1
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Vahdatiraad L, Heidari B, Zarei S, Sohrabi T, Ghafouri H. Biological responses of stellate sturgeon fingerlings (Acipenser stellatus) immersed in HSP inducer to salinity changes. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106145. [PMID: 37595360 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in salinity is a stressful and energy-consuming process in fish which give rise to mortalities, especially in fish fingerlings that are more sensitive during the early stages of their life. In the present study, the effects of three salinities, 3‰ (downstream of river), 8‰ (estuarine), and 13‰ (the maximum salinity in the Caspian Sea), on HSP70 gene expression, cortisol level, immune response (lysozyme, complement C3, IgM), and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, T-AOC) of the stellate sturgeon fingerlings in the presence of HSP inducer compound (TEX-OE®) were evaluated. Our results showed that levels of plasma cortisol and heat shock protein (HSP70) in Acipenser stellatus fingerlings increased due to salinity changes. In the presence of the HSP inducer, HSP70 expression in both gill and liver was significantly increased, whereas cortisol level was notably decreased. Exposure to salinity changes resulted in an increase in antioxidant defense activities (SOD, CAT, and T-AOC) and immune response (lysozyme, IgM, and C3) in the presence of an HSP inducer. In conclusion, an HSP-inducing compounds can have a positive effect in strengthening the immunity and antioxidant system of sturgeon fingerlings by increasing the expression of the HSP70 gene against salinity fluctuations and generally increase the body's physiological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Vahdatiraad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behrooz Heidari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Sevda Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tooraj Sohrabi
- International Caspian Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghafouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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2
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Renman E, Ekici R, Sundström M, Lejon K. HSC70 is a novel binding partner involved in the capture of immunoglobulins on B cells in the NOD mouse. Autoimmunity 2022; 55:520-528. [PMID: 36120986 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2022.2117307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
B cells have been shown to be essential for Type 1 diabetes development in the non-obese diabetic mouse, where their contribution as antigen presenting cells has been emphasised. Other important functions for B cells include surface capture of immunoglobulins and transportation of immune complexes, with subsequent endocytosis, antigen processing and antigen presentation. We have previously demonstrated that NOD B cells capture IgM and IgG immune complexes through an unknown surface molecule. In this study, we revealed the presumptive immunoglobulin-binding molecule to be HSC70. Moreover, we detected increased levels of HSC70 on NOD B cells. HSC70 has been shown to play a role in antigen processing and presentation as well as being important in several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Due to its protein stabilising properties, increased HSC70 could contribute to enhanced self-antigen collection and presentation and thereby contribute to the development of Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Renman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Umeå, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rifat Ekici
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Umeå, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mia Sundström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Umeå, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lejon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Umeå, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Chuang HJ, Chang CY, Ho HP, Chou MY. Oxytocin Signaling Acts as a Marker for Environmental Stressors in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7459. [PMID: 34299078 PMCID: PMC8303627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxytocin system plays a role in stress responses and behavior modulation. However, the effects of oxytocin signaling on stress adaptation remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated the roles of oxytocin signaling as a biomarker under stress conditions in the peripheral tissues (the gills) and central nervous system (the brain). All the environmental stressors downregulated the expression of oxytocin receptors in the gills, and the alteration of the expression of oxytocin receptors was also found in the brain after the acidic (AC) and high-ammonia (HA) treatments. The number of oxytocin neurons was increased after double-deionized (DI) treatment. By transgenic line, Tg(oxtl:EGFP), we also investigated the projections of oxytocin neurons and found oxytocin axon innervations in various nuclei that might regulate the anxiety levels and aggressiveness of adult zebrafish under different environmental stresses. The oxytocin system integrates physiological responses and behavioral outcomes to ensure environmental adaptation in adult zebrafish. Our study provides insight into oxytocin signaling as a stress indicator upon environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (H.-P.H.)
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Umam K, Chuang HJ, Chiu L, Yang WK, Wang YC, Wu WY, Lee TH. Potential osmoprotective roles of branchial heat shock proteins towards Na +, K +-ATPase in milkfish (Chanos chanos) exposed to hypotonic stress. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 248:110749. [PMID: 32585297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In euryhaline teleosts, osmoregulatory mechanisms vary with osmotic stresses, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a central role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and potential roles of HSP70 and HSP90 in the gills of seawater (SW)- and freshwater (FW)-acclimated milkfish (Chanos chanos). Four HSP genes, including Cchsc70 (heat shock cognate 70), Cchsp70, Cchsp90α, and Cchsp90β, were analyzed in milkfish gills. Among these genes, only the mRNA abundance of branchial Cchsp90α was significantly lower in the FW-acclimated than in the SW-acclimated milkfish. Immunoblotting showed no significant difference in the relative protein abundance of branchial HSP70 and HSP90 between the two groups. The time-course experiments (from SW to FW) showed that the protein abundance of HSP70 and HSP90 at the 3 h and 6 h post-transfer and then declined gradually. To further illustrate the potential osmoregulatory roles of HSP70 and HSP90, their interaction with Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA, the primary driving force for osmoregulation) was analyzed using co-immunoprecipitation. The results showed the interaction between HSP70, HSP90 and NKA after acclimation to SW or FW increased within 3 h; and then returned to normal levels within 7 days. To our knowledge, the present study was the first to demonstrate that the interaction between HSP70, HSP90 and NKA changes with hypotonic stress in euryhaline teleosts. Before the transfer, no interaction was detected. When transferred to FW from SW, the interaction of HSP70 and HSP90 with NKA were detected. The results suggested that HSP70 and HSP90 participated in the acute responses of osmoregulatory mechanisms to protect branchial NKA from hypotonic stress in milkfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khotibul Umam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sumbawa University of Technology, Sumbawa 84371, Indonesia; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ling Chiu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kai Yang
- Water Resources Dvelopment Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Planning and Information Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Keelung 20246, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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5
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Flow cytometry-based assessment of direct-targeting anti-cancer antibody immune effector functions. Methods Enzymol 2020; 632:431-456. [PMID: 32000909 PMCID: PMC7000137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapies are increasingly being used to treat cancer. Some mediate their therapeutic effects through modifying the function of immune cells globally, while others bind directly to tumor cells and can recruit immune effector cells through their Fc regions. As new direct-binding agents are developed, having the ability to test their Fc-mediated functions in a high-throughput manner is important for selecting antibodies with immune effector properties. Here, using monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) as an example and the CD20+ Raji cell line as tumor target, we describe flow cytometry-based assays for determining an antibody's capacity for mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). These assays are sensitive, reliable, affordable and avoid the use of radioactivity.
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6
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Hillman Y, Mardamshina M, Pasmanik-Chor M, Ziporen L, Geiger T, Shomron N, Fishelson Z. MicroRNAs Affect Complement Regulator Expression and Mitochondrial Activity to Modulate Cell Resistance to Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1970-1983. [PMID: 31537542 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miR) are small RNA molecules that shape the cell transcriptome and proteome through regulation of mRNA stability and translation. Here, we examined their function as determinants of cell resistance to complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). To achieve this goal, we compared the expression of microRNAs between complement-resistant and -sensitive K562 leukemia, Raji lymphoma, and HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Global microRNA array analysis identified miR-150, miR-328, and miR-616 as regulators of CDC resistance. Inhibition of miR-150 reduced resistance, whereas inhibition of miR-328 or miR-616 enhanced cell resistance. Treatment of K562 cells with a sublytic dose of complement was shown to rapidly increase miR-150, miR-328, and miR-616 expression. Protein targets of these microRNAs were analyzed in K562 cells by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Expression of the complement membrane regulatory proteins CD46 and CD59 was significantly enhanced after inhibition of miR-328 and miR-616. Enrichment of proteins of mitochondria, known target organelles in CDC, was observed after miR-150, miR-328, and miR-616 inhibition. In conclusion, miR-150, miR-328, and miR-616 regulate cell resistance to CDC by modifying the expression of the membrane complement regulators CD46 and CD59 and the response of the mitochondria to complement lytic attack. These microRNAs may be considered targets for intervention in complement-associated diseases and in anticancer, complement-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Hillman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mariya Mardamshina
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- The Bioinformatics Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lea Ziporen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Fishelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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7
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Fishelson Z, Kirschfink M. Complement C5b-9 and Cancer: Mechanisms of Cell Damage, Cancer Counteractions, and Approaches for Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:752. [PMID: 31024572 PMCID: PMC6467965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of cancer cells with components of the complement system are highly complex, leading to an outcome that is either favorable or detrimental to cancer cells. Currently, we perceive only the "tip of the iceberg" of these interactions. In this review, we focus on the complement terminal C5b-9 complex, known also as the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) and discuss the complexity of its interaction with cancer cells, starting with a discussion of its proposed mode of action in mediating cell death, and continuing with a portrayal of the strategies of evasion exhibited by cancer cells, and closing with a proposal of treatment approaches targeted at evasion strategies. Upon intense complement activation and membrane insertion of sufficient C5b-9 complexes, the afflicted cells undergo regulated necrotic cell death with characteristic damage to intracellular organelles, including mitochondria, and perforation of the plasma membrane. Several pro-lytic factors have been proposed, including elevated intracellular calcium ion concentrations and activated JNK, Bid, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL; however, further research is required to fully characterize the effective cell death signals activated by the C5b-9 complexes. Cancer cells over-express a multitude of protective measures which either block complement activation, thus reducing the number of membrane-inserted C5b-9 complexes, or facilitate the elimination of C5b-9 from the cell surface. Concomitantly, cancer cells activate several protective pathways that counteract the death signals. Blockage of complement activation is mediated by the complement membrane regulatory proteins CD46, CD55, and CD59 and by soluble complement regulators, by proteases that cleave complement proteins and by protein kinases, like CK2, which phosphorylate complement proteins. C5b-9 elimination and inhibition of cell death signals are mediated by caveolin and dynamin, by Hsp70 and Hsp90, by the mitochondrial stress protein mortalin, and by the protein kinases PKC and ERK. It is conceivable that various cancers and cancers at different stages of development will utilize distinct patterns of these and other MAC resistance strategies. In order to enhance the impact of antibody-based therapy on cancer, novel precise reagents that block the most effective protective strategies will have to be designed and applied as adjuvants to the therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Fishelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Rozenberg P, Ziporen L, Gancz D, Saar-Ray M, Fishelson Z. Cooperation between Hsp90 and mortalin/GRP75 in resistance to cell death induced by complement C5b-9. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:150. [PMID: 29396434 PMCID: PMC5833442 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are commonly more resistant to cell death activated by the membranolytic protein complex C5b-9. Several surface-expressed and intracellular proteins that protect cells from complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) have been identified. In this study, we investigated the function of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), an essential and ubiquitously expressed chaperone, overexpressed in cancer cells, in C5b-9-induced cell death. As shown, inhibition of Hsp90 with geldanamycin or radicicol is enhancing sensitivity of K562 erythroleukemia cells to CDC. Similarly, Hsp90 inhibition confers in Ramos B cell lymphoma cells elevated sensitivity to treatment with rituximab and complement. C5b-9 deposition is elevated on geldanamycin-treated cells. Purified Hsp90 binds directly to C9 and inhibits zinc-induced C9 polymerization, indicating that Hsp90 may act directly on the C5b-9 complex. Mortalin, also known as stress protein 70 or GRP75, is a mitochondrial chaperone that confers resistance to CDC. The postulated cooperation between Hsp90 and mortalin in protection from CDC was tested. Geldanamycin failed to sensitize toward CDC cells with knocked down mortalin. Direct binding of Hsp90 to mortalin was shown by co-immunoprecipitation in cell extracts after triggering with complement as well as by using purified recombinant proteins. These results provide an insight into the protective mechanisms utilized by cancer cells to evade CDC. They suggest that Hsp90 protects cells from CDC by inhibiting, together with mortalin, C5b-9 assembly and/or stability at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perri Rozenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Lea Ziporen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Dana Gancz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Moran Saar-Ray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Zvi Fishelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Akhter S, Chakraborty S, Moutinho D, Álvarez-Coiradas E, Rosa I, Viñuela J, Domínguez E, García A, Requena JR. The human VGF-derived bioactive peptide TLQP-21 binds heat shock 71 kDa protein 8 (HSPA8)on the surface of SH-SY5Y cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185176. [PMID: 28934328 PMCID: PMC5608341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
VGF (non-acronymic)is a secreted chromogranin/secretogranin that gives rise to a number of bioactive peptides by a complex proteolysis mechanism. VGF-derived peptides exert an extensive array of biological effects in energy metabolism, mood regulation, pain, gastric secretion function, reproduction and, perhaps, cancer. It is therefore surprising that very little is known about receptors and binding partners of VGF-derived peptides and their downstream molecular mechanisms of action. Here, using affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry-based protein identification, we have identified the heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein A8 (HSPA8)as a binding partner of human TLQP-21 on the surface of human neuroblastomaSH-SY5Y cells. Binding of TLQP-21 to membrane associated HSPA8 in live SH-SY5Y cells was further supported by cross-linking to live cells. Interaction between HSPA8 and TLQP-21 was confirmed in vitro by label-free Dynamic Mass Redistribution (DMR) studies. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies show that TLQP-21 can be docked into the HSPA8 peptide binding pocket. Identification of HSPA8 as a cell surface binding partner of TLQP-21 opens new avenues to explore the molecular mechanisms of its physiological actions, and of pharmacological modulation thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Akhter
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | | | - Daniela Moutinho
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elia Álvarez-Coiradas
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isaac Rosa
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Viñuela
- Immunology Laboratory, Santiago University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Domínguez
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel García
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús R. Requena
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Jubran R, Kocsis J, Garam N, Maláti É, Gombos T, Barabás L, Gráf L, Prohászka Z, Fishelson Z. Circulating mitochondrial stress 70 protein/mortalin and cytosolic Hsp70 in blood: Risk indicators in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:2329-2335. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritta Jubran
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologySackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978 Israel
| | - Judit Kocsis
- 3rd Department of Internal MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest1125 Hungary
| | - Nóra Garam
- 3rd Department of Internal MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest1125 Hungary
| | - Éva Maláti
- 3rd Department of Internal MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest1125 Hungary
| | - Tímea Gombos
- 3rd Department of Internal MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest1125 Hungary
| | - Loránd Barabás
- 2nd Department of SurgerySemmelweis UniversityBudapest1125 Hungary
| | - László Gráf
- 3rd Department of Internal MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest1125 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- 3rd Department of Internal MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest1125 Hungary
| | - Zvi Fishelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologySackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978 Israel
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11
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Complement triggers relocation of Mortalin/GRP75 from mitochondria to the plasma membrane. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1395-1406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Scheffer HJ, Nielsen K, van Tilborg AAJM, Vieveen JM, Bouwman RA, Kazemier G, Niessen HWM, Meijer S, van Kuijk C, van den Tol MP, Meijerink MR. Ablation of colorectal liver metastases by irreversible electroporation: results of the COLDFIRE-I ablate-and-resect study. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:2467-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Stricher F, Macri C, Ruff M, Muller S. HSPA8/HSC70 chaperone protein: structure, function, and chemical targeting. Autophagy 2013; 9:1937-54. [PMID: 24121476 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HSPA8/HSC70 protein is a fascinating chaperone protein. It represents a constitutively expressed, cognate protein of the HSP70 family, which is central in many cellular processes. In particular, its regulatory role in autophagy is decisive. We focused this review on HSC70 structure-function considerations and based on this, we put a particular emphasis on HSC70 targeting by small molecules and peptides in order to develop intervention strategies that deviate some of HSC70 properties for therapeutic purposes. Generating active biomolecules regulating autophagy via its effect on HSC70 can effectively be designed only if we understand the fine relationships between HSC70 structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Stricher
- CNRS; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis; Strasbourg, France
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14
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Comprehensive review on the HSC70 functions, interactions with related molecules and involvement in clinical diseases and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:354-74. [PMID: 22960394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) is a constitutively expressed molecular chaperone which belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family. HSC70 shares some of the structural and functional similarity with HSP70. HSC70 also has different properties compared with HSP70 and other heat shock family members. HSC70 performs its full functions by the cooperation of co-chaperones. It interacts with many other molecules as well and regulates various cellular functions. It is also involved in various diseases and may become a biomarker for diagnosis and potential therapeutic targets for design, discovery, and development of novel drugs to treat various diseases. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on HSC70 from the literatures including the basic general information such as classification, structure and cellular location, genetics and function, as well as its protein association and interaction with other proteins. In addition, we also discussed the relationship of HSC70 and related clinical diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, hepatic and many other diseases and possible therapeutic potential and highlight the progress and prospects of research in this field. Understanding the functions of HSC70 and its interaction with other molecules will help us to reveal other novel properties of this protein. Scientists may be able to utilize this protein as a biomarker and therapeutic target to make significant advancement in scientific research and clinical setting in the future.
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15
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von Mensdorff-Pouilly S. Vaccine-induced antibody responses in patients with carcinoma. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:579-94. [PMID: 20518714 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines based on defined antigens are capable of inducing antibodies that recognize and kill tumor cells. Antibodies are ideally suited to address minimal residual disease, and vaccination in an adjuvant setting may favorably influence the outcome of a disease. The present article gives a short summary of antibody production by B cells, and the mechanism of action of antibodies, as well as a description of the current methods for measuring antibody responses and for assessing their antitumor efficacy in the context of clinical trials. It concludes with an overview of antibody responses induced by vaccines based on structurally defined tumor-associated antigens tested in patients with carcinomas. Correlation between antibody responses, T-cell responses and clinical outcome has been noted in a few studies, signaling the importance of vaccine design and adjuvants to exploit the interactions of the innate and adaptive immune system. However, humoral responses, which may provide a surrogate marker for T-helper responses and simplify monitoring of large Phase III trials, are still not or incompletely explored in many vaccination trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia von Mensdorff-Pouilly
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Tine M, Bonhomme F, McKenzie DJ, Durand JD. Differential expression of the heat shock protein Hsp70 in natural populations of the tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, acclimatised to a range of environmental salinities. BMC Ecol 2010; 10:11. [PMID: 20429891 PMCID: PMC2873927 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between environmental variation and induction of heat shock proteins (Hsps) has been much documented under experimental conditions. However, very little is known about such induction in natural populations acclimatised to prevailing environmental conditions. Furthermore, while induction of stress proteins has been well documented in response to environmental contaminants and thermal stressors, little is known about whether factors, such as extreme salinity, are also potential inductors. The black-chinned tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron is unusual for its ability to colonise estuarine environments in West Africa that are characterised by extremely high salinities. The relationships between mRNA levels of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) and Na+, K+-ATPase1α (Naka) in the gills, environmental salinity, and a life-history trait (condition factor) were investigated in wild populations of this species sampled from three locations in the Saloum estuary, at salinities ranging from 40 to 100 psu. Results The highest Hsp70 and Naka mRNA levels, and the poorest condition factors were recorded in the most saline sampling site (100 psu). The Hsp70 and Naka mRNA were correlated amongst themselves and showed a direct positive correlation with environmental salinity, and a negative correlation with fish condition factor. Thus, the Hsp70 is constitutively overexpressed by S. melanotheron acclimatised to extreme hypersalinity. Conclusions These results indicate that, although S. melanotheron can colonise extremely saline environments, the overexpression of Hsp70 combined with the higher Naka mRNA expression reveals that this represents a chronic stress. The induction of Hsp70 was, therefore, a biomarker of chronic hyper-osmotic stress which presumably can be linked to the impaired growth performance and precocious reproduction that have been demonstrated in the populations at the extremely saline sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbaye Tine
- Biologie Intégrative ISEM CNRS-UMR 5554, Université Montpellier II, Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral, 1 quai de la Daurade, Sète, France.
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17
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Mills DR, Haskell MD, Callanan HM, Flanagan DL, Brilliant KE, Yang D, Hixson DC. Monoclonal antibody to novel cell surface epitope on Hsc70 promotes morphogenesis of bile ducts in newborn rat liver. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:39-53. [PMID: 19415527 PMCID: PMC2866973 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described a cell surface reactive monoclonal antibody, MAb OC.10, which recognizes an epitope shared by rat fetal liver ductal cells, hepatic progenitor cells, mature cholangiocytes, and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Here, intrasplenic injection of MAb OC.10 into newborn rats was shown by immunofluorescence microscopy to strongly label intrahepatic bile ducts. Furthermore, the in situ labeling of intrahepatic cholangiocytes by injecting MAb OC.10 increased the number of intraportal and intralobular bile ducts with well-defined lumens when compared to IgM-injected control animals. The antigen for MAb OC.10 was identified by mass spectrometry as Hsc70, a constitutively expressed heat shock protein belonging to the HSP70 family. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that MAb OC.10 reacted with recombinant bovine Hsc70 protein, with protein immunoprecipitated from rat bile duct epithelial (BDE) cell lysates with monoclonal anti-Hsc70 antibody, and with Hsc70-FLAG protein over-expressed in human 293T cells. In addition, Hsc70-specific small interfering RNA reduced the amount of OC.10 antigen expressed in nucleofected BDE cells. Consistent with the specificity of MAb OC.10 for Hsc70, heat shock did not induce OC.10 expression in BDE cells, a characteristic of Hsp70. Immunofluorescence with BDE cells further suggested that MAb OC.10 binds a novel cell surface epitope of Hsc70. This was in contrast to a commercially available monoclonal anti-Hsc70 antibody that showed strong cytosolic reactivity. These findings demonstrate that presentation of the OC.10 epitope differs between cytosolic and surface forms of Hsc70 and may suggest distinct differences in protein conformation or epitope availability determined in part by protein-protein or protein-lipid interactions. Phage display and pepscan analysis mapped the epitope for MAb OC.10 to the N-terminal 340-384 amino acids of the ATPase domain of rat Hsc70. These findings suggest that MAb OC.10 recognizes an epitope on rat Hsc70 when presented on the cell surface that promotes morphogenic maturation of bile ducts in newborn rat liver. Furthermore, since we have shown previously that the OC.10 antigen is expressed on HCC subpopulations with oval cell characteristics, our current results indicate that Hsc70 has the potential to be expressed on the surface of certain tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Mills
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, George Building Room 362, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Michelle D. Haskell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Helen M. Callanan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Donna L. Flanagan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Kate E. Brilliant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - DongQin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Douglas C. Hixson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
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18
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Gancz D, Fishelson Z. Cancer resistance to complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC): Problem-oriented research and development. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2794-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Patterson ST, Li J, Kang JA, Wickrema A, Williams DB, Reithmeier RAF. Loss of specific chaperones involved in membrane glycoprotein biosynthesis during the maturation of human erythroid progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14547-57. [PMID: 19258325 PMCID: PMC2682903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809076200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of erythrocytes requires the massive synthesis of red cell-specific proteins including hemoglobin, cytoskeletal proteins, as well as membrane glycoproteins glycophorin A (GPA) and anion exchanger 1 (AE1). We found that during the terminal differentiation of human CD34(+) erythroid progenitor cells in culture, key components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein translocation (Sec61alpha), glycosylation (OST48), and protein folding machinery, chaperones BiP, calreticulin (CRT), and Hsp90 were maintained to allow efficient red cell glycoprotein biosynthesis. Unexpected was the loss of calnexin (CNX), an ER glycoprotein chaperone, and ERp57, a protein-disulfide isomerase, as well as a major decrease of the cytosolic chaperones, Hsc70 and Hsp70, components normally involved in membrane glycoprotein folding and quality control. AE1 can traffic to the cell surface in mouse embryonic fibroblasts completely deficient in CNX or CRT, whereas disruption of the CNX/CRT-glycoprotein interactions in human K562 cells using castanospermine did not affect the cell-surface levels of endogenous GPA or expressed AE1. These results demonstrate that CNX and ERp57 are not required for major glycoprotein biosynthesis during red cell development, in contrast to their role in glycoprotein folding and quality control in other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian T Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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20
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Koch N, Jung M, Sabat R, Krätzschmar J, Döcke WD, Asadullah K, Volk HD, Grütz G. IL-10 protects monocytes and macrophages from complement-mediated lysis. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:155-66. [PMID: 19386697 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0708443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes, such as monocytes and macrophages, are important cells of the innate immunity in the defense against microbes. So far, it is unclear how these cells survive at the site of combat against microbes, where a hostile inflammatory environment prevails with strong complement activity. We hypothesized that IL-10, a key cytokine involved in the resolution of inflammation, induces resistance to complement attack. Here, we demonstrate for the first time such a cell-protective effect of IL-10 on human monocytes and macrophages. IL-10 is indeed able to protect these cell types in an in vitro model of complement lysis triggered by an anti-MHCI antibody or by binding of zymosan. Investigating potential underlying mechanisms, we found that IL-10 up-regulated the expression of complement regulatory membrane protein CD59 and the general cell-protective stress protein HO-1 in human monocytes. However, further functional analysis failed to link these individual IL-10-mediated effects with the increased protection from complement lysis. Blocking the protective effect of CD59 with an antibody increased complement lysis but did not abrogate the IL-10-protective effect. Interestingly, chemical interference with HO-1 activity did abrogate the protective effect of IL-10, but siRNA-mediated knockdown of HO-1 did not confirm this observation. Our results suggest that IL-10 generates pathogen-clearing phagocytes, which are resistant to complement lysis and thereby, enabled to survive longer in a hostile inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Koch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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21
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Trelles MA, van der Lugt C, Mordon S, Ribé A, Al-Zarouni M. Histological findings in adipocytes when cellulite is treated with a variable-emission radiofrequency system. Lasers Med Sci 2009; 25:191-5. [PMID: 19322624 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-009-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulite is a disorder of the subcutaneous fat layer and the overlying superficial skin. Recently, radiofrequency (RF) has been proposed as an effective treatment of cellulite; however, the mechanism through which the absorbed electrical energy acts on the tissue is still not fully clear. This study reports on the histological findings from biopsies taken immediately after a single RF treatment session, on cellulite located in the buttocks, with a novel technology called automatic multi-frequency and low impedance (AMFLI) RF. Tissue samples were stained with either haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), so that we could study the morphological findings, or with oil red O, to enable us to identify lipid deposits. The histological findings observed in biopsies taken after a single RF treatment showed changes in shape, size, and lipid content, as well as in cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology. After RF treatment adipocytes were more polyhedric, with irregular, degenerated membranes, with less or no lipid content and apoptotic changes. We postulate that RF treatment on cellulite produces a decrease in lipid content of cells as well as changes in the adipocyte membrane which will lead to cell rupture and the death and extrusion of lipid content out of the cell. Further studies are needed to characterise the nature of the extra-cellular lipid material that we have demonstrated with the oil red O stain in our biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Trelles
- Instituto Medico Vilafortuny/Antoni de Gimbernat Foundation, Av. Vilafortuny, 31, 43850 Cambrils, Spain.
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22
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Moskovich O, Fishelson Z. Live Cell Imaging of Outward and Inward Vesiculation Induced by the Complement C5b-9 Complex. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:29977-86. [PMID: 17644516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703742200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells resist death induced by the complement membrane attack complex (MAC, C5b-9) by removal of the MAC from their surface by an outward and/or inward vesiculation. To gain an insight into the route of MAC removal, human C9 was tagged with Alexa Fluor 488 and traced within live cells. Tagged C9-AF488 was active in lysis of erythrocytes and K562 cells. Upon treatment of K562 cells with antibody and human serum containing C9-AF488, C9-AF488 containing MAC bound to the cells. Within 5-10 min, the cells started shedding C5b-9-loaded vesicles (0.05-1 mum) by outward vesiculation. Concomitantly, C9-AF488 entered the cells and accumulated in a perinuclear, late recycling compartment, co-localized with endocytosed transferrin-Texas Red. Similar results were obtained with fixed cells in which the MAC was labeled with antibodies directed to a C5b-9 neoepitope. Inhibition of protein kinase C reduced endocytosis of C5b-9. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that peripheral, trypsin-sensitive C5b-9 was cleared from cells at a slower rate relative to fully inserted, trypsin-resistant C5b-9. MAC formation is controlled by CD59, a ubiquitously expressed membrane complement regulator. Analysis at a cell population level showed that the amount of C5b-9-AF488 bound to K562 cells after complement activation was highly heterogeneous and inversely correlated with the CD59 level of expression. Efficient C9-AF488 vesiculation was observed in cells expressing low CD59 levels, suggesting that the protective impact of MAC elimination by vesiculation increases as the level of expression of CD59 decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Moskovich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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23
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Hoffman WH, Casanova MF, Cudrici CD, Zafranskaia E, Venugopalan R, Nag S, Oglesbee MJ, Rus H. Neuroinflammatory response of the choroid plexus epithelium in fatal diabetic ketoacidosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:65-72. [PMID: 17335802 PMCID: PMC1950467 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A systemic inflammatory response (SIR) occurs prior to and during the treatment of severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and C5b-9 are components of SIR and have been speculated to be involved in the clinical brain edema (BE) of DKA. We studied IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, C5b-9, inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), ICAM-1, IL-10 and Hsp70 expression in the brains of two patients who died as the result of clinical BE during the treatment of DKA. IL-1beta was strongly expressed in the choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) and ependyma, and to a lesser extent in the hippocampus, caudate, white matter radiation of the pons, molecular layer of the cerebellum and neurons of the cortical gray matter. TNF-alpha was expressed to a lesser extent than IL-1beta, and only in the CP. C5b-9, previously shown to be deposited on neurons and oligodendrocytes, was found on CPE and ependymal cells. iNOS and ICAM-1 had increased expression in the CPE and ependyma. Hsp70 and IL-10 were also expressed in the CPE of the case with the shorter duration of treatment. Our data demonstrate the presence of a multifaceted neuroinflammatory cytotoxic insult of the CPE, which may play a role in the pathophysiology of the fatal brain edema of DKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Manuel F. Casanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, Medical School, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Cornelia D. Cudrici
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ekaterina Zafranskaia
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Roopa Venugopalan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sukriti Nag
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J. Oglesbee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Horea Rus
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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24
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Deane EE, Zhou L, Woo NYS. Cortisol can be pro- or anti-apoptotic in sea bream cells: potential role of HSP70 induction for cytoprotection. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 259:57-64. [PMID: 16989943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) are known to perform key roles as part of the fish stress response. In the present study, two in vitro systems were used to investigate a possible cortisol-HSP70-apoptosis regulatory relationship. Using a developed silver sea bream fibroblast cell line (SSF), cortisol was found to induce HSP70 synthesis with a concomitant protection against camptothecin induced apoptosis. The induction of HSP70 synthesis using azetidine was also found to protect SSF against apoptosis. A primary culture of silver sea bream macrophages (SSM) displayed reduced HSP70, underwent apoptosis and displayed reduced phagocytic activity upon exposure to cortisol. The effect of cortisol on HSP70 expression in both SSF and SSM were blocked by the glucocorticoid antagonist, RU486. Treatment of SSM with azetidine protected against apoptosis and also enhanced phagocytic activity. The data from this study demonstrates for the first time that cortisol can be either anti- apoptotic or pro-apoptotic in different fish cells and such actions can be mediated via HSP70 induction or suppression respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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25
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Pilzer D, Gasser O, Moskovich O, Schifferli JA, Fishelson Z. Emission of membrane vesicles: roles in complement resistance, immunity and cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:375-87. [PMID: 16189651 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-005-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Complement-mediated cell death is caused by C5b-9, the membrane attack complex (MAC) composed of the five complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9. Assembly of the C5b-9 complex initiates oligomerization of C9 and production of a transmembrane protein channel that inflicts damage to target cells. For protection, cells eliminate the MAC from their surface either by ectocytosis (direct emission of membrane vesicles) or by endocytosis (internalization). The process of ectosome release is rapid and involves cytosolic Ca(2+) and activation of protein kinases, such as protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). Recently, the involvement of mortalin (also known as GRP75 and mitochondrial hsp70) in MAC elimination has been suggested. Extracellular application of antibodies directed to mortalin increases cell sensitivity to MAC-mediated lysis. Release of membrane vesicles is ubiquitous and enhanced in apoptotic or tumor cells and upon cell activation. Composition of the ectosomes (also often referred to as microparticles) membrane proteins and lipids appears to be different from those of the original plasma membrane, indicating involvement of a selective sorting process during ectosome formation. Exosomes (unlike ectosomes) are membrane vesicles generated by endocytosis, endosome sorting into perinuclear multivesicular bodies (MVB) and exocytosis of MVBs. Exosomes appear to be different in size and composition from ectosomes. Exosome-associated MAC has also been described. Although research on ectosomes and exosomes is still limited, physiological roles in coagulation, vascular functions, angiogenesis, wound healing and development have been attributed to these shed membrane vesicles. On the other hand, there are indications that elevated levels of ectosomes and exosomes may predispose to morbidity. Membrane vesicles released by cells exposed to complement MAC may play roles in health and disease beyond protection from cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pilzer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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26
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Pilzer D, Fishelson Z. Mortalin/GRP75 promotes release of membrane vesicles from immune attacked cells and protection from complement-mediated lysis. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1239-48. [PMID: 16091382 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement system is causing membrane damage and cell death. For protection, cells have adopted several resistance mechanisms, including removal of the membrane-inserted MAC by vesiculation. To identify proteins involved in MAC vesiculation, extracellular proteins released from K562 cells in response to treatment with sub-lytic complement were separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein bands were extracted, digested into peptides and the peptides were analyzed by mass spectrometry. A 75-kDa protein that was abundant in the supernatant of complement-treated cells was identified as mortalin/GRP75. Analysis by western blotting demonstrated that as early as 5 min after exposure to sub-lytic doses of complement, mortalin was released from K562 cells. Mortalin was released after complete activation of the complement system and formation of C5b-8, and even more so when C5b-9 was formed. Other pore formers, such as streptolysin O and melittin, did not induce release of mortalin. As shown, mortalin can bind to complement C8 and C9 and is shed in vesicles containing C9 and complement MACs. Anti-mortalin antibodies reduced mortalin release from complement-treated cells and elevated the extent of cell death by complement. Inhibitors of protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase also prevented mortalin release from complement-activated cells. These results suggest that mortalin/GRP75 promotes the shedding of membrane vesicles loaded with complement MAC and protects cells from complement-mediated lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pilzer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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27
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Bohana-Kashtan O, Pinna LA, Fishelson Z. Extracellular phosphorylation of C9 by protein kinase CK2 regulates complement-mediated lysis. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1939-48. [PMID: 15902683 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-protein kinases (ecto-PK) are expressed on many cell types, both normal and malignant, yet their functions are largely unknown. An ecto-PK capable of phosphorylating the C9 component of the complement system is described. This C9 ecto-PK could be inhibited by TBB, Emodin and DRB, selective inhibitors of protein kinase CK2. Treatment of Raji human B lymphoma cells with these CK2 inhibitors augmented cell killing by Rituximab (anti-CD20 antibodies) and human complement. Analysis of C5b-7-bearing Raji cells showed that extracellular inhibition of the ecto-CK2 enhanced cell lysis by C8 and C9. Blocking of the membrane complement regulator CD59 with monoclonal antibodies further enhanced the effect of the CK2 inhibitors on Raji cell death by complement. C9 ecto-CK2 activity was increased on cancer cells relative to normal fibroblasts and blood cells. Therefore, ecto-CK2 appears to be an additional factor protecting cells from complement-mediated lysis, probably by phosphorylation/inhibition of complement C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Bohana-Kashtan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine,Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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28
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Sreedhar AS, Nardai G, Csermely P. Enhancement of complement-induced cell lysis: a novel mechanism for the anticancer effects of Hsp90 inhibitors. Immunol Lett 2004; 92:157-61. [PMID: 15081540 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2003.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones (heat shock proteins, Hsp-s) play a pleiotropic role in immunological functions. Hsp-s participate in the presentation of peptide antigens, folding of several immunologically important proteins, such as the MHC, and in the maintenance of the activation-competent conformation of key signaling molecules (mostly serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases) of B and T cells activation. The most abundant cytoplasmic chaperone, Hsp90, is in the center of these processes. In recent years Hsp90 inhibitors emerged as very promising anticancer agents. Not surprisingly, Hsp90 inhibitors behave as immunosuppressants, and also cause an induction of superoxide production. Here we extend our previous data by showing the enhancement of complement-induced lysis of several types of tumor cells after Hsp90 inhibition. This novel mechanism may significantly contribute to the anticancer effects of Hsp90 inhibitors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amere Subbarao Sreedhar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444 Budapest 8, Hungary
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29
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Donin N, Jurianz K, Ziporen L, Schultz S, Kirschfink M, Fishelson Z. Complement resistance of human carcinoma cells depends on membrane regulatory proteins, protein kinases and sialic acid. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:254-63. [PMID: 12562385 PMCID: PMC1808622 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleated cells employ several strategies to evade killing by homologous complement. We studied complement resistance in the human carcinoma cell lines (CA) T47D (mammary), SKOV3 (ovarian), and PC-3 (prostate) with emphasis on the following mechanisms of defense: 1. Expression and shedding of the membrane complement regulatory proteins (mCRP) CD46, CD55 and CD59; 2. Resistance based on protein phosphorylation; 3. Cell surface expression of sialic acid residues; 4. Desensitization to complement upon exposure to sublytic complement doses. Anti-mCRP antibody blocking experiments demonstrated that CD59 is the main mCRP protecting these CA from complement. Soluble CD59 was also found in supernates of PC-3> SKOV3 > T47D cells. Second, inhibitors of PKC, PKA and MEK sensitized the CA to lysis, thus implicating these protein kinases in CA complement resistance. Third, removal of sialic acid residues with neuraminidase also sensitized CA to lysis. Finally, exposure of CA to sublytic doses of complement conferred on them enhanced resistance to lytic complement doses in a PKC-dependent process. Combined treatment of CA with anti-CD59 antibodies, PD98059 (a MEK inhibitor) and neuraminidase produced a large enhancement in CA sensitivity to complement. Our results show that CD59 and sialic acid residues present on the cell surface, and intracellular processes involving protein phosphorylation act additively to secure CA resistance to complement-mediated lysis. Therefore, the effectiveness of antibody- and complement-based cancer immunotherapy will markedly improve by suppression of the various complement resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Donin
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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