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Sivasangari K, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C, Rajan KE. Maternal stress-induced changes in adolescent and adult offspring: Neurobehavioural improvement and telomere maintenance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20385. [PMID: 37767490 PMCID: PMC10520813 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress (MS) during gestation is known to increase the risk for the development of behavioural and physiological disorders and advances cellular aging. In this study, we investigated whether the supplementation of standardized Bacopa monnieri extract (CDRI-08/BME) or l-Carnosine (L-C) to the mother exposed to social stress during gestation modify the effect on their offspring's neurobehaviour, antioxidant defence gene expression, telomere length, and telomere biology. To test this, timed pregnant rats were subjected to social stress during the gestational day (GD) 16-18. A subset of stressed pregnant rats received either BME [80 mg/kg in 0.5% gum acacia (per-orally; p.o)] or L-C [1 mg/kg (p.o)] every day from GD-10 to until their pup's attained postnatal day (PND)-23. We observed that MS induced anxiety-like behaviour, altered inter-limb coordination, antioxidant defence genes [Superoxide dismutase (SOD1,2), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPX3)], telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), shelterin complex subunits (TRF1, RAP1B, POT1) protein level and shorten telomere length. Notably, supplementation of BME/L-C dampens the MS, thus the effect on neurobehaviour, antioxidant defence gene expression, and telomere biology is minimized in their offspring. Together, our results suggest that supplementation of BME/L-C during gestation dampens the MS and reduced oxidative stress-mediated changes in telomere shortening/biology and associated neurobehaviour in offspring born following MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanithi Sivasangari
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Squassina A, Meloni A, Congiu D, Bosganas P, Patrinos GP, Lin R, Turecki G, Severino G, Ardau R, Chillotti C, Pisanu C. Analysis on in vitro effect of lithium on telomere length in lymphoblastoid cell lines from bipolar disorder patients with different clinical response to long-term lithium treatment. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:45. [PMID: 36253798 PMCID: PMC9575289 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with clinical and biological features of accelerated aging. In our previous studies, we showed that long-term lithium treatment was correlated with longer leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in BD patients. A recent study explored the role of TL in BD using patients-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), showing that baseline TL was shorter in BD compared to controls and that lithium in vitro increased TL but only in BD. Here, we used the same cell system (LCLs) to explore if a 7-day treatment protocol with lithium chloride (LiCl) 1 mM was able to highlight differences in TL between BD patients clinically responders (Li-R; n = 15) or non-responders (Li-NR; n = 15) to lithium, and if BD differed from non-psychiatric controls (HC; n = 15).
Results There was no difference in TL between BD patients and HC. Moreover, LiCl did not influence TL in the overall sample, and there was no difference between diagnostic or clinical response groups. Likewise, LiCl did not affect TL in neural precursor cells from healthy donors. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a 7-day lithium treatment protocol and the use of LCLs might not represent a suitable approach to deepen our understanding on the role of altered telomere dynamics in BD as previously suggested by studies in vivo. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40246-022-00418-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Squassina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Sp 8 Sestu-Monserrato, Km 0.700, Mosnerrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Anna Meloni
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Sp 8 Sestu-Monserrato, Km 0.700, Mosnerrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donatella Congiu
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Sp 8 Sestu-Monserrato, Km 0.700, Mosnerrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Bosganas
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - George P Patrinos
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genomics, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Rixing Lin
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Sp 8 Sestu-Monserrato, Km 0.700, Mosnerrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisanu
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Sp 8 Sestu-Monserrato, Km 0.700, Mosnerrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
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Sirtuins and neuropeptide y downregulation in Flinders Sensitive Line rat model of depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2022; 34:86-92. [PMID: 34666848 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2021.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) are critically involved in epigenetics, endocrinology and immunology and affect the longevity in model organisms, we investigated their expression in brains of 3-month-old and 14-15 months old rat model of depression Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and control Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. In view of the dysregulated NPY system in depression, we also studied NPY in young and old FSL to explore the temporal trajectory of depressive-like-ageing interaction. Sirt1, Sirt2 and Npy mRNA were determined using qRT-PCR in prefrontal cortex (PFC) from young and old FSL and FRL, and in hippocampi from young FSL and FRL. PFC: Sirt1 expression was decreased in FSL (p = 0.001). An interaction between age and genotype was found (p = 0.032); young FSL had lower Sirt1 with respect to both age (p = 0.026) and genotype (p = 0.001). Sirt2 was lower in FSL (p = 0.003). Npy mRNA was downregulated in FSL (p = 0.001) but did not differ between the young and old rat groups. Hippocampus: Sirt1 was reduced in young FSL compared to young FRL (p = 0.005). There was no difference in Sirt2 between FSL and FRL. Npy levels were decreased in hippocampus of young FSL compared to young FRL (p = 0.003). Effects of ageing could not be investigated due to loss of samples. To conclude, i this is the first demonstration that SIRT1 and SIRT2 are changed in brain of FSL, a rat model of depression; ii the changes are age-dependent; iii sirtuins are potential targets for treatment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Burghardt KJ, Calme G, Caruso M, Howlett BH, Sanders E, Msallaty Z, Mallisho A, Seyoum B, Qi YA, Zhang X, Yi Z. Profiling the Skeletal Muscle Proteome in Patients on Atypical Antipsychotics and Mood Stabilizers. Brain Sci 2022; 12:259. [PMID: 35204022 PMCID: PMC8870450 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics (AAP) are used in the treatment of severe mental illness. They are associated with several metabolic side effects including insulin resistance. The skeletal muscle is the primary tissue responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Dysfunction of protein regulation within the skeletal muscle following treatment with AAPs may play a role in the associated metabolic side effects. The objective of this study was to measure protein abundance in the skeletal muscle of patients on long-term AAP or mood stabilizer treatment. Cross-sectional muscle biopsies were obtained from patients with bipolar disorder and global protein abundance was measured using stable isotope labeling by amino acid (SILAC) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Sixteen patients completed muscle biopsies and were included in the proteomic analyses. A total of 40 proteins were significantly different between the AAP group and the mood stabilizer group. In-silico pathway analysis identified significant enrichment in several pathways including glucose metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, and folate metabolism. Proteome abundance changes also differed based on protein biological processes and function. In summary, significant differences in proteomic profiles were identified in the skeletal muscle between patients on AAPs and mood stabilizers. Future work is needed to validate these findings in prospectively sampled populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Burghardt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Suite 2190, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (G.C.); (B.H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Griffin Calme
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Suite 2190, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (G.C.); (B.H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Michael Caruso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.C.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Bradley H. Howlett
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Suite 2190, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (G.C.); (B.H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Elani Sanders
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Suite 2190, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (G.C.); (B.H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Zaher Msallaty
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Abdullah Mallisho
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Berhane Seyoum
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Yue A. Qi
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.C.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhengping Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.C.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
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Telomere length and telomerase activity of leukocytes as biomarkers of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor responses in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2022; 32:34-36. [PMID: 34873130 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and telomerase activity in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) before and after treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Before treatment, there was a reduction in the LTLs and expression levels of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in the patients with MDD compared with controls. However, after 24 weeks of treatment with SSRIs, there was a significant increase in the LTLs and the expression levels of hTERT, with values approaching those observed in the controls. We conclude that SSRI antidepressant therapy can directly influence the increased expression levels of hTERT in patients.
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Gogoleva I, Gromova O, Torshin I, Grishina T, Pronin A. A systematic analysis of neurobiological roles of lithium. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:17-23. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212211117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Birkenæs V, Elvsåshagen T, Westlye LT, Høegh MC, Haram M, Werner MCF, Quintana DS, Lunding SH, Martin-Ruiz C, Agartz I, Djurovic S, Steen NE, Andreassen OA, Aas M. Telomeres are shorter and associated with number of suicide attempts in affective disorders. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:1032-1039. [PMID: 34706411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shorter telomere length is a putative biomarker of accelerated aging and has been associated with affective disorders and mortality. Psychological factors and behaviors associated with telomere shortening are yet to be clarified. Here, we investigate the association between history of suicide attempts and telomere length in patients with affective disorders. METHODS Leucocyte telomere length was determined by quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in patients with affective disorders (n = 248) including bipolar disorders type I (n = 159), type II (n = 67), major depressive disorder (n = 22), and healthy controls (n = 401). Diagnosis, duration of illness, and age at onset were assessed using the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). Number of lifetime suicide attempts were based on self-reports. Effect size was calculated using Cohen's d. RESULTS Telomere length was reduced in patients with affective disorders relative to healthy controls (d = 0.18, F = 5.26, p = 0.02). Among patients, a higher number of suicide attempts was associated with shorter telomere length (β = -0.24, t = -3.83, CI = -0.44 to -0.14, p < 0.001), also when controlling for duration of illness and age at onset (β = -.23, CI = -.42 to -.12, p = 0.001). Multiple suicide attempts were associated with telomere length reduction comparable to eight years lifespan, adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS While longitudinal data are needed to clarify the temporal course, previous suicide attempts and related distress may accelerate telomere shortening and aging in patients with affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Birkenæs
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margrethe C Høegh
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Haram
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren C F Werner
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel S Quintana
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synve H Lunding
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- BioScreening Core Facility-CAV; Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, UK
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Aas
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Norway.
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Bazaz MR, Balasubramanian R, Monroy-Jaramillo N, Dandekar MP. Linking the Triad of Telomere Length, Inflammation, and Gut Dysbiosis in the Manifestation of Depression. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3516-3526. [PMID: 34547897 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length is an indispensable marker for cellular and biological aging, and it also represents an individual's physical and mental health status. Telomere shortening has been observed in chronic inflammatory conditions, which in turn accelerates aging and risk for psychiatric disorders, including depression. Considering the influence of inflammation and telomere shortening on the gut-brain axis, herein we describe a plausible interplay between telomere attrition, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis in the neurobiology of depression. Telomere shortening and hyperinflammation are well reported in depression. A negative impact of augmented inflammation has been noted on the intestinal permeability and microbial consortia and their byproducts in depressive patients. Moreover, gut dysbiosis provokes host-immune responses. As the gut microbiome is gaining importance in the manifestation and management of depression, herein we discuss whether telomere attrition is connected with the perturbation of commensal microflora. We also describe a pathological connection of cortisol with hyperinflammation, telomere shortening, and gut dysbiosis occurring in depression. This review summarizes how the triad of telomere attrition, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis is interconnected and modulates the risk for depression by regulating the systemic cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rabi Bazaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500037
| | - Ramya Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500037
| | - Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo
- Department of Genetics, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez (NINN), Mexico City, Mexico, 14269
| | - Manoj P. Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500037
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Zane L, Ensminger DC, Vázquez-Medina JP. Short-term elevations in glucocorticoids do not alter telomere lengths: A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-primate vertebrate studies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257370. [PMID: 34597314 PMCID: PMC8486123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neuroendocrine stress response allows vertebrates to cope with stressors via the activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, which ultimately results in the secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs). Glucocorticoids have pleiotropic effects on behavior and physiology, and might influence telomere length dynamics. During a stress event, GCs mobilize energy towards survival mechanisms rather than to telomere maintenance. Additionally, reactive oxygen species produced in response to increased GC levels can damage telomeres, also leading to telomere shortening. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we tested whether GC levels impact telomere length and if this relationship differs among time frame, life history stage, or stressor type. We hypothesized that elevated GC levels are linked to a decrease in telomere length. Methods We conducted a literature search for studies investigating the relationship between telomere length and GCs in non-human vertebrates using four search engines: Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus, last searched on September 27th, 2020. This review identified 31 studies examining the relationship between GCs and telomere length. We pooled the data using Fisher’s Z for 15 of these studies. All quantitative studies underwent a risk of bias assessment. This systematic review study was registered in the Open Science Framework Registry (https://osf.io/rqve6). Results The pooled effect size from fifteen studies and 1066 study organisms shows no relationship between GCs and telomere length (Fisher’s Z = 0.1042, 95% CI = 0.0235; 0.1836). Our meta-analysis synthesizes results from 15 different taxa from the mammalian, avian, amphibian groups. While these results support some previous findings, other studies have found a direct relationship between GCs and telomere dynamics, suggesting underlying mechanisms or concepts that were not taken into account in our analysis. The risk of bias assessment revealed an overall low risk of bias with occasional instances of bias from missing outcome data or bias in the reported result. Conclusion We highlight the need for more targeted experiments to understand how conditions, such as experimental timeframes, stressor(s), and stressor magnitudes can drive a relationship between the neuroendocrine stress response and telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David C. Ensminger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, United States of America
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Schroder JD, de Araújo JB, de Oliveira T, de Moura AB, Fries GR, Quevedo J, Réus GZ, Ignácio ZM. Telomeres: the role of shortening and senescence in major depressive disorder and its therapeutic implications. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:227-255. [PMID: 34388328 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent and debilitating psychiatric disorders, with a large number of patients not showing an effective therapeutic response to available treatments. Several biopsychosocial factors, such as stress in childhood and throughout life, and factors related to biological aging, may increase the susceptibility to MDD development. Included in critical biological processes related to aging and underlying biological mechanisms associated with MDD is the shortening of telomeres and changes in telomerase activity. This comprehensive review discusses studies that assessed the length of telomeres or telomerase activity and function in peripheral blood cells and brain tissues of MDD individuals. Also, results from in vitro protocols and animal models of stress and depressive-like behaviors were included. We also expand our discussion to include the role of telomere biology as it relates to other relevant biological mechanisms, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, and epigenetic changes. In the text and the discussion, conflicting results in the literature were observed, especially considering the size of telomeres in the central nervous system, on which there are different protocols with divergent results in the literature. Finally, the context of this review is considering cell signaling, transcription factors, and neurotransmission, which are involved in MDD and can be underlying to senescence, telomere shortening, and telomerase functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Daniela Schroder
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of the Southern Frontier, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, Postal Code: 89815-899Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Julia Beatrice de Araújo
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of the Southern Frontier, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, Postal Code: 89815-899Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Tacio de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of the Southern Frontier, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, Postal Code: 89815-899Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Airam Barbosa de Moura
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário Postal Code: 88806-000Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigo Fries
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, Translational Psychiatry Program, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road BBSB 3142, Houston77054, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBSB 3142, Houston77054, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBSB 3142, Houston77054, TX, USA
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário Postal Code: 88806-000Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, Translational Psychiatry Program, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road BBSB 3142, Houston77054, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBSB 3142, Houston77054, TX, USA.,Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBSB 3142, Houston77054, TX, USA
| | - Gislaine Zilli Réus
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário Postal Code: 88806-000Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Zuleide Maria Ignácio
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of the Southern Frontier, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, Postal Code: 89815-899Chapecó, SC, Brazil.,Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário Postal Code: 88806-000Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Mini-review: The anti-aging effects of lithium in bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett 2021; 759:136051. [PMID: 34139318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The medical use of lithium has grown since its initial introduction in the 1800s as a treatment for gout. Today, the divalent cation remains as the pharmacological gold standard in treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) with strong mood stabilizing effects. Lithium has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of acute affective episodes, in the reduction of affective episode recurrence, and in significantly decreasing the risk of suicide in patients. BD has been consistently associated with clinical signs of accelerated aging, including increased rates of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, and diabetes mellitus. This clinical scenario parallels accelerated aging mechanisms observed on a molecular basis, with studies reporting shortened telomeres, increased oxidative stress, and accelerated epigenetic aging in patients with BD compared to controls. Lithium has proved useful as a potential agent in slowing down this accelerated aging process in BD, potentially reversing effects induced by the disorder. This mini-review summarizes findings of anti-aging mechanisms associated with lithium use and provides a discussion of the clinical implications and perspectives of this evolving field. Despite many promising results, more studies are warranted in order to elucidate the exact mechanism by which lithium may act as an anti-aging agent and the extent to which these mechanisms are relevant to its mood stabilizing properties in BD.
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12
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Tufekci KU, Alural B, Tarakcioglu E, San T, Genc S. Lithium inhibits oxidative stress-induced neuronal senescence through miR-34a. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4171-4180. [PMID: 34052966 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06430-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal senescence, triggered by telomere shortening, oncogene activation, DNA damage, or oxidative stress, has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases' pathogenesis. Therefore, preventing neuronal senescence could be a novel treatment strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Lithium (Li), the first-line treatment against bipolar disorder, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in clinical, pre-clinical, and in vitro studies. Li can protect cells from senescence, and its effect on neuronal senescence was investigated in our study. Furthermore, we also investigated the effects of Li on the senescence-associated miR-34a/Sirt1/p53 pathway. In this study, hydrogen peroxide was used as an inducer for the "stress-induced premature senescence" model. In the senescence model, we have assessed Li's effects on senescence by analyzing β-galactosidase activity, Sudan Black B, and senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) stainings, and on cell cycle arrest by BrdU staining. Furthermore, expression levels of senescence and cell cycle arrest-related proteins (p53, p21, p16INK4a, and SIRT1) by western blotting. Finally, the effects of Li on senescence-associated miR-34a levels were measured by quantitative PCR. We show via Sudan Black B staining, β-Gal activity assay, and by detecting SAHF, Li protects against senescence in neuronal cells. Then, Li's effect on signaling has also been determined on pathways involved in senescence and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, we have observed that Li has a modulatory effect on miR-34a expression. Therefore, we posit that Li suppresses senescence in neuronal cells and that this effect is mediated through miR-34a/Sirt1/p53 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Department of Healthcare Sevices, Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir Democracy University, 35290, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Begum Alural
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Tarakcioglu
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balcova, 35330, Izmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tugba San
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balcova, 35330, Izmir, Turkey. .,Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey. .,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
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13
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Sikora E, Bielak-Zmijewska A, Dudkowska M, Krzystyniak A, Mosieniak G, Wesierska M, Wlodarczyk J. Cellular Senescence in Brain Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646924. [PMID: 33732142 PMCID: PMC7959760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the brain can manifest itself as a memory and cognitive decline, which has been shown to frequently coincide with changes in the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Decreased number and maturity of spines in aged animals and humans, together with changes in synaptic transmission, may reflect aberrant neuronal plasticity directly associated with impaired brain functions. In extreme, a neurodegenerative disease, which completely devastates the basic functions of the brain, may develop. While cellular senescence in peripheral tissues has recently been linked to aging and a number of aging-related disorders, its involvement in brain aging is just beginning to be explored. However, accumulated evidence suggests that cell senescence may play a role in the aging of the brain, as it has been documented in other organs. Senescent cells stop dividing and shift their activity to strengthen the secretory function, which leads to the acquisition of the so called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells have also other characteristics, such as altered morphology and proteostasis, decreased propensity to undergo apoptosis, autophagy impairment, accumulation of lipid droplets, increased activity of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), and epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and histone post-translational modifications that, in consequence, result in altered gene expression. Proliferation-competent glial cells can undergo senescence both in vitro and in vivo, and they likely participate in neuroinflammation, which is characteristic for the aging brain. However, apart from proliferation-competent glial cells, the brain consists of post-mitotic neurons. Interestingly, it has emerged recently, that non-proliferating neuronal cells present in the brain or cultivated in vitro can also have some hallmarks, including SASP, typical for senescent cells that ceased to divide. It has been documented that so called senolytics, which by definition, eliminate senescent cells, can improve cognitive ability in mice models. In this review, we ask questions about the role of senescent brain cells in brain plasticity and cognitive functions impairments and how senolytics can improve them. We will discuss whether neuronal plasticity, defined as morphological and functional changes at the level of neurons and dendritic spines, can be the hallmark of neuronal senescence susceptible to the effects of senolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dudkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Krzystyniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wesierska
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Evans JR, Torres-Pérez JV, Miletto Petrazzini ME, Riley R, Brennan CH. Stress reactivity elicits a tissue-specific reduction in telomere length in aging zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2021; 11:339. [PMID: 33431974 PMCID: PMC7801459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in personality are associated with variation in healthy aging. Health behaviours are often cited as the likely explanation for this association; however, an underlying biological mechanism may also exist. Accelerated leukocyte telomere shortening is implicated in multiple age-related diseases and is associated with chronic activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, providing a link between stress-related personality differences and adverse health outcomes. However, the effects of the HPA axis are tissue specific. Thus, leukocyte telomere length may not accurately reflect telomere length in disease-relevant tissues. Here, we examined the correlation between stress reactivity and telomere length in heart and brain tissue in young (6-9 month) and aging (18 month) zebrafish. Stress reactivity was assessed by tank diving and through gene expression. Telomere length was assessed using quantitative PCR. We show that aging zebrafish have shorter telomeres in both heart and brain. Telomere length was inversely related to stress reactivity in heart but not brain of aging individuals. These data support the hypotheses that an anxious predisposition contributes to accelerated telomere shortening in heart tissue, which may have important implications for our understanding of age-related heart disease, and that stress reactivity contributes to age-related telomere shortening in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Evans
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Jose V. Torres-Pérez
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Riva Riley
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Caroline H. Brennan
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
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15
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PBMC telomerase activity in depression and the response to electroconvulsive therapy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:1297-1307. [PMID: 34268617 PMCID: PMC8429154 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase, the DNA polymerase responsible for maintaining telomere length, has previously been implicated in depression and the response to antidepressant drugs. In this study, we aimed to compare telomerase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells between patients with severe depression recruited as part of the KEEP-WELL Trial (Ketamine for Depression Relapse Prevention Following ECT; NCT02414932) and age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers both at baseline/pre-ECT and at follow-up 1 month later for controls or in patients after a course of ECT. We found no differences in telomerase activity between patients with depression (n = 20) compared to healthy controls (n = 33) at baseline/pre-ECT, or between patients treated with ECT compared to controls at follow-up. In patients, telomerase activity was not associated with mood, as assessed by the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, or the duration of the current depressive episode. Additionally, we found no significant relationship between telomerase activity and exposure to recent or childhood adversity in either the patient or control groups. Overall, our results suggest that telomerase activity is not associated with depression, the therapeutic response to ECT, or exposure to adversity.
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16
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Potential roles of telomeres and telomerase in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1060-1078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Hooshmand-Moghadam B, Eskandari M, Golestani F, Rezae S, Mahmoudi N, Gaeini AA. The effect of 12-week resistance exercise training on serum levels of cellular aging process parameters in elderly men. Exp Gerontol 2020; 141:111090. [PMID: 32919015 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity has a positive effect on the prevention of cellular aging. The present study investigated the effect of 12-week resistance training (RT) on serum levels of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), Sirtuin-6 (SIRT6), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α), and telomerase enzyme in elderly men. METHODS For this purpose, 30 elderly men (age 66.23 ± 0.57 years) were randomly divided into two groups: resistance training group (RET, n = 15) and control group (CTR, n = 15). Participants in RET performed RT protocols with intensity of 60% one-repetition maximum (3×/week, 4 sets of the six exercise circuits). Body composition, physical functioning and, blood samples were assessed before (pre-test) and after (post-test) a 12-week intervention. RESULTS The results showed that there was a significant increase in serum levels of SIRT1 (P = 0.001), SIRT3 (P = 0.001), SIRT6 (P = 0.02), PGC1-α (P = 0.001), and telomerase enzyme (P = 0.001) in RET. Also, we found a significant difference between the RET and CTR in serum levels of SIRT1 (P = 0.001), SIRT3 (P = 0.001), SIRT6 (P = 0.037), PGC1-α (P = 0.007), and telomerase enzyme (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS 12-Week RT increased the levels of proteins associated with the biological aging process in elderly men. It seems that the RT may have beneficial effects on cellular senescence and also improved impaired mitochondrial protein and enzymatic functional induced aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Hooshmand-Moghadam
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Eskandari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fateme Golestani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezae
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nahid Mahmoudi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Gaeini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Fries GR, Zamzow MJ, Colpo GD, Monroy-Jaramillo N, Quevedo J, Arnold JG, Bowden CL, Walss-Bass C. The anti-aging effects of lithium in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with bipolar disorder and controls. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 128:38-42. [PMID: 32516629 PMCID: PMC7484018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) has been previously associated with accelerated aging, and recent investigations have started to explore the potential anti-aging effects of BD treatments. Lithium, the most commonly used mood stabilizer, has been suggested to impact telomere length in specific populations, although its effects on other aging biomarkers, such as epigenetic aging, have never been investigated. We assessed the in vitro effects of lithium on telomere length and epigenetic aging in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 14 patients with BD and 14 controls, all matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. Our results showed that telomere length significantly correlated with chronological age in LCLs in both groups and that BD patients have shorter telomere lengths compared to controls at baseline (vehicle treatment), confirming previous in vivo findings. Moreover, lithium treatment significantly increased telomere length in LCLs from patients, but not in controls. On the other hand, epigenetic age did not correlate with chronological age and was not shown to differ between patients and controls. In addition, lithium did not induce any changes in epigenetic age in cells from either patients or controls. Overall, our results support previous reports of an anti-aging effect of lithium based on its modulation of telomere length and suggest a different lithium effect in cells from patients and controls. Finally, we also discuss the limitations of using transformed LCLs for the study of DNA methylation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. Fries
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 1941 East Rd, 77054 Houston, TX.,Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 7000 Fannin St, 77030 Houston, TX.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madeline J. Zamzow
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 1941 East Rd, 77054 Houston, TX
| | - Gabriela D. Colpo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 1941 East Rd, 77054 Houston, TX
| | - Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo
- Department of Genetics, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez. Insurgentes Sur 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C. P. 14269, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 1941 East Rd, 77054 Houston, TX.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil,Center of Excellence in Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 1941 East Rd, 77054 Houston, TX
| | - Jodi G. Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Charles L. Bowden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 1941 East Rd, 77054 Houston, TX.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Effects of lithium on cytokine neuro-inflammatory mediators, Wnt/β-catenin signaling and microglial activation in the hippocampus of chronic mild stress-exposed rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Pisanu C, Congiu D, Manchia M, Caria P, Cocco C, Dettori T, Frau DV, Manca E, Meloni A, Nieddu M, Noli B, Pinna F, Robledo R, Sogos V, Ferri GL, Carpiniello B, Vanni R, Bocchetta A, Severino G, Ardau R, Chillotti C, Zompo MD, Squassina A. Differences in telomere length between patients with bipolar disorder and controls are influenced by lithium treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 21:533-540. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the role of lithium treatment in the relationship between bipolar disorder (BD) and leukocyte telomere length (LTL). Materials & methods: We compared LTL between 131 patients with BD, with or without a history of lithium treatment, and 336 controls. We tested the association between genetically determined LTL and BD in two large genome-wide association datasets. Results: Patients with BD with a history lithium treatment showed longer LTL compared with never-treated patients (p = 0.015), and similar LTL compared with controls. Patients never treated with lithium showed shorter LTL compared with controls (p = 0.029). Mendelian randomization analysis showed no association between BD and genetically determined LTL. Conclusion: Our data support previous findings showing that long-term lithium treatment might protect against telomere shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Donatella Congiu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical & Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paola Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology & Genetics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Tinuccia Dettori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology & Genetics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Daniela Virginia Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology & Genetics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Elias Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Anna Meloni
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Mariella Nieddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology & Genetics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Federica Pinna
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical & Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
| | - Renato Robledo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology & Genetics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Valeria Sogos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Ferri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical & Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
| | - Roberta Vanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology & Genetics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Alberto Bocchetta
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
| | - Caterina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
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21
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Fries GR, Zamzow MJ, Andrews T, Pink O, Scaini G, Quevedo J. Accelerated aging in bipolar disorder: A comprehensive review of molecular findings and their clinical implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:107-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase positively correlates with duration of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 286:112865. [PMID: 32114208 PMCID: PMC7334059 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) may be associated with accelerated cellular aging. However, previous studies on telomere length (TL), an important biomarker of cellular aging, have yielded mixed results in BD. We aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that BD is associated with telomere shortening and whether this is counteracted by long-term lithium treatment. We also sought to determine whether long-term lithium treatment is associated with increased expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase. We determined TL and TERT expression in 100 BD I patients and 100 healthy controls. We also genotyped three single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with TL. TERT expression was significantly increased in BD I patients currently on lithium treatment. TERT expression was also significantly positively correlated with duration of lithium treatment in patients treated for 24 months or more. However, we did not find any significant effect of lithium treatment on TL. Neither did we find significant differences in TL between BD patients and controls. We suggest that long-term lithium treatment is associated with an increase in the expression of TERT. We hypothesize that an increase in TERT expression may contribute to lithium's mood stabilizing and neuroprotective properties by improving mitochondrial function and decreasing oxidative stress.
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23
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Lundberg M, Millischer V, Backlund L, Martinsson L, Stenvinkel P, Sellgren CM, Lavebratt C, Schalling M. Lithium and the Interplay Between Telomeres and Mitochondria in Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:586083. [PMID: 33132941 PMCID: PMC7553080 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a severe psychiatric disorder which affects more than 1% of the world's population and is a leading cause of disability among young people. For the past 50 years, lithium has been the drug of choice for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder due to its potent ability to prevent both manic and depressive episodes as well as suicide. However, though lithium has been associated with a multitude of effects within different cellular pathways and biological systems, its specific mechanism of action in stabilizing mood remains largely elusive. Mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere shortening have been implicated in both the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and as targets of lithium treatment. Interestingly, it has in recent years become clear that these phenomena are intimately linked, partly through reactive oxygen species signaling and the subcellular translocation and non-canonical actions of telomerase reverse transcriptase. In this review, we integrate the current understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and telomere shortening in bipolar disorder with documented effects of lithium. Moreover, we propose that lithium's mechanism of action is intimately connected with the interdependent regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lundberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Martinsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Månsson KNT, Lindqvist D, Yang LL, Svanborg C, Isung J, Nilsonne G, Bergman-Nordgren L, El Alaoui S, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kraepelien M, Högström J, Andersson G, Boraxbekk CJ, Fischer H, Lavebratt C, Wolkowitz OM, Furmark T. Improvement in indices of cellular protection after psychological treatment for social anxiety disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:340. [PMID: 31852887 PMCID: PMC6920472 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere attrition is a hallmark of cellular aging and shorter telomeres have been reported in mood and anxiety disorders. Telomere shortening is counteracted by the enzyme telomerase and cellular protection is also provided by the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Here, telomerase, GPx, and telomeres were investigated in 46 social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients in a within-subject design with repeated measures before and after cognitive behavioral therapy. Treatment outcome was assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (self-report), administered three times before treatment to control for time and regression artifacts, and posttreatment. Venipunctures were performed twice before treatment, separated by 9 weeks, and once posttreatment. Telomerase activity and telomere length were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and GPx activity in plasma. All patients contributed with complete data. Results showed that social anxiety symptom severity was significantly reduced from pretreatment to posttreatment (Cohen's d = 1.46). There were no significant alterations in telomeres or cellular protection markers before treatment onset. Telomere length and telomerase activity did not change significantly after treatment, but an increase in telomerase over treatment was associated with reduced social anxiety. Also, lower pretreatment telomerase activity predicted subsequent symptom improvement. GPx activity increased significantly during treatment, and increases were significantly associated with symptom improvement. The relationships between symptom improvement and putative protective enzymes remained significant also after controlling for body mass index, sex, duration of SAD, smoking, concurrent psychotropic medication, and the proportion of lymphocytes to monocytes. Thus, indices of cellular protection may be involved in the therapeutic mechanisms of psychological treatment for anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer N. T. Månsson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDepartment of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, , Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Liu L. Yang
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svanborg
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josef Isung
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lise Bergman-Nordgren
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samir El Alaoui
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Hedman-Lagerlöf
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Kraepelien
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Högström
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden ,0000 0004 0646 7373grid.4973.9Center for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Håkan Fischer
- 0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Owen M. Wolkowitz
- 0000 0001 2297 6811grid.266102.1Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Tomas Furmark
- 0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDepartment of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Pisanu C, Tsermpini EE, Skokou M, Kordou Z, Gourzis P, Assimakopoulos K, Congiu D, Meloni A, Balasopoulos D, Patrinos GP, Squassina A. Leukocyte telomere length is reduced in patients with major depressive disorder. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:268-273. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | | | - Maria Skokou
- Psychiatric Clinic, Patras General Hospital Patras Greece
| | - Zoe Kordou
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Patras School of Health Sciences Patras Greece
| | - Philippos Gourzis
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Patras School of Health Sciences Patras Greece
| | | | - Donatella Congiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Anna Meloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | | | - George P. Patrinos
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Patras School of Health Sciences Patras Greece
- Department of PathologyUnited Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Al‐Ain UAE
- Zayed Center of Health SciencesUnited Arab Emirates University Al‐Ain UAE
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
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Muneer A, Minhas FA. Telomere Biology in Mood Disorders: An Updated, Comprehensive Review of the Literature. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:343-363. [PMID: 31352701 PMCID: PMC6705109 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major psychiatric disorders are linked to early mortality and patients afflicted with these ailments demonstrate an increased risk of developing physical diseases that are characteristically seen in the elderly. Psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia may be associated with accelerated cellular aging, indicated by shortened leukocyte telomere length (LTL), which could underlie this connection. Telomere shortening occurs with repeated cell division and is reflective of a cell’s mitotic history. It is also influenced by cumulative exposure to inflammation and oxidative stress as well as the availability of telomerase, the telomere-lengthening enzyme. Precariously short telomeres can cause cells to undergo senescence, apoptosis or genomic instability; shorter LTL correlates with compromised general health and foretells mortality. Important data specify that LTL may be reduced in principal psychiatric illnesses, possibly in proportion to exposure to the ailment. Telomerase, as measured in peripheral blood monocytes, has been less well characterized in psychiatric illnesses, but a role in mood disorder has been suggested by preclinical and clinical studies. In this manuscript, the most recent studies on LTL and telomerase activity in mood disorders are comprehensively reviewed, potential mediators are discussed, and future directions are suggested. An enhanced comprehension of cellular aging in psychiatric illnesses could lead to their re-conceptualizing as systemic ailments with manifestations both inside and outside the brain. At the same time this paradigm shift could identify new treatment targets, helpful in bringing about lasting cures to innumerable sufferers across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ather Muneer
- Department of Psychiatry, Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Fareed Aslam Minhas
- Department of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Center, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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27
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Gao J, Xiao H, Li J, Guo X, Cai W, Li D. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decrease Long-Term Diabetic Risk of Offspring of Gestational Diabetes Rats by Postponing Shortening of Hepatic Telomeres and Modulating Liver Metabolism. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071699. [PMID: 31340612 PMCID: PMC6683104 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term influence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on offspring and the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on GDM offspring are poorly understood. We studied the long-term diabetic risk in GDM offspring and evaluated the effect of n-3 PUFA intervention. Healthy offspring rats were fed standard diet (soybean oil) after weaning. GDM offspring were divided into three groups: GDM offspring (soybean oil), n-3 PUFA adequate offspring (fish oil), and n-3 PUFA deficient offspring (safflower oil), fed up to 11 months old. The diabetic risk of GDM offspring gradually increased from no change at weaning to obvious impaired glucose and insulin tolerance at 11 months old. n-3 PUFA decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver of older GDM offspring. There was a differential effect of n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA on hepatic telomere length in GDM offspring. Non-targeted metabolomics showed that n-3 PUFA played a modulating role in the liver, in which numerous metabolites and metabolic pathways were altered when GDM offspring grew to old age. Many metabolites were related to diabetes risk, such as α-linolenic acid, palmitic acid, ceramide, oxaloacetic acid, tocotrienol, tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, andniacinamide. In summary, GDM offspring exhibited obvious diabetes risk at old age, whereas n-3 PUFA decreased this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Gao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hailong Xiao
- Hangzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, 198 Yonghua Street, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jiaomei Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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28
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Monroy-Jaramillo N, Dyukova E, Walss-Bass C. Telomere length in psychiatric disorders: Is it more than an ageing marker? World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 19:S2-S20. [PMID: 28000540 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1273550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychiatric and substance-use disorders have been associated with premature biological ageing. Telomere length (TL), considered an ageing marker, has been analysed in psychiatric disorders, and to a lesser extent in substance-use disorders, with recent findings suggesting TL may be related to disease pathology. METHODS We conducted a critical and non-systematic literature search of TL studies published up to June 2016 in psychiatric and substance-use disorders, focussing on studies describing mechanisms, including studies linking telomere biology with genetic factors, stress and mitochondrial alterations (104 studies selected). RESULTS Patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety appear to have shorter leukocyte telomeres compared to controls. Inconclusive results are found for other psychiatric disorders and for substance-use disorders. This may be due in part to differences in medication treatment and response, as studies suggest that some psychotropic medications may modulate TL. Importantly, some studies establish a relationship between telomere machinery, stress and mitochondria function in psychiatric and substance-use disorders. CONCLUSIONS While further longitudinal studies considering telomere genetics are needed to clarify the cause-effect link between telomeres and mitochondria function in psychiatric and substance-use disorders, the recent findings linking these biological processes suggest that telomeres may be more than ageing markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo
- a Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston , TX , USA.,b Department of Genetics , National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suarez , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Elena Dyukova
- a Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- a Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston , TX , USA
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29
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Gillis JC, Chang SC, Wang W, Simon NM, Normand SL, Rosner BA, Blacker D, DeVivo I, Okereke OI. The relation of telomere length at midlife to subsequent 20-year depression trajectories among women. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:565-575. [PMID: 30958913 PMCID: PMC6548605 DOI: 10.1002/da.22892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeres cap and protect DNA but shorten with each somatic cell division. Aging and environmental and lifestyle factors contribute to the speed of telomere attrition. Current evidence suggests a link between relative telomere length (RTL) and depression but the directionality of the relationship remains unclear. We prospectively examined associations between RTL and subsequent depressive symptom trajectories. METHODS Among 8,801 women of the Nurses' Health Study, depressive symptoms were measured every 4 years from 1992 to 2012; group-based trajectories of symptoms were identified using latent class growth-curve analysis. Multinomial logistic models were used to relate midlife RTLs to the probabilities of assignment to subsequent depressive symptom trajectory groups. RESULTS We identified four depressive symptom trajectory groups: minimal depressive symptoms (62%), worsening depressive symptoms (14%), improving depressive symptoms (19%), and persistent-severe depressive symptoms (5%). Longer midlife RTLs were related to significantly lower odds of being in the worsening symptoms trajectory versus minimal trajectory but not to other trajectories. In comparison with being in the minimal symptoms group, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of being in the worsening depressive symptoms group was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.97; p = 0.02), for every standard deviation increase in baseline RTL. CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study of generally healthy women, longer telomeres at midlife were associated with significantly lower risk of a subsequent trajectory of worsening mood symptoms over 20 years. The results raise the possibility of telomere shortening as a novel contributing factor to late-life depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cai Gillis
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shun-Chiao Chang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Naomi M. Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA,Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, New York NY 10016
| | - Sharon-Lise Normand
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,,Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bernard A. Rosner
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Immaculata DeVivo
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia I. Okereke
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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The polygenic nature of telomere length and the anti-ageing properties of lithium. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:757-765. [PMID: 30559463 PMCID: PMC6372618 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Telomere length is a promising biomarker for age-related disease and a potential anti-ageing drug target. Here, we study the genetic architecture of telomere length and the repositioning potential of lithium as an anti-ageing medication. LD score regression applied to the largest telomere length genome-wide association study to-date, revealed SNP-chip heritability estimates of 7.29%, with polygenic risk scoring capturing 4.4% of the variance in telomere length in an independent cohort (p = 6.17 × 10-5). Gene-enrichment analysis identified 13 genes associated with telomere length, with the most significant being the leucine rich repeat gene, LRRC34 (p = 3.69 × 10-18). In the context of lithium, we confirm that chronic use in a sample of 384 bipolar disorder patients is associated with longer telomeres (p = 0.03). As complementary evidence, we studied three orthologs of telomere length regulators in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of lithium-induced extended longevity and found all transcripts to be affected post-treatment (p < 0.05). Lithium may therefore confer its anti-ageing effects by moderating the expression of genes responsible for normal telomere length regulation. This is supported by our bipolar disorder sample, which shows that polygenic risk scores explain a higher proportion of the variance in telomere length amongst chronic lifetime lithium users (variance explained = 8.9%, p = 0.01), compared to non-users (p > 0.05). Consequently, this suggests that lithium may be catalysing the activity of endogenous mechanisms that promote telomere lengthening, whereby its efficacy eventually becomes limited by each individual's inherent telomere maintenance capabilities. Our work indicates a potential use of polygenic risk scoring for the prediction of adult telomere length and consequently lithium's anti-ageing efficacy.
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Anitha A, Thanseem I, Vasu MM, Viswambharan V, Poovathinal SA. Telomeres in neurological disorders. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 90:81-132. [PMID: 31122612 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ever since their discovery, the telomeres and the telomerase have been topics of intensive research, first as a mechanism of cellular aging and later as an indicator of health and diseases in humans. By protecting the chromosome ends, the telomeres play a vital role in preserving the information in our genome. Telomeres shorten with age and the rate of telomere erosion provides insight into the proliferation history of cells. The pace of telomere attrition is known to increase at the onset of several pathological conditions. Telomere shortening has been emerging as a potential contributor in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and depression. The rate of telomere attrition in the brain is slower than that of other tissues owing to the low rate of cell proliferation in brain. Telomere maintenance is crucial for the functioning of stem cells in brain. Taking together the studies on telomere attrition in various neurological disorders, an association between telomere shortening and disease status has been demonstrated in schizophrenia, AD and depression, in spite of a few negative reports. But, studies in ASD and PD have failed to produce conclusive results. The cause-effect relationship between TL and neurological disorders is yet to be elucidated. The factors responsible for telomere erosion, which have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, need to be explored in detail. Telomerase activation is now being considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Anitha
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India.
| | - Ismail Thanseem
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Mahesh Mundalil Vasu
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Vijitha Viswambharan
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Suresh A Poovathinal
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
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Squassina A, Pisanu C, Vanni R. Mood Disorders, Accelerated Aging, and Inflammation: Is the Link Hidden in Telomeres? Cells 2019; 8:cells8010052. [PMID: 30650526 PMCID: PMC6356466 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders are associated with an increased risk of aging-related diseases, which greatly contribute to the excess morbidity and mortality observed in affected individuals. Clinical and molecular findings also suggest that mood disorders might be characterized by a permanent state of low-grade inflammation. At the cellular level, aging translates into telomeres shortening. Intriguingly, inflammation and telomere shortening show a bidirectional association: a pro-inflammatory state seems to contribute to aging and telomere dysfunction, and telomere attrition is able to induce low-grade inflammation. Several independent studies have reported shorter telomere length and increased levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines in mood disorders, suggesting a complex interplay between altered inflammatory–immune responses and telomere dynamics in the etiopathogenesis of these disorders. In this review, we critically discuss studies investigating the role of telomere attrition and inflammation in the pathogenesis and course of mood disorders, and in pharmacological treatments with psychotropic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada.
| | - Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 752 39 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Roberta Vanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato Cagliari, Italy.
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34
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Huang YC, Wang LJ, Tseng PT, Hung CF, Lin PY. Leukocyte telomere length in patients with bipolar disorder: An updated meta-analysis and subgroup analysis by mood status. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:41-49. [PMID: 30243131 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to compare leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a proposed marker for cell aging, between patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls and explore potential moderators for the LTL difference. We searched for the major research databases up to May 2018 for studies that examined LTL in patients with BD and healthy controls. The effect sizes (ESs) of LTL differences from the included studies were pooled using a random-effects model. Furthermore, we adopted subgroup analysis to investigate whether mood status of BD patients or methods for measuring telomere length may influence such differences. We included 10 studies, with a total of 579 patients and 551 controls, in the current meta-analysis and observed significantly shorter LTL in BD patients compared to control subjects. Such differences were found in studies with patients in all mood statuses and in studies using different methods for measuring telomere length. Late-stage BD patients demonstrated more significant LTL shortening than early-stage BD patients. Our current results support the hypothesis of accelerated aging in BD patients. In the future, further properly controlled longitudinal studies are warranted to determine whether LTL changes with disease status or medication use in BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- WinShine Clinics in Specialty of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fa Hung
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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35
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Lithium treatment and mechanisms of aging. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2112-2113. [PMID: 29422520 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pisanu C, Congiu D, Costa M, Chillotti C, Ardau R, Severino G, Angius A, Heilbronner U, Hou L, McMahon FJ, Schulze TG, Del Zompo M, Squassina A. Convergent analysis of genome-wide genotyping and transcriptomic data suggests association of zinc finger genes with lithium response in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:658-664. [PMID: 30318722 PMCID: PMC6230310 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is the mainstay treatment in bipolar disorder (BD) for its effectiveness in the acute phases of illness and in prevention of recurrences. Lithium's mechanism of action is complex, and while it modulates the function of hundreds of molecular targets, most of these effects could be unspecific and not relevant for its clinical efficacy. In this study, we applied an integrated analytical approach using genome-wide expression and genotyping data from BD patients to identify lithium-responsive genes that may serve as biomarkers of its efficacy. To this purpose, we tested the effect of treatment with lithium chloride 1 mM on the transcriptome of lymphoblasts from 10 lithium responders (LR) and 10 nonresponders (NR) patients and identified genes significantly influenced by the treatment exclusively in LR. These findings were integrated with gene-based analysis on genome-wide genotyping data from an extended sample of 205 BD patients characterized for lithium response. The expression of 29 genes was significantly changed by lithium exclusively in LR. Gene-based analysis showed that two of these genes, zinc finger protein 429 (ZNF429) and zinc finger protein 493 (ZNF493), were also significantly associated with lithium response. Validation with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed the lithium-induced downregulation of ZNF493 in LR (p = .036). Using convergent analyses of genome-wide expression and genotyping data, we identified ZNF493 as a potential lithium-responsive target that may be involved in modulating lithium efficacy in BD. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence supporting the involvement of zinc finger proteins in lithium response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy;,Authors for correspondence: Alessio Squassina. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4323, Claudia Pisanu. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4323, Maria Del Zompo. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4311
| | - Donatella Congiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy;,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Caterina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Angius
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Germany
| | - Liping Hou
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Germany;,Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy;,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy;,Authors for correspondence: Alessio Squassina. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4323, Claudia Pisanu. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4323, Maria Del Zompo. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4311
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy;,Authors for correspondence: Alessio Squassina. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4323, Claudia Pisanu. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4323, Maria Del Zompo. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp Monserrato-Sestu, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;, ; phone: +39 070 675 4311
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Liu MY, Nemes A, Zhou QG. The Emerging Roles for Telomerase in the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:160. [PMID: 29867352 PMCID: PMC5964194 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, a specialized ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, maintains telomere length at the 3′ end of chromosomes, and functions importantly in stem cells, cancer and aging. Telomerase exists in neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs), at a high level in the developing and adult brains of humans and rodents. Increasing studies have demonstrated that telomerase in NSCs/NPCs plays important roles in cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, neuronal survival and neuritogenesis. In addition, recent works have shown that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) can protect newborn neurons from apoptosis and excitotoxicity. However, to date, the link between telomerase and diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) is not well reviewed. Here, we analyze the evidence and summarize the important roles of telomerase in the CNS. Understanding the roles of telomerase in the nervous system is not only important to gain further insight into the process of the neural cell life cycle but would also provide novel therapeutic applications in CNS diseases such as neurodegenerative condition, mood disorders, aging and other ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ying Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ashley Nemes
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Qi-Gang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Tolahunase MR, Sagar R, Faiq M, Dada R. Yoga- and meditation-based lifestyle intervention increases neuroplasticity and reduces severity of major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:423-442. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri R. Tolahunase
- Department of Anatomy, Lab for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Muneeb Faiq
- Department of Anatomy, Lab for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Department of Anatomy, Lab for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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39
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Epel ES, Prather AA. Stress, Telomeres, and Psychopathology: Toward a Deeper Understanding of a Triad of Early Aging. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2018; 14:371-397. [PMID: 29494257 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres play an important part in aging and show relationships to lifetime adversity, particularly childhood adversity. Meta-analyses demonstrate reliable associations between psychopathology (primarily depression) and shorter telomere length, but the nature of this relationship has not been fully understood. Here, we review and evaluate the evidence for impaired telomere biology as a consequence of psychopathology or as a contributing factor, and the important mediating roles of chronic psychological stress and impaired allostasis. There is evidence for a triadic relationship among stress, telomere shortening, and psychiatric disorders that is positively reinforcing and unfolds across the life course and, possibly, across generations. We review the role of genetics and biobehavioral responses that may contribute to shorter telomere length, as well as the neurobiological impact of impaired levels of telomerase. These complex interrelationships are important to elucidate because they have implications for mental and physical comorbidity and, potentially, for the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aric A Prather
- Department of Psychiatry; Center for Health and Community; Aging, Metabolism, and Emotions Center; University of California, San Francisco, California 94118, USA; ,
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Manoliu A, Bosch OG, Brakowski J, Brühl AB, Seifritz E. The potential impact of biochemical mediators on telomere attrition in major depressive disorder and implications for future study designs: A narrative review. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:630-646. [PMID: 28889049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been proposed to represent a "disease of premature aging", which is associated with certain biomarkers of cellular ageing and numerous other age-related diseases. Over the last decade, telomere length (TL) arose as a surrogate for cellular aging. Recent data suggests that TL might be reduced in patients with MDD, however, results are still inconclusive. This might be explained by the lack of assessment of potential biochemical mediators that are directly associated with telomere shortening and frequently observed in patients with MDD. METHODS A narrative review was performed. The PubMed database was searched for relevant studies. RESULTS We identified four major mediators, which are recurrently reported in patients with MDD and are associated with reduced TL: inflammation/oxidative stress, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, metabolic dysbalance including insulin resistance, and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These mediators are also mutually associated and were not systematically assessed in current studies investigating TL and MDD, which might explain inconclusive findings across current literature. Finally, we discuss possible ways to assess those mediators and potential implications of such approaches for future research. LIMITATIONS The majority of identified studies had cross-sectional designs and used heterogeneous methods to assess TL and associated relevant biochemical mediators. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the complex interactions between biochemical mediators, somatic comorbidities and shortened telomeres in patients with MDD might further specify the pathophysiology-based conceptualization and, based on that, personalized treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Manoliu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Oliver G Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janis Brakowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette B Brühl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Variation in telomere length is heritable and is currently considered a promising biomarker of susceptibility for neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly because of its association with memory function and hippocampal morphology. Here, we investigate telomere length in connection to familial risk and disease expression in bipolar disorder (BD). We used quantitative PCRs and a telomere-sequence to single-copy-gene-sequence ratio method to determine telomere length in genomic DNA extracted from buccal smears from 63 patients with BD, 74 first-degree relatives (49 relatives had no lifetime psychopathology and 25 had a non-BD mood disorder), and 80 unrelated healthy individuals. Participants also underwent magnetic resonance imaging to determine hippocampal volumes and cognitive assessment to evaluate episodic memory using the verbal paired associates test. Telomere length was shorter in psychiatrically well relatives (p=0.007) compared with unrelated healthy participants. Telomere length was also shorter in relatives (regardless of psychiatric status; p<0.01) and patients with BD not on lithium (p=0.02) compared with lithium-treated patients with BD. In the entire sample, telomere length was positively associated with left and right hippocampal volume and with delayed recall. This study provides evidence that shortened telomere length is associated with familial risk for BD. Lithium may have neuroprotective properties that require further investigation using prospective designs.
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Blaze J, Asok A, Borrelli K, Tulbert C, Bollinger J, Ronca AE, Roth TL. Intrauterine exposure to maternal stress alters Bdnf IV DNA methylation and telomere length in the brain of adult rat offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 62:56-62. [PMID: 28330827 PMCID: PMC5600826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (addition of methyl groups to cytosines) and changes in telomere length (TTAGGG repeats on the ends of chromosomes) are two molecular modifications that result from stress and could contribute to the long-term effects of intrauterine exposure to maternal stress on offspring behavior. Here, we measured methylation of DNA associated with the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene, a gene important in development and plasticity, and telomere length in the brains of adult rat male and female offspring whose mothers were exposed to unpredictable and variable stressors throughout gestation. Males exposed to prenatal stress had greater methylation (Bdnf IV) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) compared to non-stressed male controls and stressed females. Further, prenatally-stressed animals had shorter telomeres than controls in the mPFC. Together findings indicate a long-term impact of prenatal stress on brain DNA methylation and telomere biology with relevance for behavioral and health outcomes, and contribute to a growing literature linking stress to intergenerational molecular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Blaze
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE,United States
| | - Arun Asok
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE,United States
| | - Kristyn Borrelli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE,United States
| | - Christina Tulbert
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Justin Bollinger
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - April E Ronca
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Space Biosciences Research Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
| | - Tania L Roth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE,United States.
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Liu JJ, Wei YB, Forsell Y, Lavebratt C. Stress, depressive status and telomere length: Does social interaction and coping strategy play a mediating role? J Affect Disord 2017; 222:138-145. [PMID: 28704801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeres have been reported to be shorter in individuals exposed to psychosocial stress and in those with depression. Since negative environmental stress is a risk factor for depression, the present study tested whether stressors in childhood (CA) and recent adulthood (NLE) predicted telomere attrition directly and/or indirectly through individuals' depressive status 3-6 years before TL measurement; and then if social interaction and coping strategies in adulthood influenced the relationship between depressive status and TL. METHODS Participants were 337 individuals with a recent depression diagnosis and 574 screened controls that derived from a longitudinal population-based cohort study conducted in Stockholm, Sweden. Relative TL was determined using qPCR. Relationships between the key variables stressors, depressive status, social interaction, coping strategies and TL were explored by path analysis in males and females, adjusting for age. RESULTS The key variables were correlated in expected directions. In females, depressive status and age had direct negative effects on TL (p < 0.05) and both CA (p = 0.025) and NLE (p < 0.003) had indirect negative effects on TL. For males, the effects of stressors and depressive status on TL were mediated by social interaction (p = 0.005) and the coping strategy worry (p = 0.005). In females, no mediation effect of social interaction and coping strategy was detected. LIMITATIONS Only little of the TL variation was explained by the models. The environmental stress information was limited. CONCLUSION Our findings propose gender-specific paths from environmental stressors through depressive status, social interaction and coping strategy to TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia Liu
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ya Bin Wei
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Forsell
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Köse Çinar R. Telomere length and hTERT in mania and subsequent remission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 40:19-25. [PMID: 28700015 PMCID: PMC6899417 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The findings of telomere length (TL) studies in bipolar disorder (BD) are controversial. The aim of the present study was to detect TL, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in severe mania and subsequent remission. METHODS Twenty-one medication-free male patients and 20 age and gender matched controls were recruited. The patients were followed in the inpatient clinic, and comparisons were made between the same patients in their remission state and controls. Patients received lithium plus antipsychotics during the follow-up period. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to verify leukocyte TL and whole blood hTERT gene expression levels. Serum BDNF levels were verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Compared to controls, manic patients presented shorter telomeres (p < 0.001) whose length increased with treatment (p = 0.001). Patients in the late stages showed shorter TL than those in the early stages and controls (p < 0.001). hTERT gene expression levels were up-regulated in mania and remission compared to controls (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively). BDNF changes did not reach statistically significant levels. CONCLUSIONS TL and hTERT gene expression might reflect a novel aspect of BD pathophysiology and TL might represent a novel biomarker for BD staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugül Köse Çinar
- Department of Psychiatry, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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Squassina A, Pisanu C, Corbett N, Alda M. Telomere length in bipolar disorder and lithium response. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:560-567. [PMID: 26621262 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres consist of exanucleotide tandem repeats and proteins complexes at the end of chromosome ends. Telomeres shorten at each cell division, and as such telomere length is a marker of cellular age. Accelerated telomere shortening and cell senescence have been associated with a number of chronic medical conditions, including psychiatric disorders, where increased prevalence of age-related disorders and shorter telomere length have been reported. Shorter telomeres in psychiatric patients are thought to be the consequence of allostatic load, consisting in the overactivation of allostatic systems due to chronic exposure to severe medical conditions and failure to adapt to chronic stressful stimuli. Most of the studies on telomere length in psychiatry have focused on major depressive disorder, but recent findings have shown shorter leukocyte telomere length in bipolar disorder patients and suggested that lithium may counteract telomeres shortening. These findings provided new insights into the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and the mechanism of action of lithium. In this review we will present findings from the literature on telomere length in bipolar disorder, with a specific focus on lithium. We will also discuss advances and limitations of published work as well as methodological issues and potential confounding factors that should be taken into account when designing research protocols to study telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Squassina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Claudia Pisanu
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nathan Corbett
- The Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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Guebel DV, Torres NV. Sexual Dimorphism and Aging in the Human Hyppocampus: Identification, Validation, and Impact of Differentially Expressed Genes by Factorial Microarray and Network Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:229. [PMID: 27761111 PMCID: PMC5050216 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation: In the brain of elderly-healthy individuals, the effects of sexual dimorphism and those due to normal aging appear overlapped. Discrimination of these two dimensions would powerfully contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of some neurodegenerative diseases, such as “sporadic” Alzheimer. Methods: Following a system biology approach, top-down and bottom-up strategies were combined. First, public transcriptome data corresponding to the transition from adulthood to the aging stage in normal, human hippocampus were analyzed through an optimized microarray post-processing (Q-GDEMAR method) together with a proper experimental design (full factorial analysis). Second, the identified genes were placed in context by building compatible networks. The subsequent ontology analyses carried out on these networks clarify the main functionalities involved. Results: Noticeably we could identify large sets of genes according to three groups: those that exclusively depend on the sex, those that exclusively depend on the age, and those that depend on the particular combinations of sex and age (interaction). The genes identified were validated against three independent sources (a proteomic study of aging, a senescence database, and a mitochondrial genetic database). We arrived to several new inferences about the biological functions compromised during aging in two ways: by taking into account the sex-independent effects of aging, and considering the interaction between age and sex where pertinent. In particular, we discuss the impact of our findings on the functions of mitochondria, autophagy, mitophagia, and microRNAs. Conclusions: The evidence obtained herein supports the occurrence of significant neurobiological differences in the hippocampus, not only between adult and elderly individuals, but between old-healthy women and old-healthy men. Hence, to obtain realistic results in further analysis of the transition from the normal aging to incipient Alzheimer, the features derived from the sexual dimorphism in hippocampus should be explicitly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Guebel
- Biotechnology Counselling ServicesBuenos Aires, Argentina; Systems Biology and Mathematical Modelling Group, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La LagunaSan Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Néstor V Torres
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modelling Group, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
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Malhi GS, Outhred T. Therapeutic Mechanisms of Lithium in Bipolar Disorder: Recent Advances and Current Understanding. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:931-49. [PMID: 27638546 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is the most effective and well established treatment for bipolar disorder, and it has a broad array of effects within cellular pathways. However, the specific processes through which therapeutic effects occur and are maintained in bipolar disorder remain unclear. This paper provides a timely update to an authoritative review of pertinent findings that was published in CNS Drugs in 2013. A literature search was conducted using the Scopus database, and was limited by year (from 2012). There has been a resurgence of interest in lithium therapy mechanisms, perhaps driven by technical advancements in recent years that permit the examination of cellular mechanisms underpinning the effects of lithium-along with the reuptake of lithium in clinical practice. Recent research has further cemented glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibition as a key mechanism, and the inter-associations between GSK3β-mediated neuroprotective, anti-oxidative and neurotransmission mechanisms have been further elucidated. In addition to highly illustrative cellular research, studies examining higher-order biological systems, such as circadian rhythms, as well as employing innovative animal and human models, have increased our understanding of how lithium-induced changes at the cellular level possibly translate to changes at behavioural and clinical levels. Neural circuitry research is yet to identify clear mechanisms of change in bipolar disorder in response to treatment with lithium, but important structural findings have demonstrated links to the modulation of cellular mechanisms, and peripheral marker and pharmacogenetic studies are showing promising findings that will likely inform the exploration for predictors of lithium treatment response. With a deeper understanding of lithium's therapeutic mechanisms-from the cellular to clinical levels of investigation-comes the opportunity to develop predictive models of lithium treatment response and identify novel drug targets, and recent findings have provided important leads towards these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,CADE Clinic Level 3, Main Hospital Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Tim Outhred
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,CADE Clinic Level 3, Main Hospital Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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Jäger K, Walter M. Therapeutic Targeting of Telomerase. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7070039. [PMID: 27455328 PMCID: PMC4962009 DOI: 10.3390/genes7070039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length and cell function can be preserved by the human reverse transcriptase telomerase (hTERT), which synthesizes the new telomeric DNA from a RNA template, but is normally restricted to cells needing a high proliferative capacity, such as stem cells. Consequently, telomerase-based therapies to elongate short telomeres are developed, some of which have successfully reached the stage I in clinical trials. Telomerase is also permissive for tumorigenesis and 90% of all malignant tumors use telomerase to obtain immortality. Thus, reversal of telomerase upregulation in tumor cells is a potential strategy to treat cancer. Natural and small-molecule telomerase inhibitors, immunotherapeutic approaches, oligonucleotide inhibitors, and telomerase-directed gene therapy are useful treatment strategies. Telomerase is more widely expressed than any other tumor marker. The low expression in normal tissues, together with the longer telomeres in normal stem cells versus cancer cells, provides some degree of specificity with low risk of toxicity. However, long term telomerase inhibition may elicit negative effects in highly-proliferative cells which need telomerase for survival, and it may interfere with telomere-independent physiological functions. Moreover, only a few hTERT molecules are required to overcome senescence in cancer cells, and telomerase inhibition requires proliferating cells over a sufficient number of population doublings to induce tumor suppressive senescence. These limitations may explain the moderate success rates in many clinical studies. Despite extensive studies, only one vaccine and one telomerase antagonist are routinely used in clinical work. For complete eradication of all subpopulations of cancer cells a simultaneous targeting of several mechanisms will likely be needed. Possible technical improvements have been proposed including the development of more specific inhibitors, methods to increase the efficacy of vaccination methods, and personalized approaches. Telomerase activation and cell rejuvenation is successfully used in regenerative medicine for tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery. However, there are also a number of pitfalls in the treatment with telomerase activating procedures for the whole organism and for longer periods of time. Extended cell lifespan may accumulate rare genetic and epigenetic aberrations that can contribute to malignant transformation. Therefore, novel vector systems have been developed for a 'mild' integration of telomerase into the host genome and loss of the vector in rapidly-proliferating cells. It is currently unclear if this technique can also be used in human beings to treat chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Jäger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes Services GmbH, Sylter Str. 2, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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Reactivation of Tert in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus rescues aggression and depression of Tert(-/-) mice. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e836. [PMID: 27300262 PMCID: PMC4931604 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has been extensively investigated in the contexts of aging and cancer. Interestingly, Tert(-/-) mice exhibit additional but unexpected aggressive and depressive behaviors, implying the potential involvement of TERT function in mood control. Our conditional rescue experiments revealed that the depressive and aggressive behaviors of Tert(-/-) mice originate from Tert deficiency in two distinct brain structures. Reactivation of Tert in the hippocampus was sufficient to normalize the depressive but not the aggressive behaviors of Tert(-/-) mice. Conversely, re-expression of Tert in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) reversed the aggressive but not the depressive behavior of Tert(-/-) mice. Mechanistically, decreased serotonergic signaling and increased nitric oxide (NO) transmission in the hippocampus transduced Tert deficiency into depression as evidenced by our observation that the infusion of a pharmacological agonist for serotonin receptor 1a (5-HTR1A) and a selective antagonist for neuronal NO synthase into the hippocampus successfully normalized the depressive behavior of Tert(-/-) mice. In addition, increased serotonergic transmission by the 5-HTR1A agonist in the mPFC was sufficient to rescue the aggressive behavior of Tert(-/-) mice. Thus, our studies revealed a novel function of TERT in the pathology of depression and aggression in a brain structure-specific manner, providing direct evidence for the contribution of TERT to emotional control.
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Gururajan A, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Molecular biomarkers of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:101-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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