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Kaczmarek EB, Brainerd EL. Buoyancy control and air breathing in royal knifefish (Chitala blanci) and a new hypothesis for the early evolution of vertebrate air-breathing behaviors. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38711405 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
We present the first description of inspiration-first air breaths in royal knifefish, Chitala blanci, a ray-finned fish known to use four-stroke air breaths. Four-stroke breaths are used by nearly all ray-finned fish species that use their gas bladder to breathe air and are the ancestral breath type of ray-finned fishes. Interestingly, one such species, Amia calva, is known to perform two distinct breath types. Amia use four-stroke breaths when they need more oxygen and performs inspiration-first breaths to restore buoyancy. We observed that C. blanci also performs inspiration-first breaths and tested whether the two breath types are performed for the same functions in C. blanci as they are in Amia. We recorded the frequency of each breath type when exposed to aquatic hypoxia and two conditions of oxygen availability. We found that C. blanci performed more four-stroke breaths (81% ± 15% of total breaths) than inspiration-first breaths when exposed to aerial normoxia but performed more inspiration-first breaths (72% ± 40%) than four-stroke breaths when exposed to aerial hyperoxia. These patterns match those described for Amia and indicate that C. blanci performs four-stroke breaths in response to oxygen depletion and performs inspiration-first breaths to maintain buoyancy. Few studies have examined the role of air-breathing in buoyancy regulation. Decreasing buoyancy, rather than oxygen availability, to stimulate air breaths may reveal that inspiration-first breaths are more common among fishes than we are aware. We consider this possibility and present a new hypothesis for the origin and early evolution of air breathing in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elska B Kaczmarek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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2
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Jimenez YE, Camp AL. Beam theory predicts muscle deformation and vertebral curvature during feeding in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245788. [PMID: 37671501 PMCID: PMC10629686 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle shortening underpins most skeletal motion and ultimately animal performance. Most animal muscle generates its greatest mechanical output over a small, homogeneous range of shortening magnitudes and speeds. However, homogeneous muscle shortening is difficult to achieve for swimming fish because the whole body deforms like a bending beam: as the vertebral column flexes laterally, longitudinal muscle strain increases along a medio-lateral gradient. Similar dorsoventral strain gradients have been identified as the vertebral column flexes dorsally during feeding in at least one body location in one fish. If fish bodies also deform like beams during dorsoventral feeding motions, this would suggest the dorsal body (epaxial) muscles must homogenize both dorsoventral and mediolateral strain gradients. We tested this hypothesis by measuring curvature of the anterior vertebral column with XROMM and muscle shortening in 14 epaxial subregions with fluoromicrometry during feeding in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We compared measured strain with the predicted strain based on beam theory's curvature-strain relationship. Trout flexed the vertebrae dorsally and laterally during feeding strikes, yet when flexion in both planes was included, the strain predicted by beam theory was strongly and significantly correlated with measured strain (P<0.01, R2=0.60). Beam theory accurately predicted strain (slope=1.15, compared with ideal slope=1) across most muscle subregions, confirming that epaxial muscles experience dorsoventral and mediolateral gradients in longitudinal strain. Establishing this deformation-curvature relationship is a crucial step to understanding how these muscles overcome orthogonal strain gradients to produce powerful feeding and swimming behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordano E. Jimenez
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, USA
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ariel L. Camp
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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3
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Provini P, Camp AL, Crandell KE. Emerging biological insights enabled by high-resolution 3D motion data: promises, perspectives and pitfalls. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286825. [PMID: 36752301 PMCID: PMC10038148 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Deconstructing motion to better understand it is a key prerequisite in the field of comparative biomechanics. Since Marey and Muybridge's work, technical constraints have been the largest limitation to motion capture and analysis, which, in turn, limited what kinds of questions biologists could ask or answer. Throughout the history of our field, conceptual leaps and significant technical advances have generally worked hand in hand. Recently, high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) motion data have become easier to acquire, providing new opportunities for comparative biomechanics. We describe how adding a third dimension of information has fuelled major paradigm shifts, not only leading to a reinterpretation of long-standing scientific questions but also allowing new questions to be asked. In this paper, we highlight recent work published in Journal of Experimental Biology and influenced by these studies, demonstrating the biological breakthroughs made with 3D data. Although amazing opportunities emerge from these technical and conceptual advances, high-resolution data often come with a price. Here, we discuss challenges of 3D data, including low-throughput methodology, costly equipment, low sample sizes, and complex analyses and presentation. Therefore, we propose guidelines for how and when to pursue 3D high-resolution data. We also suggest research areas that are poised for major new biological advances through emerging 3D data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Provini
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, System Engineering and Evolution Dynamics, F-75004 Paris, France
- Learning Planet Institute, F-75004 Paris, France
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ariel L Camp
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L78TX, UK
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4
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Berthet M, Coye C, Dezecache G, Kuhn J. Animal linguistics: a primer. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:81-98. [PMID: 36189714 PMCID: PMC10091714 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of language has been investigated by several research communities, including biologists and linguists, striving to highlight similar linguistic capacities across species. To date, however, no consensus exists on the linguistic capacities of non-human species. Major controversies remain on the use of linguistic terminology, analysis methods and behavioural data collection. The field of 'animal linguistics' has emerged to overcome these difficulties and attempt to reach uniform methods and terminology. This primer is a tutorial review of 'animal linguistics'. It describes the linguistic concepts of semantics, pragmatics and syntax, and proposes minimal criteria to be fulfilled to claim that a given species displays a particular linguistic capacity. Second, it reviews relevant methods successfully applied to the study of communication in animals and proposes a list of useful references to detect and overcome major pitfalls commonly observed in the collection of animal behaviour data. This primer represents a step towards mutual understanding and fruitful collaborations between linguists and biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Berthet
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.,Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zürich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zürich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Camille Coye
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.,Center for Ecology and Conservation, Bioscience Department, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Kuhn
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
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5
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Kume M, Yoshikawa Y, Tanaka T, Watanabe S, Mitamura H, Yamashita Y. Water temperature and precipitation stimulate small-sized Japanese eels to climb a low-height vertical weir. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279617. [PMID: 36574439 PMCID: PMC9794052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although river-crossing structures can have a detrimental effect on the movement and distribution of anguillid eels (genus Anguilla), they have inhabited locations upstream of river-crossing structures in many rivers. However, the growth stage in which the eels start to climb river-crossing structures remains unclear. In this study, we directly observed, using infrared video camera systems, that the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) climbs a low-height vertical weir as a migratory barrier, confirming the ability of eels to climb over a low-height weir within a river. All eels climbed the weir at night, between sunset and sunrise. We observed that the total length of Japanese eels that climbed the weir ranged from 60 to 140 mm, suggesting that eels inhabiting the upstream area of a weir climbed it when they were small and then lived and grew upstream. Moreover, the general additive model showed considerable effects of water temperature and precipitation on eel climbing, suggesting that water temperature and precipitation are important for its activation. The results of this study also show the effectiveness of infrared video cameras in monitoring eel climbing, which could be applied to monitor fish migratory behavior through fish passages. The findings of this study are useful for the comprehensive management and conservation of wild eel stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kume
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yudai Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shun Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Mitamura
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoh Yamashita
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Scott BR, Brainerd EL, Wilga CAD. Long-Axis Rotation of Jaws of Bamboo Sharks ( Chiloscyllium plagiosum) During Suction Feeding. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac024. [PMID: 35899093 PMCID: PMC9314715 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis
Long-axis rotation (LAR) of the jaws may be an important component of vertebrate feeding mechanisms, as it has been hypothesized to occur during prey capture or food processing across diverse vertebrate groups including mammals, ray-finned fishes, and sharks and rays. LAR can affect tooth orientation as well as muscle fiber direction and therefore muscle power during feeding. However, to date only a handful of studies have demonstrated this LAR in vivo. Here, we use XROMM to document LAR of the upper and lower jaws in white-spotted bamboo sharks, Chiloscyllium plagiosum, during suction feeding. As the lower jaw begins to depress for suction expansion, both the upper jaw (palatoquadrate) and lower jaw (Meckel's cartilage) evert, such that their toothed surfaces move laterally, and then they invert with jaw closing. Eversion has been shown to tense the dental ligament and erect the teeth in some sharks, but it is not clear how this tooth erection would contribute to suction feeding in bamboo sharks. Two recent XROMM studies have shown LAR of the lower jaws during mastication in mammals and stingrays and our study extends LAR to suction feeding and confirms its presence in shark species. Examples of LAR of the jaws are becoming increasingly widespread across vertebrates with unfused mandibular symphyses. Unfused lower jaws are the plesiomorphic condition for most vertebrate lineages and therefore LAR may be a common component of jaw mechanics unless the mandibular symphysis is fused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Scott
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 61801 IL , USA
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island , Kingston, 02881 RI , USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University , 02912 RI , USA
| | - Cheryl A D Wilga
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island , Kingston, 02881 RI , USA
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7
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Kaczmarek EB, Gartner SM, Westneat MW, Brainerd EL. Air Breathing and Suction Feeding Kinematics in the West African Lungfish, Protopterus Annectens. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:865-877. [PMID: 35798019 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the water-to-land transition tends to focus on the locomotor changes necessary for terrestriality. But the evolution from water breathing to air breathing was also a necessary precursor to the invasion of land. Air is approximately 1,000 times less dense, 50 times less viscous, and contains hundreds of times more oxygen than water. However, unlike the transition to terrestrial locomotion, breathing air does not require body weight support, so the evolution of air breathing may have necessitated smaller changes to morphology and function. We used X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology to compare the cranial kinematics of aquatic buccal pumping, such as seen in suction feeding, with the aerial buccal pumping required for lung ventilation in the West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens). During buccal pumping behaviors, the cranial bones and associated soft tissues act as valves and pumps, and the sequence of their motions controls the pattern of fluid flow. Both behaviors are characterized by an anterior-to-posterior wave of expansion and an anterior-to-posterior wave of compression. We found that the pectoral girdle and cranial rib rotate consistently during air breathing and suction feeding, and that the muscle between them shortens during buccal expansion. Overall, we conclude that the major cranial bones maintain the same basic functions (i.e., acting as valves or pumps, or transmitting power) across aquatic and aerial buccal pumping. The cranial morphology that enables aquatic buccal pumping is well-suited to perform air-breathing and accommodates the physical differences between air and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elska B Kaczmarek
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence RI 02912
| | - Samantha M Gartner
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Mark W Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence RI 02912
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8
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Li EY, Kaczmarek EB, Olsen AM, Brainerd EL, Camp AL. Royal knifefish generate powerful suction feeding through large neurocranial elevation and high epaxial muscle power. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275363. [PMID: 35543020 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Suction feeding in ray-finned fishes involves powerful buccal cavity expansion to accelerate water and food into the mouth. Previous XROMM studies in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) have shown that more than 90% of suction power in high performance strikes comes from the axial musculature. Thus, the shape of the axial muscles and skeleton may impact suction feeding mechanics. Royal knifefish (Chitala blanci) have an unusual postcranial morphology, with a ventrally flexed vertebral column and relatively large mass of epaxial muscle. Based on their body shape, we hypothesized that royal knifefish would generate high power strikes by utilizing large neurocranial elevation, vertebral column extension, and epaxial shortening. As predicted, C. blanci generated high suction expansion power compared to the other three species studied to date (up to 160 W), which was achieved by increasing both the rate of volume change and the intraoral subambient pressure. The large epaxial muscle (25% of body mass) shortened at high velocities to produce large neurocranial elevation and vertebral extension (up to 41 deg, combined), as well as high muscle mass-specific power (up to 800 W kg-1). For the highest power strikes, axial muscles generated 95% of the power, and 64% of the axial muscle mass consisted of the epaxial muscles. The epaxial-dominated suction expansion of royal knifefish supports our hypothesis that postcranial morphology may be a strong predictor of suction feeding biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Y Li
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, UK
| | - Elska B Kaczmarek
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, UK
| | - Aaron M Olsen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, UK.,3D Anatomy Studios, Providence RI, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, UK
| | - Ariel L Camp
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, UK.,Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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9
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Jimenez YE, Brainerd EL. Motor control in the epaxial musculature of bluegill sunfish in feeding and locomotion. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272666. [PMID: 34714334 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fishes possess an impressive repertoire of feeding and locomotor behaviors that in many cases rely on the same power source: the axial musculature. As both functions employ different skeletal systems, head versus body, integrating these functions would likely require modular motor control. Although there have been many studies of motor control in feeding or locomotion in fishes, only one study to date has examined both functions in the same individuals. To characterize bilateral motor control of the epaxial musculature in feeding and locomotion, we measured muscle activity and shortening in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) using electromyography and sonomicrometry. We found that sunfish recruit epaxial regions in a dorsal-to-ventral manner to increase feeding performance, such that high-performance feeding activates all the epaxial musculature. In comparison, sunfish seemed to activate all three epaxial regions irrespective of locomotor performance. Muscle activity was present on both sides of the body in nearly all feeding and locomotor behaviors. Feeding behaviors used similar activation intensities on the two sides of the body, whereas locomotor behaviors consistently used higher intensities on the side undergoing muscle shortening. In all epaxial regions, fast-starts used the highest activation intensities, although high-performance suction feeding occasionally showed near-maximal intensity. Finally, active muscle volume was positively correlated with the peak rate of body flexion in feeding and locomotion, indicating a continuous relationship between recruitment and performance. A comparison of these results with recent work on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) suggests that centrarchid fishes use similar motor control strategies for feeding, but interspecific differences in peak suction-feeding performance are determined by active muscle volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordano E Jimenez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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10
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Animal behavior missing from data archives. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:960-963. [PMID: 34407919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into animal behavior data archiving practices revealed low rates of data archiving, frequent issues with archived data, and a near absence of multimedia data from data archives. Increasing archiving of animal behavior data will improve the integrity of current studies and enable new avenues of research.
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11
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Higham TE, Ferry LA, Schmitz L, Irschick DJ, Starko S, Anderson PSL, Bergmann PJ, Jamniczky HA, Monteiro LR, Navon D, Messier J, Carrington E, Farina SC, Feilich KL, Hernandez LP, Johnson MA, Kawano SM, Law CJ, Longo SJ, Martin CH, Martone PT, Rico-Guevara A, Santana SE, Niklas KJ. Linking ecomechanical models and functional traits to understand phenotypic diversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:860-873. [PMID: 34218955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical principles and laws determine the set of possible organismal phenotypes. Constraints arising from development, the environment, and evolutionary history then yield workable, integrated phenotypes. We propose a theoretical and practical framework that considers the role of changing environments. This 'ecomechanical approach' integrates functional organismal traits with the ecological variables. This approach informs our ability to predict species shifts in survival and distribution and provides critical insights into phenotypic diversity. We outline how to use the ecomechanical paradigm using drag-induced bending in trees as an example. Our approach can be incorporated into existing research and help build interdisciplinary bridges. Finally, we identify key factors needed for mass data collection, analysis, and the dissemination of models relevant to this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Lara A Ferry
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, 925 N. Mills Avenue, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Duncan J Irschick
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Samuel Starko
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Philip J Bergmann
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leandro R Monteiro
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense. Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, cep 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Dina Navon
- Human Genetics Institute of NJ, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Julie Messier
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emily Carrington
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stacy C Farina
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Kara L Feilich
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - L Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Michele A Johnson
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Sandy M Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chris J Law
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Mammalogy and Division of Paleontology, Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Sarah J Longo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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12
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Tanner RL, Grover N, Anderson ML, Crocker KC, Dutta S, Horner AM, Hough LE, Moore TY, Rosen GL, Whitney KS, Summers AP. Examining cultural structures and functions in biology. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:2282-2293. [PMID: 34151345 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific culture and structure organize biological sciences in many ways. We make choices concerning the systems and questions we study. Our research then amplifies these choices into factors that influence the directions of future research by shaping our hypotheses, data analyses, interpretation, publication venues, and dissemination via other methods. But our choices are shaped by more than objective curiosity-we are influenced by cultural paradigms reinforced by societal upbringing and scientific indoctrination during training. This extends to the systems and data that we consider to be ethically obtainable or available for study, and who is considered qualified to do research, ask questions, and communicate about research. It is also influenced by the profitability of concepts like open-access-a system designed to improve equity, but which enacts gatekeeping in unintended but foreseeable ways. Creating truly integrative biology programs will require more than intentionally developing departments or institutes that allow overlapping expertise in two or more subfields of biology. Interdisciplinary work requires the expertise of large and diverse teams of scientists working together-this is impossible without an authentic commitment to addressing, not denying, racism when practiced by individuals, institutions, and cultural aspects of academic science. We have identified starting points for remedying how our field has discouraged and caused harm, but we acknowledge there is a long path forward. This path must be paved with field-wide solutions and institutional buy-in: our solutions must match the scale of the problem. Together, we can integrate-not reintegrate-the nuances of biology into our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle L Tanner
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis CA 95616
| | - Neena Grover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado Springs CO 80903
| | | | | | - Shuchismita Dutta
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ 08854
| | - Angela M Horner
- Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino CA 92407
| | - Loren E Hough
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80309
| | - Talia Y Moore
- Mechanical Engineering, Robotics Institute, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109
| | - Gail L Rosen
- Ecological & Evolutionary Signal Processing & Informatics Lab, Center for Biological Discovery from Big Data, Electrical, and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Kaitlin Stack Whitney
- Science, Technology, & Society Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY 14623
| | - Adam P Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor WA 98250
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13
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Lomax JJ, Martinson TF, Jimenez YE, Brainerd EL. Bifunctional Role of the Sternohyoideus Muscle During Suction Feeding in Striped Surfperch, Embiotoca lateralis. Integr Org Biol 2021; 2:obaa021. [PMID: 33791562 PMCID: PMC7671119 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In ray-finned fishes, the sternohyoideus (SH) is among the largest muscles in the head region and, based on its size, can potentially contribute to the overall power required for suction feeding. However, the function of the SH varies interspecifically. In largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and several clariid catfishes, the SH functions similarly to a stiff ligament. In these species, the SH remains isometric and transmitts power from the hypaxial musculature to the hyoid apparatus during suction feeding. Alternatively, the SH can shorten and contribute muscle power during suction feeding, a condition observed in the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and one clariid catfish. An emerging hypothesis centers on SH muscle size as a predictor of function: in fishes with a large SH, the SH shortens during suction feeding, whereas in fish with a smaller SH, the muscle may remain isometric. Here, we studied striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis), a species in which the SH is relatively large at 8.8% of axial muscle mass compared with 4.0% for L. macrochirus and 1.7% for M. salmoides, to determine whether the SH shortens during suction feeding and is, therefore, bifunctional—both transmitting and generating power—or remains isometric and only transmits power. We measured skeletal kinematics of the neurocranium, urohyal, and cleithrum with Video Reconstruction of Moving Morphology, along with muscle strain and shortening velocity in the SH and epaxial muscles, using a new method of 3D external marker tracking. We found mean SH shortening during suction feeding strikes (n = 22 strikes from four individual E. lateralis) was 7.2 ± 0.55% (±SEM) of initial muscle length. Mean peak speed of shortening was 4.9 ± 0.65 lengths s−1, and maximum shortening speed occurred right around peak gape when peak power is generated in suction feeding. The cleithrum of E. lateralis retracts and depresses but the urohyal retracts and depresses even more, a strong indicator of a bifunctional SH capable of not only generating its own power but also transmitting hypaxial power to the hyoid. While power production in E. lateralis is still likely dominated by the axial musculature, since even the relatively large SH of E. lateralis is only 8.8% of axial muscle mass, the SH may contribute a meaningful amount of power given its continual shortening just prior to peak gape across all strikes. These results support the finding from other groups of fishes that a large SH muscle, relative to axial muscle mass, is likely to both generate and transmit power during suction feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lomax
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906.,Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250
| | - T F Martinson
- Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250
| | - Y E Jimenez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906.,Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250
| | - E L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906.,Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250
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14
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Abstract
X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM), though traditionally used for studies of in vivo skeletal kinematics, can also be used to precisely and accurately measure ex vivo range of motion from cadaveric manipulations. The workflow for these studies is holistically similar to the in vivo XROMM workflow but presents several unique challenges. This paper aims to serve as a practical guide by walking through each step of the ex vivo XROMM process: how to acquire and prepare cadaveric specimens, how to manipulate specimens to collect X-ray data, and how to use these data to compute joint rotational mobility. Along the way, it offers recommendations for best practices and for avoiding common pitfalls to ensure a successful study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita R Manafzadeh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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15
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Sielemann K, Hafner A, Pucker B. The reuse of public datasets in the life sciences: potential risks and rewards. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9954. [PMID: 33024631 PMCID: PMC7518187 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'big data' revolution has enabled novel types of analyses in the life sciences, facilitated by public sharing and reuse of datasets. Here, we review the prodigious potential of reusing publicly available datasets and the associated challenges, limitations and risks. Possible solutions to issues and research integrity considerations are also discussed. Due to the prominence, abundance and wide distribution of sequencing data, we focus on the reuse of publicly available sequence datasets. We define 'successful reuse' as the use of previously published data to enable novel scientific findings. By using selected examples of successful reuse from different disciplines, we illustrate the enormous potential of the practice, while acknowledging the respective limitations and risks. A checklist to determine the reuse value and potential of a particular dataset is also provided. The open discussion of data reuse and the establishment of this practice as a norm has the potential to benefit all stakeholders in the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sielemann
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec) & Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Graduate School DILS, Bielefeld Institute for Bioinformatics Infrastructure (BIBI), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alenka Hafner
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec) & Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Current Affiliation: Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Penn State University, University Park, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Boas Pucker
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec) & Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Evolution and Diversity, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Camp AL, Olsen AM, Hernandez LP, Brainerd EL. Fishes can use axial muscles as anchors or motors for powerful suction feeding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/18/jeb225649. [PMID: 32948649 PMCID: PMC7520451 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some fishes rely on large regions of the dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body muscles to power suction feeding. Epaxial and hypaxial muscles are known to act as motors, powering rapid mouth expansion by shortening to elevate the neurocranium and retract the pectoral girdle, respectively. However, some species, like catfishes, use little cranial elevation. Are these fishes instead using the epaxial muscles to forcefully anchor the head, and if so, are they limited to lower-power strikes? We used X-ray imaging to measure epaxial and hypaxial length dynamics (fluoromicrometry) and associated skeletal motions (XROMM) during 24 suction feeding strikes from three channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). We also estimated the power required for suction feeding from oral pressure and dynamic endocast volume measurements. Cranial elevation relative to the body was small (<5 deg) and the epaxial muscles did not shorten during peak expansion power. In contrast, the hypaxial muscles consistently shortened by 4–8% to rotate the pectoral girdle 6–11 deg relative to the body. Despite only the hypaxial muscles generating power, catfish strikes were similar in power to those of other species, such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), that use epaxial and hypaxial muscles to power mouth expansion. These results show that the epaxial muscles are not used as motors in catfish, but suggest they position and stabilize the cranium while the hypaxial muscles power mouth expansion ventrally. Thus, axial muscles can serve fundamentally different mechanical roles in generating and controlling cranial motion during suction feeding in fishes. Highlighted Article: Channel catfish use their dorsal body muscles to stabilize the head during suction feeding, while the ventral body muscles power mouth expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Camp
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Aaron M Olsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - L Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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17
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Weller HI, Olsen AM, Camp AL, Manafzadeh AR, Hernandez LP, Brainerd EL. An XROMM Study of Food Transport and Swallowing in Channel Catfish. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obaa018. [PMID: 33791560 PMCID: PMC7750989 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most predatory ray-finned fishes swallow their food whole, which can pose a significant challenge, given that prey items can be half as large as the predators themselves. How do fish transport captured food from the mouth to the stomach? Prior work indicates that, in general, fish use the pharyngeal jaws to manipulate food into the esophagus, where peristalsis is thought to take over. We used X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology to track prey transport in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). By reconstructing the 3D motions of both the food and the catfish, we were able to track how the catfish move food through the head and into the stomach. Food enters the oral cavity at high velocities as a continuation of suction and stops in the approximate location of the branchial basket before moving in a much slower, more complex path toward the esophagus. This slow phase coincides with little motion in the head and no substantial mouth opening or hyoid depression. Once the prey is in the esophagus, however, its transport is surprisingly tightly correlated with gulping motions (hyoid depression, girdle retraction, hypaxial shortening, and mouth opening) of the head. Although the transport mechanism itself remains unknown, to our knowledge, this is the first description of synchrony between cranial expansion and esophageal transport in a fish. Our results provide direct evidence of prey transport within the esophagus and suggest that peristalsis may not be the sole mechanism of esophageal transport in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - A M Olsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - A L Camp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A R Manafzadeh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - L P Hernandez
- Department of Biological Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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18
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Cieri RL, Hatch ST, Capano JG, Brainerd EL. Locomotor rib kinematics in two species of lizards and a new hypothesis for the evolution of aspiration breathing in amniotes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7739. [PMID: 32398656 PMCID: PMC7217971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most lizards walk and run with a sprawling gait in which the limbs are partly advanced by lateral undulation of the axial skeleton. Ribs and vertebrae are integral to this locomotor mode, but 3D motion of the axial skeleton has not been reported for lizard locomotion. Here, we use XROMM to quantify the relative motions of the vertebrae and ribs during slow treadmill locomotion in three savannah monitor lizards (Varanus exanthematicus) and three Argentine black and white tegus (Salvator merianae). To isolate locomotion, we selected strides with no concurrent lung ventilation. Rib rotations can be decomposed into bucket-handle rotation around a dorsoventral axis, pump-handle rotation around a mediolateral axis, and caliper rotations around a craniocaudal axis. During locomotion, every rib measured in both species rotated substantially around its costovertebral joint (8-17 degrees, summed across bucket, pump and caliper rotations). In all individuals from both species, the middle ribs rotated cranially through bucket and pump-handle motion during the propulsive phase of the ipsilateral forelimb. Axial kinematics during swing phase of the ipsilateral forelimb were mirror images of the propulsive phase. Although further work is needed to establish what causes these rib motions, active contraction of the hypaxial musculature may be at least partly responsible. Unilateral locomotor rib movements are remarkably similar to the bilateral pattern used for lung ventilation, suggesting a new hypothesis that rib motion during locomotion may have been an exaptation for the evolution of costal aspiration breathing in stem amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Cieri
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Samuel T Hatch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John G Capano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
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19
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Olsen AM, Hernández LP, Camp AL, Brainerd EL. Channel catfish use higher coordination to capture prey than to swallow. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190507. [PMID: 30991933 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When animals move they must coordinate motion among multiple parts of the musculoskeletal system. Different behaviours exhibit different patterns of coordination, however, it remains unclear what general principles determine the coordination pattern for a particular behaviour. One hypothesis is that speed determines coordination patterns as a result of differences in voluntary versus involuntary control. An alternative hypothesis is that the nature of the behavioural task determines patterns of coordination. Suction-feeding fishes have highly kinetic skulls and must coordinate the motions of over a dozen skeletal elements to draw fluid and prey into the mouth. We used a dataset of intracranial motions at five cranial joints in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus), collected using X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology, to test whether speed or task best explained patterns of coordination. We found that motions were significantly more coordinated (by 20-29%) during prey capture than during prey transport, supporting the hypothesis that the nature of the task determines coordination patterns. We found no significant difference in coordination between low- and high-speed motions. We speculate that capture is more coordinated to create a single fluid flow into the mouth while transport is less coordinated so that the cranial elements can independently generate multiple flows to reposition prey. Our results demonstrate the benefits of both higher and lower coordination in animal behaviours and the potential of motion analysis to elucidate motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Olsen
- 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University , Providence, RI , USA
| | - L Patricia Hernández
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Ariel L Camp
- 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University , Providence, RI , USA.,3 Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University , Providence, RI , USA
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20
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Jimenez YE, Brainerd EL. Dual function of epaxial musculature for swimming and suction feeding in largemouth bass. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192631. [PMID: 31964298 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The axial musculature of many fishes generates the power for both swimming and suction feeding. In the case of the epaxial musculature, unilateral activation bends the body laterally for swimming, and bilateral activation bends the body dorsally to elevate the neurocranium for suction feeding. But how does a single muscle group effectively power these two distinct behaviours? Prior electromyographic (EMG) studies have identified fishes' ability to activate dorsal and ventral epaxial regions independently, but no studies have directly compared the intensity and spatial activation patterns between swimming and feeding. We measured EMG activity throughout the epaxial musculature during swimming (turning, sprinting, and fast-starts) and suction feeding (goldfish and pellet strikes) in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We found that swimming involved obligate activation of ventral epaxial regions whereas suction feeding involved obligate activation of dorsal epaxial regions, suggesting regional specialization of the epaxial musculature. However, during fast-starts and suction feeding on live prey, bass routinely activated the whole epaxial musculature, demonstrating the dual function of this musculature in the highest performance behaviours. Activation intensities in suction feeding were substantially lower than fast-starts which, in conjunction with suboptimal shortening velocities, suggests that bass maximize axial muscle performance during locomotion and underuse it for suction feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordano E Jimenez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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21
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Mayerl CJ, Capano JG, Moreno AA, Wyneken J, Blob RW, Brainerd EL. Pectoral and pelvic girdle rotations during walking and swimming in a semi-aquatic turtle: testing functional role and constraint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.212688. [PMID: 31767737 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pectoral and pelvic girdle rotations play a substantial role in enhancing stride length across diverse tetrapod lineages. However, the pectoral and pelvic girdle attach the limbs to the body in different ways and may exhibit dissimilar functions, especially during locomotion in disparate environments. Here, we tested for functional differences between the forelimb and hindlimb of the freshwater turtle Pseudemys concinna during walking and swimming using X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM). In doing so, we also tested the commonly held notion that the shell constrains girdle motion in turtles. We found that the pectoral girdle exhibited greater rotations than the pelvic girdle on land and in water. Additionally, pelvic girdle rotations were greater on land than in water, whereas pectoral girdle rotations were similar in the two environments. These results indicate that although the magnitude of pelvic girdle rotations depends primarily on whether the weight of the body must be supported against gravity, the magnitude of pectoral girdle rotations likely depends primarily on muscular activity associated with locomotion. Furthermore, the pectoral girdle of turtles rotated more than has been observed in other taxa with sprawling postures, showing an excursion similar to that of mammals (∼38 deg). These results suggest that a rigid axial skeleton and internally positioned pectoral girdle have not constrained turtle girdle function, but rather the lack of lateral undulations in turtles and mammals may contribute to a functional convergence whereby the girdle acts as an additional limb segment to increase stride length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Mayerl
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - John G Capano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Adam A Moreno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jeanette Wyneken
- Department of Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Richard W Blob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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22
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Brocklehurst RJ, Moritz S, Codd J, Sellers WI, Brainerd EL. XROMM kinematics of ventilation in wild turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.209783. [PMID: 31704902 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.209783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The avian ribcage is derived relative to other amniotes, and is hypothesised to be constrained in its movements during ventilation. The double-headed ribs form two articulations with the vertebrae, and are thought to rotate about a strict anatomical axis. However, this costovertebral joint constraint has not been demonstrated empirically and was not found in other taxa with double-headed ribs (i.e. crocodilians). Here, we used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) to quantify rib rotation in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) during breathing. We demonstrate that, as predicted from anatomy, the ribs do rotate in a hinge-like manner about a single axis. There is also evidence for elliptical motion of the sternum, as has been reported in other taxa. The evolution of the avian ribcage is closely related to the co-evolution of ventilation and flight, and these results are important for how we model ventilation mechanics in living and fossil birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brocklehurst
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sabine Moritz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Department of Biology, Community College of Rhode Island, Warwick, RI 02886, USA
| | - Jonathan Codd
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - William I Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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23
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van Meer NMME, Weller HI, Manafzadeh AR, Kaczmarek EB, Scott B, Gussekloo SWS, Wilga CD, Brainerd EL, Camp AL. Intra-oropharyngeal food transport and swallowing in white-spotted bamboo sharks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.201426. [PMID: 31672726 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.201426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of intraoral food transport and swallowing, relatively few studies have examined the biomechanics of these behaviors in non-tetrapods, which lack a muscular tongue. Studies show that elasmobranch and teleost fishes generate water currents as a 'hydrodynamic tongue' that presumably transports food towards and into the esophagus. However, it remains largely unknown how specific musculoskeletal motions during transport correspond to food motion. Previous studies of white-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) hypothesized that motions of the hyoid, branchial arches and pectoral girdle, generate caudal motion of the food through the long oropharynx of modern sharks. To test these hypotheses, we measured food and cartilage motion with XROMM during intra-oropharyngeal transport and swallowing (N=3 individuals, 2-3 trials per individual). After entering the mouth, food does not move smoothly toward the esophagus, but rather moves in distinct steps with relatively little retrograde motion. Caudal food motion coincides with hyoid elevation and a closed mouth, supporting earlier studies showing that hyoid motion contributes to intra-oropharyngeal food transport by creating caudally directed water currents. Little correspondence between pectoral girdle and food motion was found, indicating minimal contribution of pectoral girdle motion. Transport speed was fast as food entered the mouth, slower and step-wise through the pharyngeal region and then fast again as it entered the esophagus. The food's static periods in the step-wise motion and its high velocity during swallowing could not be explained by hyoid or girdle motion, suggesting these sharks may also use the branchial arches for intra-oropharyngeal transport and swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraly M M E van Meer
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah I Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Armita R Manafzadeh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Elska B Kaczmarek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Bradley Scott
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Victor E. Shelford Vivarium, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Sander W S Gussekloo
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cheryl D Wilga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3101 Science Circle, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Ariel L Camp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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24
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Müller UK. Editorial: Science Needs an Inclusive and Transparent Publication Process—How Integrative and Comparative Biology Works Toward This Aim. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1445-1450. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike K Müller
- Department of Biology, California State University—Fresno, 2555 E San Ramon Avenue, Fresno, CA, USA
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25
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Laurence-Chasen JD, Ramsay JB, Brainerd EL. Shearing overbite and asymmetrical jaw motions facilitate food breakdown in a freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon motoro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/13/jeb197681. [PMID: 31292213 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.197681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many species of fish process their prey with cyclic jaw motions that grossly resemble those seen in mammalian mastication, despite starkly different tooth and jaw morphologies. The degree of similarity between the processing behaviors of these disparate taxa has implications for our understanding of convergence in vertebrate feeding systems. Here, we used XROMM (X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology) to investigate prey processing behavior of Potamotrygon motoro, the ocellate river stingray, which has recently been found to employ asymmetrical, shearing jaw motions to break down its prey. We found that P. motoro modulates its feeding kinematics to produce two distinct types of chew cycles: compressive cycles and overbite cycles. The latter are characterized by over-rotation of the upper jaw relative to the lower jaw, past the expected occlusal limit, and higher levels of bilateral asymmetry as compared with compressive chews. We did not find evidence of the mediolateral shearing motions typical of mammalian mastication, but overbite cycles appear to shear the prey item between the upper and lower toothplates in a propalinal fashion. Additionally, comparison of hyomandibular and jaw motions demonstrates that the angular cartilages decouple jaw displacement from hyomandibular displacement in rostrocaudal and mediolateral directions. The multiple similarities between mammalian mastication and the dynamic processing behavior of P. motoro support the use of sub-family Potamotrygoninae as a model for studying evolutionary convergence of mastication-like processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jason B Ramsay
- Biology Department, Westfield State University, 577 Western Avenue, Westfield, MA 01086, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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26
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Witzmann F, Brainerd EL, Konow N. Eye Movements in Frogs and Salamanders-Testing the Palatal Buccal Pump Hypothesis. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:obz011. [PMID: 33791526 PMCID: PMC7671152 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In frogs and salamanders, movements of the eyeballs in association with an open palate have often been proposed to play a functional role in lung breathing. In this "palatal buccal pump," the eyeballs are elevated during the lowering of the buccal floor to suck air in through the nares, and the eyeballs are lowered during elevation of the buccal floor to help press air into the lungs. Here, we used X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology to investigate eye movements during lung breathing and feeding in bullfrogs and axolotls. Our data do not show eye movements that would be in accordance with the palatal buccal pump. On the contrary, there is a small passive elevation of the eyeballs when the buccal floor is raised. Inward drawing of the eyeballs occurs only during body motion and for prey transport in bullfrogs, but this was not observed in axolotls. Each eye movement in bullfrogs has a vertical, a mediolateral, and an anteroposterior component. Considering the surprisingly weak posterior motion component of the eyeballs, their main role in prey transport might be fixing the prey by pressing it against the buccal floor. The retraction of the buccal floor would then contribute to the posterior push of the prey. Because our study provides no evidence for a palatal buccal pump in frogs and salamanders, there is also no experimental support for the idea of a palatal buccal pump in extinct temnospondyl amphibians, in contrast to earlier suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - E L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - N Konow
- Department of Biological Sciences, UMass Lowell, Lowell MA 01854 USA
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Scott B, Wilga CAD, Brainerd EL. Skeletal kinematics of the hyoid arch in the suction-feeding shark Chiloscyllium plagiosum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/5/jeb193573. [PMID: 30824570 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.193573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
White-spotted bamboo sharks, Chiloscyllium plagiosum, generate strong suction-feeding pressures that rival the highest levels measured in ray-finned fishes. However, the hyostylic jaw suspension of these sharks is fundamentally different from the actinopterygian mechanism, including more mobile hyomandibulae, with the jaws and ceratohyal suspended from the hyomandibulae. Prior studies have proposed skeletal kinematics during feeding in orectolobid sharks from indirect measurements. Here, we tested these hypotheses using XROMM to measure cartilage motions directly. In agreement with prior hypotheses, we found extremely large retraction and depression of the ceratohyal, facilitated by large protraction and depression of the hyomandibula. Somewhat unexpectedly, XROMM also showed tremendous long-axis rotation (LAR) of both the ceratohyal and hyomandibula. This LAR likely increases the range of motion for the hyoid arch by keeping the elements properly articulated through their large arcs of motion. XROMM also confirmed that upper jaw protraction occurs before peak gape, similarly to actinopterygian suction feeders, but different from most other sharks in which jaw protrusion serves primarily to close the mouth. Early jaw protraction results from decoupling the rotations of the hyomandibula, with much of protraction occurring before peak gape with the other rotations lagging behind. In addition, the magnitudes of retraction and protraction of the hyoid elements are independent of the magnitude of depression, varying the shape of the mouth among feeding strikes. Hence, the large variation in suction-feeding behavior and performance may contribute to the wide dietary breadth of bamboo sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Scott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA .,Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Victor E. Shelford Vivarium, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Cheryl A D Wilga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage 3101 Science Circle, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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28
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Hoffmann SL, Donatelli CM, Leigh SC, Brainerd EL, Porter ME. Three-dimensional movements of the pectoral fin during yaw turns in the Pacific spiny dogfish, Squalus suckleyi. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.037291. [PMID: 30584070 PMCID: PMC6361209 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish pectoral fins move in complex ways, acting as control surfaces to affect force balance during swimming and maneuvering. Though objectively less dynamic than their actinopterygian relatives, shark pectoral fins undergo complex conformational changes and movements during maneuvering. Asynchronous pectoral fin movement is documented during yaw turning in at least two shark species but the three-dimensional (3D) rotation of the fin about the body axes is unknown. We quantify the 3D actuation of the pectoral fin base relative to the body axes. We hypothesized that Pacific spiny dogfish rotate pectoral fins with three degrees of freedom relative to the body during volitional turning. The pectoral fin on the inside of the turn is consistently protracted, supinated and depressed. Additionally, turning angular velocity increased with increasing fin rotation. Estimated drag on the fin increased and the shark decelerated during turning. Based on these findings, we propose that Pacific spiny dogfish uses drag-based turning during volitional swimming. Post-mortem muscle stimulation revealed depression, protraction and supination of the pectoral fin through stimulation of the ventral and cranial pterygoideus muscles. These data confirm functional hypotheses about pectoral fin musculature and suggest that Pacific spiny dogfish actively rotate pectoral fins to facilitate drag-based turning.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hoffmann
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | | | - Samantha C Leigh
- University of California, Irvine Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Brown University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Marianne E Porter
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Kane EA, Roeder MM, DeRue ML, Ghalambor CK. Integration between swim speed and mouth size evolves repeatedly in Trinidadian guppies and aligns with suction-feeding fishes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/2/jeb190165. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Well-supported correlations between swim speed and mouth size during prey capture suggest the broad existence of an integrated relationship between locomotion and feeding in suction-feeding fishes. However, the influence of specialization on this relationship is unclear. We used divergent populations of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to test whether integration during suction is generalizable to a non-suction specialist and whether intraspecific specialization of component systems affects their integration. Guppies from replicate high- and low-predation streams were recorded capturing wild-type zooplankton using suction. Alternative general linear models supported a positive correlation between swim speed and mouth size in derived low-predation populations, suggesting that the relationship can be extended in some cases. High-predation populations lack this integration, which may be the result of direct selection or constraints imposed by selection on locomotion. As guppies invade new habitats they may be evolving a new, integrated performance phenotype from a non-integrated ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Kane
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO BOX 8042-1, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Megan M. Roeder
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO BOX 8042-1, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - McKenna L. DeRue
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO BOX 8042-1, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Cameron K. Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO BOX 8042-1, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
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Capano JG, Moritz S, Cieri RL, Reveret L, Brainerd EL. Rib Motions Don't Completely Hinge on Joint Design: Costal Joint Anatomy and Ventilatory Kinematics in a Teiid Lizard, Salvator merianae. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:oby004. [PMID: 33791512 PMCID: PMC7780499 DOI: 10.1093/iob/oby004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rib rotations contribute to lung ventilation in most extant amniotes. These rotations are typically described as bucket-handle rotation about a dorsoventral axis, caliper rotation about a craniocaudal axis, and pump-handle rotation about a mediolateral axis. A synapomorphy for Lepidosauria is single-headed costovertebral articulations derived from the ancestral double-headed articulations of most amniotes. With a single articular surface, the costovertebral joints of squamates have the potential to rotate with three degrees-of-freedom (DOFs), but considerable variation exists in joint shape. We compared the costovertebral morphology of the Argentine black and white tegu, Salvator merianae, with the green iguana, Iguana iguana, and found that the costovertebral articulations of I. iguana were hemispherical, while those of S. merianae were dorsoventrally elongated and hemiellipsoidal. We predicted that the elongate joints in S. merianae would permit bucket-handle rotations while restricting caliper and pump-handle rotations, relative to the rounded joints of I. iguana. We used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology to quantify rib rotations during breathing in S. merianae for comparison with prior work in I. iguana. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found less caliper motion in S. merianae than in I. iguana, but unexpectedly found similar pump-handle magnitudes in each species. The dorsoventrally elongate costovertebral morphology of S. merianae may provide passive rib support to reduce the conflict between locomotion and ventilation. Moreover, the observation of multiple DOFs during rib rotations in both species suggests that permissive costovertebral morphology may be more related to the biological roles of ribs outside of ventilation and help explain the evolution of this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Capano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - S Moritz
- Department of Biology, Community College of Rhode Island, Warwick, RI 02886, USA
| | - R L Cieri
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - L Reveret
- Inria Grenoble Rhone Alpes, 655 Avenue de l'Europe, 38330 Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France
| | - E L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
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Cieri RL, Moritz S, Capano JG, Brainerd EL. Breathing with floating ribs: XROMM analysis of lung ventilation in savannah monitor lizards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.189449. [PMID: 30257921 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The structures and functions of the vertebrate lung and trunk are linked through the act of ventilation, but the connections between these structures and functions are poorly understood. We used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) to measure rib kinematics during lung ventilation in three savannah monitor lizards (Varanus exanthematicus). All of the dorsal ribs, including the floating ribs, contributed to ventilation; the magnitude and kinematic pattern showed no detectable cranial-to-caudal gradient. The true ribs acted as two rigid bodies connected by flexible cartilage, with the vertebral rib and ventromedial shaft of each sternal rib remaining rigid and the cartilage between them forming a flexible intracostal joint. Rib rotations can be decomposed into bucket handle rotation around a dorsoventral axis, pump handle rotation around a mediolateral axis and caliper motion around a craniocaudal axis. Dorsal rib motion was dominated by roughly equal contributions of bucket and pump rotation in two individuals and by bucket rotation in the third individual. The recruitment of floating ribs during ventilation in monitor lizards is strikingly different from the situation in iguanas, where only the first few true ribs contribute to breathing. This difference may be related to the design of the pulmonary system and life history traits in these two species. Motion of the floating ribs may maximize ventilation of the caudally and ventrolaterally positioned compliant saccular chambers in the lungs of varanids, while restriction of ventilation to a few true ribs may maximize crypsis in iguanas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Cieri
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sabine Moritz
- Department of Biology, Community College of Rhode Island, Warwick, RI 02886, USA
| | - John G Capano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Jimenez YE, Camp AL, Grindall JD, Brainerd EL. Axial morphology and 3D neurocranial kinematics in suction-feeding fishes. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/9/bio036335. [PMID: 30237249 PMCID: PMC6176947 DOI: 10.1242/bio.036335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many suction-feeding fish use neurocranial elevation to expand the buccal cavity for suction feeding, a motion necessarily accompanied by the dorsal flexion of joints in the axial skeleton. How much dorsal flexion the axial skeleton accommodates and where that dorsal flexion occurs may vary with axial skeletal morphology, body shape and the kinematics of neurocranial elevation. We measured three-dimensional neurocranial kinematics in three species with distinct body forms: laterally compressed Embiotoca lateralis, fusiform Micropterus salmoides, and dorsoventrally compressed Leptocottus armatus The area just caudal to the neurocranium occupied by bone was 42±1.5%, 36±1.8% and 22±5.5% (mean±s.e.m.; N=3, 6, 4) in the three species, respectively, and the epaxial depth also decreased from E. lateralis to L. armatus Maximum neurocranial elevation for each species was 11, 24 and 37°, respectively, consistent with a hypothesis that aspects of axial morphology and body shape may constrain neurocranial elevation. Mean axis of rotation position for neurocranial elevation in E. lateralis, M. salmoides and L. armatus was near the first, third and fifth intervertebral joints, respectively, leading to the hypothesis of a similar relationship with the number of intervertebral joints that flex. Although future work must test these hypotheses, our results suggest the relationships merit further inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordano E Jimenez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA .,Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Ariel L Camp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jonathan D Grindall
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA.,School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 Boat Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
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Sheehan FT, Brainerd EL, Troy KL, Shefelbine SJ, Ronsky JL. Advancing quantitative techniques to improve understanding of the skeletal structure-function relationship. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2018; 15:25. [PMID: 29558970 PMCID: PMC5859431 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-018-0368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although all functional movement arises from the interplay between the neurological, skeletal, and muscular systems, it is the skeletal system that forms the basic framework for functional movement. Central to understanding human neuromuscular development, along with the genesis of musculoskeletal pathologies, is quantifying how the human skeletal system adapts and mal-adapts to its mechanical environment. Advancing this understanding is hampered by an inability to directly and non-invasively measure in vivo strains, stresses, and forces on bone. Thus, we traditionally have turned to animal models to garner such information. These models enable direct in vivo measures that are not available for human subjects, providing information in regards to both skeletal adaptation and the interplay between the skeletal and muscular systems. Recently, there has been an explosion of new imaging and modeling techniques providing non-invasive, in vivo measures and estimates of skeletal form and function that have long been missing. Combining multiple modalities and techniques has proven to be one of our most valuable resources in enhancing our understanding of the form-function relationship of the human skeletal, muscular, and neurological systems. Thus, to continue advancing our knowledge of the structural-functional relationship, validation of current tools is needed, while development is required to limit the deficiencies in these tools and develop new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen L Troy
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
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