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Stabilization of Tuberculosis Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence (REFtb) Diagnostic Reagents for Use at the Point of Care. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071745. [PMID: 35885648 PMCID: PMC9324015 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most frequent causes of death in humans worldwide. One of the primary reasons tuberculosis remains a public health threat is that diagnosis can take weeks to months, is often not very sensitive and cannot be accomplished in many remote environments. A rapid, sensitive and inexpensive point-of-care (POC) diagnostic would have a major impact on tuberculosis eradication efforts. The tuberculosis diagnostic system REFtb is based on specific detection of the constitutively expressed β-lactamase (BlaC) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a custom fluorogenic substrate designated as CDG-3. REFtb has potential as a diagnostic for tuberculosis that could be very inexpensive (<USD 2.00/test), used at the POC and could provide definitive diagnosis within 10 min. However, the reagents for REFtb are currently in liquid form, making them more susceptible to degradation and difficult to transport. We evaluated the improvement in the stability of REFtb reagents by lyophilization under a variety of conditions through their effects on the performance of REFtb. We found that lyophilization of REFtb components produces an easily reconstituted powder that displays similar performance to the liquid system and that lactose represents one of the most promising excipients for use in a final POC REFtb diagnostic system. These studies provide the foundation for the production of a stable POC REFtb system that could be easily distributed worldwide with minimal or no requirement for refrigeration.
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2
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Dong B, He Z, Li Y, Xu X, Wang C, Zeng J. Improved Conventional and New Approaches in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:924410. [PMID: 35711765 PMCID: PMC9195135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Timely diagnosis and effective treatment are essential in the control of TB. Conventional smear microscopy still has low sensitivity and is unable to reveal the drug resistance of this bacterium. The traditional culture-based diagnosis is time-consuming, since usually the results are available after 3–4 weeks. Molecular biology methods fail to differentiate live from dead M. tuberculosis, while diagnostic immunology methods fail to distinguish active from latent TB. In view of these limitations of the existing detection techniques, in addition to the continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB, in recent years there has been an increase in the demand for simple, rapid, accurate and economical point-of-care approaches. This review describes the development, evaluation, and implementation of conventional diagnostic methods for TB and the rapid new approaches for the detection of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqun He
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Bobak CA, Abhimanyu, Natarajan H, Gandhi T, Grimm SL, Nishiguchi T, Koster K, Longlax SC, Dlamini Q, Kahari J, Mtetwa G, Cirillo JD, O’Malley J, Hill JE, Coarfa C, DiNardo AR. Increased DNA methylation, cellular senescence and premature epigenetic aging in guinea pigs and humans with tuberculosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2174-2193. [PMID: 35256539 PMCID: PMC8954968 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is the archetypical chronic infection, with patients having months of symptoms before diagnosis. In the two years after successful therapy, survivors of TB have a three-fold increased risk of death. METHODS Guinea pigs were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for 45 days, followed by RRBS DNA methylation analysis. In humans, network analysis of differentially expressed genes across three TB cohorts were visualized at the pathway-level. Serum levels of inflammation were measured by ELISA. Horvath (DNA methylation) and RNA-seq biological clocks were used to investigate shifts in chronological age among humans with TB. RESULTS Guinea pigs with TB demonstrated DNA hypermethylation and showed system-level similarity to humans with TB (p-value = 0.002). The transcriptome in TB in multiple cohorts was enriched for DNA methylation and cellular senescence. Senescence associated proteins CXCL9, CXCL10, and TNF were elevated in TB patients compared to healthy controls. Humans with TB demonstrate 12.7 years (95% CI: 7.5, 21.9) and 14.38 years (95% CI: 10.23-18.53) of cellular aging as measured by epigenetic and gene expression based cellular clocks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In both guinea pigs and humans, TB perturbs epigenetic processes, promoting premature cellular aging and inflammation, a plausible means to explain the long-term detrimental health outcomes after TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A. Bobak
- Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Abhimanyu
- The Global Tuberculosis Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Immigrant and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tanmay Gandhi
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sandra L. Grimm
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tomoki Nishiguchi
- The Global Tuberculosis Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Immigrant and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kent Koster
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Santiago Carrero Longlax
- The Global Tuberculosis Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Immigrant and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qiniso Dlamini
- Baylor-Swaziland Children’s Foundation, Mbabane, Swaziland
| | | | - Godwin Mtetwa
- Baylor-Swaziland Children’s Foundation, Mbabane, Swaziland
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - James O’Malley
- Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- The Dartmouth Institute, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jane E. Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew R. DiNardo
- The Global Tuberculosis Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Immigrant and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Ordonez AA, Tucker EW, Anderson CJ, Carter CL, Ganatra S, Kaushal D, Kramnik I, Lin PL, Madigan CA, Mendez S, Rao J, Savic RM, Tobin DM, Walzl G, Wilkinson RJ, Lacourciere KA, Via LE, Jain SK. Visualizing the dynamics of tuberculosis pathology using molecular imaging. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145107. [PMID: 33645551 PMCID: PMC7919721 DOI: 10.1172/jci145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 140 years after Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat and a deadly human pathogen. M. tuberculosis is notable for complex host-pathogen interactions that lead to poorly understood disease states ranging from latent infection to active disease. Additionally, multiple pathologies with a distinct local milieu (bacterial burden, antibiotic exposure, and host response) can coexist simultaneously within the same subject and change independently over time. Current tools cannot optimally measure these distinct pathologies or the spatiotemporal changes. Next-generation molecular imaging affords unparalleled opportunities to visualize infection by providing holistic, 3D spatial characterization and noninvasive, temporal monitoring within the same subject. This rapidly evolving technology could powerfully augment TB research by advancing fundamental knowledge and accelerating the development of novel diagnostics, biomarkers, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research
- Center for Tuberculosis Research
- Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Elizabeth W. Tucker
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research
- Center for Tuberculosis Research
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Claire L. Carter
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shashank Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusets, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philana L. Lin
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cressida A. Madigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, UCSD, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susana Mendez
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rada M. Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A. Lacourciere
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, and Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research
- Center for Tuberculosis Research
- Department of Pediatrics, and
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5
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Rapid Tuberculosis Diagnosis Using Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01462-19. [PMID: 31511338 PMCID: PMC6879286 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01462-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the most frequent cause of death in humans from a single infectious agent. Due to low numbers of bacteria present in sputum during early infection, diagnosis does not usually occur until >3 to 4 months after symptoms develop. We created a new more sensitive diagnostic that can be carried out in 10 min with no processing or technical expertise. Tuberculosis is the most frequent cause of death in humans from a single infectious agent. Due to low numbers of bacteria present in sputum during early infection, diagnosis does not usually occur until >3 to 4 months after symptoms develop. We created a new more sensitive diagnostic that can be carried out in 10 min with no processing or technical expertise. This assay utilizes the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific biomarker BlaC in reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) that has been optimized for clinical samples, designated REFtb, along with a more specific fluorogenic substrate, CDG-3. We report the first evaluation of clinical specimens with REFtb assays in comparison to the gold standards for tuberculosis diagnosis, culture and smear microscopy. REFtb assays allowed diagnosis of 160 patients from 16 different countries with a sensitivity of 89% for smear-positive, culture-positive samples and 88% for smear-negative, culture-positive samples with a specificity of 82%. The negative predictive value of REFtb for tuberculosis infection is 93%, and the positive predictive value is 79%. Overall, these data point toward the need for larger accuracy studies by third parties using a commercially available REFtb kit to determine whether incorporation of REFtb into the clinical toolbox for suspected tuberculosis patients would improve case identification. If results similar to our own can be obtained by all diagnostic laboratories, REFtb would allow proper treatment of more than 85% of patients that would be missed during their initial visit to a clinic using current diagnostic strategies, reducing the potential for further spread of disease.
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6
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Cheng Y, Xie J, Lee KH, Gaur RL, Song A, Dai T, Ren H, Wu J, Sun Z, Banaei N, Akin D, Rao J. Rapid and specific labeling of single live Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a dual-targeting fluorogenic probe. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/454/eaar4470. [PMID: 30111644 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health crisis and a leading cause of infection-related death globally. Although in high demand, imaging technologies that enable rapid, specific, and nongenetic labeling of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remain underdeveloped. We report a dual-targeting strategy to develop a small molecular probe (CDG-DNB3) that can fluorescently label single bacilli within 1 hour. CDG-DNB3 fluoresces upon activation of the β-lactamase BlaC, a hydrolase naturally expressed in Mtb, and the fluorescent product is retained through covalent modification of the Mtb essential enzyme decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1). This dual-targeting probe not only discriminates live from dead Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) but also shows specificity for Mtb over other bacterial species including 43 nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM). In addition, CDG-DNB3 can image BCG phagocytosis in real time, as well as Mtb in patients' sputum. Together with a low-cost, self-driven microfluidic chip, we have achieved rapid labeling and automated quantification of live BCG. This labeling approach should find many potential applications for research toward TB pathogenesis, treatment efficacy assessment, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Cheng
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinghang Xie
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyun Lee
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Rajiv L Gaur
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aiguo Song
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tingting Dai
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongjun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jiannan Wu
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Durkee MS, Cirillo JD, Maitland KC. Fluorescence modeling of in vivo optical detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5445-5460. [PMID: 31646057 PMCID: PMC6788618 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. New tools to study pathogenesis and monitor subjects in pre-clinical studies to develop treatment regimens are critical for progress. We developed an improved optical system for detecting bacteria in lungs of mice using internal illumination. We present a computational optical model of the full mouse torso to characterize the optical system. Simulated theoretical limits for the lowest detectable bacterial load support the experimental improvements with an internal illumination source, and suggest that protocol improvements could further lower the detection threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S. Durkee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristen C. Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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8
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Monitoring Tuberculosis Drug Activity in Live Animals by Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019:AAC.01280-19. [PMID: 31527027 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01280-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death due to infection with a single pathogenic agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis In the absence of an effective vaccine, new, more powerful antibiotics are required to halt the growing spread of multidrug-resistant strains and to shorten the duration of TB treatment. However, assessing drug efficacy at the preclinical stage remains a long and fastidious procedure that delays progression of drugs down the pipeline and towards the clinic. In this investigation, we report the construction, optimization and characterization of genetically engineered near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent reporter strains of the pathogens Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis that enable direct visualization of bacteria in infected zebrafish and mice, respectively. Fluorescence could be measured precisely in infected immunodeficient mice, while its intensity appeared to be below the limit of detection in immunocompetent mice, probably because of the lower bacterial load obtained in these animals. Furthermore, we show that the fluorescence level accurately reflects the bacterial load, as determined by colony forming unit (CFU) enumeration, thus enabling the efficacy of antibiotic treatment to be assessed in live animals in real time. The NIR fluorescent imaging system disclosed here is a valuable resource for TB research and can serve to accelerate drug development.
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9
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Mellanby RJ, Scott JI, Mair I, Fernandez A, Saul L, Arlt J, Moral M, Vendrell M. Tricarbocyanine N-triazoles: the scaffold-of-choice for long-term near-infrared imaging of immune cells in vivo. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7261-7270. [PMID: 30288247 PMCID: PMC6148684 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00900g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein tricarbocyanine N-triazoles are first described as a rationally-designed near-infrared (NIR) structure overcoming the brightness and photostability limitations of tricarbocyanines for long-term in vivo imaging. The straightforward synthetic approach and the wide availability of alkynes makes this strategy a versatile methodology for the preparation of highly stable N-substituted tricarbocyanines. Furthermore, we validated CIR38M as a non-transferable marker to monitor the fate of therapeutic T cells non-invasively in vivo, showing enhanced performance over conventional NIR fluorophores (i.e. DiR, IR800CW and indocyanine green) as well as compatibility with human cells for translational studies. CIR38M is able to track over time smaller numbers of T cells than current NIR agents, and to visualise antigen-driven accumulation of immune cells at specific sites in vivo. This chemical technology will improve longitudinal imaging studies to assess the efficacy of cell-based immunotherapies in preclinical models and in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mellanby
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , 47 Little France Crescent , EH16 4TJ Edinburgh , UK .
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , The Roslin Institute , Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies , The University of Edinburgh , Hospital for Small Animals , Easter Bush Veterinary Centre , EH25 9RG Roslin , UK .
| | - Jamie I Scott
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , 47 Little France Crescent , EH16 4TJ Edinburgh , UK .
| | - Iris Mair
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , 47 Little France Crescent , EH16 4TJ Edinburgh , UK .
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , 47 Little France Crescent , EH16 4TJ Edinburgh , UK .
| | - Louise Saul
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , The Roslin Institute , Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies , The University of Edinburgh , Hospital for Small Animals , Easter Bush Veterinary Centre , EH25 9RG Roslin , UK .
| | - Jochen Arlt
- School of Physics and Astronomy , The University of Edinburgh , James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road , EH9 3FD Edinburgh , UK
| | - Monica Moral
- Renewable Energy Research Institute , University of Castilla-La Mancha , 02071 Albacete , Spain
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , 47 Little France Crescent , EH16 4TJ Edinburgh , UK .
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10
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Durkee MS, Nooshabadi F, Cirillo JD, Maitland KC. Optical model of the murine lung to optimize pulmonary illumination. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 29573254 PMCID: PMC8355613 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.071208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a Monte Carlo model of the mouse torso to optimize illumination of the mouse lung for fluorescence detection of low levels of pulmonary pathogens, specifically Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After validation of the simulation with an internally illuminated optical phantom, the entire mouse torso was simulated to compare external and internal illumination techniques. Measured optical properties of deflated mouse lungs were scaled to mimic the diffusive properties of inflated lungs in vivo. Using the full-torso model, a 2 × to 3 × improvement in average fluence rate in the lung was seen for dorsal compared with ventral positioning of the mouse with external illumination. The enhancement in average fluence rate in the lung using internal excitation was 40 × to 60 × over external illumination in the dorsal position. Parameters of the internal fiber optic source were manipulated in the model to guide optimization of the physical system and experimental protocol for internal illumination and whole-body detection of fluorescent mycobacteria in a mouse model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S. Durkee
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Fatemeh Nooshabadi
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology, Bryan, Texas, United States
| | - Kristen C. Maitland
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Kristen C. Maitland, E-mail:
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11
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Sharan R, Yang HJ, Sule P, Cirillo JD. Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence. J Vis Exp 2018:56801. [PMID: 29553533 PMCID: PMC5931367 DOI: 10.3791/56801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center
| | - Hee-Jeong Yang
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Preeti Sule
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center;
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Nooshabadi F, Yang HJ, Cheng Y, Durkee MS, Xie H, Rao J, Cirillo JD, Maitland KC. Intravital excitation increases detection sensitivity for pulmonary tuberculosis by whole-body imaging with β-lactamase reporter enzyme fluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:821-829. [PMID: 27753271 PMCID: PMC5703064 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a pulmonary disease with an especially high mortality rate in immuno-compromised populations, specifically children and HIV positive individuals. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a very slow growing and difficult organism to work with, making both diagnosis and development of effective treatments cumbersome. We utilize a fiber-optic fluorescence microendoscope integrated with a whole-body imaging system for in vivo Mtb detection. The system exploits an endogenous enzyme of Mtb (β-lactamase, or BlaC) using a BlaC-specific NIR fluorogenic substrate. In the presence of BlaC, this substrate is cleaved and becomes fluorescent. Using intravital illumination of the lung to excite this probe, sensitivity of the optical system increases over trans- and epi-illumination methods of whole-body fluorescence imaging. We demonstrate that integration of these imaging technologies with BlaC-specific fluorescent reporter probe improves the level of detection to ∼100 colony forming units, a 100× increase in sensitivity in comparison to epi-illumination and a 10× increase in sensitivity in comparison to previous work in intravital excitation of tdTomato-expressing Mtb. This lower detection threshold enables the study of early stage bacterial infections with clinical strains of Mtb and longitudinal studies of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic efficacy with multiple time points in a single animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nooshabadi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Hee-Jeong Yang
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology Department, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Madeleine S. Durkee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Hexin Xie
- Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology Department, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Kristen C. Maitland
- Biomedical Engineering Department, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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Nooshabadi F, Yang HJ, Cheng Y, Durkee MS, Xie H, Rao J, Cirillo JD, Maitland KC. Intravital excitation increases detection sensitivity for pulmonary tuberculosis by whole-body imaging with β-lactamase reporter enzyme fluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:821-829. [PMID: 27753271 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.v10.6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a pulmonary disease with an especially high mortality rate in immuno-compromised populations, specifically children and HIV positive individuals. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a very slow growing and difficult organism to work with, making both diagnosis and development of effective treatments cumbersome. We utilize a fiber-optic fluorescence microendoscope integrated with a whole-body imaging system for in vivo Mtb detection. The system exploits an endogenous enzyme of Mtb (β-lactamase, or BlaC) using a BlaC-specific NIR fluorogenic substrate. In the presence of BlaC, this substrate is cleaved and becomes fluorescent. Using intravital illumination of the lung to excite this probe, sensitivity of the optical system increases over trans- and epi-illumination methods of whole-body fluorescence imaging. We demonstrate that integration of these imaging technologies with BlaC-specific fluorescent reporter probe improves the level of detection to ∼100 colony forming units, a 100× increase in sensitivity in comparison to epi-illumination and a 10× increase in sensitivity in comparison to previous work in intravital excitation of tdTomato-expressing Mtb. This lower detection threshold enables the study of early stage bacterial infections with clinical strains of Mtb and longitudinal studies of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic efficacy with multiple time points in a single animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nooshabadi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Hee-Jeong Yang
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology Department, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, United States
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, United States
| | - Madeleine S Durkee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Hexin Xie
- Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, United States
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology Department, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, United States
| | - Kristen C Maitland
- Biomedical Engineering Department, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
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