1
|
Jiang Y, Dong Y, Hu H. The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypothesis of ketamine's antidepressant action: evidence and controversies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230225. [PMID: 38853549 PMCID: PMC11343275 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Substantial clinical evidence has unravelled the superior antidepressant efficacy of ketamine: in comparison to traditional antidepressants targeting the monoamine systems, ketamine, as an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, acts much faster and more potently. Surrounding the antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine, there is ample evidence supporting an NMDAR-antagonism-based hypothesis. However, alternative arguments also exist, mostly derived from the controversial clinical results of other NMDAR inhibitors. In this article, we first summarize the historical development of the NMDAR-centred hypothesis of rapid antidepressants. We then classify different NMDAR inhibitors based on their mechanisms of inhibition and evaluate preclinical as well as clinical evidence of their antidepressant effects. Finally, we critically analyse controversies and arguments surrounding ketamine's NMDAR-dependent and NMDAR-independent antidepressant action. A better understanding of ketamine's molecular targets and antidepressant mechanisms should shed light on the future development of better treatment for depression. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Jiang
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, People's Republic of China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou311100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Dong
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailan Hu
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, People's Republic of China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou311100, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen F, Li L, Huang M, Wang Y, Wang L, Jin F, Yang L, Gao M, Li L, Wang Y, Zhou L, Yang J, Yao G, Li Q, Yang X. Natural product Kaji-ichigoside F1 exhibits rapid antidepression via activating the AMPA-BDNF-mTOR pathway and inhibiting the NMDAR-CaMKIIα pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155452. [PMID: 38422650 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common and recurrent neuropsychiatric disorder. Recent studies have shown that the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Previous studies have found that Kaji-ichigoside F1 (KF1) has a protective effect against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity. However, the antidepressant mechanism of KF1 has not been confirmed yet. PURPOSE In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the rapid antidepressant activity of KF1 and explore the underlying mechanism. STUDY DESIGN First, we explored the effect of KF1 on NMDA-induced hippocampal neurons and the underlying mechanism. Second, depression was induced in C57BL/6 mice via chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and the immediate and persistent depression-like behavior was evaluated using the forced swimming test (FST) after a single administration of KF1. Third, the contributions of NMDA signaling to the antidepressant effect of KF1 were investigated using pharmacological interventions. Fourth, CUMS mice were treated with KF1 for 21 days, and then their depression-like behaviors and the underlying mechanism were further explored. METHODS The FST was used to evaluate immediate and persistent depression-like behavior after a single administration of KF1 with or without NMDA pretreatment. The effect of KF1 on depressive-like behavior was investigated in CUMS mice by treating them with KF1 once daily for 21 days through the sucrose preference test, FST, open field test, and tail suspension test. Then, the effects of KF1 on the morphology and molecular and functional phenotypes of primary neuronal cells and hippocampus of mice were investigated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, Nissl staining, propidium iodide staining, TUNEL staining, Ca2+ imaging, JC-1 staining, ELISA, immunofluorescence analysis, RT-PCR, and Western blot. RESULTS KF1 could effectively improve cellular viability, reduce apoptosis, inhibit the release of LDH and Ca2+, and increase the mitochondrial membrane potential and the number of dendritic spines numbers in hippocampal neurons. Moreover, behavioral tests showed that KF1 exerted acute and sustained antidepressant-like effects by reducing Glu-levels and ameliorating neuronal damage in the hippocampus. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that PSD95, Syn1, α-amino-3‑hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were upregulated at the protein level, and BDNF and AMPA were upregulated at the mRNA level. NR1 and NR2A showed the opposite trend. CONCLUSION These results confirm that KF1 exerts rapid antidepressant effects mainly by activating the AMPA-BDNF-mTOR pathway and inhibiting the NMDAR-CaMKIIα pathway. This study serves as a new reference for discovering rapid antidepressants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faju Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Liangqun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Maoyang Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yuankai Wang
- Huaxi District People,s Hospital, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Fengli Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lishou Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lilang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lang Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Guanping Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Qiji Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johnston JN, Kadriu B, Allen J, Gilbert JR, Henter ID, Zarate CA. Ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics: An update on the mechanisms and biosignatures underlying rapid-acting antidepressant treatment. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109422. [PMID: 36646310 PMCID: PMC9983360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant spurred significant research to understand its underlying mechanisms of action and to identify other novel compounds that may act similarly. Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) have shown initial promise in treating depression, though the challenge of conducting randomized controlled trials with SPs and the necessity of long-term clinical observation are important limitations. This review summarizes the similarities and differences between the psychoactive effects associated with both ketamine and SPs and the mechanisms of action of these compounds, with a focus on the monoaminergic, glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, opioid, and inflammatory systems. Both molecular and neuroimaging aspects are considered. While their main mechanisms of action differ-SPs increase serotonergic signaling while ketamine is a glutamatergic modulator-evidence suggests that the downstream mechanisms of action of both ketamine and SPs include mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and downstream GABAA receptor activity. The similarities in downstream mechanisms may explain why ketamine, and potentially SPs, exert rapid-acting antidepressant effects. However, research on SPs is still in its infancy compared to the ongoing research that has been conducted with ketamine. For both therapeutics, issues with regulation and proper controls should be addressed before more widespread implementation. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Ketamine and its Metabolites".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa N Johnston
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Josh Allen
- The Alfred Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jessica R Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Traxoprodil Produces Antidepressant-Like Behaviors in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mice through BDNF/ERK/CREB and AKT/FOXO/Bim Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:1131422. [PMID: 36819781 PMCID: PMC9937761 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1131422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Traxoprodil is a selective N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) receptor inhibitor with rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. However, the appropriate dosage, duration of administration, and underlying mechanism of traxoprodil's antidepressant effects remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to compare the antidepressant effects of traxoprodil in different doses and different durations of administration and to explore whether traxoprodil exerts antidepressant effects via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP-response element binding protein (BDNF/ERK/CREB) and protein kinase B/Forkhead box O/building information modelling (AKT/FOXO/Bim) signaling pathway. Mice were randomly divided into control group, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) + vehicle group, CUMS + traxoprodil (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg) groups, and CUMS + fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) group, followed by a forced swimming test, tail suspension test, and sucrose preference test. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the protein expression of BDNF, p-ERK1/2, p-CREB, NR2B, AKT, FOXO1, FOXO3a, and Bim. Compared with the control group, CUMS treatment increased immobility time; decreased sucrose preference; reduced expression of BDNF, p-ERK1/2, and p-CREB; and increased expression of AKT, FOXO, and Bim in the hippocampus. These alterations were ameliorated by administration of 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg of traxoprodil after 7 or 14 days of administration and with 10 mg/kg of traxoprodil or 5 mg/kg of fluoxetine after 21 days of administration. At the 7-day and 14-day timepoints, traxoprodil displayed dose-dependent antidepressant effects, with 20 and 40 mg/kg doses of traxoprodil producing rapid and strong antidepressant effects. However, at 21 days of administration, 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of traxoprodil exerted more pronounced antidepressant effects. The mechanism of traxoprodil's antidepressant effects may be closely related to the BDNF/ERK/CREB and AKT/FOXO/Bim signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang K, Yao Y, Hashimoto K. Ketamine and its metabolites: Potential as novel treatments for depression. Neuropharmacology 2023; 222:109305. [PMID: 36354092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a well-known serious mental illness, and the onset of treatment using traditional antidepressants is frequently delayed by several weeks. Moreover, numerous patients with depression fail to respond to therapy. One major breakthrough in antidepressant therapy is that subanesthetic ketamine doses can rapidly alleviate depressive symptoms within hours of administering a single dose, even in treatment-resistant patients. However, specific mechanisms through which ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects remain elusive, leading to concerns regarding its rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists like ketamine are reportedly associated with serious side effects, such as dissociative symptoms, cognitive impairment, and abuse potential, limiting the large-scale clinical use of ketamine as an antidepressant. Herein, we reviewed the pharmacological properties of ketamine and the mechanisms of action underlying the rapid antidepressant efficacy, including the disinhibition hypothesis and synaptogenesis, along with common downstream effector pathways such as enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and transforming growth factor β1. We focused on evidence supporting the relevance of these potential mechanisms of ketamine and its metabolites in mediating the clinical efficacy of the drug. Given its reported antidepressant efficacy in preclinical studies and limited undesirable adverse effects, (R)-ketamine may be a safer, more controllable, rapid antidepressant. Overall, understanding the potential mechanisms of action of ketamine and its metabolites in combination with pharmacology may help develop a new generation of rapid antidepressants that maximize antidepressant effects while avoiding unfavorable adverse effects. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Ketamine and its Metabolites'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Yitan Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Obinna UCHEWAO, Shallom EMECHETAS, Ogugua EGWUA, Joy EDEC, Augustine IBEGBUO. Neuromodulatory roles of PIPER GUINEENSE and honey against Lead-Induced neurotoxicity in social interactive behaviors and motor activities in rat models. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:460-478. [PMID: 36660078 PMCID: PMC9826751 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Piper guineense and honey contain antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties that can help restore neuronal and other cell damage. To investigate the neuromodulatory roles of p. guineense and honey against lead toxicity on the hippocampus and cerebellum, impairing social behaviors and motor activities. Methodology Thirty Wistar rats were separated into six groups of five rats each, marked with dye. Group A served as control; B was untreated lead; C was a medium dose of the extract (50 mg/kg) and honey (1000 mg/kg); D was a high dose of the extract (80 mg/kg) and honey (1500 mg/kg); E received extract (80 mg/kg), and F received honey (1500 mg/kg). All groups received 110 mg/kg of lead orally, except the control. Social interaction, antidepressant effects, and motor activities were studied using a sociability chamber (SC), Forced Swim Test (FST), and String methods. A blood sample was used to evaluate glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione oxide transaminase (GOT), while the lipid level was estimated using cerebellar homogenate. Neuronal damage, vacuolation, necrosis, cell degeneration, and alterations in both hippocampus and cerebellum marked untreated group, with decreased GPx and GOT activities followed by impaired motor activities, social behavior, memory, and motivation. Using SCT, group B spent significantly lesser time (47.60 ± 47.60) with stranger 1 compared to A (138.20 ± 34.05), while group C spent considerably more time with stranger 1 (86.80 ± 30.32) than group B at P ≥ 0.05. The treatment increased the enzyme level and restored histoarchitecture (Figures 1-12), improving motor activities, social behavior, memory, motivation, and social affiliation (Tables 3, 4, 2, and 6). The extract and honey may be helpful as neuromodulators in lead toxicity in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- UCHEWA O. Obinna
- * Correspondence: E-mail: ; Tel: +2348172628746 or +2347061644732
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calpe-López C, Martínez-Caballero MA, García-Pardo MP, Aguilar MA. Intermittent voluntary wheel running promotes resilience to the negative consequences of repeated social defeat in mice. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113916. [PMID: 35850205 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to reduce the incidence of substance use disorders is to promote resilience to stress using environmental resources such as physical exercise. In the present study we test the hypothesis that Voluntary Wheel Running (VWR) during adolescence blocks the negative consequences of stress induced by intermittent repeated social defeat (IRSD). Four groups of adolescent male C57BL/6 mice were employed in the experiment; two groups were exposed to VWR (1 h, 3 days/week) from postnatal day (PND) 21 until the first social defeat (PND 47), while the remaining two groups did not have access to activity wheels (controls). On PND 47, 50, 53 and 56 mice, who had performed VWR, were exposed to an episode of social defeat by a resident aggressive mouse (VWR+IRSD group) or allowed to explore an empty cage (VWR+EXPL group). The same procedure was performed with control mice that had not undergone VWR (CONTROL+IRSD and CONTROL+EXPL groups). On PND 57, all the mice performed the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Hole-Board, Social Interaction, Tail Suspension and Splash tests. After an interval of 3 weeks, all mice underwent a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure with 1 mg/kg of cocaine. Exposure to VWR prevented the negative consequences of social stress in the EPM, splash test and CPP, since the VWR+IRSD group did not display anxiety- or depression-like effects or the potentiation of cocaine reward observed in the Control+IRSD group. Our results support the idea that physical exercise promotes resilience to stress and represents an excellent target in drug abuse prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Calpe-López
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M A Martínez-Caballero
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M P García-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - M A Aguilar
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arketamine, a new rapid-acting antidepressant: A historical review and future directions. Neuropharmacology 2022; 218:109219. [PMID: 35977629 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist (R,S)-ketamine causes rapid onset and sustained antidepressant actions in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. (R,S)-ketamine is a racemic mixture consisting of (R)-ketamine (or arketamine) and (S)-ketamine (or esketamine), with (S)-enantiomer having greater affinity for the NMDAR. In 2019, an esketamine nasal spray by Johnson & Johnson was approved in the USA and Europe for treatment-resistant depression. In contrast, an increasing number of preclinical studies show that arketamine has greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant-like effects than esketamine in rodents, despite the lower binding affinity of arketamine for the NMDAR. Importantly, the side effects, i.e., psychotomimetic and dissociative effects and abuse liability, of arketamine are less than those of (R,S)-ketamine and esketamine in animals and humans. An open-label study demonstrated the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of arketamine in treatment-resistant patients with MDD. A phase 2 clinical trial of arketamine in treatment-resistant patients with MDD is underway. This study was designed to review the brief history of the novel antidepressant arketamine, the molecular mechanisms underlying its antidepressant actions, and future directions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoshida M, Hasegawa S, Taniguchi M, Mouri A, Suzuki C, Yoshimi A, Mamiya T, Ozaki N, Noda Y. Memantine ameliorates the impairment of social behaviors induced by a single social defeat stress as juveniles. Neuropharmacology 2022; 217:109208. [PMID: 35926580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, juveniles are more sensitive to stress than adults, and exposure to stress as juveniles prolongs psychiatric symptoms and causes treatment resistance. However, the efficacy of antidepressants for juveniles with psychiatric disorders is unknown. In the present study, we investigated whether the expression or development of impaired social behavior was attenuated by memantine, a NMDA receptor antagonist. In addition, we clarified the molecular mechanisms related to intracellular signal transduction through NMDA receptors and the ameliorating effect of memantine in mice with impaired social behavior. Acute administration of memantine before the social interaction test, but not before exposure to social defeat stress, attenuated social behavioral impairment. A single social defeat stress increased the phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit GluN2A and extracellular-signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Memantine inhibited the increase of phosphorylated GluN2A and ERK1/2 resulting from social interaction behavior. In both GluN2A deficient and pharmacological blockaded mice, social behavioral impairment was not observed in the social interaction test through regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that memantine ameliorates social behavioral impairment in mice exposed to a single social defeat stress as juveniles by regulating the NMDA receptor and subsequent ERK1/2 signaling activation. Memantine may constitute a novel therapeutic drug for stress-related psychiatric disorders in juveniles with adverse juvenile experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Yoshida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sho Hasegawa
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Taniguchi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiharu Suzuki
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bartsch CJ, Nordman JC. Promises and Pitfalls of NMDA Receptor Antagonists in Treating Violent Aggression. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:938044. [PMID: 35801096 PMCID: PMC9253591 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.938044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for chronically aggressive individuals remain limited despite recent medical advances. Traditional pharmacological agents used to treat aggression, such as atypical antipsychotics, have limited efficacy and are often replete with dangerous side effects. The non-competitive NMDAR antagonists ketamine and memantine are promising alternatives, but their effects appear to be highly dependent on dosage, context, and personal experience. Importantly, these drugs can increase aggression when combined with substances of abuse or during periods of heightened stress. This is likely due to mechanistic differences operating at specific synapses under different contexts. Previous findings from our lab and others have shown that early life stress, substance abuse, and attack experience promote aggression through NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity within aggression-related brain circuits. Ketamine and memantine affect these types of aggression in opposite ways. This has led us to propose that ketamine and memantine oppositely affect aggression brought on by early life stress, substance abuse, or attack experience through opposite effects on NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity. This would account for the persistent effects of these drugs on aggression and suggest they could be leveraged as a more long-lasting treatment option. However, a more thorough examination of the effects of ketamine and memantine on cellular and synaptic function will be necessary for responsible administration. Additionally, because the effects of ketamine and memantine are highly dependent on prior drug use, traumatic stress, or a history of aggressive behavior, we propose a more thorough medical evaluation and psychiatric assessment will be necessary to avoid possible adverse interactions with these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn J. Bartsch
- Department of Physiology, University of Southern Illinois Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Jacob C. Nordman
- Department of Physiology, University of Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jacob C. Nordman
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Elias E, Zhang AY, Manners MT. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Depression. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:196. [PMID: 35207483 PMCID: PMC8879976 DOI: 10.3390/life12020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders. Monoamine-based antidepressants were the first drugs developed to treat major depressive disorder. More recently, ketamine and other analogues were introduced as fast-acting antidepressants. Unfortunately, currently available therapeutics are inadequate; lack of efficacy, adverse effects, and risks leave patients with limited treatment options. Efforts are now focused on understanding the etiology of depression and identifying novel targets for pharmacological treatment. In this review, we discuss promising novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Targeting receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, G-protein-coupled receptor 39, metabotropic glutamate receptors, galanin and opioid receptors has potential antidepressant effects. Compounds targeting biological processes: inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, and gut microbiota have also shown therapeutic potential. Additionally, natural products including plants, herbs, and fatty acids improved depressive symptoms and behaviors. In this review, a brief history of clinically available antidepressants will be provided, with a primary focus on novel pharmaceutical approaches with promising antidepressant effects in preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa T. Manners
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (E.E.); (A.Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei Y, Chang L, Hashimoto K. Molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of arketamine: beyond the NMDA receptor. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:559-573. [PMID: 33963284 PMCID: PMC8960399 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of robust antidepressant actions exerted by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist (R,S)-ketamine has been a crucial breakthrough in mood disorder research. (R,S)-ketamine is a racemic mixture of equal amounts of (R)-ketamine (arketamine) and (S)-ketamine (esketamine). In 2019, an esketamine nasal spray from Johnson & Johnson was approved in the United States of America and Europe for treatment-resistant depression. However, an increasing number of preclinical studies show that arketamine has greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant-like effects than esketamine in rodents, despite the lower binding affinity of arketamine for the NMDAR. In clinical trials, non-ketamine NMDAR-related compounds did not exhibit ketamine-like robust antidepressant actions in patients with depression, despite these compounds showing antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Thus, the rodent data do not necessarily translate to humans due to the complexity of human psychiatric disorders. Collectively, the available studies indicate that it is unlikely that NMDAR plays a major role in the antidepressant action of (R,S)-ketamine and its enantiomers, although the precise molecular mechanisms underlying antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine and its enantiomers remain unclear. In this paper, we review recent findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine and its potent enantiomer arketamine. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of the brain-gut-microbiota axis and brain-spleen axis in stress-related psychiatric disorders and in the antidepressant-like action of arketamine. Finally, we discuss the potential of arketamine as a treatment for cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders, Parkinson's disease, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- grid.411500.1Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan ,grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan China
| | - Lijia Chang
- grid.411500.1Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Franscescon F, Souza TP, Müller TE, Michelotti P, Canzian J, Stefanello FV, Rosemberg DB. Taurine prevents MK-801-induced shoal dispersion and altered cortisol responses in zebrafish. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110399. [PMID: 34246730 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a shortened lifespan and significant impaired social and vocational functioning. Schizophrenic patients can present hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunctions and cortisol dysregulation, which play an important role on the etiology onset, exacerbation, and relapsing of symptoms. Based on its intrinsic neuroprotective properties, taurine is considered a promising substance with beneficial role on various brain disorders, including schizophrenia. Here, we evaluated the effects of taurine on shoaling behavior and whole-body cortisol levels in zebrafish treated with dizocilpine (MK-801), which elicits schizophrenia-like phenotypes in animal models. Briefly, zebrafish shoals (4 fish per shoal) were exposed to dechlorinated water or taurine (42, 150, or 400 mg/L) for 60 min. Then, saline (PBS, pH 7.4 or 2.0 mg/kg MK-801) were intraperitoneally injected and zebrafish behavior was recorded 15 min later. In general, MK-801 disrupted shoaling behavior and reduced whole-body cortisol levels in zebrafish. All taurine pretreatments prevented MK-801-induced increase in shoal area, while 400 mg/L taurine prevented the MK-801-induced alterations in neuroendocrine responses. Moreover, all taurine-pretreated groups showed increased geotaxis, supporting a modulatory role in the overall dispersion pattern of the shoal. Collectively, our novel findings show a potential protective effect of taurine on MK-801-induced shoal dispersion and altered neuroendocrine responses, fostering the use of zebrafish models to assess schizophrenia-like phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francini Franscescon
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Thiele P Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Talise E Müller
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Michelotti
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Flavia V Stefanello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Choudhury D, Autry AE, Tolias KF, Krishnan V. Ketamine: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:672526. [PMID: 34566558 PMCID: PMC8461018 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.672526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has been employed clinically as an intravenous anesthetic since the 1970s. More recently, ketamine has received attention for its rapid antidepressant effects and is actively being explored as a treatment for a wide range of neuropsychiatric syndromes. In model systems, ketamine appears to display a combination of neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties that are context dependent. At anesthetic doses applied during neurodevelopmental windows, ketamine contributes to inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis, and enhances levels of reactive oxygen species. At the same time, subanesthetic dose ketamine is a powerful activator of multiple parallel neurotrophic signaling cascades with neuroprotective actions that are not always NMDAR-dependent. Here, we summarize results from an array of preclinical studies that highlight a complex landscape of intracellular signaling pathways modulated by ketamine and juxtapose the somewhat contrasting neuroprotective and neurotoxic features of this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Choudhury
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anita E. Autry
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kimberley F. Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miyanishi H, Muramatsu SI, Nitta A. Striatal Shati/Nat8l-BDNF pathways determine the sensitivity to social defeat stress in mice through epigenetic regulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1594-1605. [PMID: 34099867 PMCID: PMC8280178 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global number of patients with depression increases in correlation to exposure to social stress. Chronic stress does not trigger depression in all individuals, as some remain resilient. The underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to stress sensitivity have been poorly understood, although revealing the regulation of stress sensitivity could help develop treatments for depression. We previously found that striatal Shati/Nat8l, an N-acetyltransferase, was increased in a depression mouse model. We investigated the roles of Shati/Nat8l in stress sensitivity in mice and found that Shati/Nat8l and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the dorsal striatum were increased in stress-susceptible mice but not in resilient mice exposed to repeated social defeat stress (RSDS). Knockdown of Shati/Nat8l in the dorsal striatum induced resilience to RSDS. In addition, blockade of BDNF signaling in the dorsal striatum by ANA-12, a BDNF-specific receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B (TrkB) inhibitor, also induced resilience to stress. Shati/Nat8l is correlated with BDNF expression after RSDS, and BDNF is downstream of Shati/Nat8l pathways in the dorsal striatum; Shati/Nat8l is epigenetically regulated by BDNF via histone acetylation. Our results demonstrate that striatal Shati/Nat8l-BDNF pathways determine stress sensitivity through epigenetic regulation. The striatal Shati/Nat8l-BDNF pathway could be a novel target for treatments of depression and could establish a novel therapeutic strategy for depression patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Miyanishi
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Muramatsu
- grid.410804.90000000123090000Division of Neurological Gene Therapy, Open Innovation Center, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XCenter for Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen BK, Le Pen G, Eckmier A, Rubinstenn G, Jay TM, Denny CA. Fluoroethylnormemantine, A Novel Derivative of Memantine, Facilitates Extinction Learning Without Sensorimotor Deficits. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:519-531. [PMID: 33631001 PMCID: PMC8278800 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memantine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, has been approved for use in Alzheimer's disease, but an increasing number of studies have investigated its utility for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we characterized a novel compound, fluoroethylnormemtantine (FENM), which was derived from memantine with an extra Fluor in an optimized position for in vivo biomarker labeling. We sought to determine if FENM produced similar behavioral effects as memantine and/or if FENM has beneficial effects against fear, avoidance, and behavioral despair. METHODS We administered saline, FENM, or memantine prior to a number of behavioral assays, including paired-pulse inhibition, open field, light dark test, forced swim test, and cued fear conditioning in male Wistar rats. RESULTS Unlike memantine, FENM did not produce nonspecific side effects and did not alter sensorimotor gating or locomotion. FENM decreased immobility in the forced swim test. Moreover, FENM robustly facilitated fear extinction learning when administered prior to either cued fear conditioning training or tone reexposure. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that FENM is a promising, novel compound that robustly reduces fear behavior and may be useful for further preclinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana K Chen
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gwenaëlle Le Pen
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Adam Eckmier
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Therese M Jay
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christine A Denny
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc./New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Sustained Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine Are Independent of the Lateral Habenula. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4131-4140. [PMID: 33664132 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2521-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is known to have a rapid and lasting antidepressant effect. Recent studies have shown that ketamine exerts it rapid antidepressant effect by blocking burst firing in the lateral habenula (LHb). Whether the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine occurs through the same mechanism has not been explored. Here, using male rats, we found that local infusion of (R,S)-ketamine into the LHb resulted in a rapid antidepressant-like effect 1 h after infusion, which almost returned to baseline levels after 24 h. Intra-LHb injection of (S)-ketamine also showed a significant antidepressant-like effect 1 h after injection, which recovered at 24 h. No significant antidepressant-like effect was found at 1 or 24 h after the administration of (R)-ketamine into the LHb. Injection of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, a ketamine metabolite, into the LHb did not result in any obvious antidepressant-like effect 1 or 24 h after injection. Systemic administration of (R,S)-ketamine (intraperitoneally) significantly suppressed LHb bursting activity at 1 h, but the inhibitory effect was reversed 24 h after injection. No significant effect of (R,S)-ketamine on miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials of LHb neurons was found at 1 or 24 h after systemic application. Our study demonstrated that the sustained antidepressant-like effect of ketamine may not depend on burst firing of LHb neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ketamine exerts it rapid antidepressant effect by blocking burst firing in the lateral habenula (LHb). However, whether the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine occurs through the same mechanism has not been explored. In the present study, we demonstrated that the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine may not depend on the burst firing of LHb neurons. This finding may lead to a novel perspective on LHb in the antidepressant effect of ketamine.
Collapse
|
18
|
Konecny J, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Review of Synthetic Approaches to Dizocilpine. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201230205835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, together with AMPA and kainite receptors,
belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA receptors play a crucial
role in neuronal plasticity and cognitive functions. Overactivation of those receptors leads to
glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, which could be suppressed by NMDA antagonists. Dizocilpine
was firstly reported in 1982 as an NMDA receptor antagonist with anticonvulsive properties,
but due to serious side effects like neuronal vacuolization, its use in human medicine is
restricted. However, dizocilpine is still used as a validated tool to induce the symptoms of
schizophrenia in animal models and also as a standard for comparative purposes to newly
developed NMDA receptor antagonists. For this reason, the synthesis of dizocilpine and especially
its more active enantiomer (+)-dizocilpine is still relevant. In this review, we bring a
collection of various synthetic approaches leading to dizocilpine and its analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Konecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu L, Ji CH, Wang Y, Zhao J, Liu Y, Tang WQ, Gu JH, Jiang B. Antidepressant-like activity of L-701324 in mice: A behavioral and neurobiological characterization. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:113038. [PMID: 33276033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants currently used in clinical practice have limitations such as low efficacy, slow onset and various adverse reactions. It has become necessary to develop novel antidepressants beyond monoaminergic drugs. L-701,324 is a potent NMDA receptor antagonist, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible antidepressant effects of L-701,324 in mice. Here, various methods including the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression, western blotting and immunofluorescence, were used together. A single injection of L-701,324 exhibited antidepressant-like potential in the FST and TST without affecting the locomotor activity of mice. Repeated injection of L-701,324 not only prevented CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice, but also ameliorated the downregulating effects of CUMS on the hippocampal BDNF signaling cascade and neurogenesis. Furthermore, K252a, a potent inhibitor of the BDNF system, fully blocked the antidepressant-like activity of L-701,324 in mice. K252a administration also abolished the activating actions of L-701,324 on the hippocampal BDNF signaling cascade and neurogenesis in CUMS-treated mice. Collectively, these data indicated that L-701,324 possesses antidepressant-like activity in mice, which was mediated, at least in part, by promoting the hippocampal BDNF system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, 226011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Candidate Strategies for Development of a Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Class That Does Not Result in Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects: Prevention of Ketamine-Induced Neuropsychiatric Adverse Reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217951. [PMID: 33114753 PMCID: PMC7662754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate/glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonism has been considered to play important roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In spite of severe neuropsychiatric adverse effects, esketamine (racemic enantiomer of ketamine) has been approved for the treatment of conventional monoaminergic antidepressant-resistant depression. Furthermore, ketamine improves anhedonia, suicidal ideation and bipolar depression, for which conventional monoaminergic antidepressants are not fully effective. Therefore, ketamine has been accepted, with rigorous restrictions, in psychiatry as a new class of antidepressant. Notably, the dosage of ketamine for antidepressive action is comparable to the dose that can generate schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, the psychotropic effects of ketamine precede the antidepressant effects. The maintenance of the antidepressive efficacy of ketamine often requires repeated administration; however, repeated ketamine intake leads to abuse and is consistently associated with long-lasting memory-associated deficits. According to the dissociative anaesthetic feature of ketamine, it exerts broad acute influences on cognition/perception. To evaluate the therapeutic validation of ketamine across clinical contexts, including its advantages and disadvantages, psychiatry should systematically assess the safety and efficacy of either short- and long-term ketamine treatments, in terms of both acute and chronic outcomes. Here, we describe the clinical evidence of NMDAR antagonists, and then the temporal mechanisms of schizophrenia-like and antidepressant-like effects of the NMDAR antagonist, ketamine. The underlying pharmacological rodent studies will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
An intranasal formulation of esketamine, the S enantiomer of ketamine, in conjunction with an oral antidepressant, has been approved by the FDA for treating treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD) in 2019, almost 50 years after it was approved as an intravenous anesthetic. In contrast to traditional antidepressants, ketamine shows a rapid (within 2 h) and sustained (∼7 days) antidepressant effect and has significant positive effects on antisuicidal ideation. Ketamine's antidepressant mechanism is predominantly mediated by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA) receptor, although NMDA-independent mechanisms are not ruled out. At the neurocircuitry level, ketamine affects the brain's reward and mood circuitry located in the corticomesolimbic structures involving the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex. Repurposing of ketamine for treating TRD provided a new understanding of the pathophysiology of depression, a paradigm shift from monoamine to glutamatergic neurotransmission, thus making it a unique tool to investigate the brain and its complex neurocircuitries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Molecular mechanisms of the rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
23
|
Chaki S. mGlu2/3 receptor as a novel target for rapid acting antidepressants. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 89:289-309. [PMID: 32616210 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Given that ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist that exerts rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression, also has undesirable adverse effects, agents that can be used as alternatives to ketamine have been actively pursued. Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, consisting of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors, have emerged as one of the most promising targets in the development of ketamine-like antidepressants. Indeed, mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists have been demonstrated to exert rapid antidepressant effects in animal models and to be efficacious in animal models refractory to conventional antidepressants. Moreover, there are striking similarities between mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists and ketamine in terms of not only their antidepressant profiles, but also the underlying mechanisms of their antidepressant effects. Nonetheless, studies in rodents have shown that mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists do not cause ketamine-like adverse events, such as psychotomimetic-like behavior, abuse potential or neurotoxicity, supporting the usefulness of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists as alternatives to ketamine. In this chapter, the past and recent research on the antidepressant effects of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists will be reviewed. In particular, the potential of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists as novel ketamine-like antidepressants will be emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Banaszkiewicz I, Biala G, Kruk-Slomka M. Contribution of CB2 receptors in schizophrenia-related symptoms in various animal models: Short review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:158-171. [PMID: 32437746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental disease with a high prevalence and a variety of symptoms. Data from behavioural studies suggest that it is rational to investigate the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its cannabinoid receptor (CBr) because they seem to underlie susceptibility to schizophrenia, and these findings have pointed to several lines of future research. Currently, most available studies address the role of CBr type 1 in schizophrenia-like responses. Here, we present for the first time, a review that demonstrates the pivotal role of CBr type 2 in the regulation of neurobiological processes underlying cognition, psychosis- and mood-related (anxiety, depression) behaviours, all of which may be included in schizophrenia symptoms. This review is based on available evidence from the PubMed database regarding schizophrenia-like symptoms induced via CB2r modulation in various animal models. The data presented in this manuscript indicate that CB2r could be a promising new key target in the treatment of different central nervous system (CNS) disorders, which manifest as psychosis, mood-related disturbances and/or memory impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Banaszkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grazyna Biala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Kruk-Slomka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wei Y, Chang L, Hashimoto K. A historical review of antidepressant effects of ketamine and its enantiomers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 190:172870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
26
|
Okada M, Fukuyama K, Nakano T, Ueda Y. Pharmacological Discrimination of Effects of MK801 on Thalamocortical, Mesothalamic, and Mesocortical Transmissions. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110746. [PMID: 31752219 PMCID: PMC6920874 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate/glutamate receptor (NMDAR) is one of the major voltage-sensitive ligand-gated cation channel. Several noncompetitive NMDAR antagonists contribute to pathophysiology of schizophrenia and mood disorders; however, the effects of inhibition of NMDAR on several transmitter system have not been well clarified. Thus, this study determined the selective NMDAR antagonist, MK801 (dizocilpine), on thalamocortical, mesothalamic, and mesocortical transmissions associated with l-glutamate, GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine using multiprobe microdialysis. Perfusion with MK801 into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) increased and decreased respective regional releases of monoamine and GABA without affecting l-glutamate. The mPFC MK801-induced monoamine release is generated by the regional GABAergic disinhibition. Perfusion with MK801 into the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) decreased GABA release in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDTN) but increased releases of l-glutamate and catecholamine without affecting serotonin in the mPFC. The RTN MK801-induced l-glutamate release in the mPFC was generated by GABAergic disinhibition in the MDTN, but RTN MK801-induced catecholamine release in the mPFC was generated by activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate/glutamate receptor (AMPAR) which received l-glutamate release from thalamocortical glutamatergic terminals in the mPFC. Perfusion with MK801 into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) decreased GABA release in the DRN but selectively increased serotonin release in the MDTN and mPFC. These DRN MK801-induced serotonin releases in the both mPFC and MDTN were also generated by GABAergic disinhibition in the DRN. These results indicate that the GABAergic disinhibition induced by NMDAR inhibition plays important roles in the MK801-induced releases of l-glutamate and monoamine in thalamic nuclei and cortex.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hashimoto K. Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:613-627. [PMID: 31215725 PMCID: PMC6851782 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders. Approximately one-third of the patients with MDD are treatment resistant to the current antidepressants. There is also a significant therapeutic time lag of weeks to months. Furthermore, depression in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) is typically poorly responsive to antidepressants. Therefore, there exists an unmet medical need for rapidly acting antidepressants with beneficial effects in treatment-resistant patients with MDD or BD. Accumulating evidence suggests that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine produces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant patients with MDD or BD. Ketamine is a racemic mixture comprising equal parts of (R)-ketamine (or arketamine) and (S)-ketamine (or esketamine). Because (S)-ketamine has higher affinity for NMDAR than (R)-ketamine, esketamine was developed as an antidepressant. On 5 March 2019, esketamine nasal spray was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, preclinical data suggest that (R)-ketamine exerts greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant effects than (S)-ketamine in animal models of depression and that (R)-ketamine has less detrimental side-effects than (R,S)-ketamine or (S)-ketamine. In this article, the author reviews the historical overview of the antidepressant actions of enantiomers of ketamine and its major metabolites norketamine and hydroxynorketamine. Furthermore, the author discusses the other potential rapid-acting antidepressant candidates (i.e., NMDAR antagonists and modulators, low-voltage-sensitive T-type calcium channel inhibitor, potassium channel Kir4.1 inhibitor, negative modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid, and type A [GABAA ] receptors) to compare them with ketamine. Moreover, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ketamine's antidepressant effects are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Uno K, Miyanishi H, Sodeyama K, Fujiwara T, Miyazaki T, Muramatsu SI, Nitta A. Vulnerability to depressive behavior induced by overexpression of striatal Shati/Nat8l via the serotonergic neuronal pathway in mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112227. [PMID: 31520691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients with depressive disorders is increasing. However, the mechanism of depression onsets has not been completely revealed. We previously identified Shati/Nat8l, an N-acetyltransferase, in the brain using an animal model of psychosis. In this study, we revealed the involvement of Shati/Nat8l in the vulnerability to major depression. Shati/Nat8l mRNA was increased only in the striatum of mice, which were exposed to chronic social defeat stress. Shati/Nat8l-overexpressed mice showed impairment in social interaction and sucrose preference after the subthreshold social defeat (microdefeat) stress. These depression-like behaviors were restored by fluvoxamine and LY341495 injection prior to these tests. Furthermore, the intracerebral administration of only fluvoxamine, but not of LY341495, to the dorsal striatum and direct infusion of LY341495 to the dorsal raphe also rescued. Taken together, Shati/Nat8l in the striatum has an important role in the vulnerability to depression onsets by regulating the origin of serotonergic neuronal system via GABAergic projection neuron in the dorsal raphe from the dorsal striatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Uno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyanishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kengo Sodeyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Toh Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan; Center for Gene & Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pochwat B, Nowak G, Szewczyk B. An update on NMDA antagonists in depression. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:1055-1067. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1643237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Pochwat
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zou Y, Zhang H, Chen X, Ji W, Mao L, Lei H. Age-dependent effects of (+)-MK801 treatment on glutamate release and metabolism in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104503. [PMID: 31299416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NMDAR antagonist treatments in adolescent/young adult rodents are associated with augmented glutamate (Glu) release and perturbed Glu/glutamine (Gln) metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) resembling those found in first-episode schizophrenia. Few studies, however, investigated NMDAR antagonist-induced changes in the adult mPFC and whether there is an age-dependence to this end. In this study, the effects of acute/repeated (+)-MK801 treatment on Glu release/metabolism were measured in the mPFC of male adolescent (postnatal day 30) and adult (14 weeks) rats. Acute (+)-MK801 treatment at 0.5 mg/kg body weight induced an approximately 4-fold increase of extracellular Glu concentration in the adolescent rats, and repeated treatment for 6 consecutive days significantly increased the levels of Glu + Gln (Glx) and glial metabolites 7 days after the last dose. Histologically (+)-MK801 treatments induced reactive astrocytosis and elevated oxidative stress in the mPFC of adolescent rats, without causing evident neuronal degeneration in the region. All (+)-MK801-induced changes observed in the mPFC of adolescent rats were not present or evident in the adult rats, suggesting that the treatments might have caused less disinhibition in the adult mPFC than in the adolescent mPFC. In conclusion, the effects of (+)-MK801 treatments on the Glu release/metabolism in the mPFC were found to be age-dependent; and the adult mPFC is likely equipped with more robust neurobiological mechanisms to preserve excitatory-inhibitory balance in response to NMDAR hypofunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Zou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hao Lei
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The antidepressant-like effects of sinomenine in mice: a behavioral and neurobiological characterization. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:306-315. [PMID: 29035920 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sinomenine is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from Sinomenium acutum. Here, we investigated the antidepressant effects of sinomenine in mice. The antidepressant actions of sinomenine were first examined in the forced-swim test and the tail-suspension test, and then assessed in the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression. Changes in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway after CSDS and sinomenine treatment were also investigated. A tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor and a BDNF signaling inhibitor were also used to determine the pharmacological mechanisms of sinomenine. It was found that sinomenine induced antidepressant-like effects in the forced-swim test and tail-suspension test without affecting the locomotor activity of mice. Sinomenine also prevented the CSDS-induced depressive-like symptoms. Moreover, sinomenine fully restored the CSDS-induced decrease in the hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway, whereas a BDNF signaling inhibitor, but not a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, blocked the antidepressant effects of sinomenine. In conclusion, sinomenine exerts antidepressant effects in mice by promoting the hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ferrer-Pérez C, Castro-Zavala A, Luján MÁ, Filarowska J, Ballestín R, Miñarro J, Valverde O, Rodríguez-Arias M. Oxytocin prevents the increase of cocaine-related responses produced by social defeat. Neuropharmacology 2018; 146:50-64. [PMID: 30448423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) plays a critical role in the regulation of social and emotional behaviors. OXT plays a role in stress response and in drug reward, but to date no studies have evaluated its implication in the long-lasting increase of the motivational effects of cocaine induced by repeated social defeat (RSD). During the social defeat procedure, 1 mg/kg of OXT was administered 30 min before each episode of RSD. Three weeks after the last defeat, the effects of cocaine on the conditioned place preference (CPP), locomotor sensitization and the self-administration (SA) paradigms were evaluated. The influence of OXT on the levels of BDNF in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum and hippocampus was also measured. Our results confirm that raising the levels of OXT during social defeat stress can block the long-lasting effects of this type of stress. OXT counteracts the anxiety induced by social defeat and modifies BDNF levels in all the structures we have studied. Moreover, OXT prevents RSD-induced increases in the motivational effects of cocaine. Administration of OXT before each social defeat blocked the social defeat-induced increment in the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine in the CPP, favored the extinction of cocaine-associated memories in both the CPP and SA, and decreased reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in the SA. In conclusion, the long-lasting effects of RSD are counteracted by administering OXT prior to stress, and changes in BDNF expression may underlie these protective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ferrer-Pérez
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adriana Castro-Zavala
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Luján
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joanna Filarowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Raúl Ballestín
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang BK, Qin J, Nie Y, Chen JC. Sustained antidepressant action of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5376-5383. [PMID: 30542498 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(5S,10R)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(A,D)cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) is an N-methyl-D-aspartate non-competitive antagonist that possesses useful biological properties, including anticonvulsant and anesthetic activities. Studies have indicated the rapid antidepressant effects of MK-801 in animal models. However, there are no reports concerning a sustained antidepressant effect in the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model. Furthermore, the antidepressant mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) and rapastinel (10 mg/kg) on depression-like behavior in CUMS mice and measure the protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (GluA1) and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR). In the tail suspension and forced swim tests, MK-801 significantly attenuated the increased immobility time in CUMS mice compared with the vehicle group. In the sucrose preference test, a single-dose injection of MK-801 significantly ameliorated the decreased sucrose preference in CUMS mice compared with the vehicle group. Western blot analyses indicated that MK-801 significantly attenuated the decreased BDNF, GluA1 and p-mTOR protein levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 of the hippocampi of CUMS mice. Conversely, this compound had no effect on increased BDNF, GluA1 and p-mTOR protein levels in the nucleus accumbens of CUMS mice. Therefore, the present study revealed the sustained antidepressant effects of MK-801 in the CUMS model. Furthermore, synaptogenesis and neuronal regeneration in the prelimbic regions of mPFC, DG and CA3 of the hippocampus may be implicated as mechanisms that promote a sustained antidepressant response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442600, P.R. China
| | - Ying Nie
- Department of Children's Medical Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442600, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Cao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang C, Kobayashi S, Nakao K, Dong C, Han M, Qu Y, Ren Q, Zhang JC, Ma M, Toki H, Yamaguchi JI, Chaki S, Shirayama Y, Nakazawa K, Manabe T, Hashimoto K. AMPA Receptor Activation-Independent Antidepressant Actions of Ketamine Metabolite (S)-Norketamine. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:591-600. [PMID: 29945718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, exerts robust antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. The precise mechanisms underlying ketamine's antidepressant actions remain unclear, although previous research suggests that alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) activation plays a role. We investigated whether (S)-norketamine and (R)-norketamine, the two main metabolites of (R,S)-ketamine, also play a significant role in ketamine's antidepressant effects and whether the effects are mediated by AMPAR. METHODS Cellular mechanisms of antidepressant action of norketamine enantiomers were examined in mice. RESULTS (S)-Norketamine had more potent antidepressant effects than (R)-norketamine in inflammation and chronic social defeat stress models. Furthermore, (S)-norketamine induced more beneficial effects on decreased dendritic spine density and synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus compared with (R)-norketamine. Unexpectedly, AMPAR antagonists did not block the antidepressant effects of (S)-norketamine. The electrophysiological data showed that, although (S)-norketamine inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic currents, (S)-norketamine did not enhance AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, (S)-norketamine improved reductions in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling in the prefrontal cortex of mice susceptible to chronic social defeat stress, whereas the tropomyosin receptor kinase B antagonist and a mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitor blocked the antidepressant effects of (S)-norketamine. In contrast to (S)-ketamine, (S)-norketamine did not cause behavioral abnormalities, such as prepulse inhibition deficits, reward effects, loss of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex, or baseline gamma-band oscillation increase. CONCLUSIONS Our data identified a novel AMPAR activation-independent mechanism underlying the antidepressant effects of (S)-norketamine. (S)-Norketamine and its prodrugs could be novel antidepressants without the detrimental side effects of (S)-ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba
| | - Shizuka Kobayashi
- Division of Neuronal Network, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Kazuhito Nakao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chao Dong
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba
| | - Mei Han
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba
| | - Qian Ren
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba
| | - Ji-Chun Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba
| | - Min Ma
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba
| | - Hidetoh Toki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba; Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba
| | - Kazu Nakazawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Toshiya Manabe
- Division of Neuronal Network, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chaki S. Beyond Ketamine: New Approaches to the Development of Safer Antidepressants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:963-976. [PMID: 28228087 PMCID: PMC5652016 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170221101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ketamine has been reported to exert rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients with depression, including patients with treatment-resistant depression. However, ketamine has several drawbacks such as psychotomimetic/dissociative symptoms, abuse potential and neurotoxicity, all of which prevent its routine use in daily clinical practice. Methods: Therefore, development of novel agents with fewer safety and usage concerns for the treatment of depression has been actively investigated. From this standpoint, searching for active substances (stereoisomers and metabolites) and agents acting on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor have recently gained much attention. Results: The first approach includes stereoisomers of ketamine, (R)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine. Although (S)-ketamine has been considered as the active stereoisomer of racemic ketamine, recently, (R)-ketamine has been demonstrated to exert even more prolonged antidepressant effects in animal models than (S)-ketamine. Moreover, ketamine is rapidly metabolized into several metabolites, and some metabolites are speculated as being active substances exerting antidepressant effects. Of such metabolites, one in particular, namely, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, has been reported to be responsible for the antidepressant effects of ketamine. The second approach includes agents acting on the NMDA receptor, such as glycine site modulators and GluN2B subunit-selective antagonists. These agents have been tested in patients with treatment-resistant depression, and have been found to exhibit rapid antidepressant effects like ketamine. Conclusion: The above approaches may be useful to overcome the drawbacks of ketamine. Elucidation of the mechanisms of action of ketamine may pave the way for the development of antidepressant that are safer, but as potent and rapidly acting as ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530. Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Clinical studies have demonstrated that a single sub-anesthetic dose of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine induces rapid and sustained antidepressant actions. Although this finding has been met with enthusiasm, ketamine's widespread use is limited by its abuse potential and dissociative properties. Recent preclinical research has focused on unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of ketamine in an effort to develop novel pharmacotherapies, which will mimic ketamine's antidepressant actions but lack its undesirable effects. Here we review hypotheses for the mechanism of action of ketamine as an antidepressant, including synaptic or GluN2B-selective extra-synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) inhibition, inhibition of NMDARs localized on GABAergic interneurons, inhibition of NMDAR-dependent burst firing of lateral habenula neurons, and the role of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor activation. We also discuss links between ketamine's antidepressant actions and downstream mechanisms regulating synaptic plasticity, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Mechanisms that do not involve direct inhibition of the NMDAR, including a role for ketamine's (R)-ketamine enantiomer and hydroxynorketamine (HNK) metabolites, specifically (2R,6R)-HNK, are also discussed. Proposed mechanisms of ketamine's action are not mutually exclusive and may act in a complementary manner to exert acute changes in synaptic plasticity, leading to sustained strengthening of excitatory synapses, which are necessary for antidepressant behavioral actions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning ketamine's antidepressant actions will be invaluable for the identification of targets, which will drive the development of novel, effective, next-generation pharmacotherapies for the treatment of depression.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lack of metabolism in (R)-ketamine's antidepressant actions in a chronic social defeat stress model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4007. [PMID: 29507385 PMCID: PMC5838158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the metabolism of (R,S)-ketamine to (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is reported to be essential for ketamine's antidepressant effects, there is an increasing debate about antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK. Using pharmacokinetic and behavioral techniques, we investigated whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of (R)-ketamine or (2R,6R)-HNK show antidepressant effects in a chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression. Low levels of (2R,6R)-HNK in the brain after i.c.v. infusion of (R)-ketamine were detected, although brain levels of (2R,6R)-HNK were markedly lower than those after i.c.v. infusion of (2R,6R)-HNK. Furthermore, high levels of (2R,6R)-HNK in the blood and liver after i.c.v. infusion of (R)-ketamine or (2R,6R)-HNK were detected. A single i.c.v. infusion of (R)-ketamine showed rapid and long-lasting (7 days) antidepressant effects in a CSDS model. In contrast, i.c.v. infusion of (2R,6R)-HNK did not show any antidepressant effect in the same model, although brain concentration of (2R,6R)-HNK was higher than after i.c.v. infusion of (R)-ketamine. This study suggest that (R)-ketamine in the periphery after washout from the brain is metabolized to (2R,6R)-HNK in the liver, and subsequently, (2R,6R)-HNK enters into brain tissues. Furthermore, it is unlikely that (2R,6R)-HNK is essential for the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in a CSDS model.
Collapse
|
38
|
The role of glutamatergic modulation in the mechanism of action of ketamine, a prototype rapid-acting antidepressant drug. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:837-846. [PMID: 32002973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, ketamine has been one of the most commonly studied potential antidepressants. This is because it produces a spectacularly rapid and persistent therapeutic effect in people suffering from severe treatment-resistant depression (TRD), for which classical drugs are ineffective. Similar efficacy was demonstrated for scopolamine, a drug belonging to a completely different pharmacological group. This interesting coincidence piqued the interest of psychopharmacologists and prompted them to search for a possible common mechanism of these rapid acting antidepressant drugs (RAADs). A thorough explanation of this mechanism is also important because each of these substances induces serious side effects. Knowing the mechanism responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of RAADs could lead to minimizing, or even avoiding certain undesirable effects. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of action of a prototype RAAD, ketamine, in animal models, with a particular focus on the roles of NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, synaptogenesis, and modulation of glutamate transmission by other modulators of this system, such as mGlu receptor ligands. Recently studied roles for ketamine enantiomers and metabolites in its rapid antidepressant effect are also considered. Finally, the results of multiple clinical trials are reported and discussed in relation to basic research. This review concludes that success in introducing novel therapeutic RAADs will depend on better cooperation and integration of neuroscience research and clinical practice.
Collapse
|
39
|
(R)-Ketamine Shows Greater Potency and Longer Lasting Antidepressant Effects Than Its Metabolite (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:e43-e44. [PMID: 28104224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
40
|
|