1
|
Kulkarni S, Endsley JJ, Lai Z, Bradley T, Sharan R. Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Mtb/HIV Co-Infection. Cells 2023; 12:2295. [PMID: 37759517 PMCID: PMC10529032 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection continues to pose a significant healthcare burden. HIV co-infection during TB predisposes the host to the reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI), worsening disease conditions and mortality. There is a lack of biomarkers of LTBI reactivation and/or immune-related transcriptional signatures to distinguish active TB from LTBI and predict TB reactivation upon HIV co-infection. Characterizing individual cells using next-generation sequencing-based technologies has facilitated novel biological discoveries about infectious diseases, including TB and HIV pathogenesis. Compared to the more conventional sequencing techniques that provide a bulk assessment, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can reveal complex and new cell types and identify more high-resolution cellular heterogeneity. This review will summarize the progress made in defining the immune atlas of TB and HIV infections using scRNA-seq, including host-pathogen interactions, heterogeneity in HIV pathogenesis, and the animal models employed to model disease. This review will also address the tools needed to bridge the gap between disease outcomes in single infection vs. co-infection. Finally, it will elaborate on the translational benefits of single-cell sequencing in TB/HIV diagnosis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kulkarni
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Janice J. Endsley
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Todd Bradley
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Riti Sharan
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Corleis B, Bastian M, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Dorhoi A. Animal models for COVID-19 and tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223260. [PMID: 37638020 PMCID: PMC10451089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections cause tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide. Amongst these diseases, tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which often affects the lung, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), stand out as major drivers of epidemics of global concern. Despite their unrelated etiology and distinct pathology, these infections affect the same vital organ and share immunopathogenesis traits and an imperative demand to model the diseases at their various progression stages and localizations. Due to the clinical spectrum and heterogeneity of both diseases experimental infections were pursued in a variety of animal models. We summarize mammalian models employed in TB and COVID-19 experimental investigations, highlighting the diversity of rodent models and species peculiarities for each infection. We discuss the utility of non-human primates for translational research and emphasize on the benefits of non-conventional experimental models such as livestock. We epitomize advances facilitated by animal models with regard to understanding disease pathophysiology and immune responses. Finally, we highlight research areas necessitating optimized models and advocate that research of pulmonary infectious diseases could benefit from cross-fertilization between studies of apparently unrelated diseases, such as TB and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corleis
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meesawat S, Warit S, Hamada Y, Malaivijitnond S. Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex among Wild Rhesus Macaques and 2 Subspecies of Long-Tailed Macaques, Thailand, 2018-2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:551-560. [PMID: 36823033 PMCID: PMC9973699 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.221486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified tuberculosis in 1,836 macaques from 6 wild rhesus (Macaca mulatta), 23 common long-tailed (M. fascicularis fascicularis), and 6 Burmese long-tailed (M. fascicularis aurea) macaque populations in Thailand. We captured, anesthetized, and collected throat, buccal, and rectal swab specimens from the macaques. We screened swabs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) using insertion sequence 6110-specific nested PCR. We found higher MTBC prevalence at both population and individual levels among M. mulatta than M. fascicularis fascicularis macaques; all 3 M. fascicularis aurea macaque populations were positive for tuberculosis. We found that throat swab specimens provided the best sample medium for detecting MTBC. Our results showed no difference in MTBC prevalence between male and female animals, but a higher percentage of adults were infected than subadults and juveniles. Although we detected no association between frequency of human-macaque interaction and MTBC prevalence, bidirectional zoonotic transmission should be considered a possible public health concern.
Collapse
|
4
|
Surveillance of Daughter Micronodule Formation Is a Key Factor for Vaccine Evaluation Using Experimental Infection Models of Tuberculosis in Macaques. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020236. [PMID: 36839508 PMCID: PMC9961649 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major worldwide health problem and models using non-human primates (NHP) provide the most relevant approach for vaccine testing. In this study, we analysed CT images collected from cynomolgus and rhesus macaques following exposure to ultra-low dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aerosols, and monitored them for 16 weeks to evaluate the impact of prior intradermal or inhaled BCG vaccination on the progression of lung disease. All lesions found (2553) were classified according to their size and we subclassified small micronodules (<4.4 mm) as 'isolated', or as 'daughter', when they were in contact with consolidation (described as lesions ≥ 4.5 mm). Our data link the higher capacity to contain Mtb infection in cynomolgus with the reduced incidence of daughter micronodules, thus avoiding the development of consolidated lesions and their consequent enlargement and evolution to cavitation. In the case of rhesus, intradermal vaccination has a higher capacity to reduce the formation of daughter micronodules. This study supports the 'Bubble Model' defined with the C3HBe/FeJ mice and proposes a new method to evaluate outcomes in experimental models of TB in NHP based on CT images, which would fit a future machine learning approach to evaluate new vaccines.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pulmonary Granuloma Is Not Always the Tuberculosis Hallmark: Pathology of Tuberculosis Stages in New World and Old World Monkeys Naturally Infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. J Comp Pathol 2022; 199:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Foreman TW, Nelson CE, Kauffman KD, Lora NE, Vinhaes CL, Dorosky DE, Sakai S, Gomez F, Fleegle JD, Parham M, Perera SR, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Brenchley JM, Queiroz ATL, Andrade BB, Kabat J, Via LE, Barber DL. CD4 T cells are rapidly depleted from tuberculosis granulomas following acute SIV co-infection. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110896. [PMID: 35649361 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) co-infected individuals have an increased risk of tuberculosis prior to loss of peripheral CD4 T cells, raising the possibility that HIV co-infection leads to CD4 T cell depletion in lung tissue before it is evident in blood. Here, we use rhesus macaques to study the early effects of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) co-infection on pulmonary granulomas. Two weeks after SIV inoculation of Mtb-infected macaques, Mtb-specific CD4 T cells are dramatically depleted from granulomas, before CD4 T cell loss in blood, airways, and lymph nodes, or increases in bacterial loads or radiographic evidence of disease. Spatially, CD4 T cells are preferentially depleted from the granuloma core and cuff relative to B cell-rich regions. Moreover, live imaging of granuloma explants show that intralesional CD4 T cell motility is reduced after SIV co-infection. Thus, granuloma CD4 T cells may be decimated before many co-infected individuals experience the first symptoms of acute HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Foreman
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christine E Nelson
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keith D Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nickiana E Lora
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caian L Vinhaes
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA 41810-710, Brazil; Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP), Salvador, BA 40296, Brazil
| | - Danielle E Dorosky
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felipe Gomez
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel D Fleegle
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melanie Parham
- Axle Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shehan R Perera
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | -
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Artur T L Queiroz
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA 41810-710, Brazil; Data and Knowledge Integration Center for Health (CIDACS), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA 40296, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA 41810-710, Brazil; Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP), Salvador, BA 40296, Brazil
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bolon B, Everitt JI. Selected Resources for Pathology Evaluation of Nonhuman Primates in Nonclinical Safety Assessment. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:725-732. [PMID: 35481786 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221091763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) share numerous anatomical and physiological characteristics, thereby explaining the importance of NHPs as essential animal models for translational medicine and nonclinical toxicity testing. Researchers, toxicologic pathologists, toxicologists, and regulatory reviewers must be familiar with normal and abnormal NHP biological traits when designing, performing, and interpreting data sets from NHP studies. The current compilation presents a list of essential books, journal articles, and websites that provide context to safety assessment and research scientists working with NHP models. The resources used most frequently by the authors have been briefly annotated to permit readers to rapidly ascertain their applicability to particular research endeavors. The references are aimed primarily for toxicologic pathologists working with cynomolgus and rhesus macaques and common marmosets in efficacy and safety assessment studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Duke University, Department of Pathology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent an innate immune cell population comprised of immature myeloid cells and myeloid progenitors with very potent immunosuppressive potential. MDSCs are reported to be abundant in the lungs of active tuberculosis (TB) patients. We sought to perform an in-depth study of MDSCs during latent TB infection (LTBI) and active TB (ATB) using the nonhuman primate (NHP) model of pulmonary TB. We found a higher proportion of granulocytic, polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) in the lungs of ATB animals compared to those with LTBI or naive control animals. Active disease in the lung, but not LTBI, was furthermore associated with higher proliferation, expansion, and immunosuppressive capabilities of PMN-MDSCs, as shown by enhanced expression of Ki67, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). These immunosuppressive PMN-MDSCs specifically localized to the lymphocytic cuff at the periphery of the granulomas in animals with ATB. Conversely, these cells were scarcely distributed in interstitial lung tissue and the inner core of granulomas. This spatial regulation suggests an important immunomodulatory role of PMN-MDSCs by restricting T cell access to the TB granuloma core and can potentially explain dysfunctional anti-TB responses in active granuloma. Our results raise the possibility that the presence of MDSCs can serve as a biomarker for ATB, while their disappearance can indicate successful therapy. Furthermore, MDSCs may serve as a potential target cell for adjunctive TB therapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Enriquez AB, Izzo A, Miller SM, Stewart EL, Mahon RN, Frank DJ, Evans JT, Rengarajan J, Triccas JA. Advancing Adjuvants for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740117. [PMID: 34759923 PMCID: PMC8572789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to a single infectious disease agent. BCG, the only licensed vaccine against TB, offers limited protection against pulmonary disease in children and adults. TB vaccine research has recently been reinvigorated by new data suggesting alternative administration of BCG induces protection and a subunit/adjuvant vaccine that provides close to 50% protection. These results demonstrate the need for generating adjuvants in order to develop the next generation of TB vaccines. However, development of TB-targeted adjuvants is lacking. To help meet this need, NIAID convened a workshop in 2020 titled “Advancing Vaccine Adjuvants for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Therapeutics”. In this review, we present the four areas identified in the workshop as necessary for advancing TB adjuvants: 1) correlates of protective immunity, 2) targeting specific immune cells, 3) immune evasion mechanisms, and 4) animal models. We will discuss each of these four areas in detail and summarize what is known and what we can advance on in order to help develop more efficacious TB vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Enriquez
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angelo Izzo
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Erica L Stewart
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert N Mahon
- Division of AIDS, Columbus Technologies & Services Inc., Contractor to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel J Frank
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James A Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moriarty RV, Ellis AL, O’Connor SL. Monkeying around with MAIT Cells: Studying the Role of MAIT Cells in SIV and Mtb Co-Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:863. [PMID: 34066765 PMCID: PMC8151491 DOI: 10.3390/v13050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There were an estimated 10 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) disease in 2019. While over 90% of individuals successfully control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which causes TB disease, HIV co-infection often leads to active TB disease. Despite the co-endemic nature of HIV and TB, knowledge of the immune mechanisms contributing to the loss of control of Mtb replication during HIV infection is lacking. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that target and destroy bacterially-infected cells and may contribute to the control of Mtb infection. Studies examining MAIT cells in human Mtb infection are commonly performed using peripheral blood samples. However, because Mtb infection occurs primarily in lung tissue and lung-associated lymph nodes, these studies may not be fully translatable to the tissues. Additionally, studies longitudinally examining MAIT cell dynamics during HIV/Mtb co-infection are rare, and lung and lymph node tissue samples from HIV+ patients are typically unavailable. Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide a model system to characterize MAIT cell activity during Mtb infection, both in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected and SIV-naïve animals. Using NHPs allows for a more comprehensive understanding of tissue-based MAIT cell dynamics during infection with both pathogens. NHP SIV and Mtb infection is similar to human HIV and Mtb infection, and MAIT cells are phenotypically similar in humans and NHPs. Here, we discuss current knowledge surrounding MAIT cells in SIV and Mtb infection, how SIV infection impairs MAIT cell function during Mtb co-infection, and knowledge gaps to address.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (R.V.M.); (A.L.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Perumal P, Abdullatif MB, Garlant HN, Honeyborne I, Lipman M, McHugh TD, Southern J, Breen R, Santis G, Ellappan K, Kumar SV, Belgode H, Abubakar I, Sinha S, Vasan SS, Joseph N, Kempsell KE. Validation of Differentially Expressed Immune Biomarkers in Latent and Active Tuberculosis by Real-Time PCR. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612564. [PMID: 33841389 PMCID: PMC8029985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global threat and diagnosis of active TB ((ATB) both extra-pulmonary (EPTB), pulmonary (PTB)) and latent TB (LTBI) infection remains challenging, particularly in high-burden countries which still rely heavily on conventional methods. Although molecular diagnostic methods are available, e.g., Cepheid GeneXpert, they are not universally available in all high TB burden countries. There is intense focus on immune biomarkers for use in TB diagnosis, which could provide alternative low-cost, rapid diagnostic solutions. In our previous gene expression studies, we identified peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) mRNA biomarkers in a non-human primate TB aerosol-challenge model. Here, we describe a study to further validate select mRNA biomarkers from this prior study in new cohorts of patients and controls, as a prerequisite for further development. Whole blood mRNA was purified from ATB patients recruited in the UK and India, LTBI and two groups of controls from the UK (i) a low TB incidence region (CNTRLA) and (ii) individuals variably-domiciled in the UK and Asia ((CNTRLB), the latter TB high incidence regions). Seventy-two mRNA biomarker gene targets were analyzed by qPCR using the Roche Lightcycler 480 qPCR platform and data analyzed using GeneSpring™ 14.9 bioinformatics software. Differential expression of fifty-three biomarkers was confirmed between MTB infected, LTBI groups and controls, seventeen of which were significant using analysis of variance (ANOVA): CALCOCO2, CD52, GBP1, GBP2, GBP5, HLA-B, IFIT3, IFITM3, IRF1, LOC400759 (GBP1P1), NCF1C, PF4V1, SAMD9L, S100A11, TAF10, TAPBP, and TRIM25. These were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Single biomarkers and biomarker combinations were further assessed using simple arithmetic algorithms. Minimal combination biomarker panels were delineated for primary diagnosis of ATB (both PTB and EPTB), LTBI and identifying LTBI individuals at high risk of progression which showed good performance characteristics. These were assessed for suitability for progression against the standards for new TB diagnostic tests delineated in the published World Health Organization (WHO) technology product profiles (TPPs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem Perumal
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harriet N. Garlant
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Isobella Honeyborne
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Lipman
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Southern
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan Breen
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Santis
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kalaiarasan Ellappan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry, India
| | - Saka Vinod Kumar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry, India
| | - Harish Belgode
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry, India
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjeev Sinha
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Seshadri S. Vasan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Noyal Joseph
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry, India
| | - Karen E. Kempsell
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
COVID-19 transmits by droplets generated from surfaces of airway mucus during processes of respiration within hosts infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. We studied respiratory droplet generation and exhalation in human and nonhuman primate subjects with and without COVID-19 infection to explore whether SARS-CoV-2 infection, and other changes in physiological state, translate into observable evolution of numbers and sizes of exhaled respiratory droplets in healthy and diseased subjects. In our observational cohort study of the exhaled breath particles of 194 healthy human subjects, and in our experimental infection study of eight nonhuman primates infected, by aerosol, with SARS-CoV-2, we found that exhaled aerosol particles vary between subjects by three orders of magnitude, with exhaled respiratory droplet number increasing with degree of COVID-19 infection and elevated BMI-years. We observed that 18% of human subjects (35) accounted for 80% of the exhaled bioaerosol of the group (194), reflecting a superspreader distribution of bioaerosol analogous to a classical 20:80 superspreader of infection distribution. These findings suggest that quantitative assessment and control of exhaled aerosol may be critical to slowing the airborne spread of COVID-19 in the absence of an effective and widely disseminated vaccine.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharan R, Kaushal D. Vaccine strategies for the Mtb/HIV copandemic. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:95. [PMID: 33083030 PMCID: PMC7555484 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One-third of world’s population is predicted to be infected with tuberculosis (TB). The resurgence of this deadly disease has been inflamed by comorbidity with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The risk of TB in people living with HIV (PLWH) is 15–22 times higher than people without HIV. Development of a single vaccine to combat both diseases is an ardent but tenable ambition. Studies have focused on the induction of specific humoral and cellular immune responses against HIV-1 following recombinant BCG (rBCG) expressing HIV-1 antigens. Recent advances in the TB vaccines led to the development of promising candidates such as MTBVAC, the BCG revaccination approach, H4:IC31, H56:IC31, M72/AS01 and more recently, intravenous (IV) BCG. Modification of these vaccine candidates against TB/HIV coinfection could reveal key correlates of protection in a representative animal model. This review discusses the (i) potential TB vaccine candidates that can be exploited for use as a dual vaccine against TB/HIV copandemic (ii) progress made in the realm of TB/HIV dual vaccine candidates in small animal model, NHP model, and human clinical trials (iii) the failures and promising targets for a successful vaccine strategy while delineating the correlates of vaccine-induced protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Detection of tuberculosis in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) using a supplementary Monkey Interferon Gamma Releasing Assay (mIGRA). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16759. [PMID: 33028865 PMCID: PMC7541520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis; MF) are commonly used as nonhuman primate models for pharmaceutical product testing. In their habitat range, monkeys have close contact with humans, allowing the possibility of bidirectional transmission of tuberculosis (TB) between the two species. Although the intradermal tuberculin skin test (TST) is used for TB detection in MF, it has limitations. Herein, we established the mIGRA, combining human QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus and monkey IFN-γ ELISApro systems, and used it to investigate 39 captive MF who were cage-mates or lived in cages located near a monkey who died from the naturally TB infection. During a 12-month period of study, 14 (36%), 10 (26%), and 8 (21%) monkeys showed TB-positive results using the mIGRA, the TST, and TB culture, respectively. Among the 14 mIGRA-positive monkeys, 8 (57.1%) were TST-positive and 7 (50%) were culture-positive, indicating early TB detection in the latent and active TB stages with the mIGRA. Interestingly, 3 (37.5%) of the TST-negative monkeys were culture-positive. Our study showed that the mIGRA offers many advantages, including high sensitivity and high throughput, and it requires only one on-site visit to the animals. The assay may be used as a supplementary tool for TB screening in MF.
Collapse
|
15
|
Berry SB, Haack AJ, Theberge AB, Brighenti S, Svensson M. Host and Pathogen Communication in the Respiratory Tract: Mechanisms and Models of a Complex Signaling Microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:537. [PMID: 33015094 PMCID: PMC7511576 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe, encompassing a diverse range of conditions from infections with pathogenic microorganisms to underlying genetic disorders. The respiratory tract represents an active interface with the external environment having the primary immune function of resisting pathogen intrusion and maintaining homeostasis in response to the myriad of stimuli encountered within its microenvironment. To perform these vital functions and prevent lung disorders, a chemical and biological cross-talk occurs in the complex milieu of the lung that mediates and regulates the numerous cellular processes contributing to lung health. In this review, we will focus on the role of cross-talk in chronic lung infections, and discuss how different cell types and signaling pathways contribute to the chronicity of infection(s) and prevent effective immune clearance of pathogens. In the lung microenvironment, pathogens have developed the capacity to evade mucosal immunity using different mechanisms or virulence factors, leading to colonization and infection of the host; such mechanisms include the release of soluble and volatile factors, as well as contact dependent (juxtracrine) interactions. We explore the diverse modes of communication between the host and pathogen in the lung tissue milieu in the context of chronic lung infections. Lastly, we review current methods and approaches used to model and study these host-pathogen interactions in vitro, and the role of these technological platforms in advancing our knowledge about chronic lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Berry
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amanda J. Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Susanna Brighenti
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ram DR, Arias CF, Kroll K, Hueber B, Manickam C, Jones RA, Smith ST, Shah SV, Varner VH, Reeves RK. Characterization of Rhesus Macaque Liver-Resident CD49a + NK Cells During Retrovirus Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1676. [PMID: 32849583 PMCID: PMC7411078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD49a+ tissue resident NK cells have been implicated in memory-like NK cell responses, but while this population is well-characterized in mice and in humans, they are poorly described in non-human primates (NHP) which are particularly critical for modeling human viral infections. Others and we have shown that memory-like NK cells are enriched in the liver and because of the importance of NHP in modeling HIV infection, understanding the immunobiology of CD49a+ NK cells in SIV-infected rhesus macaques is critical to explore the role of this cell type in retroviral infections. In this study mononuclear cells isolated from livers, spleens, and peripheral whole blood were analyzed in acutely and chronically lentivirus-infected and experimentally-naïve Indian rhesus macaques (RM). NK cells were then identified as CD45+CD14−CD20−CD3−NKG2A/C+ cells and characterized using multiparametric flow-cytometry. Our data show that in RM, CD49a+ NK cells increase in the liver following retroviral infections [median = 5.2% (naïve) vs. median = 9.48% (SIV+) or median = 16.8% (SHIV+)]. In contrast, there is little change in CD49a+ NK frequencies in whole blood or spleens of matched animals. In agreement with human and murine data we also observed that CD49a+ NK cells were predominantly Eomeslow T-betlow, though these frequencies are elevated in infected animal cohorts. Functionally, our data suggests that infection alters TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD107a expression in stimulated CD49a+ NK cells. Specifically, our analyses found a decrease in CD49a+ CD107a+ TNFα+ IFNγ− NK cells, with a simultaneous increase in CD49a+ CD107a+ TNFα− IFNγ+ NK cells and the non-responsive CD49a+ CD107a− TNFα− IFNγ− NK cell population following infection, suggesting both pathogenic and inflammatory changes in the NK cell functional profile. Our data also identified significant global differences in polyfunctionality between CD49a+ NK cells in the naïve and chronic (SHIV+) cohorts. Our work provides the first characterization of CD49a+ NK cells in tissues from RM. The significant similarities between CD49a+ NK cells from RM and what is reported from human samples justifies the importance of studying CD49a+ NK cells in this species to support preclinical animal model research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brady Hueber
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rhianna A Jones
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott T Smith
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spandan V Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Valerie H Varner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saralahti AK, Uusi-Mäkelä MIE, Niskanen MT, Rämet M. Integrating fish models in tuberculosis vaccine development. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/8/dmm045716. [PMID: 32859577 PMCID: PMC7473647 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that results in over 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. Currently, there is only one vaccine against tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Despite widespread vaccination programmes, over 10 million new M. tuberculosis infections are diagnosed yearly, with almost half a million cases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Novel vaccination strategies concentrate mainly on replacing BCG or boosting its efficacy and depend on animal models that accurately recapitulate the human disease. However, efforts to produce new vaccines against an M. tuberculosis infection have encountered several challenges, including the complexity of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and limited knowledge of the protective immune responses. The preclinical evaluation of novel tuberculosis vaccine candidates is also hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model that could accurately predict the protective effect of vaccines in humans. Here, we review the role of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis and discuss how these models complement the more traditional mammalian models of tuberculosis. Summary: In this Review, we discuss how zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models can complement the more traditional mammalian models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anni K Saralahti
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Meri I E Uusi-Mäkelä
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mirja T Niskanen
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland .,Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90029, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Berry SB, Gower MS, Su X, Seshadri C, Theberge AB. A Modular Microscale Granuloma Model for Immune-Microenvironment Signaling Studies in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:931. [PMID: 32974300 PMCID: PMC7461927 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most potent infectious diseases in the world, causing more deaths than any other single infectious agent. TB infection is caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and subsequent phagocytosis and migration into the lung tissue by innate immune cells (e.g., alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), resulting in the formation of a fused mass of immune cells known as the granuloma. Considered the pathological hallmark of TB, the granuloma is a complex microenvironment that is crucial for pathogen containment as well as pathogen survival. Disruption of the delicate granuloma microenvironment via numerous stimuli, such as variations in cytokine secretions, nutrient availability, and the makeup of immune cell population, can lead to an active infection. Herein, we present a novel in vitro model to examine the soluble factor signaling between a mycobacterial infection and its surrounding environment. Adapting a newly developed suspended microfluidic platform, known as Stacks, we established a modular microscale infection model containing human immune cells and a model mycobacterial strain that can easily integrate with different microenvironmental cues through simple spatial and temporal "stacking" of each module of the platform. We validate the establishment of suspended microscale (4 μL) infection cultures that secrete increased levels of proinflammatory factors IL-6, VEGF, and TNFα upon infection and form 3D aggregates (granuloma model) encapsulating the mycobacteria. As a proof of concept to demonstrate the capability of our platform to examine soluble factor signaling, we cocultured an in vitro angiogenesis model with the granuloma model and quantified morphology changes in endothelial structures as a result of culture conditions (P < 0.05 when comparing infected vs. uninfected coculture systems). We envision our modular in vitro granuloma model can be further expanded and adapted for studies focusing on the complex interplay between granulomatous structures and their surrounding microenvironment, as well as a complementary tool to augment in vivo signaling and mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maia S. Gower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xiaojing Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shanmugasundaram U, Bucsan AN, Ganatra SR, Ibegbu C, Quezada M, Blair RV, Alvarez X, Velu V, Kaushal D, Rengarajan J. Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis control associates with CXCR3- and CCR6-expressing antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell recruitment. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137858. [PMID: 32554933 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific (M. tuberculosis-specific) T cell responses associated with immune control during asymptomatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remain poorly understood. Using a nonhuman primate aerosol model, we studied the kinetics, phenotypes, and functions of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells in peripheral and lung compartments of M. tuberculosis-infected asymptomatic rhesus macaques by longitudinally sampling blood and bronchoalveolar lavage, for up to 24 weeks postinfection. We found substantially higher frequencies of M. tuberculosis-specific effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ in the airways compared with peripheral blood, and these frequencies were maintained throughout the study period. Moreover, M. tuberculosis-specific IL-17+ and IL-17+IFN-γ+ double-positive T cells were present in the airways but were largely absent in the periphery, suggesting that balanced mucosal Th1/Th17 responses are associated with LTBI. The majority of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells that homed to the airways expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and coexpressed CCR6. Notably, CXCR3+CD4+ cells were found in granulomatous and nongranulomatous regions of the lung and inversely correlated with M. tuberculosis burden. Our findings provide insights into antigen-specific T cell responses associated with asymptomatic M. tuberculosis infection that are relevant for developing better strategies to control TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shashank R Ganatra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melanie Quezada
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Foreman TW, Bucşan AN, Mehra S, Peloquin C, Doyle LA, Russell-Lodrigue K, Gandhi NR, Altman J, Day CL, Ernst JD, Blumberg HM, Rengarajan J, Kaushal D. Isoniazid and Rifapentine Treatment Eradicates Persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Macaques. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:469-477. [PMID: 31647877 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0646oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: The authors have informed the Journal that they have become aware that some of the data in this article may be unreliable. Therefore, we have added this expression of concern while the situation is being reviewed. Rationale: Direct evidence for persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during asymptomatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in humans is currently lacking. Moreover, although a 12-week regimen of once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) is currently recommended by the CDC as treatment for LTBI, experimental evidence for 3HP-mediated clearance of persistent Mtb infection in human lungs has not been established.Objectives: Using a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of TB, we sought to assess 3HP treatment-mediated clearance of Mtb infection in latently infected macaques.Methods: Sixteen NHPs were infected via inhalation with ∼10 cfu of Mtb CDC1551, after which asymptomatic animals were either treated with 3HP or left untreated. Pharmacokinetics of the 3HP regimen were measured. Following treatment, animals were coinfected with simian immunodeficiency virus to assess reactivation of LTBI and development of active TB disease.Measurements and Main Results: Fourteen NHPs remained free of clinical signs or microbiological evidence of active TB following infection with Mtb and were subsequently either treated with 3HP (n = 7) or left untreated (n = 7). Untreated NHPs were asymptomatic for 7 months but harbored persistent Mtb infection, as shown by reactivation of latent infection following simian immunodeficiency virus coinfection. However, none of the treated animals developed TB reactivation disease, and they remained without clinical or microbiological evidence of persistent bacilli, suggesting treatment-mediated clearance of bacteria.Conclusions: Mtb can persist in asymptomatic macaques for at least 7 months. Furthermore, 3HP treatment effectively cleared bacteria and prevented reactivation of TB in latently infected macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Allison N Bucşan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Lara A Doyle
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - John Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Joel D Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Henry M Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Center, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Corleis B, Bucsan AN, Deruaz M, Vrbanac VD, Lisanti-Park AC, Gates SJ, Linder AH, Paer JM, Olson GS, Bowman BA, Schiff AE, Medoff BD, Tager AM, Luster AD, Khader SA, Kaushal D, Kwon DS. HIV-1 and SIV Infection Are Associated with Early Loss of Lung Interstitial CD4+ T Cells and Dissemination of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1409-1418.e5. [PMID: 30726727 PMCID: PMC6417097 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung interstitial CD4+ T cells are critical for protection against pulmonary infections, but the fate of this population during HIV-1 infection is not well described. We studied CD4+ T cells in the setting of HIV-1 infection in human lung tissue, humanized mice, and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) nonhuman primate co-infection model. Infection with a CCR5-tropic strain of HIV-1 or SIV results in severe and rapid loss of lung interstitial CD4+ T cells but not blood or lung alveolar CD4+ T cells. This is accompanied by high HIV-1 production in these cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, during early SIV infection, loss of lung interstitial CD4+ T cells is associated with increased dissemination of pulmonary Mtb infection. We show that lung interstitial CD4+ T cells serve as an efficient target for HIV-1 and SIV infection that leads to their early depletion and an increased risk of disseminated tuberculosis. Corleis et al. show that lung parenchymal CD4+ T cells are permissive to HIV-1-dependent cell death. CD4+ T cell loss is highly significant in the interstitium but not the alveolar space, and loss of interstitial CD4+ T cells is associated with extrapulmonary dissemination of M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Maud Deruaz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir D Vrbanac
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Antonella C Lisanti-Park
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha J Gates
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Linder
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Paer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory S Olson
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany A Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail E Schiff
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bucsan AN, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. The current state of animal models and genomic approaches towards identifying and validating molecular determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5543892. [PMID: 31381766 PMCID: PMC6687098 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are important in understanding both the pathogenesis of and immunity to tuberculosis (TB). Unfortunately, we are beginning to understand that no animal model perfectly recapitulates the human TB syndrome, which encompasses numerous different stages. Furthermore, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is a very heterogeneous event at both the levels of pathogenesis and immunity. This review seeks to establish the current understanding of TB pathogenesis and immunity, as validated in the animal models of TB in active use today. We especially focus on the use of modern genomic approaches in these models to determine the mechanism and the role of specific molecular pathways. Animal models have significantly enhanced our understanding of TB. Incorporation of contemporary technologies such as single cell transcriptomics, high-parameter flow cytometric immune profiling, proteomics, proteomic flow cytometry and immunocytometry into the animal models in use will further enhance our understanding of TB and facilitate the development of treatment and vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane Center for Tuberculosis Research, Covington, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane Center for Tuberculosis Research, Covington, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Elkington P, Lerm M, Kapoor N, Mahon R, Pienaar E, Huh D, Kaushal D, Schlesinger LS. In Vitro Granuloma Models of Tuberculosis: Potential and Challenges. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1858-1866. [PMID: 30929010 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research efforts, several fundamental disease processes for tuberculosis (TB) remain poorly understood. A central enigma is that host immunity is necessary to control disease yet promotes transmission by causing lung immunopathology. Our inability to distinguish these processes makes it challenging to design rational novel interventions. Elucidating basic immune mechanisms likely requires both in vivo and in vitro analyses, since Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly specialized human pathogen. The classic immune response is the TB granuloma organized in three dimensions within extracellular matrix. Several groups are developing cell culture granuloma models. In January 2018, NIAID convened a workshop, entitled "3-D Human in vitro TB Granuloma Model" to advance the field. Here, we summarize the arguments for developing advanced TB cell culture models and critically review those currently available. We discuss how integrating complementary approaches, specifically organoids and mathematical modeling, can maximize progress, and conclude by discussing future challenges and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Elkington
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Lerm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Nidhi Kapoor
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital-Adventist Health System, Orlando
| | - Robert Mahon
- Division of AIDS, Columbus Technologies and Services Inc., Contractor to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Persistent Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in the testes and within granulomas of non-human primates with latent tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008050. [PMID: 31557262 PMCID: PMC6782109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most medically important tick-borne viral disease of humans and tuberculosis is the leading cause of death worldwide by a bacterial pathogen. These two diseases overlap geographically, however, concurrent infection of CCHF virus (CCHFV) with mycobacterial infection has not been assessed nor has the ability of virus to persist and cause long-term sequela in a primate model. In this study, we compared the disease progression of two diverse strains of CCHFV in the recently described cynomolgus macaque model. All animals demonstrated signs of clinical illness, viremia, significant changes in clinical chemistry and hematology values, and serum cytokine profiles consistent with CCHF in humans. The European and Asian CCHFV strains caused very similar disease profiles in monkeys, which demonstrates that medical countermeasures can be evaluated in this animal model against multiple CCHFV strains. We identified evidence of CCHFV persistence in the testes of three male monkeys that survived infection. Furthermore, the histopathology unexpectedly revealed that six additional animals had evidence of a latent mycobacterial infection with granulomatous lesions. Interestingly, CCHFV persisted within the granulomas of two animals. This study is the first to demonstrate the persistence of CCHFV in the testes and within the granulomas of non-human primates with concurrent latent tuberculosis. Our results have important public health implications in overlapping endemic regions for these emerging pathogens. CCHF is an emerging tick-borne viral disease that is endemic across much of Africa and Asia, and parts of Europe where its range and exposure risk to human populations is expanding. Tuberculosis threatens millions of lives world-wide and is the leading cause of death due to a bacterial pathogen. Concurrent mycobacterial infection with other infectious diseases has been described, but not for CCHFV despite the geographic overlap of these two pathogens. During our study we unexpectedly determined that some of the animals had latent tuberculosis and that CCHFV can persist within the granulomas. Furthermore, our study provides the first direct evidence that CCHFV can replicate and persist in the male genital tract, which has important implications for human sexual transmission. The ability of viral RNA to persist in immune-privileged sites or fluids has been described with increasing frequency for other emerging infectious diseases and can cause a burden on public health. This provides the impetus to utilize the model described here to better understand the mechanisms of CCHFV persistence and its effect on the development of long-term sequelae.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To outline the need for a new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine; challenges for induction of vaccine-mediated protection in HIV-infected persons; and recent advances in clinical development. RECENT FINDINGS HIV has a detrimental effect on T-cell function, polarization and differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific T cells, Mtb antigen presentation by dendritic cells, and leads to B-cell and antibody-response deficiencies. Previous observations of protection against TB disease in HIV-infected persons by Mycobacterium obuense suggest that an effective vaccine against HIV-related TB is feasible. Studies of inactivated mycobacterial, viral-vectored and protein subunit vaccines reported lower immune responses in HIV-infected relative to HIV-uninfected individuals, which were only partially restored with antiretroviral therapy. Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) revaccination of HIV-uninfected adolescents recently showed moderate efficacy against sustained Mtb infection, but live mycobacterial vaccines have an unfavorable risk profile for HIV-infected persons. Ongoing trials of inactivated mycobacterial and protein-subunit vaccines in HIV-uninfected, Mtb-infected adults may be more relevant for protection of HIV-infected populations in TB endemic countries. SUMMARY New TB vaccine candidates have potential to protect against HIV-related TB, through vaccination prior to or after HIV acquisition, but this potential may only be realized after efficacy is demonstrated in HIV-uninfected populations, with or without Mtb infection.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bucsan AN, Rout N, Foreman TW, Khader SA, Rengarajan J, Kaushal D. Mucosal-activated invariant T cells do not exhibit significant lung recruitment and proliferation profiles in macaques in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S11-S18. [PMID: 31072689 PMCID: PMC7050191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TB is a catastrophic infectious disease, affecting roughly one third of the world's population. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize vitamin B metabolites produced by bacteria, possess effector memory phenotype, and express tissue-homing markers driving migration to sites of infection. Previous research in both Mtb and HIV infections has shown that MAIT cells are depleted in the human periphery, possibly migrating to the tissue sites of infection. We investigated this hypothesis using rhesus macaques (RMs) with active TB, latent TB (LTBI), and SIV-coinfection to explore the effects of different disease states on the MAIT cell populations in vivo. Early in infection, we observed that MAIT cells increased in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) of all infected RMs, irrespective of clinical outcome. However, the frequency of MAIT cells rapidly normalized such that they had returned to baseline levels prior to endpoint. Furthermore, following infection, the chemokines expressed on MAIT cells reflected a strong shift towards a Th1 phenotype from a shared Th1/Th17 phenotype. In conclusion, MAIT cells with enhanced Th1 functions migrating to the site of Mtb-infection. The anti-mycobacterial effector functions of MAIT cells, particularly during the early stages of Mtb infection, had been of interest in promoting protective long-term TB immunity. Our research shows, however, that they have relatively short-acting responses in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Namita Rout
- Tulane National Primate Research Centre, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Centre, Covington, LA, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
In vivo inhibition of tryptophan catabolism reorganizes the tuberculoma and augments immune-mediated control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E62-E71. [PMID: 29255022 PMCID: PMC5776797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711373114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to cause devastating levels of mortality due to tuberculosis (TB). The failure to control TB stems from an incomplete understanding of the highly specialized strategies that M. tuberculosis utilizes to modulate host immunity and thereby persist in host lungs. Here, we show that M. tuberculosis induced the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme involved in tryptophan catabolism, in macrophages and in the lungs of animals (mice and macaque) with active disease. In a macaque model of inhalation TB, suppression of IDO activity reduced bacterial burden, pathology, and clinical signs of TB disease, leading to increased host survival. This increased protection was accompanied by increased lung T cell proliferation, induction of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and correlates of bacterial killing, reduced checkpoint signaling, and the relocation of effector T cells to the center of the granulomata. The enhanced killing of M. tuberculosis in macrophages in vivo by CD4+ T cells was also replicated in vitro, in cocultures of macaque macrophages and CD4+ T cells. Collectively, these results suggest that there exists a potential for using IDO inhibition as an effective and clinically relevant host-directed therapy for TB.
Collapse
|
28
|
Harding JD. Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges. ILAR J 2017; 58:141-150. [PMID: 29253273 PMCID: PMC5886318 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are the closest animal models to humans regarding genetics, physiology and behavior. Therefore, NHPs are usually a critical component in translational research projects aimed at developing therapeutics, vaccines, devices or other interventions aimed at preventing, curing or ameliorating human disease. NHPs are often used in conjunction with other animal models, such as rodents, and results obtained using NHPs must often be used as the final criterion for establishing the potential efficacy of a pharmaceutical or vaccine before transition to human clinical trails. In some cases, NHPs may be the only relevant animal models for a particlular translational study. This issue of the ILAR journal brings together, in one place, articles that discuss the use of NHP models for studying human diseases that are highly prevalent and that cause extraordinary human suffering and financial and social burdens. Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. Proper husbandry of NHPs that reduces stress and maintains animal health is critical for the development of NHP models. This issue of the journal includes a review of procedures for environmental enrichment, which helps assure animal health and wellbeing. Taken together, these articles provide detailed reviews of the use of NHP models for translational investigations and discuss successes, limitations, challenges and opportunities associated with this research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Harding
- John D. Harding, PhD, recently retired after several years of service at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where he was program officer for grants funding the US National Primate Research Centers.
| |
Collapse
|