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Azzi-Martin L, Touffait-Calvez V, Everaert M, Jia R, Sifré E, Seeneevassen L, Varon C, Dubus P, Ménard A. Cytolethal Distending Toxin Modulates Cell Differentiation and Elicits Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1688-1701. [PMID: 38416880 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterial genotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), causes DNA damage in host cells, a risk factor for carcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown that CDT induces phenotypes reminiscent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process involved in cancer initiation and progression. METHODS We investigated different steps of EMT in response to Helicobacter hepaticus CDT and its active CdtB subunit using in vivo and in vitro models. RESULTS Most of the steps of the EMT process were induced by CDT/CdtB and observed throughout the study in murine and epithelial cell culture models. CdtB induced cell-cell junction disassembly, causing individualization of cells and acquisition of a spindle-like morphology. The key transcriptional regulators of EMT (SNAIL and ZEB1) and some EMT markers were upregulated at both RNA and protein levels in response to CDT/CdtB. CdtB increased the expression and proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases, as well as cell migration. A range of these results were confirmed in Helicobacter hepaticus-infected and xenograft murine models. In addition, colibactin, a genotoxic metabolite produced by Escherichia coli, induced EMT-like effects in cell culture. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data show that infection with genotoxin-producing bacteria elicits EMT process activation, supporting their role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Azzi-Martin
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, UMR1312, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Médicales, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Maude Everaert
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, UMR1312, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ruxue Jia
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, UMR1312, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Sifré
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, UMR1312, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lornella Seeneevassen
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, UMR1312, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Varon
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, UMR1312, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Médicales, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, UMR1312, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Médicales, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut de Pathologie et de Biologie du Cancer, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Armelle Ménard
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, UMR1312, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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2
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Akhlaghi H, Javan AJ, Chashmi SHE. Helicobacter pullorum and Helicobacter canadensis: Etiology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, identification, and antibiotic resistance implicating food and public health. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110573. [PMID: 38246022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is well-established that the consumption of poultry meat, especially chicken meat products has been drastically increasing. Even though more attentions are being paid to the major foodborne pathogens, it seems that scientists in the area of food safety and public health would prefer tackling the minor food borne zoonotic emerging or reemerging pathogens, namely Helicobacter species. Recently, understanding the novel aspects of zoonotic Enterohepatic Helicobacter species, including pathogenesis, isolation, identification, and genomic features is regarded as a serious challenge. In this regard, considerable attention is given to emerging elusive zoonotic Enterohepatic Helicobacter species, comprising Helicobacter pullorum and Helicobacter canadensis. In conclusion, the current review paper would attempt to elaborately summarize and somewhat compare the etiology, pathogenesis, cultivation process, identification, genotyping, and antimicrobial resistance profile of both H. pullorum and H. Canadensis. Further, H. pullorum has been introduced as the most significant food borne pathogen in chicken meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Akhlaghi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Jebelli Javan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
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3
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Feng P, Xue X, Bukhari I, Qiu C, Li Y, Zheng P, Mi Y. Gut microbiota and its therapeutic implications in tumor microenvironment interactions. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1287077. [PMID: 38322318 PMCID: PMC10844568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1287077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer is not just the growth and proliferation of a single transformed cell, but its tumor microenvironment (TME) also coevolves with it, which is primarily involved in tumor initiation, development, metastasis, and therapeutic responses. Recent years, TME has been emerged as a potential target for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, the clinical efficacy of treatments targeting the TME, especially its specific components, remains insufficient. In parallel, the gut microbiome is an essential TME component that is crucial in cancer immunotherapy. Thus, assessing and constructing frameworks between the gut microbiota and the TME can significantly enhance the exploration of effective treatment strategies for various tumors. In this review the role of the gut microbiota in human cancers, including its function and relationship with various tumors was summarized. In addition, the interaction between the gut microbiota and the TME as well as its potential applications in cancer therapeutics was described. Furthermore, it was summarized that fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary adjustments, and synthetic biology to introduce gut microbiota-based medical technologies for cancer treatment. This review provides a comprehensive summary for uncovering the mechanism underlying the effects of the gut microbiota on the TME and lays a foundation for the development of personalized medicine in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengya Feng
- Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer of Henan Province, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Children Rehabilitation Medicine, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer of Henan Province, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ihtisham Bukhari
- Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer of Henan Province, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunjing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer of Henan Province, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer of Henan Province, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer of Henan Province, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Mi
- Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer of Henan Province, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Varon C, Azzi-Martin L, Khalid S, Seeneevassen L, Ménard A, Spuul P. Helicobacters and cancer, not only gastric cancer? Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1138-1154. [PMID: 34425210 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter genus actually comprises 46 validly published species divided into two main clades: gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacters. These bacteria colonize alternative sites of the digestive system in animals and humans, and contribute to inflammation and cancers. In humans, Helicobacter infection is mainly related to H. pylori, a gastric pathogen infecting more than half of the world's population, leading to chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that can evolve into two types of gastric cancers: gastric adenocarcinomas and gastric MALT lymphoma. In addition, H. pylori but also non-H. pylori Helicobacter infection has been associated with many extra-gastric malignancies. This review focuses on H. pylori and its role in gastric cancers and extra-gastric diseases, as well as malignancies induced by non-H. pylori Helicobacters. Their different virulence factors and their involvement in carcinogenesis is discussed. This review highlights the importance of both gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacters in gastrointestinal and liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Varon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lamia Azzi-Martin
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sadia Khalid
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Akadeemia RD 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Lornella Seeneevassen
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Armelle Ménard
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pirjo Spuul
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Akadeemia RD 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
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5
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Chronic exposure to Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) promotes a cGAS-dependent type I interferon response. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6319-6335. [PMID: 34308492 PMCID: PMC8429409 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a bacterial genotoxin produced by pathogenic bacteria causing major foodborne diseases worldwide. CDT activates the DNA Damage Response and modulates the host immune response, but the precise relationship between these outcomes has not been addressed so far. Here, we show that chronic exposure to CDT in HeLa cells or mouse embryonic fibroblasts promotes a strong type I interferon (IFN) response that depends on the cytoplasmic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS) through the recognition of micronuclei. Indeed, despite active cell cycle checkpoints and in contrast to other DNA damaging agents, cells exposed to CDT reach mitosis where they accumulate massive DNA damage, resulting in chromosome fragmentation and micronucleus formation in daughter cells. These mitotic phenotypes are observed with CDT from various origins and in cancer or normal cell lines. Finally, we show that CDT exposure in immortalized normal colonic epithelial cells is associated to cGAS protein loss and low type I IFN response, implying that CDT immunomodulatory function may vary depending on tissue and cell type. Thus, our results establish a direct link between CDT-induced DNA damage, genetic instability and the cellular immune response that may be relevant in the context of natural infection associated to chronic inflammation or carcinogenesis.
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6
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Lopez Chiloeches M, Bergonzini A, Frisan T. Bacterial Toxins Are a Never-Ending Source of Surprises: From Natural Born Killers to Negotiators. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:426. [PMID: 34204481 PMCID: PMC8235270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea that bacterial toxins are not only killers but also execute more sophisticated roles during bacteria-host interactions by acting as negotiators has been highlighted in the past decades. Depending on the toxin, its cellular target and mode of action, the final regulatory outcome can be different. In this review, we have focused on two families of bacterial toxins: genotoxins and pore-forming toxins, which have different modes of action but share the ability to modulate the host's immune responses, independently of their capacity to directly kill immune cells. We have addressed their immuno-suppressive effects with the perspective that these may help bacteria to avoid clearance by the host's immune response and, concomitantly, limit detrimental immunopathology. These are optimal conditions for the establishment of a persistent infection, eventually promoting asymptomatic carriers. This immunomodulatory effect can be achieved with different strategies such as suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, re-polarization of the immune response from a pro-inflammatory to a tolerogenic state, and bacterial fitness modulation to favour tissue colonization while preventing bacteraemia. An imbalance in each of those effects can lead to disease due to either uncontrolled bacterial proliferation/invasion, immunopathology, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.C.); (A.B.)
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7
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The CDT of Helicobacter hepaticus induces pro-survival autophagy and nucleoplasmic reticulum formation concentrating the RNA binding proteins UNR/CSDE1 and P62/SQSTM1. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009320. [PMID: 33662035 PMCID: PMC7963068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are frequently exposed to bacterial genotoxins of the gut microbiota, such as colibactin and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). In the present study, whole genome microarray-based identification of differentially expressed genes was performed in vitro on HT29 intestinal cells while following the ectopic expression of the active CdtB subunit of Helicobacter hepaticus CDT. Microarray data showed a CdtB-dependent upregulation of transcripts involved in positive regulation of autophagy concomitant with the downregulation of transcripts involved in negative regulation of autophagy. CdtB promotes the activation of autophagy in intestinal and hepatic cell lines. Experiments with cells lacking autophagy related genes, ATG5 and ATG7 infected with CDT- and colibactin-producing bacteria revealed that autophagy protects cells against the genotoxin-induced apoptotic cell death. Autophagy induction could also be associated with nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR) formation following DNA damage induced by these bacterial genotoxins. In addition, both genotoxins promote the accumulation of the autophagic receptor P62/SQSTM1 aggregates, which colocalized with foci concentrating the RNA binding protein UNR/CSDE1. Some of these aggregates were deeply invaginated in NR in distended nuclei together or in the vicinity of UNR-rich foci. Interestingly, micronuclei-like structures and some vesicles containing chromatin and γH2AX foci were found surrounded with P62/SQSTM1 and/or the autophagosome marker LC3. This study suggests that autophagy and P62/SQSTM1 regulate the abundance of micronuclei-like structures and are involved in cell survival following the DNA damage induced by CDT and colibactin. Similar effects were observed in response to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents, offering new insights into the context of resistance of cancer cells to therapies inducing DNA damage.
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8
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Gut Microbiota and Colon Cancer: A Role for Bacterial Protein Toxins? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176201. [PMID: 32867331 PMCID: PMC7504354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the human intestinal microbiota can contribute to the etiology of colorectal cancer. Triggering factors, including inflammation and bacterial infections, may favor the shift of the gut microbiota from a mutualistic to a pro-carcinogenic configuration. In this context, certain bacterial pathogens can exert a pro-tumoral activity by producing enzymatically-active protein toxins that either directly induce host cell DNA damage or interfere with essential host cell signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. This review is focused on those toxins that, by mimicking carcinogens and cancer promoters, could represent a paradigm for bacterially induced carcinogenesis.
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9
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Péré-Védrenne C, He W, Azzi-Martin L, Prouzet-Mauléon V, Buissonnière A, Cardinaud B, Lehours P, Mégraud F, Grosset CF, Ménard A. The Nuclear Remodeling Induced by Helicobacter Cytolethal Distending Toxin Involves MAFB Oncoprotein. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030174. [PMID: 32178359 PMCID: PMC7150770 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohepatic Helicobacters, such as Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter pullorum, are associated with several intestinal and hepatic diseases. Their main virulence factor is the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). In the present study, whole genome microarray-based identification of differentially expressed genes was performed in vitro in HT-29 intestinal cells while following the ectopic expression of the active CdtB subunit of H. hepaticus CDT. A CdtB-dependent upregulation of the V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB) gene encoding the MAFB oncoprotein was found, as well as the CdtB-dependent regulation of several MAFB target genes. The transduction and coculture experiments confirmed MAFB mRNA and protein induction in response to CDT and its CdtB subunit in intestinal and hepatic cell lines. An analysis of MAFB protein subcellular localization revealed a strong nuclear and perinuclear localization in the CdtB-distended nuclei in intestinal and hepatic cells. MAFB was also detected at the cell periphery of the CdtB-induced lamellipodia in some cells. The silencing of MAFB changed the cellular response to CDT with the formation of narrower lamellipodia, a reduction of the increase in nucleus size, and the formation of less γH2AX foci, the biomarker for DNA double-strand breaks. Taken together, these data show that the CDT of enterohepatic Helicobacters modulates the expression of the MAFB oncoprotein, which is translocated in the nucleus and is associated with the remodeling of the nuclei and actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Péré-Védrenne
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BaRITOn—Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, UMR1053, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.P.-V.); (W.H.); (L.A.-M.); (A.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Wencan He
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BaRITOn—Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, UMR1053, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.P.-V.); (W.H.); (L.A.-M.); (A.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Lamia Azzi-Martin
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BaRITOn—Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, UMR1053, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.P.-V.); (W.H.); (L.A.-M.); (A.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Valérie Prouzet-Mauléon
- Université de Bordeaux, TBMCore, CRISP’edit, TBMcore CNRS-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMS3427/INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale US005, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ACTION, U1218, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Alice Buissonnière
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BaRITOn—Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, UMR1053, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.P.-V.); (W.H.); (L.A.-M.); (A.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Bruno Cardinaud
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ACTION, U1218, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
- Bordeaux INP, ENSTBB, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BaRITOn—Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, UMR1053, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.P.-V.); (W.H.); (L.A.-M.); (A.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.)
- CHU Pellegrin, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BaRITOn—Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, UMR1053, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.P.-V.); (W.H.); (L.A.-M.); (A.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.)
- CHU Pellegrin, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe F. Grosset
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BMGIC—Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancer, U1035, miRCaDe Team, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Armelle Ménard
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BaRITOn—Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, UMR1053, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.P.-V.); (W.H.); (L.A.-M.); (A.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.)
- CHU Pellegrin, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-5-5757-1288
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10
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Martin OC, Frisan T. Bacterial Genotoxin-Induced DNA Damage and Modulation of the Host Immune Microenvironment. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020063. [PMID: 31973033 PMCID: PMC7076804 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
: Bacterial genotoxins (BTGX) induce DNA damage, which results in senescence or apoptosis of the target cells if not properly repaired. Three BTGXs have been identified: the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) family produced by several Gram-negative bacteria, the typhoid toxin produced by several Salmonella enterica serovars, and colibactin, a peptide-polyketide, produced mainly by the phylogenetic group B2 Escherichia coli. The cellular responses induced by BTGXs resemble those of well-characterized carcinogenic agents, and several lines of evidence indicate that bacteria carrying genotoxin genes can contribute to tumor development under specific circumstances. Given their unusual mode of action, it is still enigmatic why these effectors have been acquired by microbes and what is their role in the context of the biology of the producing bacterium, since it is unlikely that their primary purpose is to induce/promote cancer in the mammalian host. In this review, we will discuss the possibility that the DNA damage induced by BTGX modulates the host immune response, acting as immunomodulator, leading to the establishment of a suitable niche for the producing bacterium. We will further highlight open questions that remain to be solved regarding the biology of this unusual family of bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane C.B. Martin
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, 33320 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Cytolethal Distending Toxin Subunit B: A Review of Structure-Function Relationship. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100595. [PMID: 31614800 PMCID: PMC6832162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a bacterial virulence factor produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. These bacteria, found in distinct niches, cause diverse infectious diseases and produce CDTs differing in sequence and structure. CDTs have been involved in the pathogenicity of the associated bacteria by promoting persistent infection. At the host-cell level, CDTs cause cell distension, cell cycle block and DNA damage, eventually leading to cell death. All these effects are attributable to the catalytic CdtB subunit, but its exact mode of action is only beginning to be unraveled. Sequence and 3D structure analyses revealed similarities with better characterized proteins, such as nucleases or phosphatases, and it has been hypothesized that CdtB exerts a biochemical activity close to those enzymes. Here, we review the relationships that have been established between CdtB structure and function, particularly by mutation experiments on predicted key residues in different experimental systems. We discuss the relevance of these approaches and underline the importance of further study in the molecular mechanisms of CDT toxicity, particularly in the context of different pathological conditions.
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12
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Zhang Z, Tang H, Chen P, Xie H, Tao Y. Demystifying the manipulation of host immunity, metabolism, and extraintestinal tumors by the gut microbiome. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:41. [PMID: 31637019 PMCID: PMC6799818 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms in the gut microbiome have attracted much attention recently owing to their sophisticated and widespread impacts on numerous aspects of host pathophysiology. Remarkable progress in large-scale sequencing and mass spectrometry has increased our understanding of the influence of the microbiome and/or its metabolites on the onset and progression of extraintestinal cancers and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Given the plasticity in microbial composition and function, microbial-based therapeutic interventions, including dietary modulation, prebiotics, and probiotics, as well as fecal microbial transplantation, potentially permit the development of novel strategies for cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Herein, we summarize the latest evidence on the involvement of the gut microbiome in host immunity and metabolism, the effects of the microbiome on extraintestinal cancers and the immune response, and strategies to modulate the gut microbiome, and we discuss ongoing studies and future areas of research that deserve focused research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, China
| | - Haosheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
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13
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Cytolethal distending toxin induces the formation of transient messenger-rich ribonucleoprotein nuclear invaginations in surviving cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007921. [PMID: 31568537 PMCID: PMC6824578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are frequently exposed to bacterial genotoxins involved in digestive cancers, colibactin and Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT), the latter being secreted by many pathogenic bacteria. Our aim was to evaluate the effects induced by these genotoxins on nuclear remodeling in the context of cell survival. Helicobacter infected mice, coculture experiments with CDT- and colibactin-secreting bacteria and hepatic, intestinal and gastric cells, and xenograft mouse-derived models were used to assess the nuclear remodeling in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that CDT and colibactin induced-nuclear remodeling can be associated with the formation of deep cytoplasmic invaginations in the nucleus of giant cells. These structures, observed both in vivo and in vitro, correspond to nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR). The core of the NR was found to concentrate ribosomes, proteins involved in mRNA translation, polyadenylated RNA and the main components of the complex mCRD involved in mRNA turnover. These structures are active sites of mRNA translation, correlated with a high degree of ploidy, and involve MAPK and calcium signaling. Additional data showed that insulation and concentration of these adaptive ribonucleoprotein particles within the nucleus are dynamic, transient and protect the cell until the genotoxic stress is relieved. Bacterial genotoxins-induced NR would be a privileged gateway for selected mRNA to be preferably transported therein for local translation. These findings offer new insights into the context of NR formation, a common feature of many cancers, which not only appears in response to therapies-induced DNA damage but also earlier in response to genotoxic bacteria. Humans are frequently exposed to bacterial genotoxins linked to cancers, colibactin and Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT). These genotoxins induce DNA damage and can promote formation of nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR), deeply invaginated in the nucleoplasm of giant nuclei both in vivo and in vitro. Our cellular models showed that these structures can be observed together with profound nuclear reorganization corresponding to remodeling of nuclear material. The core of the genotoxin-induced NRs concentrates protein production machinery of the cell as well as controlling elements of protein turnover. These genotoxin-induced dynamic structures may also be signaling hubs controlling mRNA turnover and translation of selected mRNAs and thus correspond to a privileged gateway for the synthesis of selected mRNA which are preferentially transported from the nucleus through pores and translated therein. These transient and reversible hubs allow the cell to pause and repair the DNA damage caused by bacterial genotoxins in order to maintain cell survival. As NR formation is a common feature of many cancers, similar mechanism could occur and contribute to the resistance of cancer cells to radiotherapies and some chemotherapies aimed at inducing DNA damage.
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van der Mee-Marquet NL, Bénéjat L, Diene SM, Lemaignen A, Gaïa N, Smet A, Haesebrouck F, Cherkaoui A, Ducournau A, Lacomme S, Gontier E, Bernard L, Mégraud F, Goudeau A, Lehours P, François P. A Potential New Human Pathogen Belonging to Helicobacter Genus, Identified in a Bloodstream Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2533. [PMID: 29326675 PMCID: PMC5741639 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated from aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles from a febrile patient, a Helicobacter-like Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that MALDI-TOF MS failed to identify. Blood agar cultures incubated in a microaerobic atmosphere revealed a motile Gram negative rod, which was oxidase, catalase, nitrate reductase, esterase, and alkaline phosphatase positive. It grew at 42°C with no detectable urease activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the organism was susceptible to beta-lactams, gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline but resistant to ciprofloxacin. Electronic microscopy analysis revealed a 3 × 0.5 μm curved rod bacterium harboring two sheathed amphitrichous flagella. Whole genome sequencing revealed a genome 1,708,265 base-pairs long with a GC content of 37.80% and a total of 1,697 coding sequences. The genomic analyses using the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene, hsp60 and gyrB genes, as well as the GyrA protein sequence, and the results of Average Nucleotide Identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization suggest evidence for a novel Helicobacter species close to Helicobacter equorum and belonging to the group of enterohepatic Helicobacter species. As soon as the particular peptide mass fingerprint of this pathogen is added to the spectral databases, MALDI-TOF MS technology will improve its identification from clinical specimens, especially in case of “sterile infection”. We propose to associate the present strain with the Latin name of the place of isolation; Caesarodunum (Tours, France) and suggest “Helicobacter caesarodunensis” for further description of this new bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie L van der Mee-Marquet
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, Réseau des Hygiénistes du Centre, CPIAS Centre Val de Loire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, and UMR 1282 Infectiologie Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Lucie Bénéjat
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Campylobacters et des Hélicobacters, Bordeaux, France
| | - Seydina M Diene
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, URMITE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 63, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Lemaignen
- Service de Médecine Interne et des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - Nadia Gaïa
- Genomic Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Abdessalam Cherkaoui
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Ducournau
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Campylobacters et des Hélicobacters, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, Imagerie Electronique, UMS 3420 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique US4 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Etienne Gontier
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, Imagerie Electronique, UMS 3420 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique US4 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Louis Bernard
- Service de Médecine Interne et des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Campylobacters et des Hélicobacters, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Goudeau
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, Réseau des Hygiénistes du Centre, CPIAS Centre Val de Loire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, and UMR 1282 Infectiologie Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Campylobacters et des Hélicobacters, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Péré-Védrenne C, Prochazkova-Carlotti M, Rousseau B, He W, Chambonnier L, Sifré E, Buissonnière A, Dubus P, Mégraud F, Varon C, Ménard A. The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Subunit CdtB of Helicobacter hepaticus Promotes Senescence and Endoreplication in Xenograft Mouse Models of Hepatic and Intestinal Cell Lines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:268. [PMID: 28713773 PMCID: PMC5491915 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are common among pathogenic bacteria of the human and animal microbiota. CDTs exert cytopathic effets, via their active CdtB subunit. No clear description of those cytopathic effects has been reported at the cellular level in the target organs in vivo. In the present study, xenograft mouse models of colon and liver cell lines were set up to study the effects of the CdtB subunit of Helicobacter hepaticus. Conditional transgenic cell lines were established, validated in vitro and then engrafted into immunodeficient mice. After successful engraftment, mice were treated with doxycyclin to induce the expression of transgenes (red fluorescent protein, CdtB, and mutated CdtB). For both engrafted cell lines, results revealed a delayed tumor growth and a reduced tumor weight in CdtB-expressing tumors compared to controls. CdtB-derived tumors showed γ-H2AX foci formation, an increase in apoptosis, senescence, p21 and Ki-67 nuclear antigen expression. No difference in proliferating cells undergoing mitosis (phospho-histone H3) was observed. CdtB intoxication was also associated with an overexpression of cytokeratins in cells at the invasive front of the tumor as well as an increase in ploidy. All these features are hallmarks of endoreplication, as well as aggressiveness in cancer. These effects were dependent on the histidine residue at position 265 of the CdtB, underlying the importance of this residue in CdtB catalytic activity. Taken together, these data indicate that the CdtB triggers senescence and cell endoreplication leading to giant polyploid cells in these xenograft mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Péré-Védrenne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Martina Prochazkova-Carlotti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Rousseau
- Service Commun des Animaleries, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Wencan He
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Chambonnier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Sifré
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Alice Buissonnière
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
- CHU Hôpitaux de Bordeaux, Pôle Biologie et Pathologie, Service de Biologie des TumeursBordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Christine Varon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Armelle Ménard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnBordeaux, France
- UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
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16
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Ge Z, Feng Y, Ge L, Parry N, Muthupalani S, Fox JG. Helicobacter hepaticus cytolethal distending toxin promotes intestinal carcinogenesis in 129Rag2-deficient mice. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28111881 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria produce the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) with activity of DNase I; CDT can induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), G2/M cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in cultured mammalian cells. However, the link of CDT to in vivo tumorigenesis is not fully understood. In this study, 129/SvEv Rag2-/- mice were gavaged with wild-type Helicobacter hepatics 3B1(Hh) and its isogenic cdtB mutant HhcdtBm7, followed by infection for 10 and 20 weeks (WPI). HhCDT deficiency did not affect cecal colonization levels of HhcdtBm7, but attenuated severity of cecal pathology in HhcdtBm7-infected mice. Of importance, preneoplasic dysplasia was progressed to cancer from 10 to 20 WPI in the Hh-infected mice but not in the HhcdtBm7-infected mice. In addition, the loss of HhCDT significantly dampened transcriptional upregulation of cecal Tnfα and Il-6, but elevated Il-10 mRNA levels when compared to Hh at 10 WPI. Furthermore, the presence of HhCDT increased numbers of lower bowel intestinal γH2AX-positive epithelial cells (a marker of DSBs) at both 10 and 20 WPI and augmented phospho-Stat3 foci+ intestinal crypts (activation of Stat3) at 20 WPI. Our findings suggest that CDT promoted Hh carcinogenesis by enhancing DSBs and activation of the Tnfα/Il-6-Stat3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Lili Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Nicola Parry
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
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17
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Scuron MD, Boesze-Battaglia K, Dlakić M, Shenker BJ. The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Contributes to Microbial Virulence and Disease Pathogenesis by Acting As a Tri-Perditious Toxin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:168. [PMID: 27995094 PMCID: PMC5136569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status and recent advances in our understanding of the role that the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) plays as a virulence factor in promoting disease by toxin-producing pathogens. A major focus of this review is on the relationship between structure and function of the individual subunits that comprise the AB2 Cdt holotoxin. In particular, we concentrate on the molecular mechanisms that characterize this toxin and which account for the ability of Cdt to intoxicate multiple cell types by utilizing a ubiquitous binding partner on the cell membrane. Furthermore, we propose a paradigm shift for the molecular mode of action by which the active Cdt subunit, CdtB, is able to block a key signaling cascade and thereby lead to outcomes based upon programming and the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) in a variety of cells. Based upon the collective Cdt literature, we now propose that Cdt is a unique and potent virulence factor capable of acting as a tri-perditious toxin that impairs host defenses by: (1) disrupting epithelial barriers; (2) suppressing acquired immunity; (3) promoting pro-inflammatory responses. Thus, Cdt plays a key role in facilitating the early stages of infection and the later stages of disease progression by contributing to persistence and impairing host elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Scuron
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mensur Dlakić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Shen Z, Feng Y, Muthupalani S, Sheh A, Cheaney LE, Kaufman CA, Gong G, Paster BJ, Fox JG. Novel Helicobacter species H.japonicum isolated from laboratory mice from Japan induces typhlocolitis and lower bowel carcinoma in C57BL/129 IL10-/- mice. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:1190-1198. [PMID: 27655833 PMCID: PMC5137264 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Helicobacter species Helicobacter japonicum was isolated from the stomach and intestines of clinically normal mice received from three institutes from Japan. The novel Helicobacter sp. was microaerobic, grew at 37°C and 42°C, was catalase and oxidase positive, but urease negative. It is most closely related to the 16S rRNA gene of H.muridarum (98.6%); to the 23S rRNA gene of H.hepaticus (97.9%); to the hsp60 gene of H.typhlonius (87%). The novel Helicobacter sp. has in vitro cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) activity; its cdtB gene sequence has 83.8% identity with that of H.hepaticus The whole genome sequence of H.japonicum MIT 01-6451 has a 2.06-Mb genome length with a 37.5% G + C content. When the organism was inoculated into C57BL/129 IL10-/- mice, it was cultured from the stomach, colon and cecum of infected mice at 6 and 10 weeks post-infection. The cecum had the highest H.japonicum colonization levels by quantitative PCR. The histopathology of the lower bowel was characterized by moderate to severe inflammation, mild edema, epithelial defects, mild to severe hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. Inflammatory cytokines IFNγ, TNFα and IL17a, as well as iNOS were significantly upregulated in the cecal tissue of infected mice. These results demonstrate that the novel H.japonicum can induce inflammatory bowel disease and carcinoma in IL10-/- mice and highlights the importance of identifying novel Helicobacter spp. especially when they are introduced from outside mouse colonies from different geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Guanyu Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and
| | | | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, .,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and
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19
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De Witte C, Schulz C, Smet A, Malfertheiner P, Haesebrouck F. Other Helicobacters and gastric microbiota. Helicobacter 2016; 21 Suppl 1:62-8. [PMID: 27531542 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article aimed to review the literature from 2015 dealing with gastric and enterohepatic non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species (NHPH). A summary of the gastric microbiota interactions with H. pylori is also presented. An extensive number of studies were published during the last year and have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infections with NHPH. These infections are increasingly reported in human patients, including infections with H. cinaedi, mainly characterized by severe bacteremia. Whole-genome sequencing appears to be the most reliable technique for identification of NHPH at species level. Presence of NHPH in laboratory animals may influence the outcome of experiments, making screening and eradication desirable. Vaccination based on UreB proteins or bacterial lysate with CCR4 antagonists as well as oral glutathione supplementation may be promising strategies to dampen the pathogenic effects associated with gastric NHPH infections. Several virulent factors such as outer membrane proteins, phospholipase C-gamma 2, Bak protein, and nickel-binding proteins are associated with colonization of the gastric mucosae and development of gastritis. The development of high-throughput sequencing has led to new insights in the gastric microbiota composition and its interaction with H. pylori. Alterations in the gastric microbiota caused by the pH-increasing effect of a H. pylori infection may increase the risk for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloë De Witte
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Chi ZC. Helicobacter hepaticus and bowel disease progression. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3018-3025. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i19.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are six main kinds of Helicobacter (H.) associated with human infection, namely, H. pylori, H. bizzozeronii, H. cinaedi, H. canis, H. canadensis, and H. feils. In recent years, there have been a number of research and clinical reports of H. hepaticus and H. Bilis. In this paper, we review the bacteriology of Helicobacter hepaticus and its association with the pathogenesis of enteropathy.
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