers synaptic dysfunction and impaired neuronal communication, ultimately causing synaptopathy and progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika C Bridi
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Hirth
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Jeong GR, Jang EH, Bae JR, Jun S, Kang HC, Park CH, Shin JH, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka-Yamamoto K, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Hur EM, Lee BD. Dysregulated phosphorylation of Rab GTPases by LRRK2 induces neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:8. [PMID: 29439717 PMCID: PMC5811984 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Elevated kinase activity is associated with LRRK2 toxicity, but the substrates that mediate neurodegeneration remain poorly defined. Given the increasing evidence suggesting a role of LRRK2 in membrane and vesicle trafficking, here we systemically screened Rab GTPases, core regulators of vesicular dynamics, as potential substrates of LRRK2 and investigated the functional consequence of such phosphorylation in cells and in vivo. Methods In vitro LRRK2 kinase assay with forty-five purified human Rab GTPases was performed to identify Rab family proteins as substrates of LRRK2. We identified the phosphorylation site by tandem mass-spectrometry and confirmed it by assessing phosphorylation in the in vitro LRRK2 kinase assay and in cells. Effects of Rab phosphorylation on neurodegeneration were examined in primary cultures and in vivo by intracranial injection of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) expressing wild-type or phosphomutants of Rab35. Results Our screening revealed that LRRK2 phosphorylated several Rab GTPases at a conserved threonine residue in the switch II region, and by using the kinase-inactive LRRK2-D1994A and the pathogenic LRRK2-G2019S along with Rab proteins in which the LRRK2 site was mutated, we verified that a subset of Rab proteins, including Rab35, were authentic substrates of LRRK2 both in vitro and in cells. We also showed that phosphorylation of Rab regulated GDP/GTP-binding property in cells. Moreover, in primary cortical neurons, mutation of the LRRK2 site in several Rabs caused neurotoxicity, which was most severely induced by phosphomutants of Rab35. Furthermore, intracranial injection of the AAV-Rab35 -T72A or AAV-Rab35-T72D into the substantia nigra substantially induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Conclusions Here we show that a subset of Rab GTPases are authentic substrates of LRRK2 both in vitro and in cells. We also provide evidence that dysregulation of Rab phosphorylation in the LRRK2 site induces neurotoxicity in primary neurons and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Our study suggests that Rab GTPases might mediate LRRK2 toxicity in the progression of PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0240-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Ram Jeong
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Ryul Bae
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Jun
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Chul Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Single Cell Network Research Center, SungKyunKwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Center for Functional Connectomics, KIST, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Yamamoto
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Functional Connectomics, KIST, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neurodegeneration and Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neurodegeneration and Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea. .,Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, Seoul, South Korea. .,Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Byoung Dae Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
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Chiu CC, Yeh TH, Lai SC, Weng YH, Huang YC, Cheng YC, Chen RS, Huang YZ, Hung J, Chen CC, Lin WY, Chang HC, Chen YJ, Chen CL, Chen HY, Lin YW, Wu-Chou YH, Wang HL, Lu CS. Increased Rab35 expression is a potential biomarker and implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54215-54227. [PMID: 27509057 PMCID: PMC5342336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second common neurodegenerative disease. Identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction of disease progression is important. The present comparative proteomic study of serum samples using two-dimensional fluorescence differential gel electrophoresis followed by ELISA confirmation demonstrated that protein expression of Rab35 was increased in PD patients compared with matched control subjects and other parkinsonian disorders, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The serum level of Rab35 was significantly correlated with the age at onset of PD. The median age of onset in patients with higher Rab35 serum level was 5 years younger than those with lower Rab35 serum level. There was a positive correlation between the Rab35 level and disease duration of PD. Moreover, the protein expression of Rab35 was increased in the substantia nigra but not in the striatum of mouse models of PD, including MPTP-treated mice, rotenone-treated mice, (R1441C) LRRK2 or (G2019S) LRRK2 transgenic mice. Furthermore, overexpression of Rab35 increased the aggregation and secretion of mutant A53T α-synuclein in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Co-expression of Rab35 with wild-type or A53T α-synuclein in SH-SY5Y cells deteriorated cell death. Our results suggest that Rab35 is potentially useful in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders and is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Lai
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Shayn Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan,Taiwan
| | - June Hung
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chu Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wey-Yil Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Chang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lang Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Wei Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yah-Huei Wu-Chou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Gao Y, Wilson GR, Stephenson SEM, Bozaoglu K, Farrer MJ, Lockhart PJ. The emerging role of Rab GTPases in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2018; 33:196-207. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Gao
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Gabrielle R. Wilson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Sarah E. M. Stephenson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Kiymet Bozaoglu
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew J. Farrer
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Centre of Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Paul J. Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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43
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Selective LRRK2 kinase inhibition reduces phosphorylation of endogenous Rab10 and Rab12 in human peripheral mononuclear blood cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10300. [PMID: 28860483 PMCID: PMC5578959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is associated with risk of familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). To support clinical development of LRRK2 inhibitors as disease-modifying treatment in PD biomarkers for kinase activity, target engagement and kinase inhibition are prerequisite tools. In a combined proteomics and phosphoproteomics study on human peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) treated with the LRRK2 inhibitor Lu AF58786 a number of putative biomarkers were identified. Among the phospho-site hits were known LRRK2 sites as well as two phospho-sites on human Rab10 and Rab12. LRRK2 dependent phosphorylation of human Rab10 and human Rab12 at positions Thr73 and Ser106, respectively, was confirmed in HEK293 and, more importantly, Rab10-pThr73 inhibition was validated in immune stimulated human PBMCs using two distinct LRRK2 inhibitors. In addition, in non-stimulated human PBMCs acute inhibition of LRRK2 with two distinct LRRK2 inhibitor compounds reduced Rab10-Thr73 phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner with apparent IC50’s equivalent to IC50’s on LRRK2-pSer935. The identification of Rab10 phosphorylated at Thr73 as a LRRK2 inhibition marker in human PBMCs strongly support inclusion of assays quantifying Rab10-pThr73 levels in upcoming clinical trials evaluating LRRK2 kinase inhibition as a disease-modifying treatment principle in PD.
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that hyperphosphorylation of tau protein plays a role in neuronal toxicities of α-synuclein (ASYN) in neurodegenerative disease such as familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease. Using a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that expresses GFP-ASYN driven by the PDGF-β promoter, we investigated how accumulation of ASYN impacted axonal function. We found that retrograde axonal trafficking of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in DIV7 cultures of E18 cortical neurons was markedly impaired at the embryonic stage, even though hyperphosphorylation of tau was not detectable in these neurons at this stage. Interestingly, we found that overexpressed ASYN interacted with dynein and induced a significant increase in the activated levels of small Rab GTPases such as Rab5 and Rab7, both key regulators of endocytic processes. Furthermore, expression of ASYN resulted in neuronal atrophy in DIV7 cortical cultures of either from E18 transgenic mouse model or from rat E18 embryos that were transiently transfected with ASYN-GFP for 72 hrs. Our studies suggest that excessive ASYN likely alters endocytic pathways leading to axonal dysfunction in embryonic cortical neurons in PD mouse models.
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45
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Shi MM, Shi CH, Xu YM. Rab GTPases: The Key Players in the Molecular Pathway of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:81. [PMID: 28400718 PMCID: PMC5369176 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder with multiple non-motor symptoms. Although family genetic mutations only account for a small proportion of the cases, these mutations have provided several lines of evidence for the pathogenesis of PD, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding and aggregation, and the impaired autophagy-lysosome system. Recently, vesicle trafficking defect has emerged as a potential pathogenesis underlying this disease. Rab GTPases, serving as the core regulators of cellular membrane dynamics, may play an important role in the molecular pathway of PD through the complex interplay with numerous factors and PD-related genes. This might shed new light on the potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we emphasize the important role of Rab GTPases in vesicle trafficking and summarize the interactions between Rab GTPases and different PD-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Shi
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chang-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
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46
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Wong YC, Krainc D. α-synuclein toxicity in neurodegeneration: mechanism and therapeutic strategies. Nat Med 2017; 23:1-13. [PMID: 28170377 PMCID: PMC8480197 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in α-synuclein dosage lead to familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and its accumulation results in synucleinopathies that include PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Furthermore, α-synuclein contributes to the fibrilization of amyloid-b and tau, two key proteins in Alzheimer's disease, which suggests a central role for α-synuclein toxicity in neurodegeneration. Recent studies of factors contributing to α-synuclein toxicity and its disruption of downstream cellular pathways have expanded our understanding of disease pathogenesis in synucleinopathies. In this Review, we discuss these emerging themes, including the contributions of aging, selective vulnerability and non-cell-autonomous factors such as α-synuclein cell-to-cell propagation and neuroinflammation. Finally, we summarize recent efforts toward the development of targeted therapies for PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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47
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Tang BL. Rabs, Membrane Dynamics, and Parkinson's Disease. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1626-1633. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117597
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117456
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48
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Bellucci A, Mercuri NB, Venneri A, Faustini G, Longhena F, Pizzi M, Missale C, Spano P. Review: Parkinson's disease: from synaptic loss to connectome dysfunction. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:77-94. [PMID: 26613567 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with prominent loss of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons. The resultant dopamine (DA) deficiency underlies the onset of typical motor symptoms (MS). Nonetheless, individuals affected by PD usually show a plethora of nonmotor symptoms (NMS), part of which may precede the onset of motor signs. Besides DA neuron degeneration, a key neuropathological alteration in the PD brain is Lewy pathology. This is characterized by abnormal intraneuronal (Lewy bodies) and intraneuritic (Lewy neurites) deposits of fibrillary aggregates mainly composed of α-synuclein. Lewy pathology has been hypothesized to progress in a stereotypical pattern over the course of PD and α-synuclein mutations and multiplications have been found to cause monogenic forms of the disease, thus raising the question as to whether this protein is pathogenic in this disorder. Findings showing that the majority of α-synuclein aggregates in PD are located at presynapses and this underlies the onset of synaptic and axonal degeneration, coupled to the fact that functional connectivity changes correlate with disease progression, strengthen this idea. Indeed, by altering the proper action of key molecules involved in the control of neurotransmitter release and re-cycling as well as synaptic and structural plasticity, α-synuclein deposition may crucially impair axonal trafficking, resulting in a series of noxious events, whose pressure may inevitably degenerate into neuronal damage and death. Here, we provide a timely overview of the molecular features of synaptic loss in PD and disclose their possible translation into clinical symptoms through functional disconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Annalena Venneri
- IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo (NHS-Italy), Venice Lido, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo (NHS-Italy), Venice Lido, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - PierFranco Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo (NHS-Italy), Venice Lido, Italy
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Fernandes JTS, Chutna O, Chu V, Conde JP, Outeiro TF. A Novel Microfluidic Cell Co-culture Platform for the Study of the Molecular Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease and Other Synucleinopathies. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:511. [PMID: 27895548 PMCID: PMC5108800 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) are still elusive, it is now known that spreading of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) pathology and neuroinflammation are important players in disease progression. Here, we developed a novel microfluidic cell-culture platform for studying the communication between two different cell populations, a process of critical importance not only in PD but also in many biological processes. The integration of micro-valves in the device enabled us to control fluid routing, cellular microenvironments, and to simulate paracrine signaling. As proof of concept, two sets of experiments were designed to show how this platform can be used to investigate specific molecular mechanisms associated with PD. In one experiment, naïve H4 neuroglioma cells were co-cultured with cells expressing aSyn tagged with GFP (aSyn-GFP), to study the release and spreading of the protein. In our experimental set up, we induced the release of the contents of aSyn-GFP producing cells to the medium and monitored the protein's diffusion. In another experiment, H4 cells were co-cultured with N9 microglial cells to assess the interplay between two cell lines in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we observed an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species in H4 cells cultured in the presence of activated N9 cells, confirming the cross talk between different cell populations. In summary, the platform developed in this study affords novel opportunities for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- João T S Fernandes
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas E Computadores (INESC) - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Oldriska Chutna
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Virginia Chu
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas E Computadores (INESC) - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P Conde
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas E Computadores (INESC) - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias and Institute of Nanoscience and NanotechnologyLisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Bioengenharia, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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Yuyama K, Igarashi Y. Physiological and pathological roles of exosomes in the nervous system. Biomol Concepts 2016; 7:53-68. [PMID: 26812803 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes represent a subtype of extracellular nanovesicles that are generated from the luminal budding of limiting endosomal membranes and subsequent exocytosis. They encapsulate or associate with obsolete molecules to eliminate or to transfer their cargos in intercellular communication. The exosomes are also released and transported between neurons and glia in the nervous system, having a broad impact on nerve development, activation and regeneration. Accumulating evidence suggests that the exosomes are attributed to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases such as prion disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as aging, in which the exosomes lack the capacity for cellular self-repair and spread their enclosed pathological agents among neurons. In this article, we review the current proposed functions of exosomes in physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system.
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