1
|
Haveri A, Ikonen N, Savolainen-Kopra C, Julkunen I. Long-lasting heterologous antibody responses after sequential vaccination with A/Indonesia/5/2005 and A/Vietnam/1203/2004 pre-pandemic influenza A(H5N1) virus vaccines. Vaccine 2020; 39:402-411. [PMID: 33246672 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have caused sporadic infections in humans and thus they pose a significant global health threat. Among symptomatic patients the case fatality rate has been ca. 50%. H5N1 viruses exist in multiple clades and subclades and several candidate vaccines have been developed to prevent A(H5N1) infection as a principal measure for preventing the disease. METHODS Serum antibodies against various influenza A(H5N1) clade viruses were measured in adults by ELISA-based microneutralization and haemagglutination inhibition tests before and after vaccination with two different A(H5N1) vaccines in 2009 and 2011. RESULTS Two doses of AS03-adjuvanted A/Indonesia/5/2005 vaccine induced good homologous but poor heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against different clade viruses. However, non-adjuvanted A/Vietnam/1203/2004 booster vaccination in 2011 induced very strong and long-lasting homologous and heterologous antibody responses while homologous response remained weak in naïve subjects. CONCLUSIONS Sequential vaccination with two different A(H5N1) pre-pandemic vaccines induced long-lasting high level cross-clade immunity against influenza A(H5N1) strains, thus supporting a prime-boost vaccination strategy in pandemic preparedness plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Haveri
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), POB 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), POB 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), POB 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), POB 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted, Cell Culture-derived, A/H5N1, Subunit Influenza Virus Vaccine: Results From a Dose-finding Clinical Trial in Healthy Pediatric Subjects. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:757-764. [PMID: 31194712 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A/H5N1 influenza virus has significant pandemic potential, and vaccination is the main prophylactic measure. This phase 2, randomized, observer-blind, multicenter study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of two MF59-adjuvanted, cell culture-derived H5N1 (aH5N1c) vaccine formulations in healthy pediatric subjects 6 months to 17 years old. METHODS Subjects (N = 662) received 2 aH5N1c doses 3 weeks apart, containing either 7.5 μg (full dose) or 3.75 μg (half dose) hemagglutinin antigen per dose. Local reactions and adverse events (AEs) were assessed by age. Antibody responses were measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay and assessed as geometric mean titers, geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and percentages of subjects achieving titers ≥1:40 and seroconversion (NCT01776554). RESULTS No vaccine-related serious AEs occurred. Incidence of solicited local reactions and systemic AEs were similar across vaccine groups. Tenderness and irritability in <6-year olds, and injection site pain, myalgia and fatigue in 6-17-year olds were the most commonly reported reactions in both full- and half-dose recipients. Frequencies of AEs were lower after the second dose than the first dose in all vaccine and age groups. Three weeks after the administration of a second dose, both full- and half-dose formulations met the Center for Biologics Evaluation Research and Review (United States) and Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (EU) licensure criteria for titers ≥1:40 (full dose 96% subjects; half dose 86%), seroconversion (full dose 96% subjects; half dose 86%), and GMR (full dose GMR 262; half dose 84). Antibody responses were highest in 6-35-month olds. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric subjects, both aH5N1c vaccine formulations were well tolerated and highly immunogenic, meeting both US and EU licensure criteria for pandemic influenza vaccines.
Collapse
|
3
|
Krammer F, Fouchier RAM, Eichelberger MC, Webby RJ, Shaw-Saliba K, Wan H, Wilson PC, Compans RW, Skountzou I, Monto AS. NAction! How Can Neuraminidase-Based Immunity Contribute to Better Influenza Virus Vaccines? mBio 2018; 9:e02332-17. [PMID: 29615508 PMCID: PMC5885027 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02332-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase is one of the two surface glycoproteins of influenza A and B viruses. It has enzymatic activity that cleaves terminal sialic acid from glycans, and that activity is essential at several points in the virus life cycle. While neuraminidase is a major target for influenza antivirals, it is largely ignored in vaccine development. Current inactivated influenza virus vaccines might contain neuraminidase, but the antigen quantity and quality are varied and not standardized. While there are data that show a protective role of anti-neuraminidase immunity, many questions remain unanswered. These questions, among others, concern the targeted epitopes or antigenic sites, the potential for antigenic drift, and, connected to that, the breadth of protection, differences in induction of immune responses by vaccination versus infection, mechanisms of protection, the role of mucosal antineuraminidase antibodies, stability, and the immunogenicity of neuraminidase in vaccine formulations. Reagents for analysis of neuraminidase-based immunity are scarce, and assays are not widely used for clinical studies evaluating vaccines. However, efforts to better understand neuraminidase-based immunity have been made recently. A neuraminidase focus group, NAction!, was formed at a Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance meeting at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD, to promote research that helps to understand neuraminidase-based immunity and how it can contribute to the design of better and broadly protective influenza virus vaccines. Here, we review open questions and knowledge gaps that have been identified by this group and discuss how the gaps can be addressed, with the ultimate goal of designing better influenza virus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongquan Wan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence (NYICE), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Section of Rheumatology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard W Compans
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence (NYICE), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Epidemiological Studies to Support the Development of Next Generation Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020017. [PMID: 29587412 PMCID: PMC6027373 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases recently published a strategic plan for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. This plan focuses on improving understanding of influenza infection, the development of influenza immunity, and rational design of new vaccines. Epidemiological studies such as prospective, longitudinal cohort studies are essential to the completion of these objectives. In this review, we discuss the contributions of epidemiological studies to our current knowledge of vaccines and correlates of immunity, and how they can contribute to the development and evaluation of the next generation of influenza vaccines. These studies have been critical in monitoring the effectiveness of current influenza vaccines, identifying issues such as low vaccine effectiveness, reduced effectiveness among those who receive repeated vaccination, and issues related to egg adaptation during the manufacturing process. Epidemiological studies have also identified population-level correlates of protection that can inform the design and development of next generation influenza vaccines. Going forward, there is an enduring need for epidemiological studies to continue advancing knowledge of correlates of protection and the development of immunity, to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of next generation influenza vaccines, and to inform recommendations for their use.
Collapse
|
5
|
Advancing new vaccines against pandemic influenza in low-resource countries. Vaccine 2017; 35:5397-5402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Barrett PN, Terpening SJ, Snow D, Cobb RR, Kistner O. Vero cell technology for rapid development of inactivated whole virus vaccines for emerging viral diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:883-894. [PMID: 28724343 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1357471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rapid development and production of vaccines against emerging diseases requires well established, validated, robust technologies to allow industrial scale production and accelerated licensure of products. Areas covered: A versatile Vero cell platform has been developed and utilized to deliver a wide range of candidate and licensed vaccines against emerging viral diseases. This platform builds on the 35 years' experience and safety record with inactivated whole virus vaccines such as polio vaccine. The current platform has been optimized to include a novel double inactivation procedure in order to ensure a highly robust inactivation procedure for novel emerging viruses. The utility of this platform in rapidly developing inactivated whole virus vaccines against pandemic (-like) influenza viruses and other emerging viruses such as West Nile, Chikungunya, Ross River and SARS is reviewed. The potential of the platform for development of vaccines against other emerging viruses such as Zika virus is described. Expert commentary: Use of this platform can substantially accelerate process development and facilitate licensure because of the substantial existing data set available for the cell matrix. However, programs to provide vaccines against emerging diseases must allow alternative clinical development paths to licensure, without the requirement to carry out large scale field efficacy studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Doris Snow
- a Nanotherapeutics Inc. , Alachua , FL , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou J, Yang F, Yang J, Ma L, Cun Y, Song S, Liao G. Reassortment of high-yield influenza viruses in vero cells and safety assessment as candidate vaccine strains. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 13:111-116. [PMID: 27648636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1231261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the practiced and accessible measure for preventing influenza infection. Because chicken embryos used for vaccine production have various insufficiencies, more efficient methods are needed. African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a safe substitute for influenza vaccine production for humans. However, the influenza virus usually had low-yield in Vero cells, which limits the usage of Vero cellular vaccines. This study used 2 high-yield influenza viruses in Vero cells: A/Yunnan/1/2005Va (H3N2) and B/Yunnan/2/2005Va (B) as donor viruses. It used 3 wild strain viruses to reassort new adaptation viruses, including: A/Tianjin/15/2009(H1N1), A/Fujian/196/2009(H3N2), and B/Chongqing/1384/2010(B). These three new viruses could maintain the characteristic of high-yield in Vero cells. Furthermore, they could keep the immunogenic characteristics of the original wild influenza viruses. Importantly, these viruses were shown as safe in chicken embryo and guinea pigs assessment systems. These results provide an alternative method to produce influenza vaccine based on Vero cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- a The Fifth Department of Biological Products , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- a The Fifth Department of Biological Products , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Yang
- a The Fifth Department of Biological Products , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan Province , People's Republic of China.,b The First Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming , Yunnan Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ma
- a The Fifth Department of Biological Products , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Yina Cun
- a The Fifth Department of Biological Products , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Song
- a The Fifth Department of Biological Products , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- a The Fifth Department of Biological Products , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan Province , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Halsey NA, Talaat KR, Greenbaum A, Mensah E, Dudley MZ, Proveaux T, Salmon DA. The safety of influenza vaccines in children: An Institute for Vaccine Safety white paper. Vaccine 2016; 33 Suppl 5:F1-F67. [PMID: 26822822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Most influenza vaccines are generally safe, but influenza vaccines can cause rare serious adverse events. Some adverse events, such as fever and febrile seizures, are more common in children than adults. There can be differences in the safety of vaccines in different populations due to underlying differences in genetic predisposition to the adverse event. Live attenuated vaccines have not been studied adequately in children under 2 years of age to determine the risks of adverse events; more studies are needed to address this and several other priority safety issues with all influenza vaccines in children. All vaccines intended for use in children require safety testing in the target age group, especially in young children. Safety of one influenza vaccine in children should not be extrapolated to assumed safety of all influenza vaccines in children. The low rates of adverse events from influenza vaccines should not be a deterrent to the use of influenza vaccines because of the overwhelming evidence of the burden of disease due to influenza in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal A Halsey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adena Greenbaum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Mensah
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Z Dudley
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tina Proveaux
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu W, Yang F, Yang J, Ma L, Cun Y, Song S, Liao G. Construction high-yield candidate influenza vaccine viruses in Vero cells by reassortment. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1914-21. [PMID: 27101353 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Usage of influenza vaccine is the best choice measure for preventing and conclusion of influenza virus infection. Although it has been used of chicken embryo to produce influenza vaccine, following with WHO recommended vaccine strain, there were uncontrollable factors and its deficiencies, specially, during an influenza pandemic in the world. The Vero cells are used for vaccine production of a few strains including influenza virus, because of its homology with human, recommended by WHO. However, as known most of the influenza viruses strains could not culture by Vero cells. It was used two high-yield influenza viruses adapted in Vero cells as donor viruses, such as A/Yunnan/1/2005Va (H3N2) and B/Yunnan/2/2005Va (B), to construct high-yield wild influenza virus in Vero cells under antibody selection pressure. After reassortment and passages, it obtained the new Vaccine strains with A/Tianjin/15/2009Va (H1N1), A/Fujian/196/2009Va (H3N2) and B/Chongqing/1384/2010Va (B), which was not only completely keeping their original antigenic (HA and NA), but also grown well in Vero cells with high-yield. All results of gene analysis and HA, HI shown that this reassortment method could be used to find new direction to product the influenza vaccine. J. Med. Virol. 88:1914-1921, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.,Pharmaceutical Department, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Yang
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ma
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yina Cun
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Song
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shao J, Gao F, Lin HJ, Mao QY, Chen P, Wu X, Yao X, Kong W, Liang ZL. Short-Fragment DNA Residue from Vaccine Purification Processes Promotes Immune Response to the New Inactivated EV71 Vaccine by Upregulating TLR9 mRNA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153867. [PMID: 27082865 PMCID: PMC4833324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce potential oncogenic long genomic DNA in vaccines, nuclease treatment has been applied in the purification processes. However, this action increased the residue of short-fragment DNA and its effect on vaccine potency was still elusive. In this study, we found residual sf-DNA in an inactivated EV71 vaccine could enhance humoral immune response in mice. Ag stimulation in vitro and vaccine injection in vivo revealed that TLR9 transcription level was elevated, indicating that sf-DNA could activate TLR9. These new findings will help us to understand the molecular mechanism induced by vero-cell culture-derived vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Juan Lin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Ying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pan Chen
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (WK); (ZLL)
| | - Zheng-Lun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (WK); (ZLL)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hegde NR. Cell culture-based influenza vaccines: A necessary and indispensable investment for the future. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1223-34. [PMID: 25875691 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional platform of using embryonated chicken eggs for the production of influenza vaccines has several drawbacks including the inability to meet the volume of required doses in the case of widespread epidemics and pandemics. Cell culture platforms have therefore been explored in the last 2 decades, and have attracted further attention following the H1N1 pandemic outbreak. This platform, while not the most economical for large-scale production, has several advantages, and can supplement the vaccine requirement when needed. Recent developments in production technologies have contributed greatly to fine-tuning this platform. In combination with other technologies such as live attenuated and recombinant protein or virus-like particle vaccines, and different adjuvants and delivery systems, cell culture-based influenza vaccine platform can be used both for production of seasonal vaccine, and to mitigate vaccine shortages in pandemic situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra R Hegde
- a Ella Foundation; Genome Valley; Turkapally , Shameerpet Mandal , Hyderabad , India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Czako R, Subbarao K. Refining the approach to vaccines against influenza A viruses with pandemic potential. Future Virol 2015; 10:1033-1047. [PMID: 26587050 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective strategy for prevention and control of influenza. Timely production and deployment of seasonal influenza vaccines is based on an understanding of the epidemiology of influenza and on global disease and virologic surveillance. Experience with seasonal influenza vaccines guided the initial development of pandemic influenza vaccines. A large investment in pandemic influenza vaccines in the last decade has resulted in much progress and a body of information that can now be applied to refine the established paradigm. Critical and complementary considerations for pandemic influenza vaccines include improved assessment of the pandemic potential of animal influenza viruses, proactive development and deployment of pandemic influenza vaccines, and application of novel platforms and strategies for vaccine production and administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Czako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chia MY, Hu AYC, Tseng YF, Weng TC, Lai CC, Lin JY, Chen PL, Wang YF, Chao SR, Chang JY, Hwang YS, Yeh CT, Yu CP, Chen YC, Su IJ, Lee MS. Evaluation of MDCK cell-derived influenza H7N9 vaccine candidates in ferrets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120793. [PMID: 25799397 PMCID: PMC4370571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) viruses emerged as human pathogens in China in early 2013 and have killed >100 persons. Influenza vaccines are mainly manufactured using egg-based technology which could not meet the surging demand during influenza pandemics. In this study, we evaluated cell-based influenza H7N9 vaccines in ferrets. An egg-derived influenza H7N9 reassortant vaccine virus was adapted in MDCK cells. Influenza H7N9 whole virus vaccine antigen was manufactured using a microcarrier-based culture system. Immunogenicity and protection of the vaccine candidates with three different formulations (300μg aluminum hydroxide, 1.5μg HA, and 1.5μg HA plus 300μg aluminum hydroxide) were evaluated in ferrets. In ferrets receiving two doses of vaccination, geometric mean titers of hemagglutination (HA) inhibition and neutralizing antibodies were <10 and <40 for the control group (adjuvant only), 17 and 80 for the unadjuvanted (HA only) group, and 190 and 640 for the adjuvanted group (HA plus adjuvant), respectively. After challenge with wild-type influenza H7N9 viruses, virus titers in respiratory tracts of the adjuvanted group were significantly lower than that in the control, and unadjuvanted groups. MDCK cell-derived influenza H7N9 whole virus vaccine candidate is immunogenic and protective in ferrets and clinical development is highly warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yuan Chia
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Tseng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chuan Weng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Lai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ling Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Ru Chao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yuan Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiuh Hwang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tsui Yeh
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Yu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Chun Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wodal W, Schwendinger MG, Savidis-Dacho H, Crowe BA, Hohenadl C, Fritz R, Brühl P, Portsmouth D, Karner-Pichl A, Balta D, Grillberger L, Kistner O, Barrett PN, Howard MK. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a Vero cell culture-derived whole-virus H7N9 vaccine in mice and guinea pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0113963. [PMID: 25719901 PMCID: PMC4342221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A novel avian H7N9 virus with a high case fatality rate in humans emerged in China in 2013. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a candidate Vero cell culture-derived whole-virus H7N9 vaccine in small animal models. Methods Antibody responses induced in immunized DBA/2J mice and guinea pigs were evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN), and neuraminidase inhibition (NAi) assays. T-helper cell responses and IgG subclass responses in mice were analyzed by ELISPOT and ELISA, respectively. Vaccine efficacy against lethal challenge with wild-type H7N9 virus was evaluated in immunized mice. H7N9-specific antibody responses induced in mice and guinea pigs were compared to those induced by a licensed whole-virus pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) vaccine. Results The whole-virus H7N9 vaccine induced dose-dependent H7N9-specific HI, MN and NAi antibodies in mice and guinea pigs. Evaluation of T-helper cell responses and IgG subclasses indicated the induction of a balanced Th1/Th2 response. Immunized mice were protected against lethal H7N9 challenge in a dose-dependent manner. H7N9 and H1N1pdm09 vaccines were similarly immunogenic. Conclusions The induction of H7N9-specific antibody and T cell responses and protection against lethal challenge suggest that the Vero cell culture-derived whole-virus vaccine would provide an effective intervention against the H7N9 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Wodal
- Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Orth/Donau, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Brühl
- Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Orth/Donau, Austria
| | | | | | - Dalida Balta
- Process Development R&D, Baxter BioScience, Orth/Donau, Austria
| | | | | | - P. Noel Barrett
- Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Orth/Donau, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Phase I/II randomized double-blind study of the safety and immunogenicity of a nonadjuvanted vero cell culture-derived whole-virus H9N2 influenza vaccine in healthy adults. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:46-55. [PMID: 25355797 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00275-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies on candidate pandemic vaccines against avian influenza viruses have focused on H5N1, but viruses of other subtypes, such as A/H9N2, are also considered to have pandemic potential. We investigated the safety and immunogenicity of two immunizations with one of five different antigen doses (ranging from 3.75 to 45 μg of hemagglutinin antigen) of a nonadjuvanted whole-virus G9 lineage H9N2 influenza virus vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 to 49 years. The antibody responses were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN), and single radial hemolysis (SRH) assays. To investigate a hypothesis that previous exposure to H2N2 viruses in subjects born in or before 1968 might prime for more robust antibody responses to H9N2 vaccination than that in subjects born after 1968, a post hoc age-stratified analysis of antibody responses was done. Both vaccinations in all dose groups were safe and well tolerated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported, and the majority of the adverse reactions were rated as mild. The rates of injection site reactions were lower in the 3.75-μg- and 7.5-μg-dose groups than those in the higher-dose groups; the rates of systemic reactions were similar across all dose groups. The seroprotection rates among the different dose groups 21 days after the second immunization ranged from 52.8% to 88.9% as measured by HI assay, from 88.7% to 98.1% or 82.7% to 96.2% as measured by MN assay (MN titer cutoffs, 1:40 and 1:80, respectively), and from 94.2% to 100% as measured by SRH assay. Higher antibody responses were not induced in subjects born in or before 1968. These data indicate that a nonadjuvanted whole-virus H9N2 vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy adults. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01320696.).
Collapse
|
16
|
Fritz R, Hetzelt N, Ilk R, Hohenadl C, van der Velden MVW, Aichinger G, Portsmouth D, Kistner O, Howard MK, Barrett PN, Kreil TR. Neuraminidase-Inhibiting Antibody Response to H5N1 Virus Vaccination in Chronically Ill and Immunocompromised Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu072. [PMID: 25734142 PMCID: PMC4281780 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase-inhibiting (NAi) antibodies have been reported to be an independent correlate of protection from influenza disease, but the NAi antibody response to influenza vaccination has never been assessed in chronically ill or immunocompromised participants. Using an enzyme-linked lectin assay, we demonstrated that 2 immunizations with a Vero cell culture-derived, whole-virus H5N1 A/Vietnam vaccine induces NAi antibodies in 94.3% of chronically ill and 83.8% of immunocompromised participants. A booster with a heterologous A/Indonesia H5N1 vaccine induced comparable NAi antibody titers in both groups and resulted in 100% seropositivity. These data support prepandemic H5N1 vaccination strategies for these highly vulnerable risk groups.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chua BY, Brown LE, Jackson DC. Considerations for the rapid deployment of vaccines against H7N9 influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1327-37. [PMID: 25017993 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.938641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The threat of an outbreak of avian-origin influenza H7N9 and the devastating consequences that a pandemic could have on global population health and economies has mobilized programs of constant surveillance and the implementation of preemptive plans. Central to these plans is the production of prepandemic vaccines that can be rapidly deployed to minimize disease severity and deaths resulting from such an occurrence. In this article, we review current H7N9 vaccine strategies in place and the available technologies and options that can help accelerate vaccine production and increase dose-sparing capabilities to provide enough vaccines to cover the population. We also present possible means of reducing disease impact during the critical period after an outbreak occurs before a strain matched vaccine becomes available and consider the use of existing stockpiles and seed strains of phylogenetically related subtypes, alternate vaccination regimes and vaccine forms that induce cross-reactive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wohlbold TJ, Krammer F. In the shadow of hemagglutinin: a growing interest in influenza viral neuraminidase and its role as a vaccine antigen. Viruses 2014; 6:2465-94. [PMID: 24960271 PMCID: PMC4074938 DOI: 10.3390/v6062465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of vaccine prophylaxis and antiviral therapeutics, the influenza virus continues to have a significant, annual impact on the morbidity and mortality of human beings, highlighting the continued need for research in the field. Current vaccine strategies predominantly focus on raising a humoral response against hemagglutinin (HA)—the more abundant, immunodominant glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus. In fact, anti-HA antibodies are often neutralizing, and are used routinely to assess vaccine immunogenicity. Neuraminidase (NA), the other major glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus, has historically served as the target for antiviral drug therapy and is much less studied in the context of humoral immunity. Yet, the quest to discern the exact importance of NA-based protection is decades old. Also, while antibodies against the NA glycoprotein fail to prevent infection of the influenza virus, anti-NA immunity has been shown to lessen the severity of disease, decrease viral lung titers in animal models, and reduce viral shedding. Growing evidence is intimating the possible gains of including the NA antigen in vaccine design, such as expanded strain coverage and increased overall immunogenicity of the vaccine. After giving a tour of general influenza virology, this review aims to discuss the influenza A virus neuraminidase while focusing on both the historical and present literature on the use of NA as a possible vaccine antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teddy John Wohlbold
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
van der Velden MVW, Geisberger A, Dvorak T, Portsmouth D, Fritz R, Crowe BA, Herr W, Distler E, Wagner EM, Zeitlinger M, Sauermann R, Stephan C, Ehrlich HJ, Barrett PN, Aichinger G. Safety and immunogenicity of a vero cell culture-derived whole-virus H5N1 influenza vaccine in chronically ill and immunocompromised patients. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:867-76. [PMID: 24739978 PMCID: PMC4054238 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00065-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines against H5N1 influenza A viruses is a cornerstone of pandemic preparedness. Clinical trials of H5N1 vaccines have been undertaken in healthy subjects, but studies in risk groups have been lacking. In this study, the immunogenicity and safety of a nonadjuvanted cell culture-derived whole-virus H5N1 vaccine were assessed in chronically ill and immunocompromised adults. Subjects received two priming immunizations with a clade 1 A/Vietnam H5N1 influenza vaccine, and a subset also received a booster immunization with a clade 2.1 A/Indonesia H5N1 vaccine 12 to 24 months later. The antibody responses in the two populations were assessed by virus neutralization and single radial hemolysis assays. The T-cell responses in a subset of immunocompromised patients were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT). The priming and the booster vaccinations were safe and well tolerated in the two risk populations, and adverse reactions were predominantly mild and transient. The priming immunizations induced neutralizing antibody titers of ≥1:20 against the A/Vietnam strain in 64.2% of the chronically ill and 41.5% of the immunocompromised subjects. After the booster vaccination, neutralizing antibody titers of ≥1:20 against the A/Vietnam and A/Indonesia strains were achieved in 77.5% and 70.8%, respectively, of chronically ill subjects and in 71.6% and 67.5%, respectively, of immunocompromised subjects. The T-cell responses against the two H5N1 strains increased significantly over the baseline values. Substantial heterosubtypic T-cell responses were elicited against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus and seasonal A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B subtypes. There was a significant correlation between T-cell responses and neutralizing antibody titers. These data indicate that nonadjuvanted whole-virus cell culture-derived H5N1 influenza vaccines are suitable for immunizing chronically ill and immunocompromised populations. (This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00711295.).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chronic Disease
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunocompromised Host/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vero Cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Distler
- Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva M Wagner
- Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Sauermann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Stephan
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Medical Center/Infectious Diseases Unit, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Halder N, Kelso JK, Milne GJ. A model-based economic analysis of pre-pandemic influenza vaccination cost-effectiveness. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:266. [PMID: 24884470 PMCID: PMC4045999 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vaccine matched to a newly emerged pandemic influenza virus would require a production time of at least 6 months with current proven techniques, and so could only be used reactively after the peak of the pandemic. A pre-pandemic vaccine, although probably having lower efficacy, could be produced and used pre-emptively. While several previous studies have investigated the cost effectiveness of pre-emptive vaccination strategies, they have not been directly compared to realistic reactive vaccination strategies. Methods An individual-based simulation model of ~30,000 people was used to examine a pre-emptive vaccination strategy, assuming vaccination conducted prior to a pandemic using a low-efficacy vaccine. A reactive vaccination strategy, assuming a 6-month delay between pandemic emergence and availability of a high-efficacy vaccine, was also modelled. Social distancing and antiviral interventions were examined in combination with these alternative vaccination strategies. Moderate and severe pandemics were examined, based on estimates of transmissibility and clinical severity of the 1957 and 1918 pandemics respectively, and the cost effectiveness of each strategy was evaluated. Results Provided that a pre-pandemic vaccine achieved at least 30% efficacy, pre-emptive vaccination strategies were found to be more cost effective when compared to reactive vaccination strategies. Reactive vaccination coupled with sustained social distancing and antiviral interventions was found to be as effective at saving lives as pre-emptive vaccination coupled with limited duration social distancing and antiviral use, with both strategies saving approximately 420 life-years per 10,000 population for a moderate pandemic with a basic reproduction number of 1.9 and case fatality rate of 0.25%. Reactive vaccination was however more costly due to larger productivity losses incurred by sustained social distancing, costing $8 million per 10,000 population ($19,074/LYS) versus $6.8 million per 10,000 population ($15,897/LYS) for a pre-emptive vaccination strategy. Similar trends were observed for severe pandemics. Conclusions Compared to reactive vaccination, pre-emptive strategies would be more effective and more cost effective, conditional on the pre-pandemic vaccine being able to achieve a certain level of coverage and efficacy. Reactive vaccination strategies exist which are as effective at mortality reduction as pre-emptive strategies, though they are less cost effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel K Kelso
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R. Inactivated and adjuvanted influenza vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 386:151-80. [PMID: 25038938 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated influenza vaccines are produced every year to fight against the seasonal epidemics of influenza. Despite the nonoptimal coverage, even in subjects at risk like the elderly, pregnant women, etc., these vaccines significantly reduce the burden of mortality and morbidity linked to the influenza infection. Importantly, these vaccines have also contributed to reduce the impact of the last pandemics. Nevertheless, the performance of these vaccines can be improved mainly in those age groups, like children and the elderly, in which their efficacy is suboptimal. The use of adjuvants has proven effective to this scope. Oil-in-water adjuvants like MF59 and AS03 have been licensed and widely used, and shown efficacious in preventing influenza infection in the last pandemic. MF59-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine was more efficacious than non-adjuvanted vaccine in preventing influenza infection in young children and in reducing hospitalization due to the influenza infection in the elderly. Other adjuvants are now at different stages of development and some are being tested in clinical trials. The perspective remains to improve the way inactivated vaccines are prepared and to accelerate their availability, mainly in the case of influenza pandemics, and to enhance their efficacy/effectiveness for a more successful impact at the public health level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Del Giudice
- Research and Development, Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy,
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kapoor S, Dhama K. Prevention and Control of Influenza Viruses. INSIGHT INTO INFLUENZA VIRUSES OF ANIMALS AND HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121144 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05512-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2003–2004 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have proven to be disastrous to the regional poultry industry in Asia, and have raised serious worldwide public health apprehension regarding the steps that should be taken to urgently control HPAI. Control measures must be taken based on the principles of biosecurity and disease management and at the same time making public aware of the precautionary measures at the verge of outbreak. Creation of protection and surveillance zones, various vaccination strategies viz. routine, preventive, emergency, mass and targeted vaccination programmes using live, inactivated and recombinant vaccines are the common strategies adopted in different parts of the globe. The new generation vaccines include recombinant vaccines and recombinant fusion vaccine. The pro-poor disease control programmes, giving compensation and subsidies to the farmers along with effective and efficient Veterinary Services forms integral part of control of HPAI. Following biosecurity principles and vaccination forms integral part of control programme against swine and equine influenza as well. Use of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (Zanamivir and Oseltamivir) for the treatment of human influenza has been widely accepted worldwide. The threat of increasing resistance of the flu viruses to these antivirals has evoked interest in the development of novel antiviral drugs for influenza virus such as inhibitors of cellular factors and host signalling cascades, cellular miRNAs, siRNA and innate immune peptides (defensins and cathelicidins). Commercial licensed inactivated vaccines for humans against influenza A and B viruses are available consisting of three influenza viruses: influenza type A subtype H3N2, influenza type A subtype H1N1 (seasonal) virus strain and influenza type B virus strain. As per WHO, use of tetravaccine consisting of antigens of influenza virus serotypes H3N2, H1N1, B and H5 is the most promising method to control influenza pandemic. All healthy children in many countries are required to be vaccinated between 6 and 59 months of age. The seasonal vaccines currently used in humans induce strain-specific humoral immunity as the antibodies. Universal influenza virus vaccines containing the relatively conserved ectodomain of M2 (M2e), M1, HA fusion peptide and stalk domains, NA, NP alone or in combination have been developed which have been shown to induce cross-protection. The T cell-based vaccines are another recent experimental approach that has been shown to elicit broad-spectrum heterosubtypic immunity in the host. As far as HPAI is concerned, various pandemic preparedness strategies have been documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Keitel WA, Piedra PA. Influenza A(H5N1) vaccines: are we better prepared for the next pandemic? J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1-3. [PMID: 24158956 PMCID: PMC7313963 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|