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Huckestein BR, Zeng K, Westcott R, Alder JK, Antos D, Kolls JK, Alcorn JF. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Activation in Macrophages Contributes to Persistent Lung Inflammation following Respiratory Tract Viral Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:384-401. [PMID: 38159723 PMCID: PMC10913760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory tract virus infections cause millions of hospitalizations worldwide each year. Severe infections lead to lung damage that coincides with persistent inflammation and a lengthy repair period. Vaccination and antiviral therapy help to mitigate severe infections before or during the acute stage of disease, but there are currently limited specific treatment options available to individuals experiencing the long-term sequelae of respiratory viral infection. Herein, C57BL/6 mice were infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 as a model for severe viral lung infection and allowed to recover for 21 days. Mice were treated with rapamycin, a well-characterized mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor, on days 12 to 20 after infection, a time period after viral clearance. Persistent inflammation following severe influenza infection in mice was primarily driven by macrophages and T cells. Uniform manifold approximation and projection analysis of flow cytometry data revealed that lung macrophages had high activation of mTORC1, an energy-sensing kinase involved in inflammatory immune cell effector functions. Rapamycin treatment reduced lung inflammation and the frequency of exudate macrophages, T cells, and B cells in the lung, while not impacting epithelial progenitor cells or adaptive immune memory. These data highlight mTORC1's role in sustaining persistent inflammation following clearance of a viral respiratory pathogen and suggest a possible intervention for post-viral chronic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brydie R Huckestein
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly Zeng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rosemary Westcott
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan K Alder
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Danielle Antos
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - John F Alcorn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Banerjee A, Huang J, Rush SA, Murray J, Gingerich AD, Royer F, Hsieh CL, Tripp RA, McLellan JS, Mousa JJ. Structural basis for ultrapotent antibody-mediated neutralization of human metapneumovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203326119. [PMID: 35696580 PMCID: PMC9231621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203326119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of morbidity and hospitalization among children worldwide, however, no vaccines or therapeutics are currently available for hMPV disease prevention and treatment. The hMPV fusion (F) protein is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies. To map the immunodominant epitopes on the hMPV F protein, we isolated a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and the mAbs were assessed for binding avidity, neutralization potency, and epitope specificity. We found the majority of the mAbs target diverse epitopes on the hMPV F protein, and we discovered multiple mAb binding approaches for antigenic site III. The most potent mAb, MPV467, which had picomolar potency, was examined in prophylactic and therapeutic mouse challenge studies, and MPV467 limited virus replication in mouse lungs when administered 24 h before or 72 h after viral infection. We determined the structure of MPV467 in complex with the hMPV F protein using cryo-electron microscopy to a resolution of 3.3 Å, which revealed a complex novel prefusion-specific epitope overlapping antigenic sites II and V on a single protomer. Overall, our data reveal insights into the immunodominant antigenic epitopes on the hMPV F protein, identify a mAb therapy for hMPV F disease prevention and treatment, and provide the discovery of a prefusion-specific epitope on the hMPV F protein.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Metapneumovirus/immunology
- Mice
- Paramyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Primary Prevention
- Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Banerjee
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jiachen Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Scott A. Rush
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Aaron D. Gingerich
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Fredejah Royer
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Yun JH, Lee S, Srinivasa P, Morrow J, Chase R, Saferali A, Xu Z, Cho M, Castaldi P, Hersh CP. An interferon-inducible signature of airway disease from blood gene expression profiling. Eur Respir J 2022; 59:2100569. [PMID: 34649980 PMCID: PMC9245457 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00569-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular basis of airway remodelling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains poorly understood. We identified gene expression signatures associated with chest computed tomography (CT) scan airway measures to understand molecular pathways associated with airway disease. METHODS In 2396 subjects in the COPDGene Study, we examined the relationship between quantitative CT airway phenotypes and blood transcriptomes to identify airway disease-specific genes and to define an airway wall thickness (AWT) gene set score. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify associations of the AWT score with clinical phenotypes, bronchial gene expression and genetic variants. RESULTS Type 1 interferon (IFN)-induced genes were consistently associated with AWT, square root wall area of a hypothetical airway with 10 mm internal perimeter (Pi10) and wall area percentage, with the strongest enrichment in AWT. A score derived from 18 genes whose expression was associated with AWT was associated with COPD-related phenotypes including reduced lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s percentage predicted β= -3.4; p<0.05) and increased exacerbations (incidence rate ratio 1.7; p<0.05). The AWT score was reproducibly associated with AWT in bronchial samples from 23 subjects (β=3.22; p<0.05). The blood AWT score was associated with genetic variant rs876039, an expression quantitative trait locus for IKZF1, a gene that regulates IFN signalling and is associated with inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS A gene expression signature with IFN-stimulated genes from peripheral blood and bronchial brushings is associated with CT AWT, lung function and exacerbations. Shared genes and genetic associations suggest viral responses and/or autoimmune dysregulation as potential underlying mechanisms of airway disease in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong H Yun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sool Lee
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pooja Srinivasa
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jarrett Morrow
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Chase
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aadbida Saferali
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhonghui Xu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Castaldi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig P Hersh
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Nieto-Fontarigo JJ, Tillgren S, Cerps S, Sverrild A, Hvidtfeldt M, Ramu S, Menzel M, Sander AF, Porsbjerg C, Uller L. Imiquimod Boosts Interferon Response, and Decreases ACE2 and Pro-Inflammatory Response of Human Bronchial Epithelium in Asthma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:743890. [PMID: 34950134 PMCID: PMC8688760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both anti-viral and anti-inflammatory bronchial effects are warranted to treat viral infections in asthma. We sought to investigate if imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, exhibits such dual actions in ex vivo cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs), targets for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Objective To investigate bronchial epithelial effects of imiquimod of potential importance for anti-viral treatment in asthmatic patients. Methods Effects of imiquimod alone were examined in HBECs from healthy (N=4) and asthmatic (N=18) donors. Mimicking SARS-CoV-2 infection, HBECs were stimulated with poly(I:C), a dsRNA analogue, or SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein 1 (SP1; receptor binding) with and without imiquimod treatment. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor (ACE2), pro-inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines were analyzed by RT-qPCR, multiplex ELISA, western blot, and Nanostring and proteomic analyses. Results Imiquimod reduced ACE2 expression at baseline and after poly(I:C) stimulation. Imiquimod also reduced poly(I:C)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-33. Furthermore, imiquimod increased IFN-β expression, an effect potentiated in presence of poly(I:C) or SP1. Multiplex mRNA analysis verified enrichment in type-I IFN signaling concomitant with suppression of cytokine signaling pathways induced by imiquimod in presence of poly(I:C). Exploratory proteomic analyses revealed potentially protective effects of imiquimod on infections. Conclusion Imiquimod triggers viral resistance mechanisms in HBECs by decreasing ACE2 and increasing IFN-β expression. Additionally, imiquimod improves viral infection tolerance by reducing viral stimulus-induced epithelial cytokines involved in severe COVID-19 infection. Our imiquimod data highlight feasibility of producing pluripotent drugs potentially suited for anti-viral treatment in asthmatic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Tillgren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Cerps
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Asger Sverrild
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sangeetha Ramu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mandy Menzel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adam Frederik Sander
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ogawa T, Kan-O K, Shiota A, Fujita A, Ishii Y, Fukuyama S, Matsumoto K. Inhibition of PI3Kδ Differentially Regulates Poly I:C- and Human Metapneumovirus-Induced PD-L1 and PD-L2 Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767666. [PMID: 34899719 PMCID: PMC8656419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial epithelial cells are front sentinels eliciting innate and adaptive immunity to respiratory viral pathogens. Recognition of viral double-stranded RNA induces antiviral interferon (IFN) responses in bronchial epithelial cells. Co-inhibitory molecules programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and ligand 2 (PD-L2) were also induced on bronchial epithelial cells, which bind programmed cell death 1 on T cell and inhibit the function of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte. A previous study showed that antiviral type I IFN increased PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in cultured melanoma cells. However, it remains unknown whether antiviral IFNs affect PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in bronchial epithelial cells. In addition, we previously reported that inhibition of PI3Kδ signaling enhanced antiviral IFN responses in human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs). Here we assessed the effect of exogenous IFNs or a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor IC87114 on PD-L1 and PD-L2 in PBECs stimulated with a synthetic double-stranded RNA poly I:C or human metapneumovirus. Treatment with IFNβ or IFNλ increased PD-L1 and PD-L2, and IFNβ or IFNλ treatment plus poly I:C further increased both expressions. Treatment with IC87114 or transfection with siRNA targeting PI3K p110δ enhanced poly I:C–induced gene and protein expression of PD-L2, whereas IC87114 suppressed poly I:C–induced PD-L1. IC87114 enhanced poly I:C–induced gene expression of IFNβ, IFNλ, and IFN-regulated genes via increased TBK1 and IRF3 phosphorylation. Transfection with siIRF3 counteracted the enhancement of poly I:C–induced PD-L2 by IC87114, whereas IC87114 suppressed poly I:C–induced PD-L1 regardless of transfection with siNC or siIRF3. Similar effects of IC87114 on PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression were observed in human metapneumovirus–infected PBECs. We showed for the first time that type I and type III IFNs induced the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in PBECs. Our findings suggest that during viral infections, inhibition of PI3Kδ differentially regulates PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ogawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Kan-O
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Endoscopic Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Shiota
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akitaka Fujita
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ishii
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Fukuyama
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kan-O K, Washio Y, Fujimoto T, Shiroyama N, Nakano T, Wakamatsu K, Takata S, Yoshida M, Fujita M, Matsumoto K. Differences in the spectrum of respiratory viruses and detection of human rhinovirus C in exacerbations of adult asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Investig 2021; 60:129-136. [PMID: 34580039 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory infections are a common cause of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and asthma. We conducted a multicenter prospective study to determine the differences in the spectrum of viruses between adults with asthma exacerbations and AECOPD and assessed the prevalence and impact of human rhinovirus (HRV)-C in adults, which is more pathogenic in children with asthma than other HRV species. METHODS Nasopharyngeal and serum samples and clinical information were collected from 64 outpatients with adult asthma exacerbations and 44 outpatients with AECOPD between April 2018 and March 2020. Viral pathogens and HRV strains were identified from nasal samples by multiplex PCR and VP4/VP2 nested PCR. RESULTS Viral pathogens were identified in 31 patients with asthma exacerbations (48.4%) and 17 patients with AECOPD (38.6%). The most commonly detected viruses were HRV/enterovirus followed by human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in patients with asthma exacerbations, and hMPV followed by parainfluenza virus in patients with AECOPD. HRV-C was the HRV species most commonly associated with both asthma exacerbations and AECOPD. Clinical characteristics, baseline lung function, serum inflammatory chemokines, hospitalization, and systemic steroid use did not differ between HRV-C-positive patients and those positive for other HRV species. CONCLUSIONS Exacerbation-associated spectrum of viruses differed between adults with asthma exacerbations and AECOPD. HRV-C was the HRV species most often observed in adult asthma exacerbations and AECOPD, although it did not worsen patients' clinical outcomes relative to those of patients with other HRVs. Underlying disease-specific factors may be responsible for susceptibility to respiratory viruses. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN-CTR UMIN000031934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kan-O
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Department of Endoscopic Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yasuyoshi Washio
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tsuguto Fujimoto
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Natsuko Shiroyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takako Nakano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuokahigashi Medical Center, Koga, 811-3195, Japan
| | - Kentaro Wakamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital, Omuta, 837-0911, Japan
| | - Shohei Takata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuokahigashi Medical Center, Koga, 811-3195, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, 811-1394, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Transcriptomic Analysis Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of Hanchuan Zupa Granules in Alleviating Asthma in Rat. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5584099. [PMID: 34285702 PMCID: PMC8275397 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5584099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the molecular mechanisms of HCZP treatment of asthma. Materials and Methods Thirty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal, asthma, and HCZP groups (n = 10). The asthma model was sensitized by 1 mg ovalbumin (OVA)/aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3mixture and then challenged with 1% aerosolized OVA for four weeks. Rats in the HCZP group received 10.08 g/kg/d HCZP for four weeks during OVA challenge. Then, lung tissues of rats in each group were collected for RNA sequencing. Moreover, the expression level of some core genes was detected by using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results Inflammatory cell infiltration and pathological damage of the lungs improved in the HCZP group. Compared with the asthma group (0.049 ± 0.002 mm2/mm; 0.036 ± 0.006 mm2/mm; and 0.014 ± 0.001 mm2/mm), total wall thickness (0.042 ± 0.001 mm2/mm), inner wall thickness (0.013 ± 0.001 mm2/mm), and smooth muscle layer thickness (0.012 ± 0.001 mm2/mm) significantly decreased in the HCZP group. Bioinformatics analysis showed that hub genes such as bradykinin receptor B2 (Bdkrb2) and CD4 molecule (Cd4) had different expression patterns between model and HCZP groups. Two transcription factors, forkhead box Q1 (Foxq1) and nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (Nfatc2), served important regulatory roles in asthma. Compared with the model group, Bdkrb2 protein expression increased and Nfatc2 protein expression decreased in the HCZP group. Discussion and Conclusion. HCZP could alleviate asthma via regulating the expression of several hub genes, which might serve as therapeutic targets for asthma. However, the mechanism of these genes will be studied in the future.
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COPD Is Associated with Elevated IFN-β Production by Bronchial Epithelial Cells Infected with RSV or hMPV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050911. [PMID: 34069223 PMCID: PMC8156254 DOI: 10.3390/v13050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN treatment may be a viable option for treating COPD exacerbations based on evidence of IFN deficiency in COPD. However, in vitro studies have used primarily influenza and rhinoviruses to investigate IFN responses. This study aims to investigate the susceptibility to infection and IFN response of primary bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) from COPD donors to infection with RSV and hMPV. BECs from five COPD and five healthy donors were used to establish both submerged monolayer and well-differentiated (WD) cultures. Two isolates of both RSV and hMPV were used to infect cells. COPD was not associated with elevated susceptibility to infection and there was no evidence of an intrinsic defect in IFN production in either cell model to either virus. Conversely, COPD was associated with significantly elevated IFN-β production in response to both viruses in both cell models. Only in WD-BECs infected with RSV was elevated IFN-β associated with reduced viral shedding. The role of elevated epithelial cell IFN-β production in the pathogenesis of COPD is not clear and warrants further investigation. Viruses vary in the responses that they induce in BECs, and so conclusions regarding antiviral responses associated with disease cannot be made based on single viral infections.
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Finney LJ, Glanville N, Farne H, Aniscenko J, Fenwick P, Kemp SV, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Loo SL, Calderazzo MA, Wedzicha JA, Mallia P, Bartlett NW, Johnston SL, Singanayagam A. Inhaled corticosteroids downregulate the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in COPD through suppression of type I interferon. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:510-519.e5. [PMID: 33068560 PMCID: PMC7558236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying altered susceptibility and propensity to severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease in at-risk groups such as patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poorly understood. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are widely used in COPD, but the extent to which these therapies protect or expose patients to risk of severe COVID-19 is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ICSs following pulmonary expression of the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). METHODS We evaluated the effect of ICS administration on pulmonary ACE2 expression in vitro in human airway epithelial cell cultures and in vivo in mouse models of ICS administration. Mice deficient in the type I IFN-α/β receptor (Ifnar1-/-) and administration of exogenous IFN-β were used to study the functional role of type-I interferon signaling in ACE2 expression. We compared sputum ACE2 expression in patients with COPD stratified according to use or nonuse of ICS. RESULTS ICS administration attenuated ACE2 expression in mice, an effect that was reversed by exogenous IFN-β administration, and Ifnar1-/- mice had reduced ACE2 expression, indicating that type I interferon contributes mechanistically to this effect. ICS administration attenuated expression of ACE2 in airway epithelial cell cultures from patients with COPD and in mice with elastase-induced COPD-like changes. Compared with ICS nonusers, patients with COPD who were taking ICSs also had reduced sputum expression of ACE2. CONCLUSION ICS therapies in COPD reduce expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2. This effect may thus contribute to altered susceptibility to COVID-19 in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Finney
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hugo Farne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Aniscenko
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fenwick
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel V Kemp
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Su Ling Loo
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Huang J, Diaz D, Mousa JJ. Antibody recognition of the Pneumovirus fusion protein trimer interface. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008942. [PMID: 33035266 PMCID: PMC7598476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of viral respiratory infection in children, and can cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. However, there remain no licensed vaccines or specific treatments for hMPV infection. Although the hMPV fusion (F) protein is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies, the immunological properties of hMPV F remain poorly understood. To further define the humoral immune response to the hMPV F protein, we isolated two new human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), MPV458 and MPV465. Both mAbs are neutralizing in vitro and were determined to target a unique antigenic site using competitive biolayer interferometry. We determined both MPV458 and MPV465 have higher affinity for monomeric hMPV F than trimeric hMPV F. MPV458 was co-crystallized with hMPV F, and the mAb primarily interacts with an alpha helix on the F2 region of the hMPV F protein. Surprisingly, the major epitope for MPV458 lies within the trimeric interface of the hMPV F protein, suggesting significant breathing of the hMPV F protein must occur for host immune recognition of the novel epitope. In addition, significant glycan interactions were observed with a somatically mutated light chain framework residue. The data presented identifies a novel epitope on the hMPV F protein for epitope-based vaccine design, and illustrates a new mechanism for human antibody neutralization of viral glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Darren Diaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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11
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McKean D, Chung SL, Fairhead R, Bannister O, Magliano M, Papanikitas J, Wong N, Hughes R. Corticosteroid injections during the COVID-19 pandemic: experience from a UK centre. Bone Jt Open 2020; 1:605-611. [PMID: 33215158 PMCID: PMC7659632 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.19.bjo-2020-0130.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To describe the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 infection following corticosteroid injections (CSI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. To describe the incidence of positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, positive SARS-COV2 IgG antibody testing or positive imaging findings following CSI at our institution during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A retrospective observational study was undertaken of consecutive patients who had CSI in our local hospitals between 1 February and 30June 2020. Electronic patient medical records (EPR) and radiology information system (RIS) database were reviewed. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing, SARS-COV2 IgG antibody testing, radiological investigations, patient management, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Lung findings were categorized according to the British Society of Thoracic Imaging (BSTI) guidelines. Reference was made to the incidence of lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases in our region. RESULTS Overall, 1,656 lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases were identified in our upper tier local authority (UTLA), a rate of 306.6 per 100,000, as of 30June 2020. A total of 504 CSI injections were performed on 443 patients between 1 February and 30June 2020. A total of 11 RT-PCR tests were performed on nine patients (2% of those who had CSI), all of which were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and five patients (1.1%) received an SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test, of which 2 (0.5%) were positive consistent with prior COVID-19 infection, however both patients were asymptomatic. Seven patients (1.6%) had radiological investigations for respiratory symptoms. One patient with indeterminate ground glass change was identified. CONCLUSION The incidence of positive COVID-19 infection following corticosteroid injections was very low in our cohort and no adverse clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 infection following CSI were identified. Our findings are consistent with CSI likely being low risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this small observational study are supportive of the current multi-society guidelines regarding the judicious use of CSI.Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-9:605-611.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McKean
- Radiology Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Siok Li Chung
- Radiology Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Rory Fairhead
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Bannister
- Microbiology Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Malgorzata Magliano
- Rheumatology Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Joseph Papanikitas
- Radiology Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Nick Wong
- Microbiology Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Richard Hughes
- Radiology Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
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12
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Shiratori T, Imaizumi T, Hirono K, Kawaguchi S, Matsumiya T, Seya K, Tasaka S. ISG56 is involved in CXCL10 expression induced by TLR3 signaling in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:195-202. [PMID: 32363951 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1760965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose and aim of the study: Bronchial epithelial cells play an important role in immune response against viral infections. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pathogen recognition receptor that recognizes viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Activation of TLR3 induces the expression of interferon (IFN)-β, and newly synthesized IFN-β exhibits anti-viral activity by upregulating the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG56 encodes a multifunctional protein with tetratricopeptide motifs and is involved in anti-viral reactions through various mechanisms. Expression of chemokines such as CXCL10, which induces leukocyte chemotaxis, is essential for defense against airway microbes. However, regulation of chemokine expression by ISG56 in bronchial epithelial cells has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of ISG56 and its role in CXCL10 production in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells treated with dsRNA.Materials and methods: BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells were treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), a synthetic TLR3 ligand. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ISG 56 were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The effect of knocking down TLR3, IFN-β, and ISG56 was examined using RNA interference. The protein expression of CXCL10 in culture medium was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Poly IC induced ISG56 expression in a concentration- and time- dependent manner. RNA interference showed that ISG56 induction was inhibited by knockdown of TLR3 or IFN-β and that ISG 56 knockdown decreased CXCL10 expression.Conclusions: ISG56 was induced by poly IC through TLR3/IFN-β axis, and ISG56 may positively regulated CXCL10 expression in BEAS-2B cells. ISG56 may modulate anti-viral innate immunity, at least in part, by regulating the expression of CXCL10 in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Shiratori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Koji Hirono
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Sadatomo Tasaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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13
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Fujita A, Kan-O K, Tonai K, Yamamoto N, Ogawa T, Fukuyama S, Nakanishi Y, Matsumoto K. Inhibition of PI3Kδ Enhances Poly I:C-Induced Antiviral Responses and Inhibits Replication of Human Metapneumovirus in Murine Lungs and Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:432. [PMID: 32218789 PMCID: PMC7079687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the airway can exacerbate respiratory diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and accelerate disease progression. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)δ, a class 1A PI3K, has been studied as a potential target for achieving anti-oncogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the role of PI3Kδ in antiviral responses is poorly understood. Using a synthetic double-stranded RNA poly I:C and a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor IC87114, we investigated the role of PI3Kδ signaling in poly I:C-induced expression of the T lymphocyte-inhibitory molecule programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), inflammatory responses and antiviral interferon (IFN) responses. C57BL/6N mice were treated with IC87114 or vehicle by intratracheal (i.t.) instillation followed by i.t. administration of poly I:C. Poly I:C increased PD-L1 expression on epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in the lungs and IC87114 suppressed poly I:C-induced PD-L1 expression on epithelial cells and neutrophils possibly via inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. IC87114 also attenuated poly I:C-induced increases in numbers of total cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as levels of KC, IL-6 and MIP-1β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Gene expression of IFNβ, IFNλ2 and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were upregulated in response to poly I:C and a further increase in gene expression was observed following IC87114 treatment. In addition, IC87114 enhanced poly I:C-induced phosphorylation of IRF3. We assessed the effects of IC87114 on human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs). IC87114 decreased poly I:C-induced PD-L1 expression on PBECs and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 into culture supernatants. IC87114 further enhanced poly I:C- induced increases in the concentrations of IFNβ and IFNλ1/3 in culture supernatants as well as upregulated gene expression of ISGs in PBECs. Similar results were obtained in PBECs transfected with siRNA targeting the PIK3CD gene encoding PI3K p110δ, and stimulated with poly I:C. In human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection of PBECs, IC87114 suppressed hMPV-induced PD-L1 expression and reduced viral replication without changing the production levels of IFNβ and IFNλ1/3 in culture supernatants. These data suggest that IC87114 may promote virus elimination and clearance through PD-L1 downregulation and enhanced antiviral IFN responses, preventing prolonged lung inflammation, which exacerbates asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Fujita
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Kan-O
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Endoscopic Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Tonai
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ogawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Fukuyama
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Huang J, Diaz D, Mousa JJ. Antibody Epitopes of Pneumovirus Fusion Proteins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2778. [PMID: 31849961 PMCID: PMC6895023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pneumoviruses respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two widespread human pathogens that can cause severe disease in the young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Despite the discovery of RSV over 60 years ago, and hMPV nearly 20 years ago, there are no approved vaccines for either virus. Antibody-mediated immunity is critical for protection from RSV and hMPV, and, until recently, knowledge of the antibody epitopes on the surface glycoproteins of RSV and hMPV was very limited. However, recent breakthroughs in the recombinant expression and stabilization of pneumovirus fusion proteins have facilitated in-depth characterization of antibody responses and structural epitopes, and have provided an enormous diversity of new monoclonal antibody candidates for therapeutic development. These new data have primarily focused on the RSV F protein, and have led to a wealth of new vaccine candidates in preclinical and clinical trials. In contrast, the major structural antibody epitopes remain unclear for the hMPV F protein. Overall, this review will cover recent advances in characterizing the antigenic sites on the RSV and hMPV F proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Darren Diaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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15
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Bar-Peled Y, Diaz D, Pena-Briseno A, Murray J, Huang J, Tripp RA, Mousa JJ. A Potent Neutralizing Site III-Specific Human Antibody Neutralizes Human Metapneumovirus In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:e00342-19. [PMID: 31292250 PMCID: PMC6744252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00342-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of viral lower respiratory tract infection in children. The sole target of neutralizing antibodies targeting hMPV is the fusion (F) protein, a class I viral fusion protein mediating virus-cell membrane fusion. There have been several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated that neutralize hMPV; however, determining the antigenic sites on the hMPV F protein mediating such neutralizing antibody generation would assist efforts for effective vaccine design. In this report, the isolation and characterization of four new human mAbs, termed MPV196, MPV201, MPV314, and MPV364, are described. Among the four mAbs, MPV364 was found to be the most potent neutralizing mAb in vitro Binding studies with monomeric and trimeric hMPV F revealed that MPV364 had the weakest binding affinity for monomeric hMPV F compared to the other three mAbs, yet binding experiments with trimeric hMPV F showed limited differences in binding affinity, suggesting that MPV364 targets an antigenic site incorporating two protomers. Epitope binning studies showed that MPV364 targets antigenic site III on the hMPV F protein and competes for binding with previously discovered mAbs MPE8 and 25P13, both of which cross-react with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein. However, MPV364 does not cross-react with the RSV F protein, and the competition profile suggests that it binds to the hMPV F protein in a binding pose slightly shifted from mAbs MPE8 and 25P13. MPV364 was further assessed in vivo and was shown to substantially reduce viral replication in the lungs of BALB/c mice. Overall, these data reveal a new binding region near antigenic site III of the hMPV F protein that elicits potent neutralizing hMPV F-specific mAbs and provide a new panel of neutralizing mAbs that are candidates for therapeutic development.IMPORTANCE Recent progress in understanding the human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus has paved the way for new vaccine antigens and therapeutics to prevent and treat disease. Progress toward understanding the immune response to human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has lagged behind, although hMPV is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children. In this report, we advanced the field by isolating a panel of human mAbs to the hMPV F protein. One potent neutralizing mAb, MPV364, targets antigenic site III on the hMPV F protein and incorporates two protomers into its epitope yet is unique from previously discovered site III mAbs, as it does not cross-react with the RSV F protein. We further examined MPV364 in vivo and found that it limits viral replication in BALB/c mice. Altogether, these data provide new mAb candidates for therapeutic development and provide insights into hMPV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Bar-Peled
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Darren Diaz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Alma Pena-Briseno
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiachen Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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16
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Singanayagam A, Loo SL, Calderazzo M, Finney LJ, Trujillo Torralbo MB, Bakhsoliani E, Girkin J, Veerati P, Pathinayake PS, Nichol KS, Reid A, Footitt J, Wark PAB, Grainge CL, Johnston SL, Bartlett NW, Mallia P. Antiviral immunity is impaired in COPD patients with frequent exacerbations. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L893-L903. [PMID: 31513433 PMCID: PMC6962603 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00253.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with frequent exacerbations represent a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subgroup requiring better treatment options. The aim of this study was to determine the innate immune mechanisms that underlie susceptibility to frequent exacerbations in COPD. We measured sputum expression of immune mediators and bacterial loads in samples from patients with COPD at stable state and during virus-associated exacerbations. In vitro immune responses to rhinovirus infection in differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) sampled from patients with COPD were additionally evaluated. Patients were stratified as frequent exacerbators (≥2 exacerbations in the preceding year) or infrequent exacerbators (<2 exacerbations in the preceding year) with comparisons made between these groups. Frequent exacerbators had reduced sputum cell mRNA expression of the antiviral immune mediators type I and III interferons and reduced interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression when clinically stable and during virus-associated exacerbation. A role for epithelial cell-intrinsic innate immune dysregulation was identified: induction of interferons and ISGs during in vitro rhinovirus (RV) infection was also impaired in differentiated BECs from frequent exacerbators. Frequent exacerbators additionally had increased sputum bacterial loads at 2 wk following virus-associated exacerbation onset. These data implicate deficient airway innate immunity involving epithelial cells in the increased propensity to exacerbations observed in some patients with COPD. Therapeutic approaches to boost innate antimicrobial immunity in the lung could be a viable strategy for prevention and treatment of frequent exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Singanayagam
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su-Ling Loo
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Calderazzo
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia J Finney
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eteri Bakhsoliani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Girkin
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Punnam Veerati
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prabuddha S Pathinayake
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristy S Nichol
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Reid
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph Footitt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A B Wark
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Keeler SP, Agapov EV, Hinojosa ME, Letvin AN, Wu K, Holtzman MJ. Influenza A Virus Infection Causes Chronic Lung Disease Linked to Sites of Active Viral RNA Remnants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2354-2368. [PMID: 30209189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental observations suggest that chronic lung disease is linked to respiratory viral infection. However, the long-term aspect of this relationship is not yet defined using a virus that replicates at properly high levels in humans and a corresponding animal model. In this study, we show that influenza A virus infection achieves 1 × 106-fold increases in viral load in the lung and dose-dependent severity of acute illness in mice. Moreover, these events are followed by persistence of negative- and positive-strand viral RNA remnants for 15 wk and chronic lung disease for at least 26 wk postinfection. The disease is manifested by focal areas of bronchiolization and mucus production that contain increased levels of viral RNA remnants along with mucin Muc5ac and Il13 mRNA compared with uninvolved areas of the lung. Excess mucus production and associated airway hyperreactivity (but not fibrosis or emphysema) are partially attenuated with loss of IL-13 production or signaling (using mice with IL-13 or STAT6 deficiency). These deficiencies cause reciprocal increases in l17a mRNA and neutrophils in the lung; however, none of these disease endpoints are changed with IL-13/IL-17a compared with IL-13 deficiency or STAT6/IL-17a compared with STAT6 deficiency. The results establish the capacity of a potent human respiratory virus to produce chronic lung disease focally at sites of active viral RNA remnants, likely reflecting locations of viral replication that reprogram the region. Viral dose dependency of disease also implicates high-level viral replication and severity of acute infection as determinants of chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD with IL-13-dependent and IL-13/IL-17-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene V Agapov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael E Hinojosa
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Adam N Letvin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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18
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Role of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in asthma exacerbations: where are we now? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1713-1721. [PMID: 28667069 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2001, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been identified as an important cause of respiratory tract infection in young children, second only to the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Clinical evidence suggests that hMPV is associated with acute exacerbations of asthma in both children and adults, and may play a role in initiating asthma development in children. Animal models have demonstrated that airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation are triggered following hMPV infection, and hMPV is able to persist in vivo by inhibiting innate immune responses and causing aberrant adaptive responses. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of hMPV infection in pediatric and adult populations and its potential role in asthma exacerbation. We also review recent advances made in animal models to determine immune responses following hMPV infection, and compare to what is known about RSV.
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