1
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Nelson GW, van Duijn J, Yuki Y, Pau MG, Tomaka F, Lavreys L, DeRosa SC, McElrath MJ, Kirk GD, Michael NL, Haas DW, Deeks SG, Wolinsky S, Walker B, Barouch DH, Stieh D, Carrington M. Prediction of differential Gag versus Env responses to a mosaic HIV-1 vaccine regimen by HLA class I alleles. J Virol 2024; 98:e0028124. [PMID: 39046263 PMCID: PMC11338073 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00281-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
HLA class I variation has the strongest effect genome-wide on outcome after HIV infection, and as such, an understanding of the impact of HLA polymorphism on response to HIV vaccination may inform vaccine design. We sought HLA associations with HIV-directed immunogenicity in the phase 1/2a APPROACH vaccine trial, which tested vaccine regimens containing mosaic inserts in Ad26 and MVA vectors, with or without a trimeric gp140 protein. While there were no HLA allelic associations with the overall cellular immune response to the vaccine assessed by ELISpot (Gag, Pol, and Env combined), significant associations with differential response to Gag compared to Env antigens were observed. Notably, HLA class I alleles known to associate with disease susceptibility in HIV natural history cohorts are associated with stronger Env-directed responses, whereas protective alleles are associated with stronger Gag-directed responses. Mean viral loads determined for each HLA allele in untreated individuals correlated negatively with the strength of the Gag response minus the Env response in Black vaccinees based on both ELISpot and CD8+ T cell ICS responses. As the association of T cell responses to conserved Gag epitopes with lower viral load in untreated individuals is well established, our data raise the possibility that the Ad26.Mos.HIV vaccine may induce more effective cellular responses in those with HLA alleles that confer improved virologic control in untreated HIV infection.IMPORTANCENo vaccine tested to date has shown sufficient efficacy against HIV infection. A vaccine that induces robust responses in one individual may fail to do so in another individual due to variation in HLA class I genes, loci central to the immune response. Extensive data have shown the strong effect of HLA variation on outcome after HIV infection, but very little is known about the effect of such variation on HIV vaccine success. Here, we identify a link between the effect of HLA variation on HIV disease outcome and immune responses to an HIV vaccine. HLA variants associated with better HIV control after infection also induce stronger responses against the HIV Gag protein relative to the Env protein after vaccination. Given the virologic control conferred by responses to Gag in natural history of HIV infection, these data suggest that HLA alleles conferring protection after HIV infection may also support a more effective cellular response to HIV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Nelson
- Basic Science Program
Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer
Institute and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for
Cancer Research, National Cancer
Institute, Bethesda,
Maryland, USA
| | | | - Yuko Yuki
- Basic Science Program
Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer
Institute and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for
Cancer Research, National Cancer
Institute, Bethesda,
Maryland, USA
| | - Maria G. Pau
- Janssen Vaccines
& Prevention,
Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Tomaka
- Janssen Research and
Development, Titusville,
New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Steven C. DeRosa
- Department of
Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of
Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
- Division of Vaccine
and Infectious Disease, Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Center, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Department of
Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of
Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
- Division of Vaccine
and Infectious Disease, Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Center, Seattle,
Washington, USA
- Department of
Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of
Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Gregory D. Kirk
- Department of
Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore,
Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV
Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research, Silver Spring,
Maryland, USA
| | - David W. Haas
- Department of
Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of
Medicine, University of California,
San Francisco, California,
USA
| | - Steven Wolinsky
- Division of
Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern University,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce Walker
- Ragon Institute of
Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Ragon Institute of
Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts,
USA
- Center for Virology
and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard
Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical
School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Stieh
- Janssen Vaccines
& Prevention,
Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of
Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts,
USA
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2
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Sharma B, Bekerman E, Truong H, Lee J, Gamez-Guerrero M, Boopathy A, Mital R, Huang KB, Ahmadi-Erber S, Wimmer R, Schulha S, Lauterbach H, Orlinger K, Suthram S, Lewis MG, Blair W, Makadzange T, Geleziunas R, Murry JP, Schmidt S. Arenavirus-Based Vectors Generate Robust SIV Immunity in Non-Human Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:735. [PMID: 39066373 PMCID: PMC11281402 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Arenavirus-based vectors are being investigated as therapeutic vaccine candidates with the potential to elicit robust CD8 T-cell responses. We compared the immunogenicity of replicating (artPICV and artLCMV) and non-replicating (rPICV and rLCMV) arenavirus-based vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag and Envelope (Env) immunogens in treatment-naïve non-human primates. Heterologous regimens with non-replicating and replicating vectors elicited more robust SIV IFN-γ responses than a homologous regimen, and replicating vectors elicited significantly higher cellular immunogenicity than non-replicating vectors. The heterologous regimen elicited high anti-Env antibody titers when administered intravenously, with replicating vectors inducing significantly higher titers than non-replicating vectors. Intramuscular immunization resulted in more durable antibody responses than intravenous immunization for both vector platforms, with no difference between the replicating and non-replicating vectors. Overall, both replicating and non-replicating arenavirus vectors generated robust T- and B-cell-mediated immunity to SIV antigens in treatment-naïve non-human primates, supporting further evaluation of these vectors in a clinical setting for HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Sharma
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Elena Bekerman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Hoa Truong
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Johnny Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Maria Gamez-Guerrero
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Archana Boopathy
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Rohit Mital
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Katell Bidet Huang
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA; (K.B.H.); (S.A.-E.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (H.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Sarah Ahmadi-Erber
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA; (K.B.H.); (S.A.-E.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (H.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Raphaela Wimmer
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA; (K.B.H.); (S.A.-E.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (H.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Sophie Schulha
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA; (K.B.H.); (S.A.-E.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (H.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Henning Lauterbach
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA; (K.B.H.); (S.A.-E.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (H.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Klaus Orlinger
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA; (K.B.H.); (S.A.-E.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (H.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Silpa Suthram
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | | | - Wade Blair
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Tariro Makadzange
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Romas Geleziunas
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Jeffrey P. Murry
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (E.B.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (M.G.-G.); (A.B.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (W.B.); (T.M.); (R.G.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Sarah Schmidt
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA; (K.B.H.); (S.A.-E.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (H.L.); (K.O.)
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3
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Miner MD, deCamp A, Grunenberg N, De Rosa SC, Fiore-Gartland A, Bar K, Spearman P, Allen M, Yu PC, Manso B, Frahm N, Kalams S, Baden L, Keefer MC, Scott HM, Novak R, Van Tieu H, Tomaras GD, Kublin JG, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Frank I. Polytopic fractional delivery of an HIV vaccine alters cellular responses and results in increased epitope breadth in a phase 1 randomized trial. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104987. [PMID: 38306894 PMCID: PMC10847480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elicitation of broad immune responses is understood to be required for an efficacious preventative HIV vaccine. This Phase 1 randomized controlled trial evaluated whether administration of vaccine antigens separated at multiple injection sites vs combined, fractional delivery at multiple sites affected T-cell breadth compared to standard, single site vaccination. METHODS We randomized 90 participants to receive recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5) vector with HIV inserts gag, pol and env via three different strategies. The Standard group received vaccine at a single anatomic site (n = 30) compared to two polytopic (multisite) vaccination groups: Separated (n = 30), where antigens were separately administered to four anatomical sites, and Fractioned (n = 30), where fractions of each vaccine component were combined and administered at four sites. All groups received the same total dose of vaccine. FINDINGS CD8 T-cell response rates and magnitudes were significantly higher in the Fractioned group than Standard for several antigen pools tested. CD4 T-cell response magnitudes to Pol were higher in the Separated than Standard group. T-cell epitope mapping demonstrated greatest breadth in the Fractioned group (median 8.0 vs 2.5 for Standard, Wilcoxon p = 0.03; not significant after multiplicity adjustment for co-primary endpoints). IgG binding antibody response rates to Env were higher in the Standard and Fractioned groups vs Separated group. INTERPRETATION This study shows that the number of anatomic sites for which a vaccine is delivered and distribution of its antigenic components influences immune responses in humans. FUNDING National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine D Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Allan deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Spearman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pei-Chun Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryce Manso
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hyman M Scott
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hong Van Tieu
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York City, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Boopathy AV, Sharma B, Nekkalapudi A, Wimmer R, Gamez-Guerrero M, Suthram S, Truong H, Lee J, Li J, Martin R, Blair W, Geleziunas R, Orlinger K, Ahmadi-Erber S, Lauterbach H, Makadzange T, Falkard B, Schmidt S. Immunogenic arenavirus vector SIV vaccine reduces setpoint viral load in SIV-challenged rhesus monkeys. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:175. [PMID: 37945621 PMCID: PMC10635999 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV affects more than 38 million people worldwide. Although HIV can be effectively treated by lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy, only a handful of patients have been cured. Therapeutic vaccines that induce robust de novo immune responses targeting HIV proteins and latent reservoirs will likely be integral for functional HIV cure. Our study shows that immunization of naïve rhesus macaques with arenavirus-derived vaccine vectors encoding simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVSME543 Gag, Env, and Pol) immunogens is safe, immunogenic, and efficacious. Immunization induced robust SIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses with expanded cellular breadth, polyfunctionality, and Env-binding antibodies with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Vaccinated animals had significant reductions in median SIV viral load (1.45-log10 copies/mL) after SIVMAC251 challenge compared with placebo. Peak viral control correlated with the breadth of Gag-specific T cells and tier 1 neutralizing antibodies. These results support clinical investigation of arenavirus-based vectors as a central component of therapeutic vaccination for HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hoa Truong
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Johnny Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Jiani Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Ross Martin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Wade Blair
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brie Falkard
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
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5
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Borgo GM, Rutishauser RL. Generating and measuring effective vaccine-elicited HIV-specific CD8 + T cell responses. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:331-341. [PMID: 37751362 PMCID: PMC10552829 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is growing consensus that eliciting CD8 + T cells in addition to antibodies may be required for an effective HIV vaccine for both prevention and cure. Here, we review key qualities of vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells as well as major CD8 + T cell-based delivery platforms used in recent HIV vaccine clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Much progress has been made in improving HIV immunogen design and delivery platforms to optimize CD8 + T cell responses. With regards to viral vectors, recent trials have tested newer chimp and human adenovirus vectors as well as a CMV vector. DNA vaccine immunogenicity has been increased by delivering the vaccines by electroporation and together with adjuvants as well as administering them as part of a heterologous regimen. In preclinical models, self-amplifying RNA vaccines can generate durable tissue-based CD8 + T cells. While it may be beneficial for HIV vaccines to recapitulate the functional and phenotypic features of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells isolated from elite controllers, most of these features are not routinely measured in HIV vaccine clinical trials. SUMMARY Identifying a vaccine capable of generating durable T cell responses that target mutationally vulnerable epitopes and that can rapidly intercept infecting or rebounding virus remains a challenge for HIV. Comprehensive assessment of HIV vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells, as well as comparisons between different vaccine platforms, will be critical to advance our understanding of how to design better CD8 + T cell-based vaccines for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Borgo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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van Duijn J, Stieh D, Fernandez N, King D, Gilmour J, Tolboom J, Callewaert K, Willems W, Pau MG, De Rosa SC, McElrath MJ, Barouch DH, Hayes P. Mosaic HIV-1 vaccination induces anti-viral CD8 + T cell functionality in the phase 1/2a clinical trial APPROACH. J Virol 2023; 97:e0112623. [PMID: 37811993 PMCID: PMC10617392 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01126-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The functionality of CD8+ T cells against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antigens is indicative of HIV-progression in both animal models and people living with HIV. It is, therefore, of interest to assess CD8+ T cell responses in a prophylactic vaccination setting, as this may be an important component of the immune system that inhibits HIV-1 replication. T cell responses induced by the adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) mosaic vaccine regimen were assessed previously by IFN-γ ELISpot and flow cytometric assays, yet these assays only measure cytokine production but not the capacity of CD8+ T cells to inhibit replication of HIV-1. In this study, we demonstrate direct anti-viral function of the clinical Ad26 mosaic vaccine regimen through ex vivo inhibition of replication of diverse clades of HIV-1 isolates in the participant's own CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Stieh
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah King
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maria G. Pau
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Haynes BF, Wiehe K, Borrow P, Saunders KO, Korber B, Wagh K, McMichael AJ, Kelsoe G, Hahn BH, Alt F, Shaw GM. Strategies for HIV-1 vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:142-158. [PMID: 35962033 PMCID: PMC9372928 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
After nearly four decades of research, a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive. There are many reasons why the development of a potent and durable HIV-1 vaccine is challenging, including the extraordinary genetic diversity of HIV-1 and its complex mechanisms of immune evasion. HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins are poorly recognized by the immune system, which means that potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are only infrequently induced in the setting of HIV-1 infection or through vaccination. Thus, the biology of HIV-1-host interactions necessitates novel strategies for vaccine development to be designed to activate and expand rare bnAb-producing B cell lineages and to select for the acquisition of critical improbable bnAb mutations. Here we discuss strategies for the induction of potent and broad HIV-1 bnAbs and outline the steps that may be necessary for ultimate success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University of School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University of School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederick Alt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Cohen KW, Fiore-Gartland A, Walsh SR, Yusim K, Frahm N, Elizaga ML, Maenza J, Scott H, Mayer KH, Goepfert PA, Edupuganti S, Pantaleo G, Hutter J, Morris DE, De Rosa SC, Geraghty DE, Robb ML, Michael NL, Fischer W, Giorgi EE, Malhi H, Pensiero MN, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Haynes BF, Korber BT, Baden LR. Trivalent mosaic or consensus HIV immunogens prime humoral and broader cellular immune responses in adults. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163338. [PMID: 36787249 PMCID: PMC9927951 DOI: 10.1172/jci163338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMosaic and consensus HIV-1 immunogens provide two distinct approaches to elicit greater breadth of coverage against globally circulating HIV-1 and have shown improved immunologic breadth in nonhuman primate models.METHODSThis double-blind randomized trial enrolled 105 healthy HIV-uninfected adults who received 3 doses of either a trivalent global mosaic, a group M consensus (CON-S), or a natural clade B (Nat-B) gp160 env DNA vaccine followed by 2 doses of a heterologous modified vaccinia Ankara-vectored HIV-1 vaccine or placebo. We performed prespecified blinded immunogenicity analyses at day 70 and day 238 after the first immunization. T cell responses to vaccine antigens and 5 heterologous Env variants were fully mapped.RESULTSEnv-specific CD4+ T cell responses were induced in 71% of the mosaic vaccine recipients versus 48% of the CON-S recipients and 48% of the natural Env recipients. The mean number of T cell epitopes recognized was 2.5 (95% CI, 1.2-4.2) for mosaic recipients, 1.6 (95% CI, 0.82-2.6) for CON-S recipients, and 1.1 (95% CI, 0.62-1.71) for Nat-B recipients. Mean breadth was significantly greater in the mosaic group than in the Nat-B group using overall (P = 0.014), prime-matched (P = 0.002), heterologous (P = 0.046), and boost-matched (P = 0.009) measures. Overall T cell breadth was largely due to Env-specific CD4+ T cell responses.CONCLUSIONPriming with a mosaic antigen significantly increased the number of epitopes recognized by Env-specific T cells and enabled more, albeit still limited, cross-recognition of heterologous variants. Mosaic and consensus immunogens are promising approaches to address global diversity of HIV-1.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02296541.FUNDINGUS NIH grants UM1 AI068614, UM1 AI068635, UM1 AI068618, UM1 AI069412, UL1 RR025758, P30 AI064518, UM1 AI100645, and UM1 AI144371, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP52282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karina Yusim
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marnie L. Elizaga
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Hutter
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daryl E. Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Will Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Harmandeep Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael N. Pensiero
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Fernandez N, Hayes P, Makinde J, Hare J, King D, Xu R, Rehawi O, Mezzell AT, Kato L, Mugaba S, Serwanga J, Chemweno J, Nduati E, Price MA, Osier F, Ochsenbauer C, Yue L, Hunter E, Gilmour J. Assessment of a diverse panel of transmitted/founder HIV-1 infectious molecular clones in a luciferase based CD8 T-cell mediated viral inhibition assay. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029029. [PMID: 36532063 PMCID: PMC9751811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunological protection against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is likely to require both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, the latter involving cytotoxic CD8 T-cells. Characterisation of CD8 T-cell mediated direct anti-viral activity would provide understanding of potential correlates of immune protection and identification of critical epitopes associated with HIV-1 control. Methods The present report describes a functional viral inhibition assay (VIA) to assess CD8 T-cell-mediated inhibition of replication of a large and diverse panel of 45 HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMC) engineered with a Renilla reniformis luciferase reporter gene (LucR), referred to as IMC-LucR. HIV-1 IMC replication in CD4 T-cells and CD8 T-cell mediated inhibition was characterised in both ART naive subjects living with HIV-1 covering a broad human leukocyte antigen (HLA) distribution and compared with uninfected subjects. Results & discussion CD4 and CD8 T-cell lines were established from subjects vaccinated with a candidate HIV-1 vaccine and provided standard positive controls for both assay quality control and facilitating training and technology transfer. The assay was successfully established across 3 clinical research centres in Kenya, Uganda and the United Kingdom and shown to be reproducible. This IMC-LucR VIA enables characterisation of functional CD8 T-cell responses providing a tool for rational T-cell immunogen design of HIV-1 vaccine candidates and evaluation of vaccine-induced T-cell responses in HIV-1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fernandez
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Natalia Fernandez, ; Peter Hayes,
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Natalia Fernandez, ; Peter Hayes,
| | - Julia Makinde
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hare
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom,IAVI, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deborah King
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Xu
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ola Rehawi
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Laban Kato
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda,Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Susan Mugaba
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda,Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda,Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - James Chemweno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Eunice Nduati
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Matt A. Price
- IAVI, New York, NY, United States,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Faith Osier
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ling Yue
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Richert L, Lelièvre JD, Lacabaratz C, Hardel L, Hocini H, Wiedemann A, Lucht F, Poizot-Martin I, Bauduin C, Diallo A, Rieux V, Rouch E, Surenaud M, Lefebvre C, Foucat E, Tisserand P, Guillaumat L, Durand M, Hejblum B, Launay O, Thiébaut R, Lévy Y. T Cell Immunogenicity, Gene Expression Profile, and Safety of Four Heterologous Prime-Boost Combinations of HIV Vaccine Candidates in Healthy Volunteers: Results of the Randomized Multi-Arm Phase I/II ANRS VRI01 Trial. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2663-2674. [PMID: 35613727 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost strategies are of interest for HIV vaccine development. The order of prime-boost components could be important for the induction of T cell responses. In this phase I/II multi-arm trial, three vaccine candidates were used as prime or boost: modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) HIV-B (coding for Gag, Pol, Nef); HIV LIPO-5 (five lipopeptides from Gag, Pol, Nef); DNA GTU-MultiHIV B (coding for Rev, Nef, Tat, Gag, Env gp160 clade B). Healthy human volunteers (n = 92) were randomized to four groups: 1) MVA at weeks 0/8 + LIPO-5 at weeks 20/28 (M/L); 2) LIPO-5 at weeks 0/8 + MVA at weeks 20/28 (L/M); 3) DNA at weeks 0/4/12 + LIPO-5 at weeks 20/28 (G/L); 4) DNA at weeks 0/4/12 + MVA at weeks 20/28 (G/M). The frequency of IFN-γ-ELISPOT responders at week 30 was 33, 43, 0, and 74%, respectively. Only MVA-receiving groups were further analyzed (n = 62). Frequency of HIV-specific cytokine-positive (IFN-γ, IL-2, or TNF-α) CD4+ T cells increased significantly from week 0 to week 30 (median change of 0.06, 0.11, and 0.10% for M/L, L/M, and G/M, respectively), mainly after MVA vaccinations, and was sustained until week 52. HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses increased significantly at week 30 in M/L and G/M (median change of 0.02 and 0.05%). Significant whole-blood gene expression changes were observed 2 wk after the first MVA injection, regardless of its use as prime or boost. An MVA gene signature was identified, including 86 genes mainly related to cell cycle pathways. Three prime-boost strategies led to CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and to a whole-blood gene expression signature primarily due to their MVA HIV-B component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Richert
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
- Inria SISTM Team, Talence, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Information Médicale, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Lucile Hardel
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Hakim Hocini
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Aurélie Wiedemann
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Lucht
- CHU de Saint Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
- Université Jean Monnet and Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Isabelle Poizot-Martin
- Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, APHM Sainte-Marguerite, Service d'Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Bauduin
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | | | - Véronique Rieux
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM-ANRS, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Rouch
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Cécile Lefebvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Emile Foucat
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Pascaline Tisserand
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Lydia Guillaumat
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Mélany Durand
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
- Inria SISTM Team, Talence, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Boris Hejblum
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
- Inria SISTM Team, Talence, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Odile Launay
- CIC 1417 F-CRIN I-REIVAC, INSERM, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France; and
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
- Inria SISTM Team, Talence, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Information Médicale, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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11
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Sánchez-Martínez A, Acevedo-Sáenz L, Alzate-Ángel JC, Álvarez CM, Guzmán F, Roman T, Urcuqui-Inchima S, Cardona-Maya WD, Velilla PA. Functional Profile of CD8 + T-Cells in Response to HLA-A*02:01-Restricted Mutated Epitopes Derived from the Gag Protein of Circulating HIV-1 Strains from Medellín, Colombia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:793982. [PMID: 35392101 PMCID: PMC8980466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.793982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cells play a crucial role in the control of HIV replication. HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses rapidly expand since the acute phase of the infection, and it has been observed that HIV controllers harbor CD8+ T-cells with potent anti-HIV capacity. The development of CD8+ T-cell-based vaccine against HIV-1 has focused on searching for immunodominant epitopes. However, the strong immune pressure of CD8+ T-cells causes the selection of viral variants with mutations in immunodominant epitopes. Since HIV-1 mutations are selected under the context of a specific HLA-I, the circulation of viral variants with these mutations is highly predictable based on the most prevalent HLA-I within a population. We previously demonstrated the adaptation of circulating strains of HIV-1 to the HLA-A*02 molecule by identifying mutations under positive selection located in GC9 and SL9 epitopes derived from the Gag protein. Also, we used an in silico prediction approach and evaluated whether the mutations found had a higher or lower affinity to the HLA-A*02. Although this strategy allowed predicting the interaction between mutated peptides and HLA-I, the functional response of CD8+ T-cells that these peptides induce is unknown. In the present work, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 HIV-1+ HLA-A*02:01+ individuals were stimulated with the mutated and wild-type peptides derived from the GC9 and SL9 epitopes. The functional profile of CD8+ T-cells was evaluated using flow cytometry, and the frequency of subpopulations was determined according to their number of functions and the polyfunctionality index. The results suggest that the quality of the response (polyfunctionality) could be associated with the binding affinity of the peptide to the HLA molecule, and the functional profile of specific CD8+ T-cells to mutated epitopes in individuals under cART is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sánchez-Martínez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Liliana Acevedo-Sáenz
- Grupo Cuidado Enfermería CES, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Alzate-Ángel
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Micología Médica y Experimental, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Universidad de Santander (CIB-UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Cristian M Álvarez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tanya Roman
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Walter D Cardona-Maya
- Grupo Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paula Andrea Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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12
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Preservation of lymphocyte functional fitness in perinatally-infected and treated HIV+ pediatric patients displaying sub-optimal viral control. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2. [PMID: 35434722 PMCID: PMC9012494 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Host–pathogen dynamics associated with HIV infection are quite distinct in children versus adults. We interrogated the functional fitness of the lymphocyte responses in two cohorts of perinatally infected HIV+ pediatric subjects with early anti-retroviral therapy (ART) initiation but divergent patterns of virologic control. We hypothesized that sub-optimal viral control would compromise immune functional fitness.
Methods
The immune responses in the two HIV+ cohorts (n = 6 in each cohort) were benchmarked against the responses measured in age-range matched, uninfected healthy control subjects (n = 11) by utilizing tests for normality, and comparison [the Kruskal–Wallis test, and the two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test (where appropriate)]. Lymphocyte responses were examined by intra-cellular cytokine secretion, degranulation assays as well as phosflow. A subset of these data were further queried by an automated clustering algorithm. Finally, we evaluated the humoral immune responses to four childhood vaccines in all three cohorts.
Results
We demonstrate that contrary to expectations pediatric HIV+ patients with sub-optimal viral control display no significant deficits in immune functional fitness. In fact, the patients that display better virologic control lack functional Gag-specific T cell responses and compared to healthy controls they display signaling deficits and an enrichment of mitogen-stimulated CD3 negative and positive lymphocyte clusters with suppressed cytokine production.
Conclusions
These results highlight the immune resilience in HIV+ children on ART with sub-optimal viral control. With respect to HIV+ children on ART with better viral control, our data suggest that this cohort might potentially benefit from targeted interventions that might mitigate cell-mediated immune functional quiescence.
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13
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Ribeiro SP, De Moura Mattaraia VG, Almeida RR, Valentine EJG, Sales NS, Ferreira LCS, Sa-Rocha LC, Jacintho LC, Santana VC, Sidney J, Sette A, Rosa DS, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. A promiscuous T cell epitope-based HIV vaccine providing redundant population coverage of the HLA class II elicits broad, polyfunctional T cell responses in nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2021; 40:239-246. [PMID: 34961636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, several emerging or reemerging viral diseases with no readily available vaccines have ravaged the world. A platform to fastly generate vaccines inducing potent and durable neutralizing antibody and T cell responses is sorely needed. Bioinformatically identified epitope-based vaccines can focus on immunodominant T cell epitopes and induce more potent immune responses than a whole antigen vaccine and may be deployed more rapidly and less costly than whole-gene vaccines. Increasing evidence has shown the importance of the CD4+ T cell response in protection against HIV and other viral infections. The previously described DNA vaccine HIVBr18 encodes 18 conserved, promiscuous epitopes binding to multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV epitopes amply recognized by HIV-1-infected patients. HIVBr18 elicited broad, polyfunctional, and durable CD4+and CD8+ T cell responses in BALB/c and mice transgenic to HLA class II alleles, showing cross-species promiscuity. To fully delineate the promiscuity of the HLA class II vaccine epitopes, we assessed their binding to 34 human class II (HLA-DR, DQ, and -DP) molecules, and immunized nonhuman primates. Results ascertained redundant 100% coverage of the human population for multiple peptides. We then immunized Rhesus macaques with HIVBr18 under in vivo electroporation. The immunization induced strong, predominantly polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses in all animals to 13 out of the 18 epitopes; T cells from each animal recognized 7-11 epitopes. Our results provide a preliminary proof of concept that immunization with a vaccine encoding epitopes with high and redundant coverage of the human population can elicit potent T cell responses to multiple epitopes, across species and MHC barriers. This approach may facilitate the rapid deployment of immunogens eliciting cellular immunity against emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Emory University, Atlanta, USA; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60/University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology - iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60/University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology - iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Natiely Silva Sales
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos S Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Cauê Jacintho
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60/University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology - iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Canato Santana
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60/University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology - iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), LA Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology - iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60/University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology - iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60/University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology - iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Velarde de la Cruz E, Wang L, Bose D, Gangadhara S, Wilson RL, Amara RR, Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Oral Vaccination Approaches for Anti-SHIV Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702705. [PMID: 34234789 PMCID: PMC8256843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We modified a Sabin Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) vector to permit secretion of the antigens of interest with the goal of improving anti-HIV Env humoral responses in a SHIV mucosal immunization composed of DNA and recombinant OPVs. We evaluated stimulation of systemic and mucosal cell-mediated and humoral immunity in Rhesus macaques by two regimens, both involving a prime with a SHIVBG505 DNA construct producing non-infectious particles formulated in lipid nanoparticles, administered in the oral cavity, and two different viral vector boostings, administered in the oral cavity and intestinally. Group 1 was boosted with rMVA-SHIVBG505, expressing SIV Gag/Pol and HIVBG505 Env. Group 2 was boosted with a SHIVBG505-OPV vaccine including a non-secreting SIVmac239CA-p6-OPV, expressing Gag CA, NC and p6 proteins, and a HIVBG505C1-V2-OPV, secreting the C1-V2 fragment of HIV EnvBG505, recognized by the broadly neutralizing antibody PG16. A time course analysis of anti-SHIV Gag and Env CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in PBMC and in lymph node, rectal, and vaginal MNC was carried out. Both regimens stimulated significant cell-mediated responses in all compartments, with SHIVBG505-OPV immunization stimulating more significant levels of responses than rMVA- SHIVBG505. Boolean analysis of these responses revealed predominantly monofunctional responses with multifunctional responses also present in all tissues. Stimulation of antibody responses was disappointing in both groups with negative anti-SHIV IgG in plasma, and IgA in salivary, rectal and vaginal secretions being restricted to a few animals. After repeated rectal challenge with SHIVBG505, two Group 1 animals remained uninfected at challenge termination. No significant differences were observed in post-infection viral loads between groups. After the acute phase decline, CD4+ T cell percentages returned to normal levels in vaccinated as well as control animals. However, when compared to controls, vaccinate groups had more significant preservation of PBMC and rectal MNC Th17/Treg ratios, considered the strongest surrogate marker of progression to AIDS. We conclude that the vaccine platforms used in this study are insufficient to stimulate significant humoral immunity at the tested doses and schedule but sufficient to stimulate significant mucosal and systemic cell-mediated immunity, impacting the preservation of key Th17 CD4+ T cells in blood and rectal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erandi Velarde de la Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert L. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Mucosal Priming with a Recombinant Influenza A Virus-Vectored Vaccine Elicits T-Cell and Antibody Responses to HIV-1 in Mice. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00059-21. [PMID: 33789991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00059-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant influenza A viral (IAV) vectors are potential to stimulate systemic and mucosal immunity, but the packaging capacity is limited and only one or a few epitopes can be carried. Here, we report the generation of a replication-competent IAV vector that carries a full-length HIV-1 p24 gene linked to the 5'-terminal coding region of the neuraminidase segment via a protease cleavage sequence (IAV-p24). IAV-p24 was successfully rescued and stably propagated, and P24 protein was efficiently expressed in infected mammalian cells. In BALB/c mice, IAV-p24 showed attenuated pathogenicity compared to that of the parental A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus. An intranasal inoculation with IAV-p24 elicited moderate HIV-specific cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in the airway and vaginal tracts and in the spleen, and an intranasal boost with a replication-incompetent adenovirus type 2 vector expressing the HIV-1 gag gene (Ad2-gag) greatly improved these responses. Importantly, compared to an Ad2-gag prime plus IAV-p24 boost regimen, the IAV-p24 prime plus Ad2-gag boost regimen had a greater efficacy in eliciting HIV-specific CMI responses. P24-specific CD8+ T cells and antibodies were robustly provoked both systemically and in mucosal sites and showed long-term durability, revealing that IAV-p24 may be used as a mucosa-targeted priming vaccine. Our results illustrate that IAV-p24 is able to prime systemic and mucosal immunity against HIV-1 and warrants further evaluation in nonhuman primates.IMPORTANCE An effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive despite nearly 40 years of research. CD8+ T cells and protective antibodies may both be desirable for preventing HIV-1 infection in susceptible mucosal sites. Recombinant influenza A virus (IAV) vector has the potential to stimulate these immune responses, but the packaging capacity is extremely limited. Here, we describe a replication-competent IAV vector expressing the HIV-1 p24 gene (IAV-p24). Unlike most other IAV vectors that carried one or several antigenic epitopes, IAV-p24 stably expressed the full-length P24 protein, which contains multiple epitopes and is highly conserved among all known HIV-1 sequences. Compared to the parental A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus, IAV-p24 showed an attenuated pathogenicity in BALB/c mice. When combined with an adenovirus vector expressing the HIV-1 gag gene, IAV-p24 was able to prime P24-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. IAV-p24 as an alternative priming vaccine against HIV-1 warrants further evaluation in nonhuman primates.
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16
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Effects of persistent modulation of intestinal microbiota on SIV/HIV vaccination in rhesus macaques. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:34. [PMID: 33707443 PMCID: PMC7952719 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine to prevent HIV transmission has not yet been achieved. Modulation of the microbiome via probiotic therapy has been suggested to result in enhanced mucosal immunity. Here, we evaluated whether probiotic therapy could improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of SIV/HIV vaccination. Rhesus macaques were co-immunized with an SIV/HIV DNA vaccine via particle-mediated epidermal delivery and an HIV protein vaccine administered intramuscularly with Adjuplex™ adjuvant, while receiving daily oral Visbiome® probiotics. Probiotic therapy alone led to reduced frequencies of colonic CCR5+ and CCR6+ CD4+ T cells. Probiotics with SIV/HIV vaccination led to similar reductions in colonic CCR5+ CD4+ T cell frequencies. SIV/HIV-specific T cell and antibody responses were readily detected in the periphery of vaccinated animals but were not enhanced with probiotic treatment. Combination probiotics and vaccination did not impact rectal SIV/HIV target populations or reduce the rate of heterologous SHIV acquisition during the intrarectal challenge. Finally, post-infection viral kinetics were similar between all groups. Thus, although probiotics were well-tolerated when administered with SIV/HIV vaccination, vaccine-specific responses were not significantly enhanced. Additional work will be necessary to develop more effective strategies of microbiome modulation in order to enhance mucosal vaccine immunogenicity and improve protective immune responses.
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17
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Kallas EG, Grunenberg NA, Yu C, Manso B, Pantaleo G, Casapia M, Baden LR, Valencia J, Sobieszczyk M, Van Tieu H, Allen M, Hural J, Graham BS, Kublin J, Gilbert PB, Corey L, Goepfert PA, McElrath MJ, Johnson RP, Huang Y, Frahm N. Antigenic competition in CD4 + T cell responses in a randomized, multicenter, double-blind clinical HIV vaccine trial. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/519/eaaw1673. [PMID: 31748227 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
T cell responses have been implicated in reduced risk of HIV acquisition in uninfected persons and control of viral replication in HIV-infected individuals. HIV Gag-specific T cells have been predominantly associated with post-infection control, whereas Env antigens are the target for protective antibodies; therefore, inclusion of both antigens is common in HIV vaccine design. However, inclusion of multiple antigens may provoke antigenic competition, reducing the potential effectiveness of the vaccine. HVTN 084 was a randomized, multicenter, double-blind phase 1 trial to investigate whether adding Env to a Gag/Pol vaccine decreases the magnitude or breadth of Gag/Pol-specific T cell responses. Fifty volunteers each received one intramuscular injection of 1 × 1010 particle units (PU) of rAd5 Gag/Pol and EnvA/B/C (3:1:1:1 mixture) or 5 × 109 PU of rAd5 Gag/Pol. CD4+ T cell responses to Gag/Pol measured 4 weeks after vaccination by cytokine expression were significantly higher in the group vaccinated without Env, whereas CD8+ T cell responses did not differ significantly between the two groups. Mapping of individual epitopes revealed greater breadth of the Gag/Pol-specific T cell response in the absence of Env compared to Env coimmunization. Addition of an Env component to a Gag/Pol vaccine led to reduced Gag/Pol CD4+ T cell response rate and magnitude as well as reduced epitope breadth, confirming the presence of antigenic competition. Therefore, T cell-based vaccine strategies should aim at choosing a minimalist set of antigens to reduce interference of individual vaccine components with the induction of the maximally achievable immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esper G Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Nicole A Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bryce Manso
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Javier Valencia
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud Y Educación, Lima 15063, Peru
| | - Magdalena Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Hong Van Tieu
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Division of AIDS, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - James Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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18
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Therapeutic Vaccines for the Treatment of HIV. Transl Res 2020; 223:61-75. [PMID: 32438074 PMCID: PMC8188575 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in transforming HIV into a manageable disease, it has become evident that long-term ART will not eliminate the HIV reservoir and cure the infection. Alternative strategies to eradicate HIV infection, or at least induce a state of viral control and drug-free remission are therefore needed. Therapeutic vaccination aims to induce or enhance immunity to alter the course of a disease. In this review we provide an overview of the current state of therapeutic HIV vaccine research and summarize the obstacles that the field faces while highlighting potential ways forward for a strategy to cure HIV infection.
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19
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Abstract
Development of improved approaches for HIV-1 prevention will likely be required for a durable end to the global AIDS pandemic. Recent advances in preclinical studies and early phase clinical trials offer renewed promise for immunologic strategies for blocking acquisition of HIV-1 infection. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the efficacy of two vaccine candidates and a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans. However, the vast diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge for both active and passive immunization. Here we review current immunologic strategies for HIV-1 prevention, with a focus on current and next-generation vaccines and bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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20
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Korber B, Fischer W. T cell-based strategies for HIV-1 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:713-722. [PMID: 31584318 PMCID: PMC7227724 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1666957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite 30 years of effort, we do not have an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Over the past decade, the HIV-1 vaccine field has shifted emphasis toward antibody-based vaccine strategies, following a lack of efficacy in CD8+ T-cell-based vaccine trials. Several lines of evidence, however, suggest that improved CD8+ T-cell-directed strategies could benefit an HIV-1 vaccine. First, T-cell responses often correlate with good outcomes in non-human primate (NHP) challenge models. Second, subgroup studies of two no-efficacy human clinical vaccine trials found associations between CD8+ T-cell responses and protective effects. Finally, improved strategies can increase the breadth and potency of CD8+ T-cell responses, direct them toward preferred epitopes (that are highly conserved and/or associated with viral control), or both. Optimized CD8+ T-cell vaccine strategies are promising in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This commentary briefly outlines some encouraging findings from T-cell vaccine studies, and then directly compares key features of some T-cell vaccine candidates currently in the clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Will Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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21
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Cocker ATH, Shah NM, Raj I, Dermont S, Khan W, Mandalia S, Imami N, Johnson MR. Pregnancy Gestation Impacts on HIV-1-Specific Granzyme B Response and Central Memory CD4 T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:153. [PMID: 32117291 PMCID: PMC7027986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy induces alterations in peripheral T-cell populations with both changes in subset frequencies and anti-viral responses found to alter with gestation. In HIV-1 positive women anti-HIV-1 responses are associated with transmission risk, however detailed investigation into both HIV-1-specific memory responses associated with HIV-1 control and T-cell subset changes during pregnancy have not been undertaken. In this study we aimed to define pregnancy and gestation related changes to HIV-1-specific responses and T-cell phenotype in ART treated HIV-1 positive pregnant women. Eleven non-pregnant and 24 pregnant HIV-1 positive women were recruited, peripheral blood samples taken, fresh cells isolated, and compared using ELISpot assays and flow cytometry analysis. Clinical data were collected as part of standard care, and non-parametric statistics used. Alterations in induced IFNγ, IL-2, IL-10, and granzyme B secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to HIV-1 Gag and Nef peptide pools and changes in T-cell subsets between pregnant and non-pregnant women were assessed, with data correlated with participant clinical parameters and longitudinal analysis performed. Cross-sectional comparison identified decreased IL-10 Nef response in HIV-1 positive pregnant women compared to non-pregnant, while correlations exhibited reversed Gag and Nef cytokine and protease response associations between groups. Longitudinal analysis of pregnant participants demonstrated transient increases in Gag granzyme B response and in the central memory CD4 T-cell subset frequency during their second trimester, with a decrease in CD4 effector memory T cells from their second to third trimester. Gag and Nef HIV-1-specific responses diverge with pregnancy time-point, coinciding with relevant T-cell phenotype, and gestation associated immunological adaptations. Decreased IL-10 Nef and both increased granzyme B Gag response and central memory CD4 T cells implies that amplified antigen production is occurring, which suggests a period of compromised HIV-1 control in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inez Raj
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Dermont
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waheed Khan
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Cross-Reactive CD8 T-Cell Responses Elicited by Adenovirus Type 5-Based HIV-1 Vaccines Contributed to Early Viral Evolution in Vaccine Recipients Who Became Infected. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01632-19. [PMID: 31645444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01632-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of HIV's vast sequence diversity, the ability of the CD8 T-cell response to recognize several variants of a single epitope is an important consideration for vaccine design. Cross-recognition of viral epitopes by CD8 T cells is associated with viral control during HIV-1 infection, but little is known about CD8 cross-reactivity in the context of HIV-1 vaccination. Here, we evaluated vaccine-induced CD8 cross-reactivity in two preventative HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials, the MRKAd5 and DNA/rAd5 studies. Cross-reactive CD8 responses elicited by vaccination were similar in magnitude and frequency to those induced during acute HIV-1 infection. Although responses directed against variant epitopes were less avid than responses to vaccine-matched epitopes, we did not detect any difference in response polyfunctionality (the proportion of cells producing multiple effector molecules). And while depth, or the frequency of cross-reactive responses, did not correlate with viral loads in recipients who became infected, cross-reactivity did appear to influence early viral evolution. In comparing viral sequences of placebo versus vaccine recipients, we found that viral sequences from vaccinees encoded CD8 epitopes with more substitutions and greater biochemical dissimilarity. In other words, breakthrough sequences of vaccinees would be less cross-recognized by vaccine-induced responses. Additionally, vaccine-induced CD8 T cells poorly cross-recognized variant epitopes encoding HLA-I-associated adaptations, further supporting our conclusion that these responses play a role in driving early HIV-1 viral evolution.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 has exceptionally high sequence diversity, much of which is found within CD8 epitopes. Therefore, the ability of CD8 T cells to recognize multiple versions of a single epitope could be important for an effective vaccine. Here, we show that two previously tested vaccines induced a similar level of CD8 cross-reactivity to that seen in acute HIV-1 infection. Although this cross-reactivity did not seem to affect viral control in vaccine recipients who became infected, we identified several ways in which CD8 cross-reactivity appeared to influence HIV-1 viral evolution. First, we saw that strains isolated from infected vaccine recipients would likely be poorly cross-recognized by the vaccine-induced response. Second, we saw that adapted CD8 epitopes were poorly cross-recognized in both vaccination and infection. Collectively, we believe these results show that CD8 cross-reactivity could be an important consideration in future HIV-1 vaccine design.
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23
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Currenti J, Chopra A, John M, Leary S, McKinnon E, Alves E, Pilkinton M, Smith R, Barnett L, McDonnell WJ, Lucas M, Noel F, Mallal S, Conrad JA, Kalams SA, Gaudieri S. Deep sequence analysis of HIV adaptation following vertical transmission reveals the impact of immune pressure on the evolution of HIV. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008177. [PMID: 31821379 PMCID: PMC6924686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can adapt to an individual’s T cell immune response via genomic mutations that affect antigen recognition and impact disease outcome. These viral adaptations are specific to the host’s human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, as these molecules determine which peptides are presented to T cells. As HLA molecules are highly polymorphic at the population level, horizontal transmission events are most commonly between HLA-mismatched donor/recipient pairs, representing new immune selection environments for the transmitted virus. In this study, we utilised a deep sequencing approach to determine the HIV quasispecies in 26 mother-to-child transmission pairs where the potential for founder viruses to be pre-adapted is high due to the pairs being haplo-identical at HLA loci. This scenario allowed the assessment of specific HIV adaptations following transmission in either a non-selective immune environment, due to recipient HLA mismatched to original selecting HLA, or a selective immune environment, mediated by matched donor/recipient HLA. We show that the pattern of reversion or fixation of HIV adaptations following transmission provides insight into the replicative cost, and likely compensatory networks, associated with specific adaptations in vivo. Furthermore, although transmitted viruses were commonly heavily pre-adapted to the child’s HLA genotype, we found evidence of de novo post-transmission adaptation, representing new epitopes targeted by the child’s T cell response. High-resolution analysis of HIV adaptation is relevant when considering vaccine and cure strategies for individuals exposed to adapted viruses via transmission or reactivated from reservoirs. Highly mutable pathogens utilise genetic variations within T cell epitopes as a mechanism of immune escape (viral adaptation). The diversity of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules that present viral targets to T cells in human populations partially protects against rapid population-level accumulation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) adaptations through horizontal transmissions. In contrast, vertical transmissions occur between haplo-identical mother/child pairs, and potentially include adaptive changes through father-mother-child transmission, representing a pathway to complete pre-adaptation to HLA alleles in child hosts over only two transmission events. We utilised next-generation sequencing to examine HIV evolution in the unique setting of vertical HIV transmission. We predict the in vivo replicative cost and immune benefit of specific HIV adaptations that could be used to inform vaccine design and cure strategies to combat viral immune adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Currenti
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mina John
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shay Leary
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth McKinnon
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Alves
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Pilkinton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rita Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Louise Barnett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wyatt J. McDonnell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michaela Lucas
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Simon Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Hanke T. Aiming for protective T-cell responses: a focus on the first generation conserved-region HIVconsv vaccines in preventive and therapeutic clinical trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1029-1041. [PMID: 31613649 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1675518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite life-saving antiretroviral drugs, an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the best solution and likely a necessary component of any strategy for halting the AIDS epidemic. The currently prevailing aim is to pursue antibody-mediated vaccine protection. With ample evidence for the ability of T cells to control HIV-1 replication, their protective potential should be also harnessed by vaccination. The challenge is to elicit not just any, but protective T cells.Areas covered: This article reviews the clinical experience with the first-generation conserved-region immunogen HIVconsv delivered by combinations of plasmid DNA, simian adenovirus, and poxvirus MVA. The aim of our strategy is to induce strong and broad T cells targeting functionally important parts of HIV-1 proteins common to global variants. These vaccines were tested in eight phase 1/2 preventive and therapeutic clinical trials in Europe and Africa, and induced high frequencies of broadly specific CD8+ T cells capable of in vitro inhibition of four major HIV-1 clades A, B, C and D, and in combination with latency-reactivating agent provided a signal of drug-free virological control in early treated patients.Expert opinion: A number of critical T-cell traits have to come together at the same time to achieve control over HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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25
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Boppana S, Sterrett S, Files J, Qin K, Fiore-Gartland A, Cohen KW, De Rosa SC, Bansal A, Goepfert PA. HLA-I Associated Adaptation Dampens CD8 T-Cell Responses in HIV Ad5-Vectored Vaccine Recipients. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:1620-1628. [PMID: 31301135 PMCID: PMC6782105 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HLA-I-associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) adaptation is known to negatively affect disease progression and CD8 T-cell responses. We aimed to assess how HLA-I-associated adaptation affects HIV vaccine-induced CD8 T-cell responses in 2 past vaccine efficacy trials. We found that vaccine-encoded adapted epitopes were less immunogenic than vaccine-encoded nonadapted epitopes, and adapted epitope-specific responses were less polyfunctional than nonadapted epitope-specific responses. Along those lines, vaccine recipients with higher HLA-I adaptation to the Gag vaccine insert mounted less polyfunctional CD8 T-cell responses at the protein level. Breadth of response, which correlated with viral control in recipients who became infected, is also dampened by HLA-I adaptation. These findings suggest that HLA-I-associated adaptation is an important consideration for strategies aiming to induce robust CD8 T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Boppana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Sarah Sterrett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jacob Files
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Kai Qin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anju Bansal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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26
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Baden LR, Walsh SR, Seaman MS, Cohen YZ, Johnson JA, Licona JH, Filter RD, Kleinjan JA, Gothing JA, Jennings J, Peter L, Nkolola J, Abbink P, Borducchi EN, Kirilova M, Stephenson KE, Pegu P, Eller MA, Trinh HV, Rao M, Ake JA, Sarnecki M, Nijs S, Callewaert K, Schuitemaker H, Hendriks J, Pau MG, Tomaka F, Korber BT, Alter G, Dolin R, Earl PL, Moss B, Michael NL, Robb ML, Barouch DH. First-in-Human Randomized, Controlled Trial of Mosaic HIV-1 Immunogens Delivered via a Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vector. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:633-644. [PMID: 29669026 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mosaic immunogens are bioinformatically engineered human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences designed to elicit clade-independent coverage against globally circulating HIV-1 strains. Methods This phase 1, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial enrolled healthy HIV-uninfected adults who received 2 doses of a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-vectored HIV-1 bivalent mosaic immunogen vaccine or placebo on days 0 and 84. Two groups were enrolled: those who were HIV-1 vaccine naive (n = 15) and those who had received an HIV-1 vaccine (Ad26.ENVA.01) 4-6 years earlier (n = 10). We performed prespecified blinded cellular and humoral immunogenicity analyses at days 0, 14, 28, 84, 98, 112, 168, 270, and 365. Results All 50 planned vaccinations were administered. Vaccination was safe and generally well tolerated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred. Both cellular and humoral cross-clade immune responses were elicited after 1 or 2 vaccinations in all participants in the HIV-1 vaccine-naive group. Env-specific responses were induced after a single immunization in nearly all subjects who had previously received the prototype Ad26.ENVA.01 vaccine. Conclusions No safety concerns were identified, and multiclade HIV-1-specific immune responses were elicited. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02218125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston.,Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston.,Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Yehuda Z Cohen
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Jennifer A Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston.,Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - J Humberto Licona
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston.,Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Rachel D Filter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
| | - Jane A Kleinjan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
| | - Jon A Gothing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
| | - Julia Jennings
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Lauren Peter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Joseph Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Marinela Kirilova
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Poonam Pegu
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael A Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hung V Trinh
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mangala Rao
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Julie A Ake
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | | | - Steven Nijs
- Crucell Holland, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jenny Hendriks
- Crucell Holland, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maria G Pau
- Crucell Holland, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Tomaka
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Bette T Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico
| | - Galit Alter
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Raphael Dolin
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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27
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Kilpeläinen A, Saubi N, Guitart N, Olvera A, Hanke T, Brander C, Joseph J. Recombinant BCG Expressing HTI Prime and Recombinant ChAdOx1 Boost Is Safe and Elicits HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E78. [PMID: 31382453 PMCID: PMC6789536 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of anti-retroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection remains a massive burden on healthcare systems. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis, confers protection against meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in infants. Recombinant BCG has been used as a vaccine vehicle to express both HIV-1 and Simian Immunodeficiemcy Virus (SIV) immunogens. In this study, we constructed an integrative E. coli-mycobacterial shuttle plasmid, p2auxo.HTI.int, expressing the HIVACAT T-cell immunogen (HTI). The plasmid was transformed into a lysine auxotrophic Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain (BCGΔLys) to generate the vaccine BCG.HTI2auxo.int. The DNA sequence coding for the HTI immunogen and HTI protein expression were confirmed, and working vaccine stocks were genetically and phenotypically characterized. We demonstrated that the vaccine was stable in vitro for 35 bacterial generations, and that when delivered in combination with chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd)Ox1.HTI in adult BALB/c mice, it was well tolerated and induced HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. Specifically, priming with BCG.HTI2auxo.int doubled the magnitude of the T-cell response in comparison with ChAdOx1.HTI alone while maintaining its breadth. The use of integrative expression vectors and novel HIV-1 immunogens can aid in improving mycobacterial vaccine stability as well as specific immunogenicity. This vaccine candidate may be a useful tool in the development of an effective vaccine platform for priming protective responses against HIV-1/TB and other prevalent pediatric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Kilpeläinen
- Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Narcís Saubi
- Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Guitart
- Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph
- Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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28
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Kilpeläinen A, Saubi N, Guitart N, Moyo N, Wee EG, Ravi K, Hanke T, Joseph J. Priming With Recombinant BCG Expressing Novel HIV-1 Conserved Mosaic Immunogens and Boosting With Recombinant ChAdOx1 Is Safe, Stable, and Elicits HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:923. [PMID: 31156614 PMCID: PMC6530512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) and confers protection against meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in infants, although pulmonary disease protection in adults is inconsistent. Recently, promising HIV-1 immunogens were developed, such as the T-cell immunogens "tHIVconsvX," designed using functionally conserved protein regions across group M strains, with mosaic immunogens to improve HIV-1 variant match and response breadth. In this study, we constructed an integrative E. coli-mycobacterial shuttle plasmid, p2auxo.HIVconsvXint, expressing the immunogens HIVconsv1&2. This expression vector used an antibiotic resistance-free mechanism for plasmid selection and maintenance. It was first transformed into a glycine auxotrophic E. coli strain and subsequently transformed into a lysine auxotrophic Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain to generate vaccines BCG.HIVconsv12auxo.int and BCG.HIVconsv22auxo.int. The DNA sequence coding for the HIVconsv1&2 immunogens and protein expression were confirmed and working vaccine stocks were genetically and phenotypically characterized. We demonstrated that BCG.HIVconsv1&22auxo.int in combination with ChAdOx1.tHIVconsv5&6 were well tolerated and induced HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in adult BALB/c mice. In addition, we showed that the BCG.HIVconsv1&22auxo.int vaccine strains were stable in vitro after 35 bacterial generations and in vivo 7 weeks after inoculation. The use of integrative expression vectors and novel HIV-1 immunogens are likely to have improved the mycobacterial vaccine stability and specific immunogenicity and may enable the development of a useful vaccine platform for priming protective responses against HIV-1/TB and other prevalent pediatric pathogens shortly following birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Kilpeläinen
- AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcís Saubi
- AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Guitart
- AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund G. Wee
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Krupa Ravi
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Joan Joseph
- AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Petitdemange C, Kasturi SP, Kozlowski PA, Nabi R, Quarnstrom CF, Reddy PBJ, Derdeyn CA, Spicer LM, Patel P, Legere T, Kovalenkov YO, Labranche CC, Villinger F, Tomai M, Vasilakos J, Haynes B, Kang CY, Gibbs JS, Yewdell JW, Barouch D, Wrammert J, Montefiori D, Hunter E, Amara RR, Masopust D, Pulendran B. Vaccine induction of antibodies and tissue-resident CD8+ T cells enhances protection against mucosal SHIV-infection in young macaques. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126047. [PMID: 30830870 PMCID: PMC6478416 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells represent 2 arms of host defense against pathogens. We hypothesized that vaccines that induce both high-magnitude CD8+ T cell responses and antibody responses might confer enhanced protection against HIV. To test this hypothesis, we immunized 3 groups of nonhuman primates: (a) Group 1, which includes sequential immunization regimen involving heterologous viral vectors (HVVs) comprising vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus, and adenovirus serotype 5-expressing SIVmac239 Gag; (b) Group 2, which includes immunization with a clade C HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp140 protein adjuvanted with nanoparticles containing a TLR7/8 agonist (3M-052); and (c) Group 3, which includes a combination of both regimens. Immunization with HVVs induced very high-magnitude Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses in blood and tissue-resident CD8+ memory T cells in vaginal mucosa. Immunization with 3M-052 adjuvanted Env protein induced robust and persistent antibody responses and long-lasting innate responses. Despite similar antibody titers in Groups 2 and 3, there was enhanced protection in the younger animals in Group 3, against intravaginal infection with a heterologous SHIV strain. This protection correlated with the magnitude of the serum and vaginal Env-specific antibody titers on the day of challenge. Thus, vaccination strategies that induce both CD8+ T cell and antibody responses can confer enhanced protection against infection.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- HIV Infections/blood
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/administration & dosage
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Macaca mulatta
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- Mucous Membrane/virology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Stearic Acids/administration & dosage
- Stearic Acids/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/virology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/administration & dosage
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Petitdemange
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sudhir Pai Kasturi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Clare F. Quarnstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Lori M. Spicer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Parin Patel
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Traci Legere
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Celia C. Labranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - François Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mark Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Barton Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - C. Yong Kang
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S. Gibbs
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Departments of Pathology, and Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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30
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Computational Design of Epitope-Enriched HIV-1 Gag Antigens with Preserved Structure and Function for Induction of Broad CD8 + T Cell Responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11264. [PMID: 30050069 PMCID: PMC6062507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The partially protective phenotype observed in HIV-infected long-term-non-progressors is often associated with certain HLA alleles, thus indicating that cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses play a crucial role in combating virus replication. However, both the vast variability of HIV and the HLA diversity impose a challenge on elicitation of broad and effective CTL responses. Therefore, we conceived an algorithm for the enrichment of CD8+ T cell epitopes in HIV’s Gag protein, respecting functional preservation to enable cross-presentation. Experimentally identified epitopes were compared to a Gag reference sequence. Amino-acid-substitutions (AAS) were assessed for their impact on Gag’s budding-function using a trained classifier that considers structural models and sequence conservation. Experimental assessment of Gag-variants harboring selected AAS demonstrated an apparent classifier-precision of 100%. Compatible epitopes were assigned an immunological score that incorporates features such as conservation or HLA-association in a user-defined weighted manner. Using a genetic algorithm, the epitopes were incorporated in an iterative manner into novel T-cell-epitope-enriched Gag sequences (TeeGag). Computational evaluation showed that these antigen candidates harbor a higher fraction of epitopes with higher score as compared to natural Gag isolates and other artificial antigen designs. Thus, these designer sequences qualify as next-generation antigen candidates for induction of broader CTL responses.
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31
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Barouch DH, Tomaka FL, Wegmann F, Stieh DJ, Alter G, Robb ML, Michael NL, Peter L, Nkolola JP, Borducchi EN, Chandrashekar A, Jetton D, Stephenson KE, Li W, Korber B, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Gray G, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Baden L, Johnson J, Hutter J, Swann E, Karita E, Kibuuka H, Mpendo J, Garrett N, Mngadi K, Chinyenze K, Priddy F, Lazarus E, Laher F, Nitayapan S, Pitisuttithum P, Bart S, Campbell T, Feldman R, Lucksinger G, Borremans C, Callewaert K, Roten R, Sadoff J, Scheppler L, Weijtens M, Feddes-de Boer K, van Manen D, Vreugdenhil J, Zahn R, Lavreys L, Nijs S, Tolboom J, Hendriks J, Euler Z, Pau MG, Schuitemaker H. Evaluation of a mosaic HIV-1 vaccine in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a clinical trial (APPROACH) and in rhesus monkeys (NHP 13-19). Lancet 2018; 392:232-243. [PMID: 30047376 PMCID: PMC6192527 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 1·8 million new cases of HIV-1 infection were diagnosed worldwide in 2016. No licensed prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine exists. A major limitation to date has been the lack of direct comparability between clinical trials and preclinical studies. We aimed to evaluate mosaic adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26)-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates in parallel studies in humans and rhesus monkeys to define the optimal vaccine regimen to advance into clinical efficacy trials. METHODS We conducted a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1/2a trial (APPROACH). Participants were recruited from 12 clinics in east Africa, South Africa, Thailand, and the USA. We included healthy, HIV-1-uninfected participants (aged 18-50 years) who were considered at low risk for HIV-1 infection. We randomly assigned participants to one of eight study groups, stratified by region. Participants and investigators were blinded to the treatment allocation throughout the study. We primed participants at weeks 0 and 12 with Ad26.Mos.HIV (5 × 1010 viral particles per 0·5 mL) expressing mosaic HIV-1 envelope (Env)/Gag/Pol antigens and gave boosters at weeks 24 and 48 with Ad26.Mos.HIV or modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA; 108 plaque-forming units per 0·5 mL) vectors with or without high-dose (250 μg) or low-dose (50 μg) aluminium adjuvanted clade C Env gp140 protein. Those in the control group received 0·9% saline. All study interventions were administered intramuscularly. Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability of the vaccine regimens and Env-specific binding antibody responses at week 28. Safety and immunogenicity were also assessed at week 52. All participants who received at least one vaccine dose or placebo were included in the safety analysis; immunogenicity was analysed using the per-protocol population. We also did a parallel study in rhesus monkeys (NHP 13-19) to assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these vaccine regimens against a series of six repetitive, heterologous, intrarectal challenges with a rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived challenge stock of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-SF162P3). The APPROACH trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02315703. FINDINGS Between Feb 24, 2015, and Oct 16, 2015, we randomly assigned 393 participants to receive at least one dose of study vaccine or placebo in the APPROACH trial. All vaccine regimens demonstrated favourable safety and tolerability. The most commonly reported solicited local adverse event was mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site (varying from 69% to 88% between the different active groups vs 49% in the placebo group). Five (1%) of 393 participants reported at least one grade 3 adverse event considered related to the vaccines: abdominal pain and diarrhoea (in the same participant), increased aspartate aminotransferase, postural dizziness, back pain, and malaise. The mosaic Ad26/Ad26 plus high-dose gp140 boost vaccine was the most immunogenic in humans; it elicited Env-specific binding antibody responses (100%) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis responses (80%) at week 52, and T-cell responses at week 50 (83%). We also randomly assigned 72 rhesus monkeys to receive one of five different vaccine regimens or placebo in the NHP 13-19 study. Ad26/Ad26 plus gp140 boost induced similar magnitude, durability, and phenotype of immune responses in rhesus monkeys as compared with humans and afforded 67% protection against acquisition of SHIV-SF162P3 infection (two-sided Fisher's exact test p=0·007). Env-specific ELISA and enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses were the principal immune correlates of protection against SHIV challenge in monkeys. INTERPRETATION The mosaic Ad26/Ad26 plus gp140 HIV-1 vaccine induced comparable and robust immune responses in humans and rhesus monkeys, and it provided significant protection against repetitive heterologous SHIV challenges in rhesus monkeys. This vaccine concept is currently being evaluated in a phase 2b clinical efficacy study in sub-Saharan Africa (NCT03060629). FUNDING Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, National Institutes of Health, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, US Department of Defense, and International AIDS Vaccine Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Peter
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David Jetton
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Glenda Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsey Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Hutter
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edith Swann
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Etienne Karita
- Project San Francisco, Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Juliet Mpendo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kathy Mngadi
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Frances Priddy
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Erica Lazarus
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fatima Laher
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sorachai Nitayapan
- Royal Thai Army, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- The Vaccine Trial Center, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lorenz Scheppler
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands; Janssen Infectious Diseases BV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mo Weijtens
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Steven Nijs
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Zelda Euler
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria G Pau
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
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Hu X, Lu Z, Valentin A, Rosati M, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Marx PA, Mullins JI, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Gag and env conserved element CE DNA vaccines elicit broad cytotoxic T cell responses targeting subdominant epitopes of HIV and SIV Able to recognize virus-infected cells in macaques. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2163-2177. [PMID: 29939820 PMCID: PMC6183272 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV sequence diversity and the propensity of eliciting immunodominant responses targeting inessential variable regions are hurdles in the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. We developed a DNA vaccine comprising conserved elements (CE) of SIV p27Gag and HIV-1 Env and found that priming vaccination with CE DNA is critical to efficiently overcome the dominance imposed by Gag and Env variable regions. Here, we show that DNA vaccinated macaques receiving the CE prime/CE+full-length DNA co-delivery booster vaccine regimens developed broad, potent and durable cytotoxic T cell responses targeting conserved protein segments of SIV Gag and HIV Env. Gag CE-specific T cells showed robust anamnestic responses upon infection with SIVmac239 which led to the identification of CE-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes able to recognize epitopes covering distinct CE on the surface of SIV infected cells in vivo. Though not controlling infection overall, we found an inverse correlation between Gag CE-specific CD8+ T cell responses and peak viremia. The T cell responses induced by the HIV Env CE immunogen were recalled in some animals upon SIV infection, leading to the identification of two cross-reactive epitopes between HIV and SIV Env based in sequence homology. These data demonstrate that a vaccine combining Gag and Env CE DNA subverted the normal immunodominance patterns, eliciting immune responses that included subdominant, highly conserved epitopes. These vaccine regimens augment cytotoxic T cell responses to highly conserved epitopes in the viral proteome and maximize response breadth. The vaccine-induced CE-specific T cells were expanded upon SIV infection, indicating that the predicted CE epitopes incorporated in the DNA vaccine are processed and exposed by infected cells in their natural context within the viral proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Margherita Rosati
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | | | | | - Preston A Marx
- d Tulane National Primate Research Center and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , Tulane University , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - James I Mullins
- e Departments of Microbiology, Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
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33
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Virus-Like-Vaccines against HIV. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010010. [PMID: 29439476 PMCID: PMC5874651 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against chronic infections has necessitated the development of ever-more potent vaccination tools. HIV seems to be the most challenging foe, with a remarkable, poorly immunogenic and fragile surface glycoprotein and the ability to overpower the cell immune system. Virus-like-particle (VLP) vaccines have emerged as potent inducers of antibody and helper T cell responses, while replication-deficient viral vectors have yielded potent cytotoxic T cell responses. Here, we review the emerging concept of merging these two technologies into virus-like-vaccines (VLVs) for the targeting of HIV. Such vaccines are immunologically perceived as viruses, as they infect cells and produce VLPs in situ, but they only resemble viruses, as the replication defective vectors and VLPs cannot propagate an infection. The inherent safety of such a platform, despite robust particle production, is a distinct advantage over live-attenuated vaccines that must balance safety and immunogenicity. Previous studies have delivered VLVs encoded in modified Vaccinia Ankara vectors and we have developed the concept into a single-reading adenovirus-based technology capable of eliciting robust CD8+ and CD4+ T cells responses and trimer binding antibody responses. Such vaccines offer the potential to display the naturally produced immunogen directly and induce an integrated humoral and cellular immune response.
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34
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Leitman EM, Willberg CB, Tsai MH, Chen H, Buus S, Chen F, Riddell L, Haas D, Fellay J, Goedert JJ, Piechocka-Trocha A, Walker BD, Martin J, Deeks S, Wolinsky SM, Martinson J, Martin M, Qi Y, Sáez-Cirión A, Yang OO, Matthews PC, Carrington M, Goulder PJR. HLA-B*14:02-Restricted Env-Specific CD8 + T-Cell Activity Has Highly Potent Antiviral Efficacy Associated with Immune Control of HIV Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:e00544-17. [PMID: 28878089 PMCID: PMC5660483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00544-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection is typically associated with effective Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. We here focus on HLA-B*14, which protects against HIV disease progression, but the immunodominant HLA-B*14-restricted anti-HIV response is Env specific (ERYLKDQQL, HLA-B*14-EL9). A subdominant HLA-B*14-restricted response targets Gag (DRYFKTLRA, HLA-B*14-DA9). Using HLA-B*14/peptide-saporin-conjugated tetramers, we show that HLA-B*14-EL9 is substantially more potent at inhibiting viral replication than HLA-B*14-DA9. HLA-B*14-EL9 also has significantly higher functional avidity (P < 0.0001) and drives stronger selection pressure on the virus than HLA-B*14-DA9. However, these differences were HLA-B*14 subtype specific, applying only to HLA-B*14:02 and not to HLA-B*14:01. Furthermore, the HLA-B*14-associated protection against HIV disease progression is significantly greater for HLA-B*14:02 than for HLA-B*14:01, consistent with the superior antiviral efficacy of the HLA-B*14-EL9 response. Thus, although Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses may usually have greater anti-HIV efficacy, factors independent of protein specificity, including functional avidity of individual responses, are also critically important to immune control of HIV.IMPORTANCE In HIV infection, although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a potentially critical role in eradication of viral reservoirs, the features that constitute an effective response remain poorly defined. We focus on HLA-B*14, unique among HLAs associated with control of HIV in that the dominant CTL response is Env specific, not Gag specific. We demonstrate that Env-specific HLA-B*14-restricted activity is substantially more efficacious than the subdominant HLA-B*14-restricted Gag response. Env immunodominance over Gag and strong Env-mediated selection pressure on HIV are observed only in subjects expressing HLA-B*14:02, and not HLA-B*14:01. This reflects the increased functional avidity of the Env response over Gag, substantially more marked for HLA-B*14:02. Finally, we show that HLA-B*14:02 is significantly more strongly associated with viremic control than HLA-B*14:01. These findings indicate that, although Gag-specific CTL may usually have greater anti-HIV efficacy than Env responses, factors independent of protein specificity, including functional avidity, may carry greater weight in mediating effective control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Søren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Chen
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Integrated Sexual Health Services, Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - David Haas
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James J Goedert
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven M Wolinsky
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeremy Martinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maureen Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Qi
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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DNA Priming Increases Frequency of T-Cell Responses to a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus HIV Vaccine with Specific Enhancement of CD8 + T-Cell Responses by Interleukin-12 Plasmid DNA. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00263-17. [PMID: 28931520 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00263-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 087 vaccine trial assessed the effect of increasing doses of pIL-12 (interleukin-12 delivered as plasmid DNA) adjuvant on the immunogenicity of an HIV-1 multiantigen (MAG) DNA vaccine delivered by electroporation and boosted with a vaccine comprising an attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus expressing HIV-1 Gag (VSV-Gag). We randomized 100 healthy adults to receive placebo or 3 mg HIV-MAG DNA vaccine (ProfectusVax HIV-1 gag/pol or ProfectusVax nef/tat/vif, env) coadministered with pIL-12 at 0, 250, 1,000, or 1,500 μg intramuscularly by electroporation at 0, 1, and 3 months followed by intramuscular inoculation with 3.4 × 107 PFU VSV-Gag vaccine at 6 months. Immune responses were assessed after the prime and boost and 6 months after the last vaccination. High-dose pIL-12 increased the magnitude of CD8+ T-cell responses postboost compared to no pIL-12 (P = 0.02), while CD4+ T-cell responses after the prime were higher in the absence of pIL-12 than with low- and medium-dose pIL-12 (P ≤ 0.05). The VSV boost increased Gag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in all groups (P < 0.001 for CD4+ T cells), inducing a median of four Gag epitopes in responders. Six to 9 months after the boost, responses decreased in magnitude, but CD8+ T-cell response rates were maintained. The addition of a DNA prime dramatically improved responses to the VSV vaccine tested previously in the HVTN 090 trial, leading to broad epitope targeting and maintained CD8+ T-cell response rates at early memory. The addition of high-dose pIL-12 given with a DNA prime by electroporation and boosted with VSV-Gag increased the CD8+ T-cell responses but decreased the CD4+ responses. This approach may be advantageous in reshaping the T-cell responses to a variety of chronic infections or tumors. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01578889.).
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36
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Leitman EM, Thobakgale CF, Adland E, Ansari MA, Raghwani J, Prendergast AJ, Tudor-Williams G, Kiepiela P, Hemelaar J, Brener J, Tsai MH, Mori M, Riddell L, Luzzi G, Jooste P, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Pybus OG, Kellam P, Naranbhai V, Matthews PC, Gall A, Goulder PJR. Role of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells in pediatric HIV cure strategies after widespread early viral escape. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3239-3261. [PMID: 28983013 PMCID: PMC5679167 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested greater HIV cure potential among infected children than adults. A major obstacle to HIV eradication in adults is that the viral reservoir is largely comprised of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape variants. We here evaluate the potential for CTL in HIV-infected slow-progressor children to play an effective role in "shock-and-kill" cure strategies. Two distinct subgroups of children were identified on the basis of viral load. Unexpectedly, in both groups, as in adults, HIV-specific CTL drove the selection of escape variants across a range of epitopes within the first weeks of infection. However, in HIV-infected children, but not adults, de novo autologous variant-specific CTL responses were generated, enabling the pediatric immune system to "corner" the virus. Thus, even when escape variants are selected in early infection, the capacity in children to generate variant-specific anti-HIV CTL responses maintains the potential for CTL to contribute to effective shock-and-kill cure strategies in pediatric HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Christina F Thobakgale
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - M Azim Ansari
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gareth Tudor-Williams
- Division of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, England, UK
| | - Photini Kiepiela
- Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa.,Witwatersrand Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joris Hemelaar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England, UK.,Linacre Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacqui Brener
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Masahiko Mori
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Northampton Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Cliftonville, England, UK
| | - Graz Luzzi
- Buckinghampshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, High Wycombe, England, UK
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, England, UK.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Astrid Gall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England, UK
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK .,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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37
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Tomaras GD, Plotkin SA. Complex immune correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:245-261. [PMID: 28133811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is a major priority for improving human health worldwide. Vaccine-mediated protection against human pathogens can be achieved through elicitation of protective innate, humoral, and cellular responses. Identification of specific immune responses responsible for pathogen protection enables vaccine development and provides insights into host defenses against pathogens and the immunological mechanisms that most effectively fight infection. Defining immunological correlates of transmission risk in preclinical and clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials has moved the HIV-1 vaccine development field forward and directed new candidate vaccine development. Immune correlate studies are providing novel hypotheses about immunological mechanisms that may be responsible for preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Recent results from HIV-1 immune correlates work has demonstrated that there are multiple types of immune responses that together, comprise an immune correlate-thus implicating polyfunctional immune control of HIV-1 transmission. An in depth understanding of these complex immunological mechanisms of protection against HIV-1 will accelerate the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Regulatory T-Cell Activity But Not Conventional HIV-Specific T-Cell Responses Are Associated With Protection From HIV-1 Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 72:119-28. [PMID: 26656786 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two distinct hypotheses have been proposed for T-cell involvement in protection from HIV-1 acquisition. First, HIV-1-specific memory T-cell responses generated on HIV-1 exposure could mount an efficient response to HIV-1 and inhibit the establishment of an infection. Second, a lower level of immune activation could reduce the numbers of activated, HIV-1-susceptible CD4 T cells, thereby diminishing the likelihood of infection. METHODS To test these hypotheses, we conducted a prospective study among high-risk heterosexual men and women, and tested peripheral blood samples from individuals who subsequently acquired HIV-1 during follow-up (cases) and from a subset of those who remained HIV-1 uninfected (controls). RESULTS We found no difference in HIV-1-specific immune responses between cases and controls, but Treg frequency was higher in controls as compared with cases and was negatively associated with frequency of effector memory CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that low immune activation assists in protection from HIV-1 infection.
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Yang Y, Zhu Q, Sun W, Guo J, Ning X, Li Q, Guo Y, Li J, Kou Z, Zhou Y. A recombinant multi-epitope protein MEP1 elicits efficient long-term immune responses against HIV-1 infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-9. [PMID: 28281860 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1281488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective protective HIV vaccine should elicit either protective antibodies or effective T cell response, or both. To improve the efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines, HLA polymorphism and HIV-1 diversity are 2 key factors to be considered for vaccine development. In this study, we expressed a recombinant multi-epitope protein MEP1 which has the same amino acid sequence as a DNA vaccine for Chinese population in our previous report. We found that MEP1 alone could elicit moderate levels of humoral and cellular immune responses, but these responses could not provide protection from challenge with a recombinant virus rTTV-lucgag, which expresses Gag of HIV-1 CRF_07BC. Nevertheless, when MEP1 was immunized with aluminum adjuvant, both humoral and cellular immune responses were significantly increased, and they were protective against virus infection; meanwhile, MEP1 with aluminum not only elicited early (10 d post immunization) but also a long-term (at least 44 weeks post immunization) immune responses in BALB/c mice. These results suggested that MEP1 has the potential to be developed as an effective vaccine candidate, and that suitable adjuvant is necessary for this protein to generate protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China.,b Department of Microbiology , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qing Zhu
- c School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Weilai Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Xiuzhe Ning
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Qiao Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Yan Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Junfeng Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Zhihua Kou
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China.,c School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- c School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
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Apostólico JDS, Lunardelli VAS, Yamamoto MM, Souza HFS, Cunha-Neto E, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS. Dendritic Cell Targeting Effectively Boosts T Cell Responses Elicited by an HIV Multiepitope DNA Vaccine. Front Immunol 2017; 8:101. [PMID: 28223987 PMCID: PMC5295143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite several efforts in the last decades, an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is still not available. Different approaches have been evaluated, such as recombinant proteins, viral vectors, DNA vaccines, and, most recently, dendritic cell (DC) targeting. This strategy is based on DC features that place them as central for induction of immunity. Targeting is accomplished by the use of chimeric monoclonal antibodies directed to DC surface receptors fused to the antigen of interest. In this work, we targeted eight promiscuous HIV-derived CD4+ T cell epitopes (HIVBr8) to the DEC205+ DCs by fusing the multiepitope immunogen to the heavy chain of αDEC205 (αDECHIVBr8), in the presence of the TLR3 agonist poly (I:C). In addition, we tested a DNA vaccine encoding the same epitopes using homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimens. Our results showed that mice immunized with αDECHIVBr8 presented higher CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses when compared to mice that received the DNA vaccine (pVAXHIVBr8). In addition, pVAXHIVBr8 priming followed by αDECHIVBr8 boosting induced higher polyfunctional proliferative and cytokine-producing T cell responses to HIV-1 peptides than homologous DNA immunization or heterologous αDEC prime/DNA boost. Based on these results, we conclude that homologous prime-boost and heterologous boosting immunization strategies targeting CD4+ epitopes to DCs are effective to improve HIV-specific cellular immune responses when compared to standalone DNA immunization. Moreover, our results indicate that antigen targeting to DC is an efficient strategy to boost immunity against a multiepitope immunogen, especially in the context of DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Souza Apostólico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Massao Yamamoto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Higo Fernando Santos Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite many recent advances in the HIV prevention landscape, an effective vaccine remains the most promising tool to end the HIV-1 pandemic. Areas covered: This review summarizes past HIV vaccine efficacy trials and current vaccine strategies as well as new approaches about to move into first-in-human trials. Expert opinion: Despite many setbacks in early HIV vaccine efficacy trials, the success of RV144 has provided the glimmer of hope necessary to invigorate the vaccine field, and has led to the development of a large number of vaccine strategies aiming at inducing an array of different immune responses. The follow-up pox-protein trials, developed to replicate and enhance the polyfunctional antibody responses induced by the RV144 regimen, are already reaching efficacy trials, while a large body of work providing a more complete understanding of the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies is now being translated into immunogen design using several different strategies. T-cell based vaccines, fallen out of favor after Ad5-based trials showed increased infection rates in Ad5 seropositive vaccine recipients, are experiencing a comeback based in part on the promising results from non-human primate challenge studies using rhCMV-based immunogens. This diverse array of vaccine candidates may finally allow us to identify a broadly effective HIV vaccine able to contain the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W Cohen
- a Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- a Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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He X, Wang W, Xu K, Feng X, Zeng Y. Evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic HIV vaccine by in vitro stimulation assay. Cell Immunol 2017; 313:67-71. [PMID: 28073435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for HIV vaccine efficacy evaluation was established and the experimental conditions optimized. This novel method was then applied to determine whether a recombinant adenovirus type 5 HIV therapeutic vaccine expressing Gag antigen (Ad5-HIVgag) could stimulate HIV-specific cellular responses in vitro. The results indicated that HIV-specific IFN-gama production lymphocytes were induced by the Ad5-HIVgag vaccine. Compared with other methods, this in vitro stimulation method is safe and time-efficient, and the result is more intuitive. It has the potential to be regarded as a supplement to other methods for evaluating the IFN-gamma production by PBMCs to HIV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Wandi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China.
| | - Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China.
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Andersson AMC, Holst PJ. Increased T cell breadth and antibody response elicited in prime-boost regimen by viral vector encoded homologous SIV Gag/Env in outbred CD1 mice. J Transl Med 2016; 14:343. [PMID: 27998269 PMCID: PMC5175304 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major obstacle for the development of HIV vaccines is the virus' worldwide sequence diversity. Nevertheless, the presence of T cell epitopes within conserved regions of the virus' structural Gag protein and conserved structures in the envelope (env) sequence raises the possibility that cross-reactive responses may be induced by vaccination. In this study, the aim was to investigate the importance of antigenic match on immunodominance and breadth of obtainable T cell responses. METHODS Outbred CD1 mice were immunized with either heterologous (SIVmac239 and HIV-1 clade B consensus) or homologous (SIVmac239) gag sequences using adenovirus (Ad5) and MVA vectors. Env (SIVmac239) was co-encoded in the vectors to study the induction of antibodies, which is a primary target of current HIV vaccine designs. All three vaccines were designed as virus-encoded virus-like particle vaccines. Antibody responses were analysed by ELISA, avidity ELISA, and neutralization assay. T cell responses were determined by intracellular cytokine staining of splenocytes. RESULTS The homologous Env/Gag prime-boost regimen induced higher Env binding antibodies, and induced stronger and broader Gag specific CD8+ T cell responses than the homologous Env/heterologous Gag prime-boost regimen. Homologous Env/heterologous Gag immunization resulted in selective boosting of Env specific CD8+ T cell responses and consequently a paradoxical decreased recognition of variant sequences including conserved elements of p24 Gag. CONCLUSIONS These results contrast with related studies using Env or Gag as the sole antigen and suggest that prime-boost immunizations based on homologous SIVmac239 Gag inserts is an efficient component of genetic VLP vaccines-both for induction of potent antibody responses and cross-reactive CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Carola Andersson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Adenovirus-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates tested in efficacy trials elicit CD8+ T cells with limited breadth of HIV-1 inhibition. AIDS 2016; 30:1703-12. [PMID: 27088318 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability of HIV-1 vaccine candidates MRKAd5, VRC DNA/Ad5 and ALVAC/AIDSVAX to elicit CD8 T cells with direct antiviral function was assessed and compared with HIV-1-infected volunteers. DESIGN Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based regimens MRKAd5 and VRC DNA/Ad5, designed to elicit HIV-1-specific T cells, are immunogenic but failed to prevent infection or impact on viral loads in volunteers infected subsequently. Failure may be due in part to a lack of CD8 T cells with effective antiviral functions. METHODS An in-vitro viral inhibition assay tested the ability of bispecific antibody expanded CD8 T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to inhibit replication of a multiclade panel of HIV-1 isolates in autologous CD4 T cells. HIV-1 proteins recognized by CD8 T cells were assessed by IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. RESULTS Ad5-based regimens elicited CD8 T cells that inhibited replication of HIV-1 IIIB isolate with more limited inhibition of other isolates. IIIB isolate Gag and Pol genes have high sequence identities (>96%) to vector HIV-1 gene inserts, and these were the predominant HIV-1 proteins recognized by CD8 T cells. Virus inhibition breadth was greater in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1-infected volunteers naturally controlling viremia (plasma viral load < 10 000/ml). HIV-1-inhibitory CD8 T cells were not elicited by the ALVAC/AIDSVAX regimen. CONCLUSION The Ad5-based regimens, although immunogenic, elicited CD8 T cells with limited HIV-1-inhibition breadth. Effective T-cell-based vaccines should presumably elicit broader HIV-1-inhibition profiles. The viral inhibition assay can be used in vaccine design and to prioritize promising candidates with greater inhibition breadth for further clinical trials.
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Andersen AN, Landsverk OJ, Simonsen A, Bogen B, Corthay A, Øynebråten I. Coupling of HIV-1 Antigen to the Selective Autophagy Receptor SQSTM1/p62 Promotes T-Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:167. [PMID: 27242780 PMCID: PMC4861724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines aiming to promote T-cell-mediated immune responses have so far showed limited efficacy, and there is a need for novel strategies. Studies indicate that autophagy plays an inherent role in antigen processing and presentation for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Here, we report a novel vaccine strategy based on fusion of antigen to the selective autophagy receptor sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62. We hypothesized that redirection of vaccine antigen from proteasomal degradation into the autophagy pathway would increase the generation of antigen-specific T cells. A hybrid vaccine construct was designed in which the antigen is fused to the C-terminus of p62, a signaling hub, and a receptor that naturally delivers ubiquitinated cargo for autophagic degradation. Fusion of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 antigen Gagp24 to p62 resulted in efficient antigen delivery into the autophagy pathway. Intradermal immunization of mice revealed that, in comparison to Gagp24 delivered alone, fusion to p62 enhanced the number of Gagp24-specific interferon-γ-producing T cells, including CD8+ T cells. The strategy may also have the potential to modulate the antigenic peptide repertoire. Because p62 and autophagy are highly conserved between species, we anticipate this strategy to be a candidate for the development of T-cell-based vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Nikolai Andersen
- Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Jørgen Landsverk
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; LIIPAT, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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47
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Leitman EM, Hurst J, Mori M, Kublin J, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Carlson J, Gray GE, Matthews PC, Frahm N, Goulder PJR. Lower Viral Loads and Slower CD4+ T-Cell Count Decline in MRKAd5 HIV-1 Vaccinees Expressing Disease-Susceptible HLA-B*58:02. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:379-89. [PMID: 26951820 PMCID: PMC4936641 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. HLA strongly influences human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. A major contributory mechanism is via the particular HLA-presented HIV-1 epitopes that are recognized by CD8+ T-cells. Different populations vary considerably in the HLA alleles expressed. We investigated the HLA-specific impact of the MRKAd5 HIV-1 Gag/Pol/Nef vaccine in a subset of the infected Phambili cohort in whom the disease-susceptible HLA-B*58:02 is highly prevalent. Methods. Viral loads, CD4+ T-cell counts, and enzyme-linked immunospot assay–determined anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T-cell responses for a subset of infected antiretroviral-naive Phambili participants, selected according to sample availability, were analyzed. Results. Among those expressing disease-susceptible HLA-B*58:02, vaccinees had a lower chronic viral set point than placebo recipients (median, 7240 vs 122 500 copies/mL; P = .01), a 0.76 log10 lower longitudinal viremia level (P = .01), and slower progression to a CD4+ T-cell count of <350 cells/mm3 (P = .02). These differences were accompanied by a higher Gag-specific breadth (4.5 vs 1 responses; P = .04) and magnitude (2300 vs 70 spot-forming cells/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells; P = .06) in vaccinees versus placebo recipients. Conclusions. In addition to the known enhancement of HIV-1 acquisition resulting from the MRKAd5 HIV-1 vaccine, these findings in a nonrandomized subset of enrollees show an HLA-specific vaccine effect on the time to CD4+ T-cell count decline and viremia level after infection and the potential for vaccines to differentially alter disease outcome according to population HLA composition. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00413725, DOH-27-0207-1539.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Kublin
- HIV-1 Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts HIV-1 Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV-1, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts HIV-1 Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal
| | | | - Glenda E Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town Perinatal HIV-1 Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Nicole Frahm
- HIV-1 Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics HIV-1 Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal
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Fiore-Gartland A, Manso BA, Friedrich DP, Gabriel EE, Finak G, Moodie Z, Hertz T, De Rosa SC, Frahm N, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ. Pooled-Peptide Epitope Mapping Strategies Are Efficient and Highly Sensitive: An Evaluation of Methods for Identifying Human T Cell Epitope Specificities in Large-Scale HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147812. [PMID: 26863315 PMCID: PMC4749288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon gamma, enzyme-linked immunospot (IFN-γ ELISpot) assay is widely used to identify viral antigen-specific T cells is frequently employed to quantify T cell responses in HIV vaccine studies. It can be used to define T cell epitope specificities using panels of peptide antigens, but with sample and cost constraints there is a critical need to improve the efficiency of epitope mapping for large and variable pathogens. We evaluated two epitope mapping strategies, based on group testing, for their ability to identify vaccine-induced T-cells from participants in the Step HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial, and compared the findings to an approach of assaying each peptide individually. The group testing strategies reduced the number of assays required by >7-fold without significantly altering the accuracy of T-cell breadth estimates. Assays of small pools containing 7–30 peptides were highly sensitive and effective at detecting single positive peptides as well as summating responses to multiple peptides. Also, assays with a single 15-mer peptide, containing an identified epitope, did not always elicit a response providing validation that 15-mer peptides are not optimal antigens for detecting CD8+ T cells. Our findings further validate pooling-based epitope mapping strategies, which are critical for characterizing vaccine-induced T-cell responses and more broadly for informing iterative vaccine design. We also show ways to improve their application with computational peptide:MHC binding predictors that can accurately identify the optimal epitope within a 15-mer peptide and within a pool of 15-mer peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bryce A. Manso
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - David P. Friedrich
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Gabriel
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, United States of America
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben Gurion Institute of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
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Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Justification for the inclusion of Gag in HIV vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:585-98. [PMID: 26645951 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1129904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines need to elicit a range of responses, including neutralising antibodies and T-cells. In natural HIV infections, immune responses to Gag are associated with lower viral load in infected individuals, and these responses can be measured against infected cells before the replication of HIV. Priming immune responses to Gag with DNA or recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, and boosting with Gag virus-like particles as subunit vaccines or Gag produced in vivo by other vaccine vectors, elicits high-magnitude, broad polyfunctional responses, with memory T-cell responses appropriate for virus control. This review provides justification for the inclusion of HIV Gag in vaccine regimens, either as a transgene expressing protein that may assemble to form budded particles, or as purified virus-like particles. Possible benefits would include early control via CD8(+) T-cells at the site of infection, control of spread from the entry portal, and control of viraemia if infection is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lise Williamson
- a Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,b National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town and Department of Pathology , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- a Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,c Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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50
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Sakai K, Chikata T, Brumme ZL, Brumme CJ, Gatanaga H, Gatanag H, Oka S, Takiguchi M. Lack of a significant impact of Gag-Protease-mediated HIV-1 replication capacity on clinical parameters in treatment-naive Japanese individuals. Retrovirology 2015; 12:98. [PMID: 26585907 PMCID: PMC4653850 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HLA class I-associated escape mutations in HIV-1 Gag can reduce viral replication, suggesting that associated fitness costs could impact HIV-1 disease progression. Previous studies in North American and African cohorts have reported reduced Gag-Protease mediated viral replication capacity (Gag-Pro RC) in individuals expressing protective HLA class I alleles including HLA-B*57:01, B*27:05, and B*81:01. These studies also reported significant positive associations between Gag-Pro RCs and plasma viral load (pVL). However, these HLA alleles are virtually absent in Japan, and the importance of Gag as an immune target is not clearly defined in this population. Results We generated chimeric NL4-3 viruses carrying patient-derived Gag-Protease from 306 treatment-naive Japanese individuals chronically infected with HIV-1 subtype B. We analyzed associations between Gag-Pro RC and clinical markers of HIV-1 infection and host HLA expression. We observed no significant correlation between Gag-Pro RC and pVL in Japan in the overall cohort. However, upon exclusion of individuals expressing Japanese protective alleles HLA-B*52:01 and B*67:01, Gag-Pro RC correlated positively with pVL and negatively with CD4 T-cell count. Our results thus contrast with studies from other global cohorts reporting significantly lower Gag-Pro RC among persons expressing protective HLA alleles, and positive relationships between Gag-Pro RC and pVL in the overall study populations. We also identified five amino acids in Gag-Protease significantly associated with Gag-Pro RC, whose effects on RC were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. However, of the four mutations that decreased Gag-Pro RC, none were associated with reductions in pVL in Japan though two were associated with lower pVL in North America. Conclusions These data indicate that Gag fitness does not affect clinical outcomes in subjects with protective HLA class I alleles as well as the whole Japanese population. Moreover, the impact of Gag fitness costs on HIV-1 clinical parameters in chronic infection is likely low in Japan compared to other global populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0223-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sakai
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Chikata
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Chanson J Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | | | - Shinichi Oka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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