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Gerna G, Lilleri D, Fornara C, d'Angelo P, Baldanti F. Relationship of human cytomegalovirus-infected endothelial cells and circulating leukocytes in the pathogenesis of disseminated human cytomegalovirus infection: A narrative review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2496. [PMID: 38282408 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Among the leucocyte subpopulations circulating in peripheral blood of immune-compromised patients with disseminated Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, polymorphonuclear leuckocytes (PMNL) and M/M may carry infectious virus. While only in PMNL early HCMV replicative events do occur, monocytes are susceptible to complete virus replication when they enter human organs, where as macrophages become a site of active complete virus replication. In vivo leucocytes and endothelial cells interact continuously, as suggested by several in vitro experimental findings showing the bidirectional HCMV transmission from leucocytes to and from endothelial cells with the critical aid of adhesion molecules. Recently, the neutralising antibody response in sera from subjects with primary HCMV infection was reported to be much higher and earlier than in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF) cells when measured in endothelial cells and epithelial cells, where virus entry is mediated mostly by the pentamer complex gH/gL/pUL128/pUL130/pUL131, whereas it was much lower and delayed when determined in HELF, where virus entry is mediated mostly by the trimer complex gH/gL/gO. Thus, these results suggested that products of UL128L were the molecules primary responsible for the differential neutralising antibody response. This conclusion was confirmed by a series of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed to the components of pUL128L. Very recently, based on two sets of experiments including inhibition and immunoblotting assays, the pentamer complex/trimer complex ratio has been finally identified as the main factor of the neutralising antibody response. This ratio may change with the virus suspension producer and target cell system as well as number of cell culture passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gerna
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fornara
- Laboratory Medicine Service, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Piera d'Angelo
- Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Dotiwala F, Upadhyay AK. Next Generation Mucosal Vaccine Strategy for Respiratory Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1585. [PMID: 37896988 PMCID: PMC10611113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic vaccination, which protects against the development of systemic symptoms. The field of mucosal vaccination has seen fewer technological advances compared to nucleic acid and subunit vaccine advances for injectable vaccine platforms. The advent of the next-generation adenoviral vectors has given a boost to mucosal vaccine research. Basic research into the mechanisms regulating innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and the discovery of effective and safe mucosal vaccine adjuvants will continue to improve mucosal vaccine design. The results from clinical trials of inhaled COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate their ability to induce the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and the production of secreted IgA and IgG antibodies locally, unlike intramuscular vaccinations. However, these mucosal vaccines induce systemic immune responses at par with systemic vaccinations. This review summarizes the function of the respiratory mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and the advantages that the adenoviral vectors provide as inhaled vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farokh Dotiwala
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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Valencia SM, Rochat E, Harnois MJ, Dennis M, Webster HS, Hora B, Kumar A, Wang HYS, Li L, Freed D, Zhang N, An Z, Wang D, Permar SR. Vaccination with a replication-defective cytomegalovirus vaccine elicits a glycoprotein B-specific monoclonal antibody repertoire distinct from natural infection. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:154. [PMID: 37816743 PMCID: PMC10564777 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading infectious congenital infection globally and the most common viral infection in transplant recipients, therefore identifying a vaccine for HCMV is a top priority. Humoral immunity is a correlate of protection for HCMV infection. The most effective vaccine tested to date, which achieved 50% reduction in acquisition of HCMV, was comprised of the glycoprotein B protein given with an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant MF59. We characterize gB-specific monoclonal antibodies isolated from individuals vaccinated with a disabled infectious single cycle (DISC) CMV vaccine, V160, and compare these to the gB-specific monoclonal antibody repertoire isolated from naturally-infected individuals. We find that vaccination with V160 resulted in gB-specific antibodies that bound homogenously to gB expressed on the surface of a cell in contrast to antibodies isolated from natural infection which variably bound to cell-associated gB. Vaccination resulted in a similar breadth of gB-specific antibodies, with binding profile to gB genotypes 1-5 comparable to that of natural infection. Few gB-specific neutralizing antibodies were isolated from V160 vaccinees and fewer antibodies had identifiable gB antigenic domain specificity compared to that of naturally-infected individuals. We also show that glycosylation of gB residue N73 may shield binding of gB-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Valencia
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Eric Rochat
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Melissa J Harnois
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maria Dennis
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Helen S Webster
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Sherry Wang
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Nigro G, Muselli M. Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Review and Case Series of Valaciclovir versus Hyperimmune Globulin Therapy. Viruses 2023; 15:1376. [PMID: 37376675 PMCID: PMC10302477 DOI: 10.3390/v15061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infections in developed countries because is capable of infecting the fetus after both primary and recurrent maternal infection, and because the virus may be spread for years through infected children. Moreover, CMV is the most serious congenital infection associated with severe neurological and sensorineural sequelae, which can occur at birth or develop later on. Hygienic measures can prevent CMV transmission, which mainly involve contact with children under 3 years of age and attending a nursery or daycare. In animal and human pregnancies, many observational and controlled studies have shown that CMV-specific hyperimmune globulin (HIG) is safe and can significantly decrease maternal-fetal transmission of CMV infection and, mostly, the occurrence of CMV disease. Recently, valaciclovir at the dosage of 8 g/day was also reported to be capable of decreasing the rates of congenital infection and disease. However, comparing the results of our two recent case series, the infants born to women treated with HIG showed significantly lower rates of CMV DNA positivity in urine (9.7% vs. 75.0%; p < 0.0001) and abnormalities after follow-up (0.0% vs. 41.7%; p < 0.0001). The implementation of CMV screening would enable primary prevention via hygiene counseling, improve the understanding and awareness of congenital CMV infection, and increase the knowledge of the potential efficacy of preventive or therapeutic HIG or antiviral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nigro
- Non-Profit Association Mother-Infant Cytomegalovirus Infection (AMICI), 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Muselli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
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Yee JL, Strelow LI, White JA, Rosenthal AN, Barry PA. Horizontal transmission of endemic viruses among rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Implications for human cytomegalovirus vaccine/challenge design. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:53-63. [PMID: 36151734 PMCID: PMC9825633 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhesus macaques are natural hosts to multiple viruses including rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), and Simian Foamy Virus (SFV). While viral infections are ubiquitous, viral transmissions to uninfected animals are incompletely defined. Management procedures of macaque colonies include cohorts that are Specific Pathogen Free (SPF). Greater understanding of viral transmission would augment SPF protocols. Moreover, vaccine/challenge studies of human viruses would be enhanced by leveraging transmission of macaque viruses to recapitulate expected challenges of human vaccine trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study characterizes viral transmissions to uninfected animals following inadvertent introduction of RhCMV/RRV/SFV-infected adults to a cohort of uninfected juveniles. Following co-housing with virus-positive adults, juveniles were serially evaluated for viral infection. RESULTS Horizontal viral transmission was rapid and absolute, reaching 100% penetrance between 19 and 78 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into viral natural histories with implications for colony management and modeling vaccine-mediated immune protection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lisa I Strelow
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jessica A White
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ann N Rosenthal
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Davis, California, USA
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Permar SR, Kaur A, Fruh K. Derisking Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Clinical Development in Relevant Preclinical Models. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:563-565. [PMID: 35415750 PMCID: PMC9441196 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sallie R Permar
- Correspondence: S. R. Permar, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, M-622, Box 225, New York, NY 10065, USA ()
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Klaus Fruh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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