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Endometrial macrophages in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 367:183-208. [PMID: 35461658 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are present in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle and are most abundant during menstruation. Endometrial macrophages contribute to tissue remodeling during establishment of pregnancy and are thought to play key roles in mediating tissue breakdown and repair during menstruation. Despite these important roles, the phenotype and function of endometrial macrophages remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize approaches used to characterize endometrial macrophage phenotype, current understanding of the functional role of macrophages in normal endometrial physiology as well as the putative contribution of macrophage dysfunction to women's reproductive health disorders.
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2
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Moon S, Hwang S, Kim B, Lee S, Kim H, Lee G, Hong K, Song H, Choi Y. Hippo Signaling in the Endometrium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073852. [PMID: 35409214 PMCID: PMC8998929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The uterus is essential for embryo implantation and fetal development. During the estrous cycle, the uterine endometrium undergoes dramatic remodeling to prepare for pregnancy. Angiogenesis is an essential biological process in endometrial remodeling. Steroid hormones regulate the series of events that occur during such remodeling. Researchers have investigated the potential factors, including angiofactors, involved in endometrial remodeling. The Hippo signaling pathway discovered in the 21st century, plays important roles in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation and cell death. However, its role in the endometrium remains unclear. In this review, we describe the female reproductive system and its association with the Hippo signaling pathway, as well as novel Hippo pathway genes and potential target genes.
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3
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Watters M, Martínez-Aguilar R, Maybin JA. The Menstrual Endometrium: From Physiology to Future Treatments. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 3:794352. [PMID: 36304053 PMCID: PMC9580798 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.794352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is experienced by up to a third of women of reproductive age. It can cause anaemia and often results in decreased quality of life. A range of medical and surgical treatments are available but are associated with side effects and variable effectiveness. To improve the lives of those suffering from menstrual disorders, delineation of endometrial physiology is required. This allows an increased understanding of how this physiology may be disturbed, leading to uterine pathologies. In this way, more specific preventative and therapeutic strategies may be developed to personalise management of this common symptom. In this review, the impact of AUB globally is outlined, alongside the urgent clinical need for improved medical treatments. Current knowledge of endometrial physiology at menstruation is discussed, focusing on endocrine regulation of menstruation and local endometrial inflammation, tissue breakdown, hypoxia and endometrial repair. The contribution of the specialised endometrial vasculature and coagulation system during menstruation is highlighted. What is known regarding aberrations in endometrial physiology that result in AUB is discussed, with a focus on endometrial disorders (AUB-E) and adenomyosis (AUB-A). Gaps in existing knowledge and areas for future research are signposted throughout, with a focus on potential translational benefits for those experiencing abnormal uterine bleeding. Personalisation of treatment strategies for menstrual disorders is then examined, considering genetic, environmental and demographic characteristics of individuals to optimise their clinical management. Finally, an ideal model of future management of AUB is proposed. This would involve targeted diagnosis of specific endometrial aberrations in individuals, in the context of holistic medicine and with due consideration of personal circumstances and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Watters
- Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jacqueline A. Maybin
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Zhang S, Li Q, Mao W, Zhao J, Gong Z, Liu B, Cao J. Prostaglandin E receptor 2 mediates the inducible effects of prostaglandin E 2 on expression of growth factors and enzymes in cattle endometrial epithelial cells and explants. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13766. [PMID: 36131609 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) is able to induce the expression of several growth factors and enzymes in cattle endometria. However, the specific type of PGE2 receptors which mediates this effect is not fully clear. In this study, the role of prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) in PGE2 -mediated induction of growth factors and enzymes expression in cattle endometrial explants and epithelial cells were investigated. PTGER2 was blocked by a PTGER2 antagonist, AH6809, before PGE2 treatment, then the mRNA and protein expression levels of several growth factors and enzymes were compared with that in PGE2 alone treatment group by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis in endometrial epithelial cells and explants. Results indicated that PGE2 significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of these growth factors and enzymes, while the rates of increment in the expression of these growth factors and enzymes were inhibited by AH6809. In addition, a PTGER2 agonist, butaprost, significantly increased the expression levels of these growth factors and enzymes, and the effect could be blocked by AH6809. In conclusion, PTGER2 was found to be one dominant receptor mediating the inducible effects of PGE2 on the expression of these growth factors and enzymes in cattle endometrial explants and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiguo Gong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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5
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Cui L, Qu Y, Cai H, Wang H, Dong J, Li J, Qian C, Li J. Meloxicam Inhibited the Proliferation of LPS-Stimulated Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells Through Wnt/β-Catenin and PI3K/AKT Pathways. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637707. [PMID: 34307514 PMCID: PMC8299055 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and has been used to relieve pain and control inflammation in cows with metritis and endometritis. Meloxicam has been found to be effective in inhibiting tissue or cell growth when it is used as an anti-inflammatory therapy. However, the influence of meloxicam on bovine endometrial regeneration has not been reported. This study was to research the effect of meloxicam (0.5 and 5 μM) on the proliferation of primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) stimulated by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The cell viability, cell cycle, and cell proliferation were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, and cell scratch test, respectively. The mRNA transcriptions of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS1) and PTGS2, Toll-like receptor 4, and proliferation factors were detected using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The activations of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were determined using western blot and immunofluorescence. As a result, co-treatment of meloxicam and lipopolysaccharide inhibited (P < 0.05) the cell cycle progression and reduced (P < 0.05) the cell healing rate and the mRNA level of proliferation factors as compared with the cells treated with lipopolysaccharide alone. Meloxicam decreased (P < 0.05) the lipopolysaccharide-induced PTGS2 gene expression. Neither lipopolysaccharide nor meloxicam changed PTGS1 mRNA abundance (P > 0.05). Meloxicam inhibited (P < 0.05) the lipopolysaccharide-activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway by reducing (P < 0.05) the protein levels of β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β and prevented the lipopolysaccharide-induced β-catenin from entering the nucleus. Meloxicam suppressed (P < 0.05) the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. In conclusion, meloxicam alone did not influence the cell cycle progression or the cell proliferation in BEEC but caused cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell proliferation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BEEC. This inhibitory effect of meloxicam was probably mediated by Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hele Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
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Salas A, Vázquez P, Bello AR, Báez D, Almeida TA. Dual agonist-antagonist effect of ulipristal acetate in human endometrium and myometrium. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:851-857. [PMID: 34110938 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1941878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the molecular effect of ulipristal acetate (UPA) on gene expression in myometrium and endometrium of patients with symptomatic fibroids. Tissues isolated from four women treated preoperatively with UPA (5 mg) were compared to those from untreated controls using NanoString platform to assess the expression of 75 candidate genes modulated by UPA and ovarian steroids. Deregulated genes were then validated by real-time PCR. In myometrium, UPA exerted an antagonistic effect similar to that observed in fibroids. In UPA-treated endometrium, six genes were identified as highly and significantly upregulated, including matricellular genes CCN1 (54-fold, P = 0.0018) and CCN2 (11-fold, P = 0.00044), Krüppel-like factor 4 (>3-fold, P = 0.0036), and mast cell markers including tryptases TPSAB1/TPSB2 (31-fold, P = 0.023) and carboxypeptidase A (CPA3, 17-fold, P = 0.05). In endometrium, UPA induced the expression of genes involved in fibrogenesis and mast cell function-some of them being widely involved in hepatic injury, which could explain the marked fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration observed in explanted livers from patients under UPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Salas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular Y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna. Facultad De Ciencias. Sección de Biología, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez S/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Paula Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular Y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna. Facultad De Ciencias. Sección de Biología, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Aixa R Bello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular Y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna. Facultad De Ciencias. Sección de Biología, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez S/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Delia Báez
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra S/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Teresa A Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular Y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna. Facultad De Ciencias. Sección de Biología, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez S/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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7
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Diel de Amorim M, Khan FA, Chenier TS, Scholtz EL, Hayes MA. Analysis of the uterine flush fluid proteome of healthy mares and mares with endometritis or fibrotic endometrial degeneration. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:572-581. [PMID: 31987068 DOI: 10.1071/rd19085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the uterine flush fluid proteome between healthy mares and mares with endometritis or fibrotic endometrial degeneration (FED). Uterine flush fluid samples were collected from healthy mares (n=8; oestrus n=5 and dioestrus n=3) and mares with endometritis (n=23; oestrus n=14 and dioestrus n=9) or FED (n=7; oestrus n=6 and dioestrus n=1). Proteomic analysis was performed using label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 216 proteins identified during oestrus, 127 were common to all three groups, one protein was exclusively detected in healthy mares, 47 proteins were exclusively detected in mares with endometritis and four proteins were exclusively detected in mares with FED. Of 188 proteins identified during dioestrus, 113 proteins were common between healthy mares and mares with endometritis, eight proteins were exclusively detected in healthy mares and 67 proteins were exclusively detected in mares with endometritis. Quantitative analysis revealed a subset of proteins differing in abundance between the three groups during oestrus and between healthy mares and mares with endometritis during dioestrus. These results provide a springboard for evaluation of specific proteins as biomarkers of uterine health and disease and for investigation of their roles in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Diel de Amorim
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada; and Present address: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Firdous A Khan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada; and Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, St. George's, Grenada; and Present address: Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, St. George's, Grenada; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Tracey S Chenier
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth L Scholtz
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - M Anthony Hayes
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
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8
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Abnormal expression of connective tissue growth factor and its correlation with fibrogenesis in adenomyosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 42:651-660. [PMID: 33431336 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression relate to adenomyotic fibrosis and determine the correlation between fibrosis with adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhoea? DESIGN Protein and mRNA expression of CTGF was detected by Western blots and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the endometrium of the control group and the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of the adenomyosis group. Collagen fibres and type I collagen in the myometrium were detected by immunohistochemistry and Masson's trichrome staining, and the correlations of CTGF protein and mRNA levels with the degree of fibrosis were analysed. Furthermore, the relationship between the severity of dysmenorrhoea and the degree of fibrosis was determined, and the correlation between uterus size and the degree of fibrosis was also analysed. RESULTS Levels of CTGF mRNA and protein were significantly higher in patients with adenomyosis than in controls, and CTGF mRNA and protein expression in adenomyosis was positively correlated with fibrosis severity (r = 0.57, P < 0.001 and r = 0.39, P = 0.012), which correlated positively with dysmenorrhoea and uterus size (r = 0.42 and r = 0.6, P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Increased CTGF may contribute to the occurrence and fibrogenic progression of adenomyosis and may play an important role in dysmenorrhoea. The present study may provide ideas for treating adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhoea.
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Qin X, Yang S, Zhang Y, Li L, Li P, Long M, Guo Y. Effects of non-esterified fatty acids on relative abundance of prostaglandin E 2 and F 2α synthesis-related mRNA transcripts and protein in endometrial cells of cattle in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 221:106549. [PMID: 32861111 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cows nearing parturition have a negative energy balance (NEB), which is closely associated with lesser fertility. The NEB results in greater fat mobilisation and production of a large amount of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Prostaglandins (PG), especially prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), have important functions in regulating reproductive function. There, however, is little known about how the synthesis and release of PG are affected by NEFA. In this study, there was a focus on effects of NEFA on PG secretion as well as relative abundances of mRNA transcript and protein for PG synthetases and PG receptors in bovine endometrial (BEND) cells. Proliferation rate of BEND cells decreased in a concentration-dependent manner as NEFA increased in the media. The concentrations of PGE2 and PGF2α in NEFA treatment groups also decreased, while the ratio of PGE2/PGF2α and the relative abundances of proteins and mRNA that regulate PG synthesis and PG receptor mRNA transcripts and protein were greater as the NEFA concentration increased. Collectively, when there were large NEFA concentrations in the medium, there was a lesser release of PGE2 and PGF2α, however, there was a greater ratio of PGE2/PGF2α and relative abundances of mRNA transcripts and protein for PG synthetases and PG receptors in BEND cells, which changed the internal milieu and physiological function of the uterus with possible effects on fertility after calving. These findings provide important information that will help for further investigation of associations between NEB and fertility in dairy cows during the non-lactation to lactation-transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China.
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China.
| | - Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China.
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10
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Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, Williams ARW. Physiology of the Endometrium and Regulation of Menstruation. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1149-1179. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of the uterine endometrium (uterine lining) are preparation for implantation, maintenance of pregnancy if implantation occurs, and menstruation in the absence of pregnancy. The endometrium thus plays a pivotal role in reproduction and continuation of our species. Menstruation is a steroid-regulated event, and there are alternatives for a progesterone-primed endometrium, i.e., pregnancy or menstruation. Progesterone withdrawal is the trigger for menstruation. The menstruating endometrium is a physiological example of an injured or “wounded” surface that is required to rapidly repair each month. The physiological events of menstruation and endometrial repair provide an accessible in vivo human model of inflammation and tissue repair. Progress in our understanding of endometrial pathophysiology has been facilitated by modern cellular and molecular discovery tools, along with animal models of simulated menses. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), including heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), imposes a massive burden on society, affecting one in four women of reproductive age. Understanding structural and nonstructural causes underpinning AUB is essential to optimize and provide precision in patient management. This is facilitated by careful classification of causes of bleeding. We highlight the crucial need for understanding mechanisms underpinning menstruation and its aberrations. The endometrium is a prime target tissue for selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs). This class of compounds has therapeutic potential for the clinical unmet need of HMB. SPRMs reduce menstrual bleeding by mechanisms still largely unknown. Human menstruation remains a taboo topic, and many questions concerning endometrial physiology that pertain to menstrual bleeding are yet to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary O. D. Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline A. Maybin
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory M. Armstrong
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair R. W. Williams
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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17β-estradiol regulates prostaglandin E 2 and F 2α synthesis and function in endometrial explants of cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 216:106466. [PMID: 32414468 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) have primary functions in the reproductive tract, however, the mechanism of regulation of PG secretion in the endometrium is unclear. Estrogen as a predominant regulator of uterine functions during the mammalian estrous cycle and effects of estrogen on synthesis of PG and function in uterine tissues of cattle are not fully understood. In this study, there was evaluation of the concentration- and time-effects of 17β-estradiol on PG synthesis in endometrial explants of cattle, focusing on the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) as well as relative abundance of mRNA transcript and protein for both the enzymes responsible for PGE2 and PGF2α synthesis, including prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 and 2 (PTGS1, PTGS2), PGE2 synthase (PGES), PGF2α synthase (PGFS), and carbonyl reductase (CBR1), and the receptors responsible for downstream PGE2 (PTGER2, PTGER4) and PGF2α (PTGFR) signaling. Results indicated that 17β-estradiol increased PGE2 and PGF2α production at concentrations ranging from 10-11 to 10-8 M. Furthermore, abundances of PTGS1, PTGS2, PGES, PGFS, PTGER2, PTGER4, and PTGFR mRNA transcripts and protein were greater immediately after 17β-estradiol treatment at almost all the concentrations, while these CBR1 abundances were less as a result of treatments with 17β-estradiol. These data support the hypothesis that estradiol modulates the synthesis and function of PG in the endometrium of cattle.
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12
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Li T, Hai L, Liu B, Mao W, Liu K, Li Q, Guo Y, Jia Y, Bao H, Cao J. TLR2/4 promotes PGE 2 production to increase tissue damage in Escherichia coli-infected bovine endometrial explants via MyD88/p38 MAPK pathway. Theriogenology 2020; 152:129-138. [PMID: 32408026 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a lipid mediator, is released by several cell types including endometrial cells and plays a central role in bacterial infection of the endometrium during inflammation. PGE2 production accumulated in Escherichia coli (E. coli) -infected bovine endometrial tissue, which increased E. coli-infected endometrial tissue damage. However, the mechanisms of PGE2 accumulation in the E. coli-infected endometrium during inflammation-associated endometrial tissue damage remain unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 in increased PGE2 production in E. coli-infected endometrial tissue. E. coli and TLR2/4 agonists significantly induced cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression and PGE2 synthesis detected by RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA in the endometrial tissue. The expression and synthesis were dramatically decreased by TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor88 (MyD88), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors in E. coli-infected endometrial tissue. These inhibitors also significantly decreased proinflammatory factor (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and damage-associated molecular pattern (high mobility group box-1 and hyaluronan-binding protein-1) release and tissue damage measured by double-label immunofluorescence in E. coli-infected endometrial explants. Our work provides in vitro evidence that TLR2/4-MyD88/p38 MAPK promotes PGE2 synthesis and E. coli-infected endometrial tissue damage, which may be useful for improving PGE2-based therapies for endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Lili Hai
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Yuli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Haixia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.
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13
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Li T, Liu B, Guan H, Mao W, Wang L, Zhang C, Hai L, Liu K, Cao J. PGE2 increases inflammatory damage in Escherichia coli-infected bovine endometrial tissue in vitro via the EP4-PKA signaling pathway. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:175-186. [PMID: 30010723 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometritis is the most common bovine uterine disease following parturition. The role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the regulation of endometrial inflammation and repair is well understood. Excess PGE2 is also generated in multiple inflammatory diseases, including endometritis. However, it remains unclear whether PGE2 is associated with pathogen-induced inflammatory damage to the endometrium. To clarify the role of PGE2 in pathogen-induced inflammatory damage, this study evaluated the production of PGE2, inflammatory factors, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in cultured Escherichia coli-infected bovine endometrial tissue. PGE2 production was significantly higher in E. coli-infected tissue, and in E. coli-infected tissue treated with 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) inhibitors, as compared to uninfected tissue. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) were also upregulated in E. coli-infected tissue, while concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), leukotrienes, DAMPs, and other proinflammatory factors increased. The accumulation of PGE2 clearly damaged the cultured tissue. Treatment with the COX-2, mPGES-1, EP4, and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors decreased the production of PGE2, inflammatory factors, and DAMPs, simultaneously alleviating the E. coli-induced endometrial tissue damage. Therefore, the PGE2 that was generated by COX-2 and mPGES-1 accumulated, and this pathogenic PGE2 increased inflammatory damage by upregulating inflammatory factors and DAMPs in E. coli-infected bovine endometrial tissue. This upregulation of inflammatory factors and DAMPs might be regulated by the EP4-PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Hong Guan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Lingrui Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Lili Hai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
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Dong J, Li J, Li J, Cui L, Meng X, Qu Y, Wang H. The proliferative effect of cortisol on bovine endometrial epithelial cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:97. [PMID: 31757215 PMCID: PMC6873581 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-019-0544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) undergo regular regeneration after calving. Elevated cortisol concentrations have been reported in postpartum cattle due to various stresses. However, the effects of the physiological level of cortisol on proliferation in BEECs have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cortisol can influence the proliferation properties of BEECs and to clarify the possible underlying mechanism. METHODS BEECs were treated with different concentrations of cortisol (5, 15 and 30 ng/mL). The mRNA expression of various growth factors was detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), progression of the cell cycle in BEECs was measured using flow cytometric analysis, and the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways was detected with Western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Cortisol treatment resulted in upregulated mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); however, it had no influence on transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1). Cortisol (15 ng/mL) accelerated the cell cycle transition from the G0/G1 to the S phase. Cortisol upregulated the expression of β-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclinD1 and promoted the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that cortisol may promote proliferation in BEECs by increasing the expression of some growth factors and activating the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Dong
- grid.268415.cCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Li
- grid.268415.cCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jianji Li
- grid.268415.cCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Luying Cui
- grid.268415.cCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xia Meng
- grid.268415.cCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Yang Qu
- grid.268415.cCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Heng Wang
- grid.268415.cCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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15
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Monin L, Whettlock EM, Male V. Immune responses in the human female reproductive tract. Immunology 2019; 160:106-115. [PMID: 31630394 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are key interfaces between the host and its environment, but also constitute ports of entry for numerous pathogens. The gut and lung mucosae act as points of nutrient and gas exchange, respectively, but the physiological purpose of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is to allow implantation and development of the fetus. Our understanding of immune responses in the FRT has traditionally lagged behind our grasp of the situation at other mucosal sites, but recently reproductive immunologists have begun to make rapid progress in this challenging area. Here, we review current knowledge of immune responses in the human FRT and their heterogeneity within and between compartments. In the commensal-rich vagina, the immune system must allow the growth of beneficial microbes, whereas the key challenge in the uterus is allowing the growth of the semi-allogeneic fetus. In both compartments, these objectives must be balanced with the need to eliminate pathogens. Our developing understanding of immune responses in the FRT will help us develop interventions to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and to improve outcomes of pregnancy for mothers and babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Emily M Whettlock
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Male
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Wu D, Lu P, Mi X, Miao J. Exosomal miR-214 from endometrial stromal cells inhibits endometriosis fibrosis. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 24:357-365. [PMID: 29660008 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gay019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is it possible to improve fibrosis in endometriosis by microRNA-214 delivery in exosomes? SUMMARY ANSWER Upregulation of miR-214 may inhibit fibrogenesis and its delivery by exosomes derived from ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), offers an alternative therapeutic approach for endometriosis fibrosis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Fibrosis is the primary pathological feature of endometriosis. MiR-214 plays an important role in fibrotic disease. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a critical fibrogenic mediator of miR-214. The expression of miR-214 is decreased in ectopic ESCs compared with normal ESCs. miRNAs are a natural cargo of exosomes and these could be exploited as carriers of miRNA in replacement therapy. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Paired eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue samples were obtained from 10 women with ovarian endometrioma. ESCs and epithelial cells from both were cultured in vitro. RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to study the effect of transfection with miR-214 mimics on CTGF expression and fibrogenesis respectively, with and without TGFβ stimulation. Exosomes were isolated from ectopic ESCs and Endometrioma tissue was isolated from four patients, dispersed an injected (ip) into nude mice and allowed to implant. The mice were treated with miR-214-enriched exosomes or controls to confirm the effect of inhibiting CTGF overexpression on endometriosis fibrosis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The primary ectopic ESCs were transfected with miR-214 mimics. The levels of miR-214, CTGF and fibrotic markers were measured by RT-PCR and Immunohistochemistry. A mouse model of endometriosis was established by ip injection of human ectopic endometrial tissues into nude mice. MiR-214-enriched exosomes were injected into the mice and endometriotic lesions were measured on Day 28. Changes in fibrosis of the endometriotic implants were studied by histopathological staining. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE CTGF and fibrotic markers upregulation in endometriosis is associated with a reciprocal down-regulation of miR-214. By using miR-214 mimics and antagomirs to investigate expression of fibrotic markers, we found that increased production of miR-214 reduced Collagen αI and CTGF expression in endometriosis stromal and endometrial epithelial cells in response to fibrosis-inducing stimuli (P < 0.001 versus non-treatment). Ectopic ESCs yielded nano-sized exosomes which expressed miR-214. Loading exosomes with miR-214 mimics and injecting them into an experimental endometriosis mouse model resulted in a decrease in the expression of fibrosis-associated proteins (P < 0.001 versus PBS control group). LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We only isolated exosomes from ectopic ESCs, whether this is the optimum source requires further study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Upregulation of miRNA-214 potentially offers an alternative therapeutic approach for endometriosis fibrosis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 81771549 Jinwei Miao). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 251, Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Lu
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 251, Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Mi
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 251, Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwei Miao
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 251, Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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17
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PTGFR activation promotes the expression of PTGS-2 and growth factors via activation of the PKC signaling pathway in bovine endometrial epithelial cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 199:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Gao L, Liu B, Mao W, Gao R, Zhang S, Duritahala, Fu C, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Wu J, Deng Y, Wu X, Cao J. PTGER2 activation induces PTGS-2 and growth factor gene expression in endometrial epithelial cells of cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 187:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Zhang S, Mao W, Li Q, Gao R, Zhang Y, Gao L, Fu C, Wu J, Deng Y, Shen Y, Li T, Liu B, Cao J. Concentration effect of prostaglandin E2
on the growth factor expression and cell proliferation in bovine endometrial explants and their kinetic characteristics. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:143-151. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - W Mao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - Q Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - R Gao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - L Gao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - C Fu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - J Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - Y Deng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - Y Shen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - T Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - B Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
| | - J Cao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot China
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20
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Zhang S, Liu B, Mao W, Li Q, Fu C, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Gao L, Shen Y, Cao J. The effect of prostaglandin E 2 receptor (PTGER2) activation on growth factor expression and cell proliferation in bovine endometrial explants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 122:16-23. [PMID: 28735624 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The domestic animal endometrium undergoes regular periods of regeneration and degeneration during cycles of oestrus and dioestrus. If blastocyst implantation occurs in the uterus, the endometrium will prepare for pregnancy by changing its pattern of development to build a connection with the embryo to nourish it. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion synchronized with endometrial growth in these processes and could be involved in endometrial growth. One of the PGE2 receptors (PTGER2) is present in endometrium and its increased expression accompanies with endometrial growth in above processes. However, the association between PTGER2 and endometrial growth remains unclear. Endometrial growth factors and cell proliferation is the foundation for endometrial growth. Therefore, in this study, the response of growth factors and cell proliferation essential for endometrial growth to PTGER2 activation were investigated in bovine endometrium. The results indicated that mRNA and protein expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were up-regulated after PTGER2 activation by corresponding agonist butaprost (P < 0.05), and proliferation of endometrial epithelia and fibroblasts were induced in response to increased levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) and fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP-1) expression in bovine endometrial explants in vitro (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Changqi Fu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Long Gao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, China.
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21
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Ibrahim MG, Sillem M, Plendl J, Chiantera V, Sehouli J, Mechsner S. Myofibroblasts Are Evidence of Chronic Tissue Microtrauma at the Endometrial–Myometrial Junctional Zone in Uteri With Adenomyosis. Reprod Sci 2017; 24:1410-1418. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116687855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gamal Ibrahim
- Clinic for Gynaecology, Charité University of Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Sillem
- Praxisklinik am Rosengarten, Augustaanlage, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vito Chiantera
- Clinic for Gynaecology, Charité University of Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Clinic for Gynaecology, Charité University of Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Mechsner
- Clinic for Gynaecology, Charité University of Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Jiang J, Leong NL, Khalique U, Phan TM, Lyons KM, Luck JV. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in haemophilic arthropathy and arthrofibrosis: a histological analysis. Haemophilia 2016; 22:e527-e536. [PMID: 27704689 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Joint haemorrhage is the principal clinical manifestation of haemophilia frequently leading to advanced arthropathy and arthrofibrosis, resulting in severe disability. The degree and prevalence of arthrofibrosis in hemophilic arthropathy is more severe than in other forms of arthropathy. Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been linked to many fibrotic diseases, but has not been studied in the context of haemophilic arthropathy. AIM We aim to compare synovial tissues histologically from haemophilia and osteoarthritis patients with advanced arthropathy in order to compare expression of proteins that are possibly aetiologic in the development of arthrofibrosis. METHODS Human synovial tissues were obtained from 10 haemophilia and 10 osteoarthritis patients undergoing joint surgery and processed for histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS All samples from haemophilia patients had synovitis with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of synovial villi. Histologically, synovial tissues contained hyperplastic villi with increased cellularity and abundant haemosiderin- and ferritin-pigmented macrophage-like cells (HMCs), with a perivascular localization in the sub-surface layer. CTGF staining was observed in the surface layer and sub-surface layer in all haemophilia patients, exclusively co-localizing with HMCs. Quantification showed that the extent of CTGF-positive areas was correlated with the degree of detection of HMCs. CTGF was not observed in any of the samples from osteoarthritis patients. CONCLUSION Using histological analysis, we showed that CTGF expression is elevated in haemophilia patients with arthrofibrosis and absent in patients with osteoarthritis. Additionally, we found that CTGF is always associated with haemosiderin-pigmented macrophage-like cells, which suggests that CTGF is produced by synovial A cells following the uptake of blood breakdown products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jiang
- Hemophilia Treatment Center at Orthopaedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N L Leong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - U Khalique
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T M Phan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K M Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J V Luck
- Hemophilia Treatment Center at Orthopaedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Thiruchelvam U, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, Greaves E, Saunders PTK, Critchley HOD. Cortisol regulates the paracrine action of macrophages by inducing vasoactive gene expression in endometrial cells. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:1165-71. [PMID: 26701134 PMCID: PMC4952012 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0215-061rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium undergoes inflammation and tissue repair during menstruation. We hypothesized that the local availability of bioactive glucocorticoids plays an important role in immune cell-vascular cell interactions in endometrium during tissue repair at menstruation, acting either directly or indirectly via tissue resident macrophages. We sought to determine whether endometrial macrophages are direct targets for glucocorticoids; whether cortisol-treated macrophages have a paracrine effect on angiogenic gene expression by endometrial endothelial cells; and whether endometrial macrophages express angiogenic factors. Human endometrium (n = 41) was collected with ethical approval and subject consent. Donor peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with estradiol, progesterone, or cortisol. The effect of peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophage secretory products on the expression of angiogenic RNAs by endothelial cells was examined. Immunofluorescence was used to examine localization in macrophages and other endometrial cell types across the menstrual cycle. Endometrial macrophages express the glucocorticoid receptor. In vitro culture with supernatants from cortisol-treated peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages resulted in altered endometrial endothelial cell expression of the angiogenic genes, CXCL2, CXCL8, CTGF, and VEGFC These data highlight the importance of local cortisol in regulating paracrine actions of macrophages in the endometrium. CXCL2 and CXCL8 were detected in endometrial macrophages in situ. The expression of these factors was highest in the endometrium during the menstrual phase, consistent with these factors having a role in endometrial repair. Our data have indicated that activation of macrophages with glucocorticoids might have paracrine effects by increasing angiogenic factor expression by endometrial endothelial cells. This might reflect possible roles for macrophages in endometrial repair of the vascular bed after menstruation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Thiruchelvam
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jacqueline A Maybin
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gregory M Armstrong
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Erin Greaves
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary O D Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
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Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Arlier S, Kayisli UA, Lockwood CJ. The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22:497-515. [PMID: 26912000 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pregnancy requires robust hemostasis to prevent hemorrhage during extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion of the decidualized endometrium, modification of spiral arteries and post-partum processes. However, decidual hemorrhage (abruption) can occur throughout pregnancy from poorly transformed spiral arteries, causing fetal death or spontaneous preterm birth (PTB), or it can promote the aberrant placentation observed in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-eclampsia; all leading causes of perinatal or maternal morbidity and mortality. In non-fertile cycles, the decidua undergoes controlled menstrual bleeding. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) accompanying progestin-only, long-acting, reversible contraception (pLARC) accounts for most discontinuations of these safe and highly effective agents, thereby contributing to unwanted pregnancies and abortion. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. METHODS We conducted a critical review of the literature arising from PubMed searches up to December 2015, regarding in situ and in vitro expression and regulation of several specific proteins involved in uterine hemostasis in decidua and cycling endometrium. In addition, we discussed clinical and molecular mechanisms associated with pLARC-induced AUB and pregnancy complications with abruptions, chorioamnionitis or pre-eclampsia. RESULTS Progestin-induced decidualization of estradiol-primed human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) increases in vivo and in vitro expression of tissue factor (TF) and type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) while inhibiting plasminogen activators (PAs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and the vasoconstrictor, endothelin-1 (ET-1). These changes in decidual cell-derived regulators of hemostasis, fibrinolysis, extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, and vascular tone prevent hemorrhage during EVT invasion and vascular remodeling. In non-fertile cycles, progesterone withdrawal reduces TF and PAI-1 while increasing PA, MMPs and ET-1, causing menstrual-associated bleeding, fibrinolysis, ECM degradation and ischemia. First trimester decidual hemorrhage elicits later adverse outcomes including pregnancy loss, pre-eclampsia, abruption, IUGR and PTB. Decidual hemorrhage generates excess thrombin that binds to decidual cell-expressed protease-activated receptors (PARs) to induce chemokines promoting shallow placentation; such bleeding later in pregnancy generates thrombin to down-regulate decidual cell progesterone receptors and up-regulate cytokines and MMPs linked to PTB. Endometria of pLARC users display ischemia-induced excess vasculogenesis and progestin inhibition of spiral artery vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration leading to dilated fragile vessels prone to bleeding. Moreover, aberrant TF-derived thrombin signaling also contributes to the pathogenesis of endometriosis via induction of angiogenesis, inflammation and cell survival. CONCLUSION Perivascular decidualized HESCs promote endometrial hemostasis during placentation yet facilitate menstruation through progestational regulation of hemostatic, proteolytic, and vasoactive proteins. Pathological endometrial hemorrhage elicits excess local thrombin generation, which contributes to pLARC associated AUB, endometriosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes through several biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Schatz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sefa Arlier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Umit A Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Charles J Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Cousins FL, Murray AA, Scanlon JP, Saunders PTK. Hypoxyprobe™ reveals dynamic spatial and temporal changes in hypoxia in a mouse model of endometrial breakdown and repair. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:30. [PMID: 26780953 PMCID: PMC4717617 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menstruation is the culmination of a cascade of events, triggered by the withdrawal of progesterone at the end of the menstrual cycle. Initiation of tissue destruction and endometrial shedding causes spiral arteriole constriction in the functional layer of the endometrium. Upregulation of genes involved in angiogenesis and immune cell recruitment, two processes that are essential to successful repair and remodelling of the endometrium, both thought to be induced by reduced oxygen has been reported. Evidence for stabilisation/increased expression of the transcriptional regulator hypoxia inducible factor in the human endometrium at menses has been published. The current literature debates whether hypoxia plays an essential role during menstrual repair, therefore this study aims to delineate a role for hypoxia using a sensitive detection method (the Hypoxyprobe™) in combination with an established mouse model of endometrial breakdown and repair. RESULTS Using our mouse model of menses, during which documented breakdown and synchronous repair occurs in a 24 h timeframe, in combination with the Hypoxyprobe™ detection system, oxygen tensions within the uterus were measured. Immunostaining revealed striking spatial and temporal fluctuations in hypoxia during breakdown and showed that the epithelium is also exposed to hypoxic conditions during the repair phase. Furthermore, time-dependent changes in tissue hypoxia correlated with the regulation of mRNAs encoding for the angiogenic genes vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal derived factor (Cxcl12). CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with a role for focal hypoxia during endometrial breakdown in regulating gene expression during menses. These data have implications for treatment of endometrial pathologies such as heavy menstrual bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Cousins
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Alison A Murray
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Jessica P Scanlon
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. HIV reservoir dynamics in the face of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2015; 29:55-68. [PMID: 25412339 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2014.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon discontinuation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals experience a brisk rebound in blood plasma viremia due to the exodus of HIV from various body reservoirs. Assessment of HIV dynamics during HAART and following treatment discontinuation is essential to better understand HIV persistence. Here we will first provide a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in HIV reservoir formation and persistence. After a summary of HAART-mediated HIV decay within peripheral blood, we discuss findings from clinical studies examining the effects of HAART initiation and interruption on HIV reservoir dynamics in major anatomical compartments, including lymph nodes and spleen, gut associated lymphoid tissue, reproductive organs, the central nervous system, and the lungs. Features contributing to these reservoirs as distinct compartments, including anatomical features, the presence of drug transporters, and the effect of co-infection, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T. Costiniuk
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service and Lachine Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des Sciences Biologiques et Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bulmer JN, Lash GE. The Role of Uterine NK Cells in Normal Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 868:95-126. [PMID: 26178847 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human endometrium contains a substantial population of leucocytes which vary in distribution during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. An unusual population of natural killer (NK) cells, termed uterine NK (uNK) cells, are the most abundant of these cells in early pregnancy. The increase in number of uNK cells in the mid-secretory phase of the cycle with further increases in early pregnancy has focused attention on the role of uNK cells in early pregnancy. Despite many studies, the in vivo role of these cells is uncertain. This chapter reviews current information regarding the role of uNK cells in healthy human pregnancy and evidence indicating their importance in various reproductive and pregnancy problems. Studies in humans are limited by the availability of suitable tissues and the limitations of extrapolation from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Bulmer
- Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,
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28
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Immunity at the Maternal–Fetal Interface. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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29
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Thiruchelvam U, Dransfield I, Saunders PTK, Critchley HOD. The importance of the macrophage within the human endometrium. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:217-25. [PMID: 23108100 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0712327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is exposed to cyclical fluctuations of ovarian-derived sex steroids resulting in proliferation, differentiation (decidualization), and menstruation. An influx of leukocytes (up to 15% macrophages) occurs during the latter stages of the menstrual cycle, including menses. We believe the endometrial macrophage is likely to play an important role during the menstrual cycle, especially in the context of tissue degradation (menstruation), which requires regulated repair, regeneration, and phagocytic clearance of endometrial tissue debris to re-establish tissue integrity in preparation for fertility. The phenotype and regulation of the macrophage within the endometrium during the menstrual cycle and interactions with other cell types that constitute the endometrium are currently unknown and are important areas of study. Understanding the many roles of the endometrial macrophage is crucial to our body of knowledge concerning functionality of the endometrium as well as to our understanding of disorders of the menstrual cycle, which have major impacts on the health and well-being of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Thiruchelvam
- Medical Research Council Centres for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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30
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Capobianco A, Rovere-Querini P. Endometriosis, a disease of the macrophage. Front Immunol 2013; 4:9. [PMID: 23372570 PMCID: PMC3556586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis, a common cause of pelvic pain and female infertility, depends on the growth of vascularized endometrial tissue at ectopic sites. Endometrial fragments reach the peritoneal cavity during the fertile years: local cues decide whether they yield endometriotic lesions. Macrophages are recruited at sites of hypoxia and tissue stress, where they clear cell debris and heme-iron and generate pro-life and pro-angiogenesis signals. Macrophages are abundant in endometriotic lesions, where are recruited and undergo alternative activation. In rodents macrophages are required for lesions to establish and to grow; bone marrow-derived Tie-2 expressing macrophages specifically contribute to lesions neovasculature, possibly because they concur to the recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitors, and sustain their survival and the integrity of the vessel wall. Macrophages sense cues (hypoxia, cell death, iron overload) in the lesions and react delivering signals to restore the local homeostasis: their action represents a necessary, non-redundant step in the natural history of the disease. Endometriosis may be due to a misperception of macrophages about ectopic endometrial tissue. They perceive it as a wound, they activate programs leading to ectopic cell survival and tissue vascularization. Clearing this misperception is a critical area for the development of novel medical treatments of endometriosis, an urgent and unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Capobianco
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Menstruation has many of the features of an inflammatory process. The complexity and sequence of inflammatory-type events leading to the final tissue breakdown and bleeding are slowly being unravelled. Progesterone has anti-inflammatory properties, and its rapidly declining levels (along with those of estrogen) in the late secretory phase of each non-conception cycle, initiates a sequence of interdependent events of an inflammatory nature involving local inter-cellular interactions within the endometrium. Intracellular responses to loss of progesterone (in decidualized stromal, vascular and epithelial cells) lead to decreased prostaglandin metabolism and loss of protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS results in release of NFκB from suppression with activation of target gene transcription and increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). The resultant leukocyte recruitment, with changing phenotypes and activation, provide further degradative enzymes and MMP activators, which together with a hypoxic environment induced by prostaglandin actions, lead to the tissue breakdown and bleeding characteristic of menstruation. In parallel, at sites where shedding is complete, microenvironmentally-induced changes in phenotypes of neutrophils and macrophages from pro- to anti-inflammatory, in addition to induction of growth factors, contribute to the very rapid re-epithelialization and restoration of tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Evans
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Abstract
The ovarian steroid hormones progesterone and estradiol are well established regulators of human endometrial function. However, more recent evidence suggests that androgens and locally generated steroids, such as the glucocorticoids, also have a significant impact on endometrial breakdown and repair. The temporal and spatial pattern of steroid receptor presence in endometrial cells has a significant impact on the endometrial response to steroids. Furthermore, regulation of steroid receptor function by modulatory proteins further refines local responses. This review focuses on steroid regulation of endometrial function during the luteo-follicular transition with a focus on menstruation and endometrial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Maybin
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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