GLUT10 maintains the integrity of major arteries through regulation of redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function

Giant aortic aneurysm repair in a child due to arterial tortuosity syndrome

Arterial tortuosity syndrome is an extremely rare hereditary connective tissue disorder. We present a case of an incidentally diagnosed aneurysm of the aortic root and the ascending aorta caused by arterial tortuosity syndrome, which was confirmed genetically. The aneurysm was repaired surgically. One year after the procedure, there was no further dilation of the aorta or formation of new aneurysms.

Revisiting the roles of glucose transporters in skeletal muscle physiology: is GLUT10 a novel player?

Skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic tissue responsible for systemic glucose handling. Glucose uptake into skeletal tissue is highly dynamic and delicately regulated, in part through the controlled expression and subcellular trafficking of multiple types of glucose transporters. Although the roles of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle metabolism are well established, the physiological significance of other, seemingly redundant, glucose transporters remain incompletely understood. Nonetheless, recent studies have shed light on the roles of several glucose transporters, such as GLUT1 and GLUT10, in skeletal muscle. Mice experiments suggest that GLUT10 could be a novel player in skeletal muscle metabolism in the context of mechanical overload, which is in line with the meta-analytical results of gene expression changes after resistance exercise in humans. Herein we discuss the knowns, unknowns, and implications of these recent findings.

Risks and Benefits of SGLT-2 Inhibitors for Type 1 Diabetes Patients Using Automated Insulin Delivery Systems-A Literature Review

The primary treatment for autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-T1DM) is insulin therapy. Unfortunately, a multitude of clinical cases has demonstrated that the use of insulin as a sole therapeutic intervention fails to address all issues comprehensively. Therefore, non-insulin adjunct treatment has been investigated and shown successful results in clinical trials. Various hypoglycemia-inducing drugs such as Metformin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, amylin analogs, and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, developed good outcomes in patients with T1DM. Currently, SGLT-2 inhibitors have remarkably improved the treatment of patients with diabetes by preventing cardiovascular events, heart failure hospitalization, and progression of renal disease. However, their pharmacological potential has not been explored enough. Thus, the substantial interest in SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) underlines the present review. It begins with an overview of carrier-mediated cellular glucose uptake, evidencing the insulin-independent transport system contribution to glucose homeostasis and the essential roles of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters 1 and 2. Then, the pharmacological properties of SGLT-2is are detailed, leading to potential applications in treating T1DM patients with automated insulin delivery (AID) systems. Results from several studies demonstrated improvements in glycemic control, an increase in Time in Range (TIR), a decrease in glycemic variability, reduced daily insulin requirements without increasing hyperglycemic events, and benefits in weight management. However, these advantages are counterbalanced by increased risks, particularly concerning Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). Several clinical trials reported a higher incidence of DKA when patients with T1DM received SGLT-2 inhibitors such as Sotagliflozin and Empagliflozin. On the other hand, patients with T1DM and a body mass index (BMI) of ≥27 kg/m2 treated with Dapagliflozin showed similar reduction in hyperglycemia and body weight and insignificantly increased DKA incidence compared to the overall trial population. Additional multicenter and randomized studies are required to establish safer and more effective long-term strategies based on patient selection, education, and continuous ketone body monitoring for optimal integration of SGLT-2 inhibitors into T1DM therapeutic protocol.

Glut10 restrains neointima formation by promoting SMCs mtDNA demethylation and improving mitochondrial function

Neointimal hyperplasia is a major clinical complication of coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous coronary intervention. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a vital roles in neointimal hyperplasia development and undergo complex phenotype switching. Previous studies have linked glucose transporter member 10(Glut10) to the phenotypic transformation of SMCs. In this research, we reported that Glut10 helps maintain the contractile phenotype of SMCs. The Glut10-TET2/3 signaling axis can arrest neointimal hyperplasia progression by improving mitochondrial function via promotion of mtDNA demethylation in SMCs. Glut10 is significantly downregulated in both human and mouse restenotic arteries. Global Glut10 deletion or SMC-specific Glut10 ablation in the carotid artery of mice accelerated neointimal hyperplasia, while Glut10 overexpression in the carotid artery triggered the opposite effects. All of these changes were accompanied by a significant increase in vascular SMCs migration and proliferation. Mechanistically, Glut10 is expressed primarily in the mitochondria after platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) treatment. Glut10 ablation induced a reduction in ascorbic acid (VitC) concentrations in mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypermethylation by decreasing the activity and expression of the Ten-eleven translocation (TET) protein family. We also observed that Glut10 deficiency aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased the adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) content and the oxygen consumption rate, which also caused SMCs to switch their phenotype from contractile to synthetic phenotype. Furthermore, mitochondria-specific TET family inhibition partially reversed these effects. These results suggested that Glut10 helps maintain the contractile phenotype of SMCs. The Glut10-TET2/3 signaling axis can arrest neointimal hyperplasia progression by improving mitochondrial function via the promotion of mtDNA demethylation in SMCs.

GLUT10 is a novel immune regulator involved in lung cancer immune cell infiltration and predicts worse survival when transcriptionally downregulated

Background

Glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) is encoded by the SLC2A10 gene. Our recent investigations have shown that GLUT10 is not only involved in glucose metabolism but also involved in the body's immune response to cancer cells. However, the role of GLUT10 in tumor prognosis and in tumor immunity has not been reported.

Methods

We knocked down SLC2A10 and performed transcriptome sequencing to analyse the biological function of GLUT10 and found that GLUT10 may be involved in immune signaling. Then, we studied the expression level of SLC2A10 in cancers by the Oncomine database and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) site. We also evaluated the prognostic potential of SLC2A10 in different cancers using the Kaplan‒Meier plotter database and PrognoScan online software. The correlations between SLC2A10 expression and immune infiltrates were analysed by TIMER. In addition, correlations between SLC2A10 expression and gene marker sets of immune infiltrates were analysed by TIMER and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Immunofluorescence staining of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and GLUT10 in lung cancer tissue and adjacent tissue was performed to confirm our findings from the database research.

Results

Knocking down SLC2A10 widely activated immune and inflammatory signaling. SLC2A10 was abnormally expressed in several tumors. The expression level of SLC2A10 was closely correlated with cancer prognosis. Low SLC2A10 expression was related to poorer prognosis and increased malignancy of lung cancer. Lung cancer patients with low expression of SLC2A10 have a much shorter median survival time than patients with high expression of SLC2A10. SLC2A10 expression is closely related to the infiltration of different types of immune cells, particularly macrophages. Both database research and lung cancer sample research revealed that GLUT10 might modulate immune cell infiltration via the COX-2 pathway.

Conclusions

By transcriptome experiments, database studies, and human sample studies, we found that GLUT10 is a new immune signaling molecule involved in tumor immunity, especially in the immune cell infiltration of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). GLUT10 may modulate the immune cell infiltration of LUAD via the COX-2 pathway.

The Genetic Landscape of Ischemic Stroke in Children - Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Stroke in childhood has multiple etiologies, which are mostly distinct from those in adults. Genetic discoveries over the last decade pointed to monogenic disorders as a rare but significant cause of ischemic stroke in children and young adults, including small vessel and arterial ischemic stroke. These discoveries contributed to the understanding that stroke in children may be a sign of an underlying genetic disease. The identification of these diseases requires a detailed medical and family history collection, a careful clinical evaluation for the detection of systemic symptoms and signs, and neuroimaging assessment. Establishing an accurate etiological diagnosis and understanding the genetic risk factors for stroke are essential steps to decipher the underlying mechanisms, optimize the design of tailored prevention strategies, and facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets in some cases. Despite the increasing recognition of monogenic causes of stroke, genetic disorders remain understudied and therefore under-recognized in children with stroke. Increased awareness among healthcare providers is essential to facilitate accurate diagnosis in a timely manner. In this review, we provide a summary of the main single-gene disorders which may present as ischemic stroke in childhood and describe their clinical manifestations. We provide a set of practical suggestions for the diagnostic work up of these uncommon causes of stroke, based upon the stroke subtype and imaging characteristics that may suggest a monogenic diagnosis of ischemic stroke in children. Current hurdles in the genetic analyses of children with ischemic stroke as well as future prospectives are discussed.

Vitamin C attenuates predisposition to high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysregulation in GLUT10-deficient mouse model

Background

The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly influenced by complex interactions between genetic and environmental (dietary and lifestyle) factors. While vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) has been suggested as a complementary nutritional treatment for T2DM, evidence for the significance and beneficial effects of AA in T2DM is thus far inconclusive. We suspect that clinical studies on the topic might need to account for combination of genetic and dietary factors that could influence AA effects on metabolism. In this study, we tested this general idea using a mouse model with genetic predisposition to diet-induced metabolic dysfunction. In particular, we utilized mice carrying a human orthologous GLUT10^G128E variant (GLUT10^G128E mice), which are highly sensitive to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysregulation. The genetic variant has high relevance to human populations, as genetic polymorphisms in glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) are associated with a T2DM intermediate phenotype in nondiabetic population.

Results

We investigated the impacts of AA supplementation on metabolism in wild-type (WT) mice and GLUT10^G128E mice fed with a normal diet or HFD. Overall, the beneficial effects of AA on metabolism were greater in HFD-fed GLUT10^G128E mice than in HFD-fed WT mice. At early postnatal stages, AA improved the development of compromised epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) in GLUT10^G128E mice. In adult animals, AA supplementation attenuated the predisposition of GLUT10^G128E mice to HFD-triggered eWAT inflammation, adipokine dysregulation, ectopic fatty acid accumulation, metabolic dysregulation, and body weight gain, as compared with WT mice.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings suggest that AA has greater beneficial effects on metabolism in HFD-fed GLUT10^G128E mice than HFD-fed WT mice. As such, AA plays an important role in supporting eWAT development and attenuating HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation in GLUT10^G128E mice. Our results suggest that proper WAT development is essential for metabolic regulation later in life. Furthermore, when considering the usage of AA as a complementary nutrition for prevention and treatment of T2DM, individual differences in genetics and dietary patterns should be taken into account.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12263-022-00713-y.

Muscle-Specific Ablation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Does Not Impair Basal or Overload-Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake

Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is believed to solely mediate basal (insulin-independent) glucose uptake in skeletal muscle; yet recent work has demonstrated that mechanical overload, a model of resistance exercise training, increases muscle GLUT1 levels. The primary objective of this study was to determine if GLUT1 is necessary for basal or overload-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. Muscle-specific GLUT1 knockout (mGLUT1KO) mice were generated and examined for changes in body weight, body composition, metabolism, systemic glucose regulation, muscle glucose transporters, and muscle [³H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake ± the GLUT1 inhibitor BAY-876. [³H]-hexose uptake ± BAY-876 was also examined in HEK293 cells-expressing GLUT1-6 or GLUT10. mGLUT1KO mice exhibited no impairments in body weight, lean mass, whole body metabolism, glucose tolerance, basal or overload-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. There was no compensation by the insulin-responsive GLUT4. In mGLUT1KO mouse muscles, overload stimulated higher expression of mechanosensitive GLUT6, but not GLUT3 or GLUT10. In control and mGLUT1KO mouse muscles, 0.05 µM BAY-876 impaired overload-stimulated, but not basal glucose uptake. In the GLUT-HEK293 cells, BAY-876 inhibited glucose uptake via GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT6, and GLUT10. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GLUT1 does not mediate basal muscle glucose uptake and suggest that a novel glucose transport mechanism mediates overload-stimulated glucose uptake.

Slc2a10 knock-out mice deficient in ascorbic acid synthesis recapitulate aspects of arterial tortuosity syndrome and display mitochondrial respiration defects

Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is a recessively inherited connective tissue disorder, mainly characterized by tortuosity and aneurysm formation of the major arteries. ATS is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC2A10, encoding the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT10. Former studies implicated GLUT10 in the transport of dehydroascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbic acid (AA). Mouse models carrying homozygous Slc2a10 missense mutations did not recapitulate the human phenotype. Since mice, in contrast to humans, are able to intracellularly synthesize AA, we generated a novel ATS mouse model, deficient for Slc2a10 as well as Gulo, which encodes for L-gulonolactone oxidase, an enzyme catalyzing the final step in AA biosynthesis in mouse. Gulo;Slc2a10 double knock-out mice showed mild phenotypic anomalies, which were absent in single knock-out controls. While Gulo;Slc2a10 double knock-out mice did not fully phenocopy human ATS, histological and immunocytochemical analysis revealed compromised extracellular matrix formation. Transforming growth factor beta signaling remained unaltered, while mitochondrial function was compromised in smooth muscle cells derived from Gulo;Slc2a10 double knock-out mice. Altogether, our data add evidence that ATS is an ascorbate compartmentalization disorder, but additional factors underlying the observed phenotype in humans remain to be determined.

Effect of resistance exercise on insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle

Insulin resistance (IR) is the common pathophysiological basis of many metabolic diseases. IR is characterized by decreased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, especially in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is the main target tissue of glucose uptake under insulin stimulation. Glucose uptake by skeletal muscle is complex, and it is controlled by many pathways. The PI3K/AKt/GSK-1 signaling pathway is not only the main pathway for insulin signal transduction but also an important mechanism for regulating blood glucose. From the binding of insulin to its receptors on the surface of target cells to the transportation of glucose from extracellular fluid to skeletal muscle, a series of signal transduction processes is completed, any of which potentially affects the physiological effects of insulin and leads to IR. Resistance exercise (RT) can reduce skeletal muscle IR and effectively improve blood glucose control and glycosylated hemoglobin level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the exact mechanism by which RT improves skeletal muscle IR remains unclear. Therefore, this paper discusses the above problems by tracking the progress of the literature to deepen the correlation between RT and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and provide further evidence for the application of exercise therapy in IR. In conclusion, RT mainly improves insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle by increasing muscle mass, microvascular blood flow, and glucose transporter-4 expression in skeletal muscle, as well as by reducing lipid accumulation and inflammation in skeletal muscle. Thus, it is potentially useful in the prevention and treatment of T2DM.

Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome: An Ascorbate Compartmentalization Disorder?

Significance: Cardiovascular disorders are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Monogenic developmental disorders of the heart and vessels are highly valuable to study the physiological and pathological processes in cardiovascular system homeostasis. The arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is a rare, autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder showing lengthening, tortuosity, and stenosis of the large arteries, with a propensity for aneurysm formation. In histopathology, it associates with fragmentation and disorganization of elastic fibers in several tissues, including the arterial wall. ATS is caused by pathogenic variants in SLC2A10 encoding the facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT)10. Critical Issues: Although several hypotheses have been forwarded, the molecular mechanisms linking disrupted GLUT10 activity with arterial malformations are largely unknown. Recent Advances: The vascular and systemic manifestations and natural history of ATS patients have been largely delineated. GLUT10 was identified as an intracellular transporter of dehydroascorbic acid, which contributes to collagen and elastin cross-linking in the endoplasmic reticulum, redox homeostasis in the mitochondria, and global and gene-specific methylation/hydroxymethylation affecting epigenetic regulation in the nucleus. We revise here the current knowledge on ATS and the role of GLUT10 within the compartmentalization of ascorbate in physiological and diseased states. Future Directions: Centralization of clinical, treatment, and outcome data will enable better management for ATS patients. Establishment of representative animal disease models could facilitate the study of pathomechanisms underlying ATS. This might be relevant for other forms of vascular dysplasia, such as isolated aneurysm formation, hypertensive vasculopathy, and neovascularization. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 875-889.

Phylogenic Determinants of Cardiovascular Frailty, Focus on Hemodynamics and Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

The evolution of the circulatory system from invertebrates to mammals has involved the passage from an open system to a closed in-parallel system via a closed in-series system, accompanying the increasing complexity and efficiency of life’s biological functions. The archaic heart enables pulsatile motion waves of hemolymph in invertebrates, and the in-series circulation in fish occurs with only an endothelium, whereas mural smooth muscle cells appear later. The present review focuses on evolution of the circulatory system. In particular, we address how and why this evolution took place from a closed, flowing, longitudinal conductance at low pressure to a flowing, highly pressurized and bifurcating arterial compartment. However, although arterial pressure was the latest acquired hemodynamic variable, the general teleonomy of the evolution of species is the differentiation of individual organ function, supported by specific fueling allowing and favoring partial metabolic autonomy. This was achieved via the establishment of an active contractile tone in resistance arteries, which permitted the regulation of blood supply to specific organ activities via its localized function-dependent inhibition (active vasodilation). The global resistance to viscous blood flow is the peripheral increase in frictional forces caused by the tonic change in arterial and arteriolar radius, which backscatter as systemic arterial blood pressure. Consequently, the arterial pressure gradient from circulating blood to the adventitial interstitium generates the unidirectional outward radial advective conductance of plasma solutes across the wall of conductance arteries. This hemodynamic evolution was accompanied by important changes in arterial wall structure, supported by smooth muscle cell functional plasticity, including contractility, matrix synthesis and proliferation, endocytosis and phagocytosis, etc. These adaptive phenotypic shifts are due to epigenetic regulation, mainly related to mechanotransduction. These paradigms actively participate in cardio-arterial pathologies such as atheroma, valve disease, heart failure, aneurysms, hypertension, and physiological aging.

Structure, function and regulation of mammalian glucose transporters of the SLC2 family

The SLC2 genes code for a family of GLUT proteins that are part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporters. Crystal structures have recently revealed how the unique protein fold of these proteins enables the catalysis of transport. The proteins have 12 transmembrane spans built from a replicated trimer substructure. This enables 4 trimer substructures to move relative to each other, and thereby alternately opening and closing a cleft to either the internal or the external side of the membrane. The physiological substrate for the GLUTs is usually a hexose but substrates for GLUTs can include urate, dehydro-ascorbate and myo-inositol. The GLUT proteins have varied physiological functions that are related to their principal substrates, the cell type in which the GLUTs are expressed and the extent to which the proteins are associated with subcellular compartments. Some of the GLUT proteins translocate between subcellular compartments and this facilitates the control of their function over long- and short-time scales. The control of GLUT function is necessary for a regulated supply of metabolites (mainly glucose) to tissues. Pathophysiological abnormalities in GLUT proteins are responsible for, or associated with, clinical problems including type 2 diabetes and cancer and a range of tissue disorders, related to tissue-specific GLUT protein profiles. The availability of GLUT crystal structures has facilitated the search for inhibitors and substrates and that are specific for each GLUT and that can be used therapeutically. Recent studies are starting to unravel the drug targetable properties of each of the GLUT proteins.

Glucose transporter 10 modulates adipogenesis via an ascorbic acid-mediated pathway to protect mice against diet-induced metabolic dysregulation

The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) depends on interactions between genetic and environmental factors, and a better understanding of gene-diet interactions in T2DM will be useful for disease prediction and prevention. Ascorbic acid has been proposed to reduce the risk of T2DM. However, the links between ascorbic acid and metabolic consequences are not fully understood. Here, we report that glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) maintains intracellular levels of ascorbic acid to promote adipogenesis, white adipose tissue (WAT) development and protect mice from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysregulation. We found genetic polymorphisms in SLC2A10 locus are suggestively associated with a T2DM intermediate phenotype in non-diabetic Han Taiwanese. Additionally, mice carrying an orthologous human Glut10^G128E variant (Glut10^G128E mice) with compromised GLUT10 function have reduced adipogenesis, reduced WAT development and increased susceptibility to HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation. We further demonstrate that GLUT10 is highly expressed in preadipocytes, where it regulates intracellular ascorbic acid levels and adipogenesis. In this context, GLUT10 increases ascorbic acid-dependent DNA demethylation and the expression of key adipogenic genes, Cebpa and Pparg. Together, our data show GLUT10 regulates adipogenesis via ascorbic acid-dependent DNA demethylation to benefit proper WAT development and protect mice against HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation. Our findings suggest that SLC2A10 may be an important HFD-associated susceptibility locus for T2DM.

Environmental triggers may amplify genetically determined disease susceptibility, especially for carriers of rare variants with relatively large individual effect sizes, making these polymorphisms highly informative for predicting individualized clinical risk and preventing disease. Since transitions in dietary pattern have greatly contributed to the increased prevalence of obesity and accelerated the spread of the T2DM epidemic worldwide, a better understanding of gene-diet interactions in T2DM will be useful for disease prediction and prevention. Here, we demonstrate that polymorphisms in the gene encoding GLUT10 are associated with a T2DM intermediate phenotype in non-diabetic human subjects. Additionally, mice that carry a GLUT10 rare variant have reduced WAT development and are susceptible for HFD-induced T2DM. We further demonstrate that GLUT10 is highly expressed in preadipocytes, where it regulates intracellular ascorbic acid levels and ascorbic acid-dependent DNA demethylation to control adipogenesis. Preadipocytes carrying the GLUT10 rare variant or with knockdown of GLUT10 expression have reduced the adipogenesis. Thus, we are able to conclude that GLUT10 regulates adipogenesis via ascorbic acid-dependent DNA demethylation to affect WAT development and contribute to the sensitivity of HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation.

Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport and Glucose Metabolism by Exercise Training

Aerobic exercise training and resistance exercise training are both well-known for their ability to improve human health; especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, there are critical differences between these two main forms of exercise training and the adaptations that they induce in the body that may account for their beneficial effects. This article reviews the literature and highlights key gaps in our current understanding of the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis, skeletal muscle glucose transport and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.

Organic Chromium Form Alleviates the Detrimental Effects of Heat Stress on Nutrient Digestibility and Nutrient Transporters in Laying Hens

In the present study, we investigated the effects of chromium-picolinate (CrPic) and chromium-histidinate (CrHis) on nutrient digestibility and nutrient transporters in laying hens exposed to heat stress (HS). Hens (n = 1800; 16 weeks old) were kept in cages in temperature-controlled rooms at either 22 ± 2 °C for 24 h/day (thermoneutral (TN)) or 34 ± 2 °C for 8 h/day, from 08:00 to 17:00, followed by 22 °C for 16 h (HS) for 12 weeks. Hens reared under both environmental conditions were fed one of three diets: a basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with either 1.600 mg of CrPic (12.43% Cr) or 0.788 mg of CrHis (25.22% Cr) per kg of diet, delivering 200 μg elemental Cr per kg of diet. HS impaired the nutrient digestibility and nutrient transports in laying hens (P < 0.001). However, both Cr sources increased digestibility of dry matter (DM; P < 0.001), organic matter (OM; P < 0.05), crude protein (CP; P < 0.001), and crude fat (CF; P < 0.001). Both Cr sources partially alleviated detrimental effects of HS on fatty acid-binding and transport protein1 (FABP1, FATP1), glucose (SGLT1, GLUT1, GLUT10), protein (PepT1, PepT2), and amino acid transporters (ASCT1, b^o,+AT1, CAT1, EAAT1, LAT1) of the ileum (P < 0.0001). The efficacy of Cr as CrHis was more notable than Cr as CrPic, which could be attributed to higher bioavailability. Finally, the detrimental effects of HS on nutrient digestibility and nutrient transporters were alleviated by CrPic and CrHis. These findings may justify the use of CrPic and CrHis in poultry.

[Genetic characteristics of stroke]

In the recent years there is a growing interest in identification of additional genetic factors of stroke. A growing body of evidence supports the role of genetic factors in determining the risk of both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. The article considers the main genes associated with susceptibility to stroke and genetic polymorphisms associated with the disease. Genetic factors, modulating inflammation process, coagulation, lipid metabolism, NO formation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and homeostasis play a significant role in stroke development. A comprehensive analysis of different genes associated with stroke may help to detect individuals with extremely high risk of stroke and implement timely preventive measures to decrease stroke burden.

Human placental glucose transport in fetoplacental growth and metabolism

While efficient glucose transport is essential for all cells, in the case of the human placenta, glucose transport requirements are two-fold; provision of glucose for the growing fetus in addition to the supply of glucose required the changing metabolic needs of the placenta itself. The rapidly evolving environment of placental cells over gestation has significant consequences for the development of glucose transport systems. The two-fold transport requirement of the placenta means also that changes in expression will have effects not only for the placenta but also for fetal growth and metabolism. This review will examine the localization, function and evolution of placental glucose transport systems as they are altered with fetal development and the transport and metabolic changes observed in pregnancy pathologies.