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Valenzuela-Cardenas M, Gowan C, Dryja P, Bartee MY, Bartee E. TNF blockade enhances the efficacy of myxoma virus-based oncolytic virotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004770. [PMID: 35577502 PMCID: PMC9114862 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) represents a method to treat a variety of solid tumors by inducing antitumor immune responses. While this therapy has been extremely efficacious in preclinical models, translating these successes into human patients has proven challenging. One of the major reasons for these failures is the existence of immune-regulatory mechanisms, which dampen the efficacy of virally induced antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, the full extent of these immune-regulatory pathways remains unclear. METHODS To address this issue, we generated a doubly recombinant, oncolytic myxoma virus which expresses both a soluble fragment of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and an interleukin 12 (IL-12) fusion protein (vPD1/IL-12 (virus-expressing PD1 and IL-12)). We then tested the molecular impact and therapeutic efficacy of this construct in multiple models of disseminated disease to identify novel pathways, which are associated with poor therapeutic outcomes. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that vPD1/IL-12 causes robust inflammation during therapy including inducing high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Surprisingly, although expression of TNF has generally been assumed to be beneficial to OV, the presence of this TNF appears to inhibit therapeutic efficacy by reducing intratumoral T-cell viability. Likely because of this, disruption of the TNF pathway, either through genetic knockout or antibody-based blockade, significantly enhances the overall outcomes of vPD1/IL-12-based therapy that allows for the generation of complete cures in normally non-responsive models. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that some aspects of OV-induced inflammation might represent a double-edged sword during therapy and that specific blockade of TNF might enhance the efficacy of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Valenzuela-Cardenas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Cody Gowan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinical, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Parker Dryja
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Mee Y Bartee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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2
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Nayyar G, Chu Y, Cairo MS. Overcoming Resistance to Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies for Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:51. [PMID: 30805309 PMCID: PMC6378304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, the prognosis of several solid tumor malignancies remains poor. Different factors associated with solid tumors including a varied genetic signature, complex molecular signaling pathways, defective cross talk between the tumor cells and immune cells, hypoxic and immunosuppressive effects of tumor microenvironment result in a treatment resistant and metastatic phenotype. Over the past several years, immunotherapy has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option against multiple malignancies. The unique ability of natural killer (NK) cells to target cancer cells without antigen specificity makes them an ideal candidate for use against solid tumors. However, the outcomes of adoptive NK cell infusions into patients with solid tumors have been disappointing. Extensive studies have been done to investigate different strategies to improve the NK cell function, trafficking and tumor targeting. Use of cytokines and cytokine analogs has been well described and utilized to enhance the proliferation, stimulation and persistence of NK cells. Other techniques like blocking the human leukocyte antigen-killer cell receptors (KIR) interactions with anti-KIR monoclonal antibodies, preventing CD16 receptor shedding, increasing the expression of activating NK cell receptors like NKG2D, and use of immunocytokines and immune checkpoint inhibitors can enhance NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. Using genetically modified NK cells with chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific and trispecific NK cell engagers, NK cells can be effectively redirected to the tumor cells improving their cytotoxic potential. In this review, we have described these strategies and highlighted the need to further optimize these strategies to improve the clinical outcome of NK cell based immunotherapy against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nayyar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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3
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Dietary proanthocyanidins prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer through enhanced repair of damaged DNA-dependent activation of immune sensitivity. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 46:138-145. [PMID: 28412456 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous plant products have been used to prevent and manage a wide variety of diseases for centuries. These products are now considered as promising options for the development of more effective and less toxic alternatives to the systems of medicine developed primarily in developed countries in the modern era. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) are of great interest due to their anti-carcinogenic effects that have been demonstrated using various tumor models including ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer. In a pre-clinical mouse model supplementation of a control diet (AIN76A) with GSPs at concentrations of 0.2% and 0.5% (w/w) significantly inhibits the growth and multiplicity of UVB radiation-induced skin tumors. In this review, we summarize the evidence that this inhibition of UVB-induced skin tumor development by dietary GSPs is mediated by a multiplicity of coordinated effects including: (i) Promotion of the repair of damaged DNA by nuclear excision repair mechanisms, and (ii) DNA repair-dependent stimulation of the immune system following the functional activation of dendritic cells and effector T cells. Dietary GSPs hold promise for the development of an effective alternative strategy for the prevention of excessive solar UVB radiation exposure-induced skin diseases including the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in humans.
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Cai H, Sun L, Miao J, Krishman S, Lebel F, Barrett JA. Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Veledimex, a Small-Molecule Activator Ligand for a Proprietary Gene Therapy Promoter System, in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 6:246-257. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Sun
- ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc.; Boston MA USA
| | - John Miao
- ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc.; Boston MA USA
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5
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Mählmann K, Feige K, Juhls C, Endmann A, Schuberth HJ, Oswald D, Hellige M, Doherr M, Cavalleri JMV. Local and systemic effect of transfection-reagent formulated DNA vectors on equine melanoma. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:132. [PMID: 26063232 PMCID: PMC4464139 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine melanoma has a high incidence in grey horses. Xenogenic DNA vaccination may represent a promising therapeutic approach against equine melanoma as it successfully induced an immunological response in other species suffering from melanoma and in healthy horses. In a clinical study, twenty-seven, grey, melanoma-bearing, horses were assigned to three groups (n = 9) and vaccinated on days 1, 22, and 78 with DNA vectors encoding for equine (eq) IL-12 and IL-18 alone or in combination with either human glycoprotein (hgp) 100 or human tyrosinase (htyr). Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly, and one selected melanoma was locally treated by intradermal peritumoral injection. Prior to each injection and on day 120, the sizes of up to nine melanoma lesions per horse were measured by caliper and ultrasound. Specific serum antibodies against hgp100 and htyr were measured using cell based flow-cytometric assays. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed to identify statistically significant influences on the relative tumor volume. For post-hoc testing a Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test was performed to compare the relative volumes on the different examination days. An ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyse changes in body temperature over time. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in body temperature between the groups. A p–value < 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests applied. Results In all groups, the relative tumor volume decreased significantly to 79.1 ± 26.91% by day 120 (p < 0.0001, Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Affiliation to treatment group, local treatment and examination modality had no significant influence on the results (ANOVA for repeated measurements). Neither a cellular nor a humoral immune response directed against htyr or hgp100 was detected. Horses had an increased body temperature on the day after vaccination. Conclusions This is the first clinical report on a systemic effect against equine melanoma following treatment with DNA vectors encoding eqIL12 and eqIL18 and formulated with a transfection reagent. Addition of DNA vectors encoding hgp100 respectively htyr did not potentiate this effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0422-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mählmann
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Maren Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Mählmann K, Feige K, Juhls C, Endmann A, Schuberth HJ, Oswald D, Hellige M, Doherr M, Cavalleri JMV. Local and systemic effect of transfection-reagent formulated DNA vectors on equine melanoma. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:107. [PMID: 25967290 PMCID: PMC4429833 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Equine melanoma has a high incidence in grey horses. Xenogenic DNA vaccination may represent a promising therapeutic approach against equine melanoma as it successfully induced an immunological response in other species suffering from melanoma and in healthy horses. In a clinical study, twenty-seven, grey, melanoma-bearing, horses were assigned to three groups (n = 9) and vaccinated on days 1, 22, and 78 with DNA vectors encoding for equine (eq) IL-12 and IL-18 alone or in combination with either human glycoprotein (hgp) 100 or human tyrosinase (htyr). Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly, and one selected melanoma was locally treated by intradermal peritumoral injection. Prior to each injection and on day 120, the sizes of up to nine melanoma lesions per horse were measured by caliper and ultrasound. Specific serum antibodies against hgp100 and htyr were measured using cell based flow-cytometric assays. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed to identify statistically significant influences on the relative tumor volume. For post-hoc testing a Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test was performed to compare the relative volumes on the different examination days. An ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyse changes in body temperature over time. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in body temperature between the groups. A p–value < 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests applied. Results In all groups, the relative tumor volume decreased significantly to 79.1 ± 26.91% by day 120 (p < 0.0001, Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Affiliation to treatment group, local treatment and examination modality had no significant influence on the results (ANOVA for repeated measurements). Neither a cellular nor a humoral immune response directed against htyr or hgp100 was detected. Horses had an increased body temperature on the day after vaccination. Conclusions This is the first clinical report on a systemic effect against equine melanoma following treatment with DNA vectors encoding eqIL12 and eqIL18 and formulated with a transfection reagent. Addition of DNA vectors encoding hgp100 respectively htyr did not potentiate this effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0414-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mählmann
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Mareu Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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7
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Wang Y, Qu A, Wang H. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 in liver diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:448-55. [PMID: 25798064 PMCID: PMC4366643 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT4 is a member of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of molecules that localizes to the cytoplasm. STAT4 regulates various genes expression as a transcription factor after it is phosphorylated, dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus. STAT4 activation is detected virtually in the liver of several mouse models of liver injury, as well as the human liver of chronic liver diseases. STAT4 gene polymorphism has been shown to be associated with the antiviral response in chronic hepatitis C and drug-induced liver injury (DILI), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), HCV-associated liver fibrosis and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the roles of STAT4 in the pathogeneses of liver diseases are still not understood entirely. This review summarizes the recent advances on the functional roles of STAT4 and its related cytokines in liver diseases, especially in regulating hepatic anti-viral responses, inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Targeting STAT4 signaling pathway might be a promising strategy in developing therapeutic approaches for treating hepatitis in order to prevent further injury like cirrhosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- 1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034
| | - Aijuan Qu
- 3. Institute of Hypoxic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069 ; 4. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hua Wang
- 2. Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032
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8
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Gokhale MS, Vainstein V, Tom J, Thomas S, Lawrence CE, Gluzman-Poltorak Z, Siebers N, Basile LA. Single low-dose rHuIL-12 safely triggers multilineage hematopoietic and immune-mediated effects. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:11. [PMID: 24725395 PMCID: PMC3991894 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human interleukin 12 (rHuIL-12) regulates hematopoiesis and cell-mediated immunity. Based on these hematopoietic and immunomodulatory activities, a recombinant human IL-12 (rHuIL-12) is now under development to address the unmet need for a medical countermeasure against the hematopoietic syndrome of the acute radiation syndrome (HSARS) that occurs in individuals exposed to lethal radiation, and also to serve as adjuvant therapy that could provide dual hematopoietic and immunotherapeutic benefits in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. We sought to demonstrate in healthy subjects the safety of rHuIL-12 at single, low doses that are appropriate for use as a medical countermeasure for humans exposed to lethal radiation and as an immunomodulatory anti-cancer agent. Methods Two placebo-controlled, double-blinded studies assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rHuIL-12. The first-in-human (FIH) dose-escalation study randomized subjects to single subcutaneous injections of placebo or rHuIL-12 at 2, 5, 10, and 20 μg doses. Due to toxicity, dose was reduced to 15 μg and then to 12 μg. The phase 1b expansion study randomized subjects to the highest safe and well tolerated dose of 12 μg. Results Thirty-two subjects were enrolled in the FIH study: 4 active and 2 placebo at rHuIL-12 doses of 2, 5, 10, 12, and 15 μg; 1 active and 1 placebo at 20 μg. Sixty subjects were enrolled in the expansion study: 48 active and 12 placebo at 12 μg dose of rHuIL-12. In both studies, the most common adverse events (AEs) related to rHuIL-12 were headache, dizziness, and chills. No immunogenicity was observed. Elimination of rHuIL-12 was biphasic, suggesting significant distribution into extravascular spaces. rHuIL-12 triggered transient changes in neutrophils, platelets, reticulocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, and induced increases in interferon-γ and C-X-C motif chemokine 10. Conclusion A single low dose of rHuIl-12 administered subcutaneously can elicit hematological and immune-mediated effects without undue toxicity. The safety and the potent multilineage hematopoietic/immunologic effects triggered by low-dose rHuIL-12 support the development of rHuIL-12 both as a radiation medical countermeasure and as adjuvant immunotherapy for cancer. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01742221
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lena A Basile
- Neumedicines Inc, 133 North Altadena Drive, Suite 310, 91107-7342 Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Goshima F, Esaki S, Luo C, Kamakura M, Kimura H, Nishiyama Y. Oncolytic viral therapy with a combination of HF10, a herpes simplex virus type 1 variant and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for murine ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2865-77. [PMID: 24265099 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of gynecological cancer-related mortality as a majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage with intraperitoneal dissemination because of the absence of initial symptoms. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays an important role in the maturation of specialized antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we utilized a herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon expressing murine GM-CSF combined with HF10 (mGM-CSF amplicon), a highly attenuated HSV type 1 strain functioning as a helper virus to strengthen anti-tumor immune response, for the treatment of ovarian cancer with intraperitoneal dissemination. A mouse ovarian cancer cell line, OV2944-HM-1 (HM-1), was intraperitoneally injected, following which HF10 only or the mGM-CSF amplicon was injected intraperitoneally three times. HF10 injection prolonged survival and decreased intraperitoneal dissemination, but to a lesser extent than the mGM-CSF amplicon. Although HF10 replication was not observed in HM-1 cells, expression of VP5, a late gene coding the major capsid protein of HSV, was detected. Moreover, mGM-CSF production was detected in transfected HM-1 cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the infiltration of CD4- and CD8-positive cells into the peritoneal tumor(s). A significantly increased CD4+ T cell concentration was observed in the spleen. Murine splenic cells after each treatment were stimulated with HM-1 cells, and the strongest immune response was observed in the mice that received mGM-CSF amplicon injections. These results suggested that the mGM-CSF amplicon is a promising agent for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer with intraperitoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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A cytokine cocktail directly modulates the phenotype of DC-enriched anti-tumor T cells to convey potent anti-tumor activities in a murine model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1649-62. [PMID: 23982483 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using ex vivo-expanded anti-tumor T cells such as tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes or genetically engineered T cells potently eradicates established tumors. However, these two approaches possess obvious limitations. Therefore, we established a novel methodology using total tumor RNA (ttRNA) to prime dendritic cells (DC) as a platform for the ex vivo generation of anti-tumor T cells. We evaluated the antigen-specific expansion and recognition of T cells generated by the ttRNA-DC-T platform, and directly modulated the differentiation status of these ex vivo-expanded T cells with a cytokine cocktail. Furthermore, we evaluated the persistence and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of these T cells through murine xenograft and syngeneic tumor models. During ex vivo culture, IL-2 preferentially expanded CD4 subset, while IL-7 enabled homeostatic proliferation from the original precursors. T cells tended to lose CD62L during ex vivo culture using IL-2; however, IL-12 could maintain high levels of CD62L by increasing expression on effector T cells (Tem). In addition, we validated that OVA RNA-DC only selectively expanded T cells in an antigen-specific manner. A cytokine cocktail excluding the use of IL-2 greatly increased CD62Lhigh T cells which specifically recognized tumor cells, engrafted better in a xenograft model and exhibited superior anti-tumor activities in a syngeneic intracranial model. ACT using the ex vivo ttRNA-DC-T platform in conjunction with a cytokine cocktail generated potent CD62Lhigh anti-tumor T cells and imposes a novel T cell-based therapeutic with the potential to treat brain tumors and other cancers.
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Kumar V. Adenosine as an endogenous immunoregulator in cancer pathogenesis: where to go? Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:145-65. [PMID: 23271562 PMCID: PMC3646124 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disease and its pathogenesis is well correlated with infection and inflammation. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, which is produced under metabolic stress like hypoxic conditions. Acute or chronic inflammatory conditions lead to the release of precursor adenine nucleotides (adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosien diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)) from cells, which are extracellularly catabolized into adenosine by extracellular ectonucleotidases, i.e., CD39 or nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase (NTPD) and CD73 or 5'-ectonucleotidase. It is now well-known that adenosine is secreted by cancer as well as immune cells during tumor pathogenesis under metabolic stress or hypoxia. Once adenosine is released into the extracellular environment, it exerts various immunomodulatory effects via adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) expressed on various immune cells (i.e., macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, regulatory T cell (Tregs), etc.), which play very important roles in the pathogenesis of cancer. This review is intended to summarize the role of inflammation and adenosine in the immunopathogenesis of tumor along with regulation of tumor-specific immune response and its modulation as an adjunct approach to tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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12
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Pan XQ. The mechanism of the anticancer function of M1 macrophages and their use in the clinic. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 31:557-63. [PMID: 23149314 PMCID: PMC3777460 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
M1-type macrophages are capable of inducing lysis in various types of cancer cells, but the mechanism of action is unclear. It has been noted that an "unknown protein" produced together with protease by activated macrophages is responsible for this action. Activated M1 macrophages have been recently reported to produce family 18 chitinases, all of which have been named chitotriosidase. Our experiments have demonstrated that family 18 chitinases work together with proteases and can damage various cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, in this article, we suggest that the 50-kDa chitotriosidase is the reported "unknown protein". In addition, we discuss how to properly stimulate activated M1 macrophages to produce 50-kDa chitotriosidases and proteases for destroying cancer cells. Because family 19 chitinase has recently been reported to kill cancer cells, we also discuss the possibility of directly using human family 18 chitotriosidase and the humanized plant family 19 chitinase for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Qing Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA.
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13
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El-Nikhely N, Larzabal L, Seeger W, Calvo A, Savai R. Tumor–stromal interactions in lung cancer: novel candidate targets for therapeutic intervention. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1107-22. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.693478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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van der Weyden L, Adams DJ. Using mice to unveil the genetics of cancer resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:312-30. [PMID: 22613679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the UK, four in ten people will develop some form of cancer during their lifetime, with an individual's relative risk depending on many factors, including age, lifestyle and genetic make-up. Much research has gone into identifying the genes that are mutated in tumorigenesis with the overwhelming majority of genetically-modified (GM) mice in cancer research showing accelerated tumorigenesis or recapitulating key aspects of the tumorigenic process. Yet if six out of ten people will not develop some form of cancer during their lifetime, together with the fact that some cancer patients experience spontaneous regression/remission, it suggests there are ways of 'resisting' cancer. Indeed, there are wildtype, spontaneously-arising mutants and GM mice that show some form of 'resistance' to cancer. Identification of mice with increased resistance to cancer is a novel aspect of cancer research that is important in terms of providing both chemopreventative and therapeutic options. In this review we describe the different mouse lines that display a 'cancer resistance' phenotype and discuss the molecular basis of their resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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Bograd AJ, Suzuki K, Vertes E, Colovos C, Morales EA, Sadelain M, Adusumilli PS. Immune responses and immunotherapeutic interventions in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1509-27. [PMID: 21913025 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive, primary pleural malignancy with poor prognosis, hypothesized to originate from a chronic inflammatory state within the pleura. Similar to what has been observed in other solid tumors (melanoma, ovarian and colorectal cancer), clinical and pre-clinical MPM investigations have correlated anti-tumor immune responses with improved survival. As such, a better understanding of the complex MPM tumor microenvironment is imperative in strategizing successful immunotherapies. Herein, we review the immune responses vital to the development and progression of MPM, as well as assess the role of immunomodulatory therapies, highlighting recent pre-clinical and clinical immunotherapy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bograd
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10065, USA
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Whitworth JM, Alvarez RD. Evaluating the role of IL-12 based therapies in ovarian cancer: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:751-62. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.566854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Vaid M, Singh T, Li A, Katiyar N, Sharma S, Elmets CA, Xu H, Katiyar SK. Proanthocyanidins inhibit UV-induced immunosuppression through IL-12-dependent stimulation of CD8+ effector T cells and inactivation of CD4+ T cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:238-47. [PMID: 21075976 PMCID: PMC3033965 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of UVB-induced immunosuppression by dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) has been associated with the induction of interleukin (IL)-12 in mice, and we now confirm that GSPs do not inhibit UVB-induced immunosuppression in IL-12p40 knockout (IL-12 KO) mice and that treatment of these mice with recombinant IL-12 restores the inhibitory effect. To characterize the cell population responsible for the GSP-mediated inhibition of UVB-induced immunosuppression and the role of IL-12 in this process, we used an adoptive transfer approach. Splenocytes and draining lymph nodes were harvested from mice that had been administered dietary GSPs (0.5%-1.0%, w/w), exposed to UVB, and sensitized by the application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) onto the UVB-exposed skin. CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells were positively selected and transferred into naive mice that were subsequently challenged by application of DNFB on the ear skin. Naive recipients that received CD8(+) T cells from GSP-treated, UVB-irradiated donors exhibited full contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response. Naive mice that received CD4(+) suppressor T cells from GSP-treated, UVB-exposed mice could mount a CHS response after sensitization and subsequent challenge with DNFB. On culture, the CD8(+) T cells from GSP-treated, UVB-exposed mice secreted higher levels (5- to 8-fold) of Th1 cytokines than CD8(+) T cells from UVB-irradiated mice not treated with GSPs. CD4(+) T cells from GSP-treated, UVB-exposed mice secreted significantly lower levels (80%-100%) of Th2 cytokines than CD4(+) T cells from UVB-exposed mice not treated with GSPs. These data suggest that GSPs inhibit UVB-induced immunosuppression by stimulating CD8(+) effector T cells and diminishing regulatory CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Vaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tripti Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Anna Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Nandan Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Samriti Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Santosh K. Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294
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Goldfarb Y, Levi B, Sorski L, Frenkel D, Ben-Eliyahu S. CpG-C immunotherapeutic efficacy is jeopardized by ongoing exposure to stress: potential implications for clinical use. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:67-76. [PMID: 20656015 PMCID: PMC2991469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.07.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-directional influences between stress hormones and immune responses have been repeatedly documented, however, in the clinical setting they are rarely considered when immunotherapeutic approaches are used or studied in patients. As some immunotherapeutic treatments have shown great potential in animal models but have had limited success in patients, we hypothesize that ongoing psychological and physiological stress responses in patients, which do not characterize the setting of animal studies, contribute to this discrepancy. In the current study we examined the interaction between ongoing water stress and CpG-C immunotherapy to determine whether stress that precedes immunotherapy can modulate the efficacy of CpG-C immunostimulation. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to water stress or served as controls. Two hours following the commencement of the stress protocol animals were injected with CpG-C, non-CpG, or PBS, and sacrificed 1, 4 or 12h thereafter. We found that in CpG-C-treated animals stress eliminated the elevation of plasma IL-12, and synergistically elevated corticosterone levels. Furthermore, stress markedly reduced the total number of myeloid (33D1(+)), plasmacytoid (mPDCA-1(+)) and plasmacytoid-derived (33D1(+)mPDCA-1(+)) dendritic cells in CpG-C-treated animals, as well as the numbers of these cell sub-types expressing CD11b, CD80 and CD69. These changes were more dramatic in the blood than in the spleen. Overall, these findings indicate that under no-stress conditions CpG-C induces a robust immune response, which is significantly diminished when immunostimulation is attempted during ongoing stress. If these findings hold in humans, potential prophylactic treatments should be found to limit the deleterious effects of ongoing stress on the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Goldfarb
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ben Levi
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Liat Sorski
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Hogan BV, Peter MB, Shenoy HG, Horgan K, Hughes TA. Surgery induced immunosuppression. Surgeon 2010; 9:38-43. [PMID: 21195330 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surgery and anaesthesia result in a variety of metabolic and endocrine responses, which result in a generalised state of immunosuppression in the immediate post-operative period. Surgery induced immunosuppression has been implicated in the development of post-operative septic complications and tumour metastasis formation. In addition the effectiveness of many treatments in the adjuvant setting is dependent on a functioning immune system. By understanding the mechanisms contributing to surgery-induced immunosuppression, surgeons may undertake strategies to minimise its effect and reduce potential short-term and long-term consequences to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Hogan
- Department of Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, United Kingdom.
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Akazawa T, Inoue N, Shime H, Kodama K, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Adjuvant engineering for cancer immunotherapy: Development of a synthetic TLR2 ligand with increased cell adhesion. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1596-603. [PMID: 20507323 PMCID: PMC11158911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective immunoadjuvants for tumor immunotherapy is of fundamental importance. The use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) in tumor immunotherapy has been examined in various clinical applications. Because BCG-CWS is a macromolecule that cannot be chemically synthesized, the development of an alternative synthetic molecule is necessary to ensure a constant supply of adjuvant. In the present study, a new adjuvant was designed based on the structure of macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP)-2, which is a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 ligand similar to BCG-CWS. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2, [S-(2,3-bispalmitoyloxypropyl)Cys (P2C) - GNNDESNISFKEK], originally identified in a Mycoplasma species, is a lipopeptide that can be chemically synthesized. A MALP-2 peptide was substituted with a functional motif, RGDS, creating a novel molecule named P2C-RGDS. RGDS was selected because its sequence constitutes an integrin-binding motif and various integrins are expressed in immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs). Thus, this motif adds functionality to the ligand. P2C-RGDS activated DCs and splenocytes more efficiently than MALP-2 over short incubation times in vitro, and the RGDS motif contributed to their activation. Furthermore, P2C-RGDS showed higher activity than MALP-2 in inducing migration of DCs to draining lymph node, and in inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. This process of designing and developing synthetic adjuvants has been named "adjuvant engineering," and the evaluation and improvement of P2C-RGDS constitutes a first step in the development of stronger synthetic adjuvants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan.
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Sorensen EW, Gerber SA, Frelinger JG, Lord EM. IL-12 suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 expression on tumor vessels by two distinct IFN-gamma-dependent mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1858-66. [PMID: 20061409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 has been shown to be effective in enhancing antitumor responses. However, how IL-12 exerts its antiangiogenic effect is largely unknown. In this study, we elucidate this mechanism using B16 transfected to express IL-12 (B16/IL-12), a system that provides constant, local production of IL-12 within the tumor microenvironment. Intratumoral IL-12 resulted in a significant delay in tumor growth and phenotypic changes in the vasculature. Vessels found within B16 tumors are chaotic and poorly formed and express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3), a growth factor receptor not expressed on normal adult vessels. However, the vessels within B16/IL-12 tumors have a more normal morphology and do not express VEGFR3. We have shown that IFN-gamma is required for IL-12 to suppress the aberrant expression of VEGFR3. Indeed, the presence of intratumoral IL-12 stimulates the immune system resulting in more IFN-gamma-producing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes per tumor when compared with parental B16 tumors, which may have a marked effect on control of tumor growth. Interestingly, within B16/IL-12 tumors, T cells are necessary to suppress VEGFR3 expression on tumor vessels. Finally, using IFN-gamma receptor knockout mice in a bone marrow chimera system, we show that the IFN-gamma produced within the tumor suppresses VEGFR3 expression in two ways: 1) acting directly on tumor vessel endothelial cells, and 2) acting on the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to indirectly alter endothelial cells' VEGFR3 expression. Our data indicate a mechanism in which tumor-infiltrating immune cells regulate tumor vessel phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Sorensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Several immunostimulant approaches have been studied in the treatment of gliomas. The advent of recombinant DNA technology led to a nonspecific immunostimulation via systemic administration of cytokines. Recently, in attempts to more closely mimic their natural activity, cytokines have been delivered by implanting genetically transduced cells or by using in vivo gene transfer techniques. The latest efforts have focused on immunostimulatory agents that act directly on antigen-presenting cells and effector cells of the immune system via pattern recognition receptors. Combining these strategies with more than one mode of immunotherapy may provide better clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, A808, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Sharma SD, Meeran SM, Katiyar N, Tisdale GB, Yusuf N, Xu H, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. IL-12 deficiency suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin tumor development in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-initiated mouse skin through inhibition of inflammation. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1970-7. [PMID: 19759192 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 deficiency exacerbates tumorigenesis in ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin. Here, we assessed the effects of IL-12 deficiency on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin. Using this two-stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol, we found that the development of DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumors was diminished in IL-12p40-knockout mice than in their wild-type counterparts. At the termination of the experiment (at 24 weeks), the skin tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity were significantly lower (P < 0.005) in interleukin-12-knockout (IL-12 KO) mice than in their wild-type counterparts, as was the malignant transformation of DMBA/TPA-induced papillomas to carcinomas (P < 0.01). Analysis of samples collected at the termination of the experiments for biomarkers of inflammation by immunohistochemical analysis, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed significantly lower levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PG) E(2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1 and the proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6) in the DMBA/TPA-treated tumors and tumor-uninvolved skin of IL-12 KO mice than the skin and tumors of DMBA/TPA-treated wild-type mice. Analysis of the skin 6 h after TPA treatment showed that the TPA-induced promotion of skin edema, inflammatory leukocyte infiltration, COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production was significantly lower in the skin of the IL-12-KO mice than their wild-type counterparts. These results indicate that DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumor development differs from UVB-induced skin tumor development in that endogenous IL-12 acts to inhibit UVB-induced skin tumor development and malignant progression of the skin tumors to carcinoma. In the case of DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumor development, the endogenous IL-12 modulates the tumor promoter stimulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som D Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Siddiqui F, Li CY, Zhang X, Larue SM, Dewhirst MW, Ullrich RL, Avery PR. Characterization of a recombinant adenovirus vector encoding heat-inducible feline interleukin-12 for use in hyperthermia-induced gene-therapy. Int J Hyperthermia 2009; 22:117-34. [PMID: 16754596 DOI: 10.1080/02656730500462309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has shown great promise as a therapeutic agent in experimental models of infectious disease and cancer. However, it is also a highly toxic molecule and for that reason has not been accepted readily into the clinic. A replication-deficient adenoviral vector was designed to deliver the feline interleukin-12 gene into tumour cells. The interleukin-12 gene has been placed under control of a heat inducible promoter, human heat shock promoter 70b, with the intent of spatially and temporally controlling the expression of IL-12, thus limiting its toxicity. In vitro, the transfection efficiency of the adenoviral vector, the effect of multiplicity of infection and the production of biologically active feline IL-12 were studied in the infected cells in response to a range of temperatures. This adenoviral vector will be a useful tool to examine the effects of intra-tumoural IL-12 delivery in a spontaneously occurring feline soft tissue sarcoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Siddiqui
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Löb S, Königsrainer A, Rammensee HG, Opelz G, Terness P. Inhibitors of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase for cancer therapy: can we see the wood for the trees? Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:445-52. [PMID: 19461669 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme capable of inhibiting a destructive maternal T cell response against allogeneic fetuses. Expression of IDO is evident in tumours and is thought to enable escape from immunologically mediated rejection. Consequently, clinical trials using an inhibitor of IDO, 1-methyltryptophan (1MT), have been initiated. However, a review of the current literature indicates that we are far from understanding the biological relevance of IDO expression during tumorigenesis. A better understanding of IDO biology is needed to comprehend the effect of IDO inhibitors and to provide a rationale for their therapeutic application in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löb
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tubingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, Tubingen, Germany
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IL-12 delivered intratumorally by multilamellar liposomes reactivates memory T cells in human tumor microenvironments. Clin Immunol 2009; 132:71-82. [PMID: 19395317 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Using a novel loading technique, IL-12 is reported here to be efficiently encapsulated within large multilamellar liposomes. The preclinical efficacy of the cytokine loaded liposomes to deliver IL-12 into human tumors and to reactive tumor-associated T cells in situ is tested using a human tumor xenograft model. IL-12 is released in vivo from these liposomes in a biologically active form when injected into tumor xenografts that are established by the subcutaneous implantation of non-disrupted pieces of human lung, breast or ovarian tumors into immunodeficient mice. The histological architecture of the original tumor tissue, including tumor-associated leukocytes, tumor cells and stromal cells is preserved anatomically and the cells remain functionally responsive to cytokines in these xenografts. The local and sustained release of IL-12 into the tumor microenvironment reactivates tumor-associated quiescent effector memory T cells to proliferate, produce and release IFN-gamma resulting in the killing of tumor cells in situ. Very little IL-12 is detected in the serum of mice for up to 5 days after an intratumoral injection of the IL-12 liposomes. We conclude that IL-12 loaded large multilamellar liposomes provide a safe method for the local and sustained delivery of IL-12 to tumors and a therapeutically effective way of reactivating existing tumor-associated T cells in human solid tumor microenvironments. The potential of this local in situ T cell re-stimulation to induce a systemic anti-tumor immunity is discussed.
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Bien E, Balcerska A, Adamkiewicz-Drozynska E, Rapala M, Krawczyk M, Stepinski J. Pre-treatment serum levels of interleukin-10, interleukin-12 and their ratio predict response to therapy and probability of event-free and overall survival in childhood soft tissue sarcomas, Hodgkin's lymphomas and acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1144-57. [PMID: 19376105 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deregulated serum IL-10, IL-12 and their reciprocal balance have been stated in malignancies of adults. In children with cancer the issue has not been investigated so far. DESIGN AND METHODS To determine the diagnostic and prognostic roles of pre-treatment serum levels of IL-10 (Th2 cytokine), IL-12 (Th1) and their ratios (measured by the IL-10 and IL-12p70 ELISA kits; Endogen) in 91 children with soft tissue sarcomas (STS), Hodgkin's lymphomas (HL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL). RESULTS Median IL-10 and IL-12 levels were significantly higher in cancer patients than in healthy controls. Increased IL-10 indicated presence of general symptoms in HL and high risk group in ALL. Elevated IL-10 and IL-10/IL-12 ratios and decreased IL-12 correlated with poor-risk histology in STS, poor response to therapy, relapse and death from cancer. Multivariate analysis identified IL-10/IL-12 ratio>0.14 and IL-12<40 pg/mL as significant predictors for shorter EFS and OS, respectively. CONCLUSION Pre-treatment serum levels of IL-10, IL-12 and IL-10/IL-12 balance in children with STS, HL and ALL may be of value as additional prognostic tools to predict the response to therapy and probability of EFS and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bien
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
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Salcedo R, Hixon JA, Stauffer JK, Jalah R, Brooks AD, Khan T, Dai RM, Scheetz L, Lincoln E, Back TC, Powell D, Hurwitz AA, Sayers TJ, Kastelein R, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Trinchieri G, Wigginton JM. Immunologic and therapeutic synergy of IL-27 and IL-2: enhancement of T cell sensitization, tumor-specific CTL reactivity and complete regression of disseminated neuroblastoma metastases in the liver and bone marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4328-38. [PMID: 19299733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-27 exerts antitumor activity in murine orthotopic neuroblastoma, but only partial antitumor effect in disseminated disease. This study demonstrates that combined treatment with IL-2 and IL-27 induces potent antitumor activity in disseminated neuroblastoma metastasis. Complete durable tumor regression was achieved in 90% of mice bearing metastatic TBJ-IL-27 tumors treated with IL-2 compared with only 40% of mice bearing TBJ-IL-27 tumors alone and 0% of mice bearing TBJ-FLAG tumors with or without IL-2 treatment. Comparable antitumor effects were achieved by IL-27 protein produced upon hydrodynamic IL-27 plasmid DNA delivery when combined with IL-2. Although delivery of IL-27 alone, or in combination with IL-2, mediated pronounced regression of neuroblastoma metastases in the liver, combined delivery of IL-27 and IL-2 was far more effective than IL-27 alone against bone marrow metastases. Combined exposure to IL-27 produced by tumor and IL-2 synergistically enhances the generation of tumor-specific CTL reactivity. Potentiation of CTL reactivity by IL-27 occurs via mechanisms that appear to be engaged during both the initial sensitization and effector phase. Potent immunologic memory responses are generated in mice cured of their disseminated disease by combined delivery of IL-27 and IL-2, and depletion of CD8(+) ablates the antitumor efficacy of this combination. Moreover, IL-27 delivery can inhibit the expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory and IL-17-expressing CD4(+) cells that are otherwise observed among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from mice treated with IL-2. These studies demonstrate that IL-27 and IL-2 synergistically induce complete tumor regression and long-term survival in mice bearing widely metastatic neuroblastoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Salcedo
- Science Applications International Corporation, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abstract
The development of effective immunotherapy strategies for glioma requires adequate understanding of the unique immunological microenvironment in the central nervous system (CNS) and CNS tumors. Although the CNS is often considered to be an immunologically privileged site and poses unique challenges for the delivery of effector cells and molecules, recent advances in technology and discoveries in CNS immunology suggest novel mechanisms that may significantly improve the efficacy of immunotherapy against gliomas. In this review, we first summarize recent advances in the CNS and CNS tumor immunology. We address factors that may promote immune escape of gliomas. We also review advances in passive and active immunotherapy strategies for glioma, with an emphasis on lessons learned from recent early-phase clinical trials. We also discuss novel immunotherapy strategies that have been recently tested in non-CNS tumors and show great potential for application to gliomas. Finally, we discuss how each of these promising strategies can be combined to achieve clinical benefit for patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideho Okada
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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30
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines provide important intercellular signals in inflammation, immunity and tumor and endothelial cell biology. Several cytokines have therapeutic potential when delivered exogenously alone or in combinations with chemotherapy or other biological agents. OBJECTIVES To summarize current data on the biology and therapeutic use of human cytokines in malignancy. METHODS The review focuses on the most important physiological and pathological functions of each cytokine and a unifying concept for its potential role in human malignancy based on preclinical models and current published literature. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-2 is the model cytokine for the study of other cytokines that have similar or distinct properties with potential for superior therapeutic uses. Ongoing studies of cytokine networks involved in normal and pathological processes, along with enhanced knowledge of mechanisms of counterregulation and resistance, will guide future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Margolin
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Division of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91001, USA.
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31
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Inhibition of UVB-induced skin tumor development by drinking green tea polyphenols is mediated through DNA repair and subsequent inhibition of inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1258-70. [PMID: 19020550 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) in drinking water prevents photocarcinogenesis in mice; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully elucidated. Using IL-12p40 knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type counterparts and an established photocarcinogenesis protocol, we found that although administration of GTPs (0.2%, w/v) in drinking water significantly reduced UVB-induced tumor development in wild-type mice, this treatment had a nonsignificant effect in IL-12-KO mice. GTPs resulted in reduction in the levels of markers of inflammation (cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E(2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and cyclin D1) and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta) in chronically UVB-exposed skin and skin tumors of wild-type mice but less effective in IL-12p40-KO mice. UVB-induced DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers) was resolved rapidly in GTPs-treated wild-type mice than untreated wild-type mice and this resolution followed the same time course as the GTPs-induced reduction in the levels of inflammatory responses. This effect of GTPs was less pronounced in IL-12-KO mice. The above results were confirmed by treatment of IL-12-KO mice with murine recombinant IL-12 and treatment of wild-type mice with neutralizing anti-IL-12 antibody. To our knowledge, it is previously unreported that prevention of photocarcinogenesis by GTPs is mediated through IL-12-dependent DNA repair and a subsequent reduction in skin inflammation.
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Potent anti-tumor activity of systemically-administered IL2-expressing Salmonella correlates with decreased angiogenesis and enhanced tumor apoptosis. Clin Immunol 2008; 130:89-97. [PMID: 18849195 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (hereafter S. typhimurium) stains have been shown to exert a potent inhibitory effect on the growth of human and mouse tumors in experimental models. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium engineered to express IL2 (designated strain GIDIL2) has demonstrable immunopotentiating properties, particularly affecting the innate arm of the immune system. In the present study, we wished to explore the properties of IL2-expressing Salmonella as an oncolytic agent in the highly tumorigenic B16F1 melanoma mouse model and shed light on its mechanism of action. Our data demonstrate that the systemic administration of a single dose of GIDIL2, two weeks post B16F1 implantation, had a significantly superior effect than its parental, non cytokine-expressing, strain (known as BRD509E). The improved response, which was dependent on the bacterial dose used, was observed in terms of stronger inhibition of tumor growth as well as enhanced host survival. The GIDIL2-induced anti-tumor response was correlated with decreased angiogenesis and increased necrosis within the tumor tissue. A treatment regimen involving multiple low doses of GIDIL2 was more efficacious than a single high dose regimen, resulting in extension of animal survival well beyond the normal 30 day post implantation period typically observed in this aggressive melanoma tumor model. This supports the notion of using cytokine-expressing attenuated Salmonella organisms in cancer therapy.
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van Herpen CML, van der Voort R, van der Laak JAWM, Klasen IS, de Graaf AO, van Kempen LCL, de Vries IJM, Boer TDD, Dolstra H, Torensma R, van Krieken JH, Adema GJ, De Mulder PHM. Intratumoral rhIL-12 administration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients induces B cell activation. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2354-61. [PMID: 18729197 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of intratumorally (i.t.) administered recombinant human interleukin-12 (rhIL-12) on the distribution and function of B cells in the primary tumors, the locoregional lymph nodes and peripheral blood of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. The initial characterization of the patients participating in the phase Ib and phase II studies has previously been reported. After rhIL-12 treatment, fewer secondary follicles with a broader outer region of the mantle zones and an increase in interfollicular B-blasts were seen in the enlarged lymph nodes compared with control HNSCC patients. The size of the germinal center (GC) was diminished, partly due to a decrease in the number of CD57+ GC cells that have been associated with immune suppression. These changes did not correlate with signs of apoptosis or CXCR5 expression by B cells. Strikingly, in 3 out of 4 IL-12 treated patients, increased IFN-gamma mRNA expression by B cells was detected. In addition, a highly significant IgG subclass switch was seen in the plasma with more IgG1, less IgG2 and more IgG4, indicating a switch to T helper 1 phenotype. Finally, peritumoral B cell infiltration was a positive prognostic sign for overall survival in the 30 HNSCC patients investigated, irrespective of IL-12 treatment. In conclusion, these data indicate that after i.t. IL-12 treatment in HNSCC, significant activation of the B cell and the B cell compartment occurred and that the presence of tumor infiltrating B cells correlated with overall survival of HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M L van Herpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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IL-12 deficiency exacerbates inflammatory responses in UV-irradiated skin and skin tumors. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2716-2727. [PMID: 18509359 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 deficiency has been shown to promote photocarcinogenesis in mice. As UVB-induced inflammation is an important tumor-promoting event in the development of skin tumors, we determined the effects of IL-12-deficiency on UVB-induced inflammatory responses in mice. For this purpose, IL-12-knockout (IL-12 KO) and their wild-type counterparts were subjected to a photocarcinogenesis protocol; skin and tumor samples were collected at the termination of the experiment, and analyzed for biomarkers of inflammation and their mediators. We found that the levels of infiltrating leukocytes, myeloperoxidase, proliferating cell-nuclear antigen (PCNA), COX-2, PGE2, and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were higher in the UVB-exposed skin of IL-12 KO than in that of wild-type mice. In a short-term experiment, pretreatment of IL-12 KO mice with rIL-12 (50 ng per mouse) before each exposure to UVB increased the repair rate of UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, while inhibiting UVB-induced increases in myeloperoxidase, COX-2, PGE2, PCNA, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the skin as compared with non-rIL-12-treated IL-12 KO mice. Similarly, tumors of IL-12 KO mice expressed higher levels of inflammatory responses than those of wild-type mice. Together, our data suggest that IL-12 KO mice are more susceptible to both UVB-induced inflammation and photocarcinogenesis because of the deficiency in the repair of UVB-induced DNA damage.
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Ehtesham M, Black KL, Yu JS. Recent progress in immunotherapy for malignant glioma: treatment strategies and results from clinical trials. Cancer Control 2007; 11:192-207. [PMID: 15153843 DOI: 10.1177/107327480401100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in surgical and adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy strategies, malignant gliomas continue to be associated with poor prognoses. METHODS We review immune-mediated treatment approaches for malignant glioma and the relevance of recent clinical trials and their outcomes. We specifically address the increasing evidence implicating the role of cytotoxic T cells in ensuring adequate immune-mediated clearance of neoplastic cells and the need for the optimization of therapies that can elicit and support such antitumor T-cell activity. RESULTS The poor outcome of this disease has spurred the search for novel experimental therapies that can address and overcome the root biological phenomena associated with the lethality of this disease. The use of immunotherapy to bolster the otherwise impaired antitumor immune responses in glioma patients has received increasing attention. CONCLUSIONS An effective treatment paradigm for malignant gliomas may eventually require a multifaceted approach combining two or more different immunotherapeutic strategies. Such scenarios may involve the use of local cytokine gene therapy to enhance glioma-cell immunogenicity in conjunction with dendritic cell-based active vaccination to stimulate systemic tumoricidal T-cell immunity. Given the heterogeneity of this disease process and the potential risk of immunoediting out a selected, treatment-refractory tumor cell population, the concurrent use of multiple modalities that target disparate tumor characteristics may be of greatest therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneeb Ehtesham
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical, Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Bose A, Baral R. Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity of tumor cells initiated by neem leaf preparation is associated with CD40-CD40L-mediated endogenous production of interleukin-12. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:823-31. [PMID: 17961770 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neem leaf preparation (NLP) was found to activate natural killer (NK) cells (CD56(+)CD3(-)) to enhance their cytotoxic ability to tumor cells and stimulate the release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) from macrophages from healthy individuals and head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. NLP upregulated cytotoxic (CD16(+) and CD56(dim)) NK cells, and the cytotoxicity of NK-sensitive K562 cells by NLP-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells decreased significantly after IL-12 neutralization. This NK-mediated cytotoxicity was manifest by upregulation of IL-12-dependent intracellular expression of the perforin-granzyme B system. Moreover, NK cytotoxic function was abolished after use of concanamycin A, a perforin inhibitor, but not by brefeldin A, a Fas inhibitor, confirming the participation of the perforin-granzyme B system. In addition NLP upregulated the expression of CD40 in CD14(+) monocytes and CD40L in CD56(+) lymphocytes. Neutralization of CD40 and CD40L in NLP-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells culture resulted in significant downregulation of IL-12 release and cytotoxicity of NK cells, demonstrating the role of a CD40-CD40L interaction in the observed functions. Signals involved in the NLP-induced release of IL-12, and thereby induction of NK cell cytotoxicity, are mediated by activating p38MAPK pathway, but not through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Overall the results suggest that NLP effects NK cellular cytotoxicity by CD40-CD40L-mediated endogenous production of IL-12, which critically controls perforin-dependent tumor cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Bose
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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Cloning and characterization of an adenoviral vector for highly efficient and doxycycline-suppressible expression of bioactive human single-chain interleukin 12 in colon cancer. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:35. [PMID: 17594499 PMCID: PMC1913502 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is well characterized to induce cellular antitumoral immunity by activation of NK-cells and T-lymphocytes. However, systemic administration of recombinant human IL-12 resulted in severe toxicity without perceptible therapeutic benefit. Even though intratumoral expression of IL-12 leads to tumor regression and long-term survival in a variety of animal models, clinical trials have not yet shown a significant therapeutic benefit. One major obstacle in the treatment with IL-12 is to overcome the relatively low expression of the therapeutic gene without compromising the safety of such an approach. Our objective was to generate an adenoviral vector system enabling the regulated expression of very high levels of bioactive, human IL-12. RESULTS High gene expression was obtained utilizing the VP16 herpes simplex transactivator. Strong regulation of gene expression was realized by fusion of the VP16 to a tetracycline repressor with binding of the fusion protein to a flanking tetracycline operator and further enhanced by auto-regulated expression of its fusion gene within a bicistronic promoter construct. Infection of human colon cancer cells (HT29) at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 10 resulted in the production of up to 8000 ng/106 cells in 48 h, thus exceeding any published vector system so far. Doxycycline concentrations as low as 30 ng/ml resulted in up to 5000-fold suppression, enabling significant reduction of gene expression in a possible clinical setting. Bioactivity of the human single-chain IL-12 was similar to purified human heterodimeric IL-12. Frozen sections of human colon cancer showed high expression of the coxsackie adenovirus receptor with significant production of human single chain IL-12 in colon cancer biopsies after infection with 3*107 p.f.u. Ad.3r-scIL12. Doxycycline mediated suppression of gene expression was up to 9000-fold in the infected colon cancer tissue. CONCLUSION VP16 transactivator-mediated and doxycycline-regulated expression of the human interleukin-12 gene enables highly efficient and tightly controlled cytokine expression in human cancer. These data illustrate the potential of the described adenoviral vector system for the safe and superior expression of therapeutic genes in the treatment of colorectal cancer and other malignancies.
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Meeran SM, Katiyar S, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Interleukin-12 deficiency is permissive for angiogenesis in UV radiation-induced skin tumors. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3785-93. [PMID: 17440092 PMCID: PMC1986731 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that endogenous deficiency of interleukin (IL)-12 promotes photocarcinogenesis in mice. To characterize the role of IL-12 deficiency in tumor angiogenesis, we developed IL-12p35 knockout (IL-12 KO) mice on a C3H/HeN background. IL-12 KO mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts were subjected to a photocarcinogenesis protocol. When tumor yield was stabilized, samples of tumor and tumor-uninvolved UVB-exposed skin were collected and subjected to immunohistochemistry, gelatinolytic zymography, real-time PCR, and Western blot analysis of angiogenic factors. We found that the protein, mRNA expression and/or activity of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9, and basic fibroblast growth factor, which play crucial roles in tumor growth, were significantly higher in UVB-exposed skin and tumors of IL-12 KO mice compared with WT mice. With respect to the tumor vasculature, the expression of CD31-positive cells and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor were higher in the tumors of IL-12 KO mice than WTs. The proliferative capacity of tumor cells of the IL-12 KO mice was significantly higher than their WT counterparts when determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and by analyzing the expression of cyclin D1. The level of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and the expression of IL-23 in tumors of IL-12 KO mice were markedly higher than in the tumors of WT mice. IL-23 has been shown to promote tumor growth. Together, these data indicate for the first time that IL-12 deficiency promotes proangiogenic stimuli in UVB-induced skin tumors and suggest that endogenous enhancement of IL-12 levels may be effective in the prevention and treatment of UV-induced skin cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/biosynthesis
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Interleukin-12/deficiency
- Interleukin-23/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Skin/radiation effects
- Skin Neoplasms/blood supply
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Meeran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Suchitra Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Santosh K. Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
- Author for Correspondence: Santosh K. Katiyar, Ph.D., Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670, University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Phone: 205-975-2608, Fax: 205-934-5745;
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Schwartz Y, Avraham R, Benish M, Rosenne E, Ben-Eliyahu S. Prophylactic IL-12 treatment reduces postoperative metastasis: mediation by increased numbers but not cytotoxicity of NK cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 107:211-23. [PMID: 17431763 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite a promising potential, interleukin-12 immunotherapy has yielded limited clinical success while causing perilous toxicities. Here we study a context in which IL-12 may prove clinically beneficial--the removal of the primary tumor, when cell-mediated immunity (CMI) may eradicate minimal residual disease (MRD), but is inhibited by postoperative immunosuppression, potentially leading to enhanced malignant progression. F344 rats were preoperatively treated with IL-12 and inoculated postoperatively with syngeneic MADB106 tumor cells. An optimal regimen of eight-day sustained exposure to IL-12 was developed (1 microg/rat/day), which caused mild side effects, increased baseline resistance to experimental MADB106 metastasis, and abolished the promotion of metastasis by laparotomy and other immunosuppressive paradigms. Depletion of NK cells indicated their major role in controlling MADB106 metastasis in naïve and IL-12 treated rats. Studying NK cytotoxicity, we found that IL-12 did not potentiate activity per NK cell, nor protected it from suppression by surgery. However, IL-12 increased the numbers of NK cells in the circulation and marginating pulmonary pool of naïve and operated rats, and correspondingly increased total NK activity in these compartments. Therefore, this study indicates anti-tumor effects of IL-12 based on increased numbers of strategically located NK cells, and advocates a prophylactic approach against the potential metastasis-promoting effects of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Batten M, Ghilardi N. The biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin 27. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:661-72. [PMID: 17294231 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-) 27 is a helical cytokine of the greater IL-6/IL-12 family with a broad range of pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. It can skew T helper cell development, suppress T cell proliferation, stimulate cytotoxic T cell activity, induce isotype switching in B cells, and has diverse effects on innate immune cells. In vivo, its most important role appears to be that of immune regulation, as mice with defects in IL-27 or its receptor display enhanced immune responses in a range of infectious and noninfectious situations. In this review, we discuss the body of knowledge on IL-27 and its potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Batten
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Katiyar SK. Interleukin-12 and photocarcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 224:220-7. [PMID: 17239911 PMCID: PMC2080793 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation induces immunosuppression and inflammatory responses, as well as oxidative stress and DNA damage, in skin cells and these various effects have been implicated in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers, i.e., photocarcinogenesis. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 has been shown to possess potent antitumor activity in a wide variety of murine tumor models. In this review, we summarize the evidence that IL-12 plays a role in preventing photocarcinogenesis, and present a model of its possible mechanisms of action. Treatment of mice with IL-12 prevents UV-induced immunosuppression in a process mediated by repair of UV-induced damaged DNA. After exposure to the photocarcinogenesis protocol, the development of UV-induced tumors is more rapid and the tumor multiplicity and tumor size are significantly greater in IL-12-deficient or knockout (KO) mice than their wild-type counterparts. IL-12-deficiency in mice enhances the proliferation potential of tumor cells, and this may be one of the reasons for the rapid growth of the tumors and their greater size. The rate of malignant transformation of UV-induced papillomas to carcinomas also is higher in the IL-12 KO mice than in their wild-type counterparts in terms of carcinoma incidence and carcinoma multiplicity. UV-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and sunburn cells is lower, or repaired more rapidly, in wild-type mice than IL-12 KO mice. The IL-12-associated reduction in UV-specific CPDs is due to induction of DNA repair, and particularly enhancement of nucleotide-excision repair. We suggest that endogenous stimulation of IL-12 may protect the skin from UV-induced immunosuppression, DNA damage, and, ultimately, the risk of photocarcinogenesis. Taken together, this information suggests that augmentation of IL-12 should be considered as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670, University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Komita H, Homma S, Saotome H, Zeniya M, Ohno T, Toda G. Interferon-gamma produced by interleukin-12-activated tumor infiltrating CD8+T cells directly induces apoptosis of mouse hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2006; 45:662-72. [PMID: 16935390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a cytokine with antitumor activity, was examined for the suppressive effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mouse model, and its mechanism of antitumor activity was analyzed. METHODS Mice implanted with MIH-2 HCC cells were treated with recombinant mouse IL-12 (500 ng/mouse). Involvement of CD4(+), CD8(+), NK cells and interferon (IFN)-gamma on tumor suppression by IL-12 was examined by treatment of mice with each antibody. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by tumor infiltrating cells was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric analysis. Signal transduction for apoptosis induction was examined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS The growth of implanted MIH-2 tumors was significantly suppressed by IL-12 and the suppression was inhibited by depletion of CD8(+)T cells. IL-12 treatment caused numerous IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+)T cells to infiltrate into MIH-2 tumors. Antitumor activity of IL-12 was blocked by treating mice with anti-IFN-gamma mAb. CD8(+)T cells from IL-12-treated mice attached to MIH-2 cells and produced IFN-gamma in vitro. Cell attachment might be associated with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 induced by IFN-gamma. In vitro treatment with IFN-gamma induced apoptosis of MIH-2 cells via a mitochondria-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS IL-12 suppressed HCC growth in mouse model. IFN-gamma produced by IL-12-activated tumor-infiltrating CD8(+)T cells directly induced apoptosis of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Komita
- Department of Oncology, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Meeran SM, Mantena SK, Meleth S, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Interleukin-12-deficient mice are at greater risk of UV radiation-induced skin tumors and malignant transformation of papillomas to carcinomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:825-32. [PMID: 16648552 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solar UV radiation-induced immunosuppression is a risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Interleukin (IL)-12 has been shown to possess antitumor activity and inhibit the immunosuppressive effects of UV radiation in mice. In this study, we generated IL-12 knockout (KO) mice on a C3H/HeN background to characterize the role of IL-12 in photocarcinogenesis. After exposure of the mice to UVB (180 mJ/cm2) radiation thrice a week for 35 weeks, the development of UV-induced tumors was more rapid and the tumor multiplicity and tumor size were significantly higher in IL-12 KO mice than their wild-type (WT) counterparts (P < 0.05-0.001). Moreover, the malignant transformation of UVB-induced papillomas to carcinomas was higher in IL-12 KO mice in terms of carcinoma incidence (55%, P < 0.001), carcinoma multiplicity (77%, P < 0.001), and carcinoma size (81%, P < 0.001). As IL-12 has the ability to repair UV-induced DNA damage, we determined this effect in our in vivo IL-12 KO mouse model. We found that UVB-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers was removed or repaired more rapidly in WT mice than IL-12 KO mice. Similarly, the UVB-induced sunburn cell formation is primarily a consequence of DNA damage. It was observed that UVB-induced sunburn cells were repaired rapidly in WT mice compared with IL-12 KO mice. The rapid removal or repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or sunburn cells will result in reduced risk of photocarcinogenesis. Taken together, our data show that IL-12 deficiency is associated with the greater risk of photocarcinogenesis in mice, and this may be due to reduction in damaged DNA repair ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Meeran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Salem ML, Gillanders WE, Kadima AN, El-Naggar S, Rubinstein MP, Demcheva M, Vournakis JN, Cole DJ. Review: novel nonviral delivery approaches for interleukin-12 protein and gene systems: curbing toxicity and enhancing adjuvant activity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:593-608. [PMID: 16978064 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that the ability to generate an optimal host immune response requires effective cross talk between the innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular those that can induce a danger signal, often called signal 3, are crucial in this role of initiating and augmenting the presentation of exogenous antigen to T cells by dendritic cells. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) in particular has been defined as a "signal 3" cytokine required for the antigen cross priming. Given this unique interactive function, a significant amount of work has been performed to define possible therapeutic applications for IL-12. Systemic IL-12 administration can clearly act as a potent adjuvant for postvaccination T cell responses in a variety of diseases. As an example, in the cancer setting, systemic IL-12 is capable of suppressing tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in vivo. IL-12, however, has been associated with significant dose- and schedule-dependent toxicity in early clinical trials, results that have proven to be a major obstacle to its clinical application. Recent research has focused on decreasing the toxicity of IL-12 using different delivery approaches, including virus-based and gene-modified cell-based delivery. Although effective, these approaches also have limitations, including the generation of neutralizing antibodies, in addition to lacking the simplicity and versatility required for universal clinical application. Thus, there is a significant interest in the development of alternative delivery approaches for IL-12 administration that can overcome these issues. Several nonviral delivery approaches for IL-12 protein or gene expression vectors are being defined, including alum, liposomes, and polymer-based delivery. These developing approaches have shown promising adjuvant effects with significantly lessened systemic toxicity. This article discusses the potential capabilities of these nonvirus-based IL-12 delivery systems in different disease settings, including allergy, infection, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Labib Salem
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Toubai T, Tanaka J, Ota S, Fukuhara T, Hashino S, Kondo T, Shono Y, Morioka M, Kawamura T, Masauzi N, Kakinoki Y, Kobayashi H, Kunieda Y, Kasai M, Kurosawa M, Asaka M, Imamura M. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on IL-12 p40 production during chemotherapy for B-cell lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. Eur J Haematol 2006; 77:403-9. [PMID: 16930137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 is a 70-kDa cytokine comprised of two disulfide-linked proteins (p35 and p40) and is essential for the initiation of effective immune response. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) affects the balance in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We investigated the serum IL-12 p40 and IL-12 Mix (p40 and p70) production in 28 patients with B-cell lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) treated with chemotherapy (e.g., CHOP regimen) with or without G-CSF administration and eight healthy volunteers. We found that serum levels of IL-12 p40 (191.2 +/- 150.0 pg/mL) and IL-12 Mix (277.4 +/- 274.5 pg/mL) in the patients before chemotherapy were higher than those in the healthy volunteers (IL-12 p40: 76.4 +/- 25.3 pg/mL, IL-12 Mix: 48.5 +/- 33.4 pg/mL) (P = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Next, we examined the serum IL-12 p40 and IL-12 Mix levels in nine patients receiving chemotherapy with administration of G-CSF (CG group, n = 9) and without G-CSF (C group, n = 9). Serum IL-12 p40 and IL-12 Mix levels were decreased on 10 d after chemotherapy in both groups, and those in CG groups were significantly lower than those in C group. These results indicated that administration of G-CSF decreased serum IL-12 p40 and IL-12 Mix levels. Overall survival (OS) at 24 months was not significantly different in the two groups (58.3% in group C vs. 80.0% in group CG, P = 0.67). However, the survival rate of patients at clinical stages III and IV in CG group (n = 6, 66.0%) was significantly better than that of patients in C group (n = 4, 25.0%) (P = 0.02). Long-term administration of G-CSF appears to influence the survival rate by reducing immunosuppressive IL-12 p40 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Toubai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Meeran SM, Mantena SK, Katiyar SK. Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice is mediated through interleukin 12-dependent DNA repair. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2272-80. [PMID: 16609044 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Solar UV radiation-induced immunosuppression is considered to be a risk factor for melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. We previously have shown that topical application of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prevents UV-induced immunosuppression in mice. We studied whether prevention of UV-induced immunosuppression by EGCG is mediated through interleukin 12 (IL-12)-dependent DNA repair. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IL-12 knockout (KO) mice on C3H/HeN background and DNA repair-deficient cells from xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA) patients were used in this study. The effect of EGCG was determined on UV-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity and UV-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) in mice and XPA-deficient cells using immunohistochemistry and dot-blot analysis. RESULTS Topical treatment with EGCG prevented UV-induced suppression of the contact hypersensitivity in wild-type (WT) mice but did not prevent it in IL-12 KO mice. Injection of anti-IL-12 monoclonal antibody to WT mice blocked the preventive effect of EGCG on UV-induced immunosuppression. EGCG reduced or repaired UV-induced DNA damage in skin faster in WT mice as shown by reduced number of CPDs(+) cells and reduced the migration of CPD(+) antigen-presenting cells from the skin to draining lymph nodes. In contrast, this effect of EGCG was not seen in IL-12 KO mice. Further, EGCG was able to repair UV-induced CPDs in XPA-proficient cells obtained from healthy person but did not repair in XPA-deficient cells, indicating that nucleotide excision repair mechanism is involved in DNA repair. CONCLUSIONS These data identify a new mechanism by which EGCG prevents UV-induced immunosuppression, and this may contribute to the chemopreventive activity of EGCG in prevention of photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Meeran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
The active molecule in Coley's Toxin is not tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or endotoxin (LPS), but interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-12 holds the key to improved anti-tumor immuns response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangla Tsung
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Room H3591, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94025, USA
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Trudeau C, Cotreau MM, Stonis L, Dykstra KH, Oestreicher JL, Strahs A, Dorner AJ, Van Cleave VH, Trepicchio WL, Schwertschlag US. A single administration of recombinant human interleukin-12 is associated with increased expression levels of interferon-gamma and signal transducer and activator of transcription in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 45:649-58. [PMID: 15901746 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005276116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the safety and tolerability of single doses of 1, 4, and 8 mug of recombinant human interleukin-12 (rhIL-12) administered subcutaneously to healthy subjects. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenomics of rhIL-12 were evaluated. Recombinant human IL-12 was well tolerated in these healthy male and female subjects. The most frequently reported adverse events were flu-like symptoms, which exhibited a dose-response relationship. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that serum IL-12 levels increased with dose. Analysis of serum levels indicated that interferon-gamma increased with the dose of rhIL-12, whereas IL-6 levels showed no changes with rhIL-12 treatment. The messenger ribonucleic acid expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription was significantly increased 24 hours after the administration of rhIL-12 for all dose groups versus placebo, and results indicated that the magnitude of increase may be dose dependent. This study suggests that interferon-gamma and signal transducer and activator of transcription are biomarkers of rhIL-12 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Trudeau
- Experimental Medicine, Wyeth Research, 35 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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Norton JA, Li M, Lee NC, Tsung K. Inhibition of host signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 results in cure with cyclophosphamide and interleukin 12 immunotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 13:118-24. [PMID: 16372153 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2006.03.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-12 immunotherapy is highly effective against established immunogenic tumors. However, nonimmunogenic tumors fail to respond to IL-12 therapy. Analysis of tumor rejection of the immunogenic tumors shows that a preexisting antitumor immune response is required for an effective IL-12 response. It is not known whether this lack of a preexisting host antitumor immune response is a limiting factor for the lack of response to IL-12 therapy by nonimmunogenic tumors. METHODS Experiments were done using the spontaneously arising nonimmunogenic metastatic murine breast 4T1 carcinoma in normal and STAT6 knockout BALB/c mice. RESULTS 4T1 is nonimmunogenic in normal mice, and established subcutaneous tumors are resistant to immunotherapy with cyclophosphamide (Cy) plus IL-12. However, in STAT6 knockout mice, 4T1 becomes immunogenic, and established 4T1 tumors are eradicated by Cy plus IL-12. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from normal mice into STAT6 knockout mice before tumor inoculation reduces both the immunogenicity and response to Cy plus IL-12 immunotherapy of 4T1 in the recipient mice. CONCLUSIONS Cy plus IL-12 immunotherapy can eradicate nonimmunogenic tumors as long as a preexisting immunity is established in the tumor-bearing host. Furthermore, the STAT6 pathway is likely involved in the suppression of the development of host antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Norton
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California, 94305-5641, USA.
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Li H, Cao MY, Lee Y, Lee V, Feng N, Benatar T, Jin H, Wang M, Der S, Wright JA, Young AH. Virulizin, a novel immunotherapy agent, activates NK cells through induction of IL-12 expression in macrophages. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1115-26. [PMID: 15891881 PMCID: PMC11033001 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Virulizin, a novel biological response modifier, has demonstrated significant antitumor efficacy in a variety of human tumor xenograft models including melanoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and prostate cancer. The significant role of macrophages and NK (Natural killer) cells was implicated in the antitumor mechanism of Virulizin where expansion as well as increased activity of macrophages and NK cells were observed in mice treated with Virulizin. Depletion of macrophages compromised Virulizin-induced NK1.1+ cell infiltration into xenografted tumors and was accompanied by reduced antitumor efficacy. In the present study, involvement of macrophages in NK cell activation was investigated further. We found that depletion of NK cells in CD-1 nude mice by anti-ASGM1 antibody significantly compromised the antitumor activity of Virulizin. Cytotoxicity of NK cells isolated from Virulizin-treated mice was enhanced against NK-sensitive YAC-1 cells and C8161 human melanoma cells, but not against NK-insensitive P815 cells. An increased level of IL-12beta was observed in the serum of mice treated with Virulizin. IL-12 mRNA and protein levels were also increased in peritoneal macrophages isolated from Virulizin-treated mice. Moreover, Virulizin-induced cytotoxic activity of NK cells isolated from the spleen was abolished when an IL-12 neutralizing antibody was co-administered. In addition, depletion of macrophages in mice significantly impaired Virulizin-induced NK cell cytotoxicty. Taken together, the results suggest that Virulizin induces macrophage IL-12 production, which in turn stimulates NK cell-mediated antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ming Y. Cao
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Yoon Lee
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Vivian Lee
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ningping Feng
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Tania Benatar
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Hongnan Jin
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ming Wang
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Sandy Der
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Program in Proteomics and Bioinformatics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8
| | - Jim A. Wright
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Aiping H. Young
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
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