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Xie O, Davies MR, Tong SYC. Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis infection and its intersection with Streptococcus pyogenes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0017523. [PMID: 38856686 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00175-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYStreptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) is an increasingly recognized cause of disease in humans. Disease manifestations range from non-invasive superficial skin and soft tissue infections to life-threatening streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. Invasive disease is usually associated with co-morbidities, immunosuppression, and advancing age. The crude incidence of invasive disease approaches that of the closely related pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes. Genomic epidemiology using whole-genome sequencing has revealed important insights into global SDSE population dynamics including emerging lineages and spread of anti-microbial resistance. It has also complemented observations of overlapping pathobiology between SDSE and S. pyogenes, including shared virulence factors and mobile gene content, potentially underlying shared pathogen phenotypes. This review provides an overview of the clinical and genomic epidemiology, disease manifestations, treatment, and virulence determinants of human infections with SDSE with a particular focus on its overlap with S. pyogenes. In doing so, we highlight the importance of understanding the overlap of SDSE and S. pyogenes to inform surveillance and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouli Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Disease Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Beres SB, Olsen RJ, Long SW, Eraso JM, Boukthir S, Faili A, Kayal S, Musser JM. Analysis of the Genomics and Mouse Virulence of an Emergent Clone of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0455022. [PMID: 36971562 PMCID: PMC10100674 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04550-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis is a bacterial pathogen that is increasingly recognized as a cause of severe human infections. Much less is known about the genomics and infection pathogenesis of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains compared to the closely related bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. To address these knowledge deficits, we sequenced to closure the genomes of seven S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis human isolates, including six that were emm type stG62647. Recently, for unknown reasons, strains of this emm type have emerged and caused an increasing number of severe human infections in several countries. The genomes of these seven strains vary between 2.15 and 2.21 Mbp. The core chromosomes of these six S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis stG62647 strains are closely related, differing on average by only 495 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, consistent with a recent descent from a common progenitor. The largest source of genetic diversity among these seven isolates is differences in putative mobile genetic elements, both chromosomal and extrachromosomal. Consistent with the epidemiological observations of increased frequency and severity of infections, both stG62647 strains studied were significantly more virulent than a strain of emm type stC74a in a mouse model of necrotizing myositis, as assessed by bacterial CFU burden, lesion size, and survival curves. Taken together, our genomic and pathogenesis data show the strains of emm type stG62647 we studied are closely genetically related and have enhanced virulence in a mouse model of severe invasive disease. Our findings underscore the need for expanded study of the genomics and molecular pathogenesis of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains causing human infections. IMPORTANCE Our studies addressed a critical knowledge gap in understanding the genomics and virulence of the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains are responsible for a recent increase in severe human infections in some countries. We determined that certain S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains are genetically descended from a common ancestor and that these strains can cause severe infections in a mouse model of necrotizing myositis. Our findings highlight the need for expanded studies on the genomics and pathogenic mechanisms of this understudied subspecies of the Streptococcus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Beres
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Randall J. Olsen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - S. Wesley Long
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jesus M. Eraso
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarrah Boukthir
- CHU de Rennes, Service de Bacteriologie-Hygiène Hospitalière, Rennes, France
- INSERM, CIC 1414, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Ahmad Faili
- INSERM, CIC 1414, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rennes, France
- Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, and Signaling, INSERM 1242, Rennes, France
| | - Samer Kayal
- CHU de Rennes, Service de Bacteriologie-Hygiène Hospitalière, Rennes, France
- INSERM, CIC 1414, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
- Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, and Signaling, INSERM 1242, Rennes, France
| | - James M. Musser
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Streptococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Significance and Phytotherapy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182443. [PMID: 36139303 PMCID: PMC9495100 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Streptococcosis is an economical important bacterial disease that can seriously cause huge losses in the global aquaculture sector. In recent years studies have focused on to use extracts or essences of medicinal herbs and plants to control or treat the disease outbreaks and, in most cases the results were promising. The essential oils of the herbs or plants are more effective than the extracts and, the extracts examined have moderate efficacy in term of increasing fish survival against fish streptococcosis that could be due to the enhancement of fish immunity by the herb bio-compounds. The lack of dosage optimization, toxicity and bioavailability assays of a specific herb/plant or its bioactive compound in fish organs make it difficult to judge the validation of clinical efficacy of a particular herb/plant against fish streptococcosis, and thus, required further investigations. Abstract Streptococcosis, particularly that caused by S. iniae and S. agalactiae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the global sustainability of aquaculture development. Despite a wide spread of the disease in aquaculture, few studies have been directed at assessing the in vitro antagonistic activity and in vivo efficacy of medicinal herbs and other plants against streptococcal agents. Most in vitro studies of plant extractives against S. iniae and S. agalactiae have found antibacterial activity, but essential oils, especially those containing eugenol, carvacrol or thymol, are more effective. Although essential oils have shown better anti-streptococcal activity in in vitro assays, in vivo bioassays require more attention. The extracts examined under in vivo conditions show moderate efficacy, increasing the survival rate of infected fish, probably through the enhancement of immunity before challenge bioassays. The available data, however, lack dosage optimization, toxicity and bioavailability assays of a specific plant or its bioactive compound in fish organs; hence, it is difficult to judge the validation of clinical efficacy for the prevention or treatment of fish streptococcosis. Despite the known bioactive compounds of many tested plants, few data are available on their mode of action towards streptococcal agents. This review addresses the efficacy of medicinal plants to fish streptococcosis and discusses the current gaps.
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Kurita G, Tsuyuki Y, Shibata S, Goto M, Maeda T, Yoshida H, Takahashi T. Genotypic and phenotypic features of eye-origin Streptococcus canis isolates from dogs in 2021: relatedness with clonal complex 46 and antimicrobial resistance. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022; 75:583-591. [PMID: 35908873 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eye (including cornea) and ear canal are major sources of Streptococcus canis in companion animal practice. We aimed to clarify genotypic and phenotypic features of the eye-origin isolates in 2021 compared to ear-origin isolates in 2021 and eye-origin isolates in 2017. Of the 102 isolates in 2021, nine eye-origin isolates were enrolled, whereas twenty-one ear-origin isolates in 2021 and thirteen eye-origin isolates in 2017 were included as controls. Genotypic analyses included virulence-associated gene (VAG; inl, sagA, slo, scp, lbp, fbp, gbp, ap1, fp1, and brp) profiling, S. canis M-like protein (SCM) allele typing, multilocus sequence typing, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotyping: phenotypic analyses contained hemolytic activity (HA) measurement and AMR phenotyping. There was only one 2017-eye-origin isolate with high-level HA, while the others showed low-level HA. We observed no association of the 2021-eye-origin population with detection rate of each VAG. There was no association of the 2021-eye-origin population with main SCM allele 2. We found significant association of the 2021-eye-origin population with main clonal complex (CC) 46 containing sequence type (ST) 46/ST2. There was significant association of the 2021-eye-origin population with AMR phenotypes/genotypes. Our observations suggest the unique microbiological features (CC46 having AMR phenotypes/genotypes) among the 2021-eye-origin population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Kurita
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Omura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Yuzo Tsuyuki
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Omura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan.,Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, Japan
| | | | - Mieko Goto
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Omura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Omura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Haruno Yoshida
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Omura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Omura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
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Ikebe T, Otsuka H, Chiba K, Kazawa Y, Yamaguchi T, Okuno R, Date Y, Sasaki M, Isobe J, Ohnishi M, Akeda Y. Natural mutation in the regulatory gene (srrG) influences virulence-associated genes and enhances invasiveness in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains isolated from cases of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104133. [PMID: 35779495 PMCID: PMC9244731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) has emerged as an important cause of severe invasive infections including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). The present study aimed to identify genes involved in differences in invasiveness between STSS and non-invasive SDSE isolates. Methods STSS and non-invasive SDSE isolates were analysed to identify csrS/csrR mutations, followed by a comparative analysis of genomic sequences to identify mutations in other genes. Mutant strains were generated to examine changes in gene expression profiles and altered pathogenicity in mice. Findings Of the 79 STSS-SDSE clinical isolates, 15 (19.0%) harboured csrS/csrR mutations, while none were found in the non-invasive SDSE isolates. We identified a small RNA (sRNA) that comprised three direct repeats along with an inverted repeat and was transcribed in the same direction as the sagA gene. The sRNA was referred to as srrG (streptolysin S regulatory RNA in GGS). srrG mutations were identified in the STSS-SDSE strains and were found to be associated with elevated expression of the streptolysin S (SLS) gene cluster and enhanced pathogenicity in mice. Interpretation The csrS/csrR and srrG mutations that increased virulence gene expression in STSS-SDSE isolates were identified, and strains carrying these mutations caused increased lethality in mice. A significantly higher frequency of mutations was observed in STSS-SDSE isolates, thereby highlighting their importance in STSS. Funding Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Ikebe
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Otsuka
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Chiba
- Division of Microbiology, Fukushima Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yu Kazawa
- Division of Microbiology, Fukushima Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rumi Okuno
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Date
- Division of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mari Sasaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Oita Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Oita, Japan
| | - Junko Isobe
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Han AR, Kim H, Park JT, Kim JW. Characterization of a cold-adapted debranching enzyme and its role in glycogen metabolism and virulence of Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY (SEOUL, KOREA) 2022; 60:375-386. [PMID: 35157220 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O has three genes annotated as debranching enzymes or pullulanase genes. Among them, the gene encoded by VVMO6_03032 (vvde1) shares a higher similarity at the amino acid sequence level to the glycogen debranching enzymes, AmyX of Bacillus subtilis (40.5%) and GlgX of Escherichia coli (55.5%), than those encoded by the other two genes. The vvde1 gene encoded a protein with a molecular mass of 75.56 kDa and purified Vvde1 efficiently hydrolyzed glycogen and pullulan to shorter chains of maltodextrin and maltotriose (G3), respectively. However, it hydrolyzed amylopectin and soluble starch far less efficiently, and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) only rarely. The optimal pH and temperature of Vvde1 was 6.5 and 25°C, respectively. Vvde1 was a cold-adapted debranching enzyme with more than 60% residual activity at 5°C. It could maintain stability for 2 days at 25°C and 1 day at 35°C, but it destabilized drastically at 40°C. The Vvde1 activity was inhibited considerably by Cu2+, Hg2+, and Zn2+, while it was slightly enhanced by Co2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, and Fe2+. The vvde1 knock-out mutant accumulated more glycogen than the wild-type in media supplemented with 1.0% maltodextrin; however, the side chain length distribution of glycogen was similar to that of the wild-type except G3, which was much more abundant in the mutant. Therefore, Vvde1 seemed to debranch glycogen with the degree of polymerization 3 (DP3) as the specific target branch length. Virulence of the pathogen against Caenorhabditis elegans was attenuated significantly by the vvde1 mutation. These results suggest that Vvde1 might be a unique glycogen debranching enzyme that is involved in both glycogen utilization and shaping of glycogen molecules, and contributes toward virulence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen VA, Ogura K, Matsue M, Takemoto N, Mukai K, Nakajima Y, Hoang TL, Iwata Y, Sakai N, Wada T, Hashimoto W, Okamoto S, Ichimura H. Novel Hyaluronate Lyase Involved in Pathogenicity of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:552418. [PMID: 33072013 PMCID: PMC7541959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.552418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) causes cellulitis, bacteremia, and invasive diseases, such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Although SDSE infection is more prevalent among elderly individuals and those with diabetes mellitus than infections with Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococci; GAS) and Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococci; GBS), the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of SDSE remain unknown. SDSE possesses a gene hylD encoding a hyaluronate lyase (HylD), whose homologue (HylB) is involved in pathogenicity of GBS, while the role of HylD has not been characterized. In this study, we focused on the enzyme HylD produced by SDSE; HylD cleaves hyaluronate (HA) and generates unsaturated disaccharides via a β-elimination reaction. Hyaluronate-agar plate assays revealed that SDSE promoted dramatic HA degradation. SDSE expresses both HylD and an unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase (UGL) that catalyzes the degradation of HA-derived oligosaccharides; as such, SDSE was more effective at HA degradation than other β-hemolytic streptococci, including GAS and GBS. Although HylD shows some homology to HylB, a similar enzyme produced by GBS, HylD exhibited significantly higher enzymatic activity than HylB at pH 6.0, conditions that are detected in the skin of both elderly individuals and those with diabetes mellitus. We also detected upregulation of transcripts from hylD and ugl genes from SDSE wild-type collected from the mouse peritoneal cavity; upregulated expression of ugl was not observed in ΔhylD SDSE mutants. These results suggested that disaccharides produced by the actions of HylD are capable of triggering downstream pathways that catalyze their destruction. Furthermore, we determined that infection with SDSEΔhylD was significantly less lethal than infection with the parent strain. When mouse skin wounds were infected for 2 days, intensive infiltration of neutrophils was observed around the wound areas infected with SDSE wild-type but not SDSEΔhylD. Our investigation suggested that HylD and UGL play important roles in nutrient acquisition from hosts, followed by the bacterial pathogenicity damaging host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van An Nguyen
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Matsue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takemoto
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Kanae Mukai
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukari Nakajima
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Thuy Linh Hoang
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Division of Infection Control, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichimura
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Yoshida H, Goto M, Fukushima Y, Maeda T, Tsuyuki Y, Takahashi T. Intracellular Invasion Ability and Associated Microbiological Characteristics of Streptococcus canis in Isolates from Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 74:129-136. [PMID: 32863352 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the cell invasion ability (CIA) of Streptococcus canis isolates, and clarified the relationship between high-frequency CIA and its microbiological features. Of the companion animal-origin isolates (n = 117) that were obtained in 2017, 40 isolates were randomly selected with the host information, with two human blood-origin isolates included. CIA was measured using human colon carcinoma epithelium and the hemolytic activity (HA) using sheep blood, along with S. canis M-like protein (SCM) allele typing, sequence type (ST) determination, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotyping/genotyping. CIA measurements revealed that 19 and 24 isolates had high- and low-frequencies, respectively. HA assessment revealed that 24 and 19 isolates were categorized as high- and low- level, respectively. No difference was observed in the high-/low-level HA between the high- /low-frequency CIA populations. A significant difference was found in the high-/low-frequency CIA between the SCM group I/II populations. Additionally, a significantly higher CIA was found in the SCM allele type 10/type 11 than in the others. A significant association was observed between high-frequency CIA and the ST21/ST41 populations. No difference was found in the high-/low-frequency CIA between the presence and absence of the AMR phenotype/genotype. These observations suggest a relationship between high-frequency CIA and its microbiological characteristics (SCM allele type 10/type 11 or ST21/ST41).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruno Yoshida
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Mieko Goto
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Yasuto Fukushima
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Yuzo Tsuyuki
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan.,Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Japan
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Hasegawa T, Matsumoto M, Hata N, Yano H, Isaka M, Tatsuno I. Homologous role of CovRS two-component regulatory system in NAD+-glycohydrolase activity inStreptococcus dysgalactiaesubsp.equisimilisas inStreptococcus pyogenes. APMIS 2019; 127:87-92. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Hasegawa
- Department of Bacteriology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Masakado Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology; Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health; Nagoya Japan
| | - Nanako Hata
- Department of Microbiology; Nagoya City University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hisako Yano
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention Nursing; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Nursing; Nagoya Japan
| | - Masanori Isaka
- Department of Bacteriology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Department of Bacteriology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
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10
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Hu FZ, Król JE, Tsai CHS, Eutsey RA, Hiller LN, Sen B, Ahmed A, Hillman T, Buchinsky FJ, Nistico L, Dice B, Longwell M, Horsey E, Ehrlich GD. Deletion of genes involved in the ketogluconate metabolism, Entner-Doudoroff pathway, and glucose dehydrogenase increase local and invasive virulence phenotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209688. [PMID: 30620734 PMCID: PMC6324787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae displays increased resistance to antibiotic therapy following biofilm formation. A genome-wide search revealed that SP 0320 and SP 0675 (respectively annotated as 5-keto-D-gluconate-5-reductase and glucose dehydrogenase) contain the highest degree of homology to CsgA of Myxococcus xanthus, a signaling factor that promotes cell aggregation and biofilm formation. Single and double SP 0320 and SP 0675 knockout mutants were created in strain BS72; however, no differences were observed in the biofilm-forming phenotypes of mutants compared to the wild type strain. Using the chinchilla model of otitis media and invasive disease, all three mutants exhibited greatly increased virulence compared to the wild type strain (increased pus formation, tympanic membrane rupture, mortality rates). The SP 0320 gene is located in an operon with SP 0317, SP 0318 and SP 0319, which we bioinformatically annotated as being part of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Deletion of SP 0317 also resulted in increased mortality in chinchillas; however, mutations in SP 0318 and SP 0319 did not alter the virulence of bacteria compared to the wild type strain. Complementing the SP 0317, SP 0320 and SP 0675 mutant strains reversed the virulence phenotype. We prepared recombinant SP 0317, SP 0318, SP 0320 and SP 0675 proteins and confirmed their functions. These data reveal that disruption of genes involved in the degradation of ketogluconate, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, and glucose dehydrogenase significantly increase the virulence of bacteria in vivo; two hypothetical models involving virulence triggered by reduced in carbon-flux through the glycolytic pathways are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Z. Hu
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FZH); (GDE)
| | - Jarosław E. Król
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Chen Hsuan Sherry Tsai
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Rory A. Eutsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Luisa N. Hiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Bhaswati Sen
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Azad Ahmed
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Todd Hillman
- Center of Excellence in Biofilm Research, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Farrel J. Buchinsky
- Center of Excellence in Biofilm Research, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Laura Nistico
- Center of Excellence in Biofilm Research, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Bethany Dice
- Center of Excellence in Biofilm Research, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Mark Longwell
- Center of Excellence in Biofilm Research, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Edward Horsey
- Center of Excellence in Biofilm Research, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center of Excellence in Biofilm Research, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FZH); (GDE)
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11
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Ogura K, Okumura K, Shimizu Y, Kirikae T, Miyoshi-Akiyama T. Pathogenicity Induced by Invasive Infection of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in a Mouse Model of Diabetes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2128. [PMID: 30298057 PMCID: PMC6160533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) causes severe invasive diseases such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, similar to that caused by S. pyogenes (GAS). Invasive SDSE infections are increasing, particularly among patients with diabetes mellitus. Here we investigate the association between the pathogenicity of SDSE and diabetes mellitus in a mouse model, using GAS infection for comparison. Intraperitoneal injection of highly hemolytic SDSE-167 into C57BL6/J mice induced a rapid rise in blood glucose concentrations within 4 h, which was otherwise seen only in mice injected with high doses of hypervirulent GAS mutants. The survival rates of mice injected with SDSE-167 were significantly lower in mice (db/db) with type 2 diabetes than in nondiabetic mice. Injection of db/db mice with SDSE-167 increased the concentrations of cytokines and chemokines, particularly those of interleukin 6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Microarray data indicate that multiple pathways are involved in the pathogenicity of SDSE-167 in db/db mice. These data reveal that the mechanisms underlying streptococcal infection differ between SDSE and GAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ogura
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kayo Okumura
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimizu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Diene SM, François P, Zbinden A, Entenza JM, Resch G. Comparative Genomics Analysis of Streptococcus tigurinus Strains Identifies Genetic Elements Specifically and Uniquely Present in Highly Virulent Strains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160554. [PMID: 27505001 PMCID: PMC4978470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus tigurinus is responsible for severe invasive infections such as infective endocarditis, spondylodiscitis and meningitis. As described, S. tigurinus isolates AZ_3aT and AZ_14 were highly virulent (HV phenotype) in an experimental model of infective endocarditis and showed enhanced adherence and invasion of human endothelial cells when compared to low virulent S. tigurinus isolate AZ_8 (LV phenotype). Here, we sought whether genetic determinants could explain the higher virulence of AZ_3aT and AZ_14 isolates. Several genetic determinants specific to the HV strains were identified through extensive comparative genomics amongst which some were thought to be highly relevant for the observed HV phenotype. These included i) an iron uptake and metabolism operon, ii) an ascorbate assimilation operon, iii) a newly acquired PI-2-like pilus islets described for the first time in S. tigurinus, iv) a hyaluronate metabolism operon, v) an Entner-Doudoroff pathway of carbohydrates metabolism, and vi) an alternate pathways for indole biosynthesis. We believe that the identified genomic features could largely explain the phenotype of high infectivity of the two HV S. tigurinus strains. Indeed, these features include determinants that could be involved at different stages of the disease such as survival of S. tigurinus in blood (iron uptake and ascorbate metabolism operons), initial attachment of bacterial pathogen to the damaged cardiac tissue and/or vegetation that formed on site (PI-2-like pilus islets), tissue invasion (hyaluronate operon and Entner-Doudoroff pathway) and regulation of pathogenicity (indole biosynthesis pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydina M. Diene
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Zbinden
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - José Manuel Entenza
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Resch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Yoshida H, Takahashi T, Nakamura M, Øverby A, Takahashi T, Ubukata K, Matsui H. A highly susceptible CD46 transgenic mouse model of subcutaneous infection with Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:229-34. [PMID: 26908231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) possesses clinical similarities to group A streptococcus (GAS) and has recently been recognized as a causative pathogen of life-threatening streptococcal infections. Human membrane cofactor protein (CD46), a complement regulatory protein ubiquitously expressed on every cell type except for erythrocytes, has been implicated as a receptor for human-specific pathogens including GAS. In the present report, SDSE strain GGS_124 was isolated from a patient suffering from streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. When CD46-expressing transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg mice were infected subcutaneously into a hind footpad with 1 × 10(7) colony-forming units of GGS_124, both CD46 Tg and non-Tg mice showed similar levels of colonization in the popliteal lymph nodes at day 3 after infection. However, the following differences were found between CD46 Tg and non-Tg mice after infection. First, there was a statistically significant difference in mortality rates between CD46 Tg (33%) and non-Tg (0%) mice within 35 days after infection. Second, all surviving CD46 Tg mice developed ankle arthritis at day 35 after infection, whereas non-Tg mice did not develop ankle arthritis on the infected hind paws. Finally, CD46 Tg mice developed a pus-filled abscess accompanied by renal failure at day 6 or later after infection. These observations suggest that CD46, the host cell-surface pathogen receptor, functioned to attract GGS_124 into deep tissues, so that the subcutaneous infection with GGS_124 induced invasive streptococcal diseases in CD46 Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruno Yoshida
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Takahashi
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamura
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Anders Øverby
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kimiko Ubukata
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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14
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Watanabe S, Takemoto N, Ogura K, Miyoshi-Akiyama T. Severe invasive streptococcal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes
and Streptococcus dysgalactiae
subsp. equisimilis. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanabe
- Division of Bacteriology; Department of Infection and Immunity; School of Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1 Yakushiji Shimotsuke-shi Tochigi 329-0498
| | - Norihiko Takemoto
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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15
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Siemens N, Kittang BR, Chakrakodi B, Oppegaard O, Johansson L, Bruun T, Mylvaganam H, Svensson M, Skrede S, Norrby-Teglund A. Increased cytotoxicity and streptolysin O activity in group G streptococcal strains causing invasive tissue infections. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16945. [PMID: 26601609 PMCID: PMC4658506 DOI: 10.1038/srep16945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) has emerged as an important cause of severe skin and soft tissue infections, but little is known of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying tissue pathology. Patient samples and a collection of invasive and non-invasive group G SDSE strains (n = 69) were analyzed with respect to virulence factor expression and cytotoxic or inflammatory effects on human cells and 3D skin tissue models. SDSE strains efficiently infected the 3D-skin model and severe tissue pathology, inflammatory responses and altered production of host structural framework proteins associated with epithelial barrier integrity were evident already at 8 hours post-infection. Invasive strains were significantly more cytotoxic towards keratinocytes and expressed higher Streptokinase and Streptolysin O (SLO) activities, as compared to non-invasive strains. The opposite was true for Streptolysin S (SLS). Fractionation and proteomic analysis of the cytotoxic fractions implicated SLO as a factor likely contributing to the keratinocyte cytotoxicity and tissue pathology. Analyses of patient tissue biopsies revealed massive bacterial load, high expression of slo, as well as immune cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory markers. Our findings suggest the contribution of SLO to epithelial cytotoxicity and tissue pathology in SDSE tissue infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Siemens
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bård R Kittang
- Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bhavya Chakrakodi
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oddvar Oppegaard
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linda Johansson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trond Bruun
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Haima Mylvaganam
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steiner Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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16
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Asam D, Mauerer S, Spellerberg B. Streptolysin S of Streptococcus anginosus exhibits broad-range hemolytic activity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 204:227-37. [PMID: 25381594 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus anginosus is a commensal of mucous membranes and an emerging human pathogen. Some strains, including the type strain, display a prominent β-hemolytic phenotype. A gene cluster (sag), encoding a variant of streptolysin S (SLS) has recently been identified as the genetic background for β-hemolysin production in S. anginosus. In this study, we further characterized the hemolytic and cytolytic activity of the S. anginosus hemolysin in comparison with other streptococcal hemolysins. The results indicate that SLS of S. anginosus is a broad-range hemolysin able to lyse erythrocytes of different species, including horse, bovine, rabbit and even chicken. The hemolytic activity is temperature dependent, and a down-regulation of the hemolysin expression is induced in the presence of high glucose levels. Survival assays indicate that in contrast to other streptococcal species, S. anginosus does not require SLS for survival in the presence of human granulocytes. Cross-complementation studies using the sagB and sagD genes of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis demonstrated functional similarities to the S. anginosus SLS. Nevertheless, distinct differences to other streptolysin S variants were noted and provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms of SLS pathogen host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Asam
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Baruch M, Hertzog BB, Ravins M, Anand A, Cheng CY, Biswas D, Tirosh B, Hanski E. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response constitutes a pathogenic strategy of group A streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:105. [PMID: 25136516 PMCID: PMC4120759 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between bacterial pathogens and unfolded protein response (UPR) is poorly explored. In this review we highlight the evidence showing that group A streptococcus (GAS) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and UPR through which it captures the amino acid asparagine (ASN) from the host. GAS acts extracellularly and during adherence to host cells it delivers the hemolysin toxins; streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S (SLS). By poorly understood pathways, these toxins trigger UPR leading to the induction of the transcriptional regulator ATF4 and consequently to the upregulation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) transcription leading to production and release of ASN. GAS senses ASN and alters gene expression profile accordingly, and increases the rate of multiplication. We suggest that induction of UPR by GAS and by other bacterial pathogens represent means through which bacterial pathogens gain nutrients from the host, obviating the need to become internalized or inflict irreversible cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Baruch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Baruch B Hertzog
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Ravins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aparna Anand
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Catherine Youting Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), National University of Singapore (NUS) and NUS-HUJI Singapore
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) Jerusalem, Israel ; Department of Microbiology, Center for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), National University of Singapore (NUS) and NUS-HUJI Singapore
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- The School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emanuel Hanski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) Jerusalem, Israel ; Department of Microbiology, Center for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), National University of Singapore (NUS) and NUS-HUJI Singapore
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18
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PCR based differentiation between Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains isolated from humans and horses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:169-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Watanabe S, Kirikae T, Miyoshi-Akiyama T. Complete genome sequence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis 167 carrying Lancefield group C antigen and comparative genomics of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 5:1644-51. [PMID: 23918808 PMCID: PMC3787669 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) is an emerging human pathogen that causes life-threatening invasive infections such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Recent epidemiological studies reveal that invasive SDSE infections have been increasing in Asia, Europe, and the United States. Almost all SDSE carry Lancefield group G or C antigen. We have determined the complete genome sequence of a human group C SDSE 167 strain. A comparison of its sequence with that of four SDSE strains, three in Lancefield group G and one in Lancefield group A, showed approximately 90% coverage. Most regions showing little or no homology were located in the prophages. There was no evidence of massive rearrangement in the genome of SDSE 167. Bayesian phylogeny using entire genome sequences showed that the most recent common ancestor of the five SDSE strains appeared 446 years ago. Interestingly, we found that SDSE 167 harbors sugar metabolizing enzymes in a unique region and streptodornase in the phage region, which presumably contribute to the degradation of host tissues and the prompted covRS mutation, respectively. A comparison of these five SDSE strains, which differ in Lancefield group antigens, revealed a gene cluster presumably responsible for the synthesis of the antigenic determinant. These results may provide the basis for molecular epidemiological research of SDSE.
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