1
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Abstract
Animal models with high translational validity are essential tools in understanding disease pathogenesis and in the development of therapeutic strategies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive neurological deficits and socioeconomic burden. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most extensively utilized animal model of MS, with well-characterized rodent and non-human primate variants. The EAE model is typically induced by either active immunization with myelin-derived proteins or peptides in adjuvant or by passive transfer of activated myelin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. To date, the EAE model has been an essential tool in the development of at least seven U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment of MS, including glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. However, the translational validity of the EAE model is frequently compromised due to poor study design, inconsistent clinical scoring endpoints, and inappropriate statistical calculations. No single animal model accurately reflects the complexity of human MS pathogenesis. Beyond EAE, multiple additional animal models are described, including Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and cuprizone-induced demyelination, which facilitate the study of pathogen-induced CNS autoimmunity and remyelination, respectively. This overview summarizes several of the most frequently used animal models of MS and highlights key factors that significantly influence the experimental outcome and affect translational validity. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smith
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, Delaware
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2
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Peschl P, Bradl M, Höftberger R, Berger T, Reindl M. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: Deciphering a Target in Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:529. [PMID: 28533781 PMCID: PMC5420591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, is a myelin protein solely expressed at the outermost surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte membranes. This makes MOG a potential target of cellular and humoral immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Due to its late postnatal developmental expression, MOG is an important marker for oligodendrocyte maturation. Discovered about 30 years ago, it is one of the best-studied autoantigens for experimental autoimmune models for multiple sclerosis (MS). Human studies, however, have yielded controversial results on the role of MOG, especially MOG antibodies (Abs), as a biomarker in MS. But with improved detection methods using different expression systems to detect Abs in patients' samples, this is meanwhile no longer the case. Using cell-based assays with recombinant full-length, conformationally intact MOG, several recent studies have revealed that MOG Abs can be found in a subset of predominantly pediatric patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), aquaporin-4 (AQP4) seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), monophasic or recurrent isolated optic neuritis (ON), or transverse myelitis, in atypical MS and in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-encephalitis with overlapping demyelinating syndromes. Whereas MOG Abs are only transiently observed in monophasic diseases such as ADEM and their decline is associated with a favorable outcome, they are persistent in multiphasic ADEM, NMOSD, recurrent ON, or myelitis. Due to distinct clinical features within these diseases it is controversially disputed to classify MOG Ab-positive cases as a new disease entity. Neuropathologically, the presence of MOG Abs is characterized by MS-typical demyelination and oligodendrocyte pathology associated with Abs and complement. However, it remains unclear whether MOG Abs are a mere inflammatory bystander effect or truly pathogenetic. This article provides deeper insight into recent developments, the clinical relevance of MOG Abs and their role in the immunpathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Peschl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Anti-MOG antibody: The history, clinical phenotype, and pathogenicity of a serum biomarker for demyelination. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:307-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Serres S, Bristow C, de Pablos RM, Merkler D, Soto MS, Sibson NR, Anthony DC. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals therapeutic effects of interferon-beta on cytokine-induced reactivation of rat model of multiple sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:744-53. [PMID: 23423190 PMCID: PMC3652701 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-β (IFN-β) drugs are considered to derive their beneficial effects on multiple sclerosis (MS) progression via their antiinflammatory properties, but the precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we sought to discover how IFN-β impacts on inflammation-associated aggravation of MS-like lesions in rat. Animals with dormant focal experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) lesions were challenged intravenously with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector carrying interleukin (IL)-1β cDNA (AdIL-1β). Aggravation of inflammation and demyelination within the focal EAE lesion was observed after AdIL-1β injection with associated changes in tissue structure detected by diffusion and magnetization transfer imaging. Postgadolinium-DTPA T1-weighted images revealed contrast enhancement in the ipsilateral meninges, indicating breakdown of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and increased left/right regional cerebral blood volume ratio was also observed after AdIL-1β injection. To determine the role of IFN-β on reactivation of the EAE lesion, rats were treated with therapeutic doses of IFN-β and focal EAE lesions showed significantly reduced reactivation in response to systemic AdIL-1β injection. In conclusion, these findings indicate a central role for peripheral IL-1β expression in the mechanism of MS lesion reactivation and that the therapeutic effects of IFN-β may, at least in part, reflect suppression of the effects of peripheral inflammation on MS lesion pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Serres
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Bristow
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Doron Merkler
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Lalive PH, Molnarfi N, Benkhoucha M, Weber MS, Santiago-Raber ML. Antibody response in MOG35–55 induced EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 240-241:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Lalive PH, Menge T, Delarasse C, Della Gaspera B, Pham-Dinh D, Villoslada P, von Büdingen HC, Genain CP. Antibodies to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein are serologic markers of early inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2280-5. [PMID: 16461459 PMCID: PMC1413723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510672103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is an integral membrane protein expressed in CNS oligodendrocytes and outermost myelin lamellae. Anti-MOG Abs cause myelin destruction (demyelination) in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, such pathogenic Abs have not yet been characterized in humans. Here, a method that specifically detects IgG binding to human MOG in its native, membrane-embedded conformation on MOG-transfected mammalian cells was used to evaluate the significance of these auto Abs. Compared with healthy controls, native MOG-specific IgGs were most frequently found in serum of clinically isolated syndromes (P < 0.001) and relapsing-remitting MS (P < 0.01), only marginally in secondary progressive MS (P < 0.05), and not at all in primary progressive MS. We demonstrate that epitopes exposed in this cell-based assay are different from those exposed on the refolded, extracellular domain of human recombinant MOG tested by solid-phase ELISA. In marmoset monkeys induced to develop MS-like CNS inflammatory demyelination, IgG reactivity against the native membrane-bound MOG is always detected before clinical onset of disease (P < 0.0001), unlike that against other myelin constituents. We conclude that (i) epitopes displayed on native, glycosylated MOG expressed in vivo are early targets for pathogenic Abs; (ii) these Abs, which are not detected in solid-phase assays, might be the ones to play a pathogenic role in early MS with predominant inflammatory activity; and (iii) the cell-based assay provides a practical serologic marker for early detection of CNS autoimmune demyelination including its preclinical stage at least in the primate MS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice H. Lalive
- *Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Til Menge
- *Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Cecile Delarasse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U546, 105 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Della Gaspera
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U546, 105 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Danielle Pham-Dinh
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U546, 105 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Department of Neurology, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pio XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, NA, Spain; and
| | - H.-C. von Büdingen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude P. Genain
- *Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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7
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Finn TP, Jones RE, Rich C, Dahan R, Link J, David CS, Chou YK, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. HLA-DRB1*1501 risk association in multiple sclerosis may not be related to presentation of myelin epitopes. J Neurosci Res 2005; 78:100-14. [PMID: 15372502 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated genetically with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles, including DRB1*1501, DRB5*0101, and DQB1*0602, and it is possible that these alleles contribute to MS through an enhanced ability to present encephalitogenic myelin peptides to pathogenic T cells. HLA-DRB1*1502, which contains glycine instead of valine at position 86 of the P1 peptide-binding pocket, is apparently not genetically associated with MS. To identify possible differences between these alleles in their antigen-presenting function, we determined if T-cell responses to known DRB1*1501-restricted myelin peptides might be diminished or absent in transgenic (Tg) DRB1*1502-expressing mice. We found that Tg DRB1*1502 mice had moderate to strong T-cell responses to several myelin peptides with favorable DRB1*1501 binding motifs, notably myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-35-55 (which was also encephalitogenic), proteolipid protein (PLP)-95-116, and MOG-194-208, as well as other PLP and MOG peptides. These peptides, with the exception of MOG-194-208, were also immunogenic in healthy human donors expressing either DRB1*1502 or DRB1*1501. In contrast, the DRB1*1502 mice had weak or absent responses to peptides with unfavorable DRB1*1501 binding motifs. Overall, none of the DRB1*1501-restricted myelin peptides tested selectively lacked immunogenicity in association with DRB1*1502. These results indicate that the difference in risk association with MS of DRB1*1501 versus DRB1*1502 is not due to a lack of antigen presentation by DRB1*1502, at least for this set of myelin peptides, and suggest that other mechanisms involving DRB1*1501 may account for increased susceptibility to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Finn
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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8
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Clements CS, Reid HH, Beddoe T, Tynan FE, Perugini MA, Johns TG, Bernard CCA, Rossjohn J. The crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a key autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11059-64. [PMID: 12960396 PMCID: PMC196926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1833158100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a key CNS-specific autoantigen for primary demyelination in multiple sclerosis. Although the disease-inducing role of MOG has been established, its precise function in the CNS remains obscure. To gain new insights into the physiological and immunopathological role of MOG, we determined the 1.8-A crystal structure of the MOG extracellular domain (MOGED). MOGED adopts a classical Ig (Ig variable domain) fold that was observed to form an antiparallel head-to-tail dimer. A dimeric form of native MOG was observed, and MOGED was also shown to dimerize in solution, consistent with the view of MOG acting as a homophilic adhesion receptor. The MOG35-55 peptide, a major encephalitogenic determinant recognized by both T cells and demyelinating autoantibodies, is partly occluded within the dimer interface. The structure of this key autoantigen suggests a relationship between the dimeric form of MOG within the myelin sheath and a breakdown of immunological tolerance to MOG that is observed in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Clements
- Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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9
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Abstract
An autoimmune response to one or more myelin-protein components is thought to be part of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The immunodominant-autoantibody epitope may be localized on a linear peptide segment, on a conformation-sensitive epitope, or on an epitope resulting from post-translational modifications. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of myelin proteins may determine the specific site for binding of autoantibodies. A myelin protein-specific autoantibody can bind to either a linear or conformational epitope, whereas all of the T cell epitopes are linear. At present, the conformational epitopes of myelin proteins have not been identified; most of the methods used to identify the myelin-protein epitopes corresponding to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are involved in the linear epitope mapping. Polymorphism or mutations may cause inappropriate expression of the myelin proteins with alterations to their linear and/or conformational epitopes, and make them susceptible to autoantibody binding, especially if these changes occur at the surface of the protein. This review focuses on the specificity of autoantibodies to the epitopes of myelin proteins and correlates this to the structures of proteins. Factors that influence the expression of myelin-protein epitopes such as the alpha-helical or beta-sheet structure of the protein, the tri-proline site, and the post-translational modifications as well as physicochemical properties of amino acid changed are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permphan Dharmasaroja
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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10
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von Büdingen HC, Hauser SL, Fuhrmann A, Nabavi CB, Lee JI, Genain CP. Molecular characterization of antibody specificities against myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in autoimmune demyelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:8207-12. [PMID: 12060766 PMCID: PMC123046 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.122092499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a target antigen for myelin-destructive Abs in autoimmune central nervous system demyelinating disorders. Little is known about the molecular and structural basis of these pathogenic Ab responses. Here, we have characterized anti-MOG Ab specificities in the marmoset model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, by means of a combinatorial IgG-Fab library. We found that a diverse population of Ig genes encodes for auto-Abs that exclusively recognize conformation-dependent antigenic targets on MOG. These antigenic domains correspond to exposed epitopes in vivo, as the Fab fragments recognize native MOG in situ in marmoset brain tissue. The Ab fragments described here represent Ab specificities that are common constituents of the humoral immune repertoire against MOG in outbred populations, as demonstrated by their ability to displace native anti-MOG Abs present in sera from MOG-immune marmosets and patients with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, neuropathological analysis and characterization of Ab epitope specificities in animals immunized with MOG or MOG-derived peptides revealed that only conformation-dependent Abs are associated with demyelinating activity, suggesting that epitope recognition is an important factor for Ab pathogenicity. Our findings provide novel and unexpected knowledge on the diversity of anti-MOG Ab responses in nonhuman primates and humans, and will permit the dissection of pathogenic auto-Ab properties in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian von Büdingen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, Box 0114, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0114, USA
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11
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Koehler NKU, Genain CP, Giesser B, Hauser SL. The human T cell response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: a multiple sclerosis family-based study. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5920-7. [PMID: 12023398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is an encephalitogenic myelin protein and a likely autoantigen in human multiple sclerosis (MS). In this work, we describe the fine specificity and cytokine profile of T cell clones (TCC) directed against MOG in three nuclear families, comprised of four individuals affected with MS and their HLA-identical siblings. TCC were generated from PBMC by limiting dilution against a mixture of eleven 20-mer overlapping peptides corresponding to the encephalitogenic extracellular domain of human MOG (aa 1-120). The frequency of MOG peptide-reactive T cells was surprisingly high (range, 1:400 to 1:3,000) and, unexpectedly, cloning efficiencies were highest at low seeding densities of 10(2) or 10(3) PBMC per well. A total of 235 MOG peptide-reactive TCC were produced, all of which were CD4(+)CD8(-)TCRalphabeta(+)TCRgammadelta(-). All 11 MOG peptides were recognized by the TCC, and different epitopes of MOG appeared to be immunodominant in the HLA-identical siblings. The patterns of cytokine secretion by TCC from single individuals were generally similar. The healthy individuals exhibited Th2-, Th0-, and T regulatory cell 1-like cytokine profiles, whereas TCC from one sibling with MS had a striking Th1-like phenotype, producing high levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and low IL-4 levels. Thus, MOG-reactive T cells appear to constitute an important part of the natural T cell repertoire, a finding that could contribute to the development of autoimmunity to this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K U Koehler
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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12
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Mesleh MF, Belmar N, Lu CW, Krishnan VV, Maxwell RS, Genain CP, Cosman M. Marmoset fine B cell and T cell epitope specificities mapped onto a homology model of the extracellular domain of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 9:160-72. [PMID: 11895369 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant association of autoantibodies with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), an integral membrane protein of the central nervous system (CNS) myelin, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sensitization of nonhuman primates (Callithrix jacchus marmosets) against the nonglycosylated, recombinant N-terminal domain of rat MOG (residues 1-125) reproduces an MS-like disease in which MOG-specific autoantibodies directly mediate demyelination. To assess the interrelationship between MOG structure and the induction of autoimmune CNS diseases and to enable structure-based rational design of therapeutics, a homology model of human MOG(2-120) was constructed based on consensus residues found in immunoglobulin superfamily variable-type proteins having known structures. Possible sites for posttranslational modifications and dimerization have also been identified and analyzed. The B cell and T cell epitopes have been identified in rat MOG-immunized marmosets, and these sequences are observed to map primarily onto accessible regions in the model, which may explain their ability to generate potent antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Mesleh
- Biology and Biotechnology Research, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94551, USA
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13
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Weissert R, de Graaf KL, Storch MK, Barth S, Linington C, Lassmann H, Olsson T. MHC class II-regulated central nervous system autoaggression and T cell responses in peripheral lymphoid tissues are dissociated in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7588-99. [PMID: 11390515 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We dissected the requirements for disease induction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in MHC (RT1 in rat) congenic rats with overlapping MOG peptides. Immunodominance with regard to peptide-specific T cell responses was purely MHC class II dependent, varied between different MHC haplotypes, and was linked to encephalitogenicity only in RT1.B(a)/D(a) rats. Peptides derived from the MOG sequence 91-114 were able to induce overt clinical signs of disease accompanied by demyelinated CNS lesions in the RT1.B(a)/D(a) and RT1(n) haplotypes. Notably, there was no detectable T cell response against this encephalitogenic MOG sequence in the RT1(n) haplotype in peripheral lymphoid tissue. However, CNS-infiltrating lymphoid cells displayed high IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-4 mRNA expression suggesting a localization of peptide-specific reactivated T cells in this compartment. Despite the presence of MOG-specific T and B cell responses, no disease could be induced in resistant RT1(l) and RT1(u) haplotypes. Comparison of the number of different MOG peptides binding to MHC class II molecules from the different RT1 haplotypes suggested that susceptibility to MOG-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis correlated with promiscuous peptide binding to RT1.B and RT1.D molecules. This may suggest possibilities for a broader repertoire of peptide-specific T cells to participate in disease induction. We demonstrate a powerful MHC class II regulation of autoaggression in which MHC class II peptide binding and peripheral T cell immunodominance fail to predict autoantigenic peptides relevant for an autoaggressive response. Instead, target organ responses may be decisive and should be further explored.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic
- Autoantigens/analysis
- Autoantigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Genes, MHC Class II
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/isolation & purification
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Immune Tolerance
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Mapping
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weissert
- Experimental Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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14
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Sekiguchi Y, Ichikawa M, Inoue A, Itoh M, Koh CS. Brain-derived gangliosides suppress the chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in NOD mice induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 116:196-205. [PMID: 11438174 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CREAE) induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55 (MOG(35-55)) in NOD mice was successfully treated with brain-derived gangliosides (GA). The GA treatment suppressed the development and severity of CREAE, both clinically and histologically. Spleen cells from the GA-treated mice displayed markedly inhibited levels of MOG(35-55) specific proliferation and interferon-gamma production. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to MOG(35-55) were suppressed by the GA treatment. GA modulate various T cell effector functions in CREAE and may be an effective therapeutic agent for autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies/blood
- Cell Division/immunology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Gangliosides/pharmacology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/chemically induced
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/drug therapy
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Sclerosis/chemically induced
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/chemistry
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/pharmacology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Optic Neuritis/chemically induced
- Optic Neuritis/drug therapy
- Optic Neuritis/pathology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sekiguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, 390-8621, Matsumoto, Japan
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15
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Stefferl A, Brehm U, Linington C. The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG): a model for antibody-mediated demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001:123-33. [PMID: 11128602 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6284-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a major target for autoantibody mediated demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In the current review we discuss the epitope specificity of this antibody response, in particular evidence suggesting that pathogenic anti-MOG antibodies are preferentially directed against conformation-dependent epitopes present on the extracellular immunoglobulin domain of the protein. Surprisingly, recent data suggest that this autoimmune response is in part regulated by polymorphisms in the MOG gene itself, an observation that may have important implications for the genetic and immunological stratification of patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stefferl
- Max-Planck-Institute for Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
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16
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LaGanke CC, Freeman DW, Whitaker JN. Cross-reactive idiotypy in cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200001)47:1<87::aid-ana14>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Secor VH, Secor WE, Gutekunst CA, Brown MA. Mast cells are essential for early onset and severe disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2000; 191:813-22. [PMID: 10704463 PMCID: PMC2195850 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.5.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/1999] [Accepted: 01/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well characterized role in allergic inflammation, recent data confirm that mast cells play a more extensive role in a variety of immune responses. However, their contribution to autoimmune and neurologic disease processes has not been investigated. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and its human disease counterpart, multiple sclerosis, are considered to be CD4(+) T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system. Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that mast cells could also play a role in the pathogenesis of both the human and murine disease. Using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced model of acute EAE, we show that mast cell-deficient W/W(v) mice exhibit significantly reduced disease incidence, delayed disease onset, and decreased mean clinical scores when compared with their wild-type congenic littermates. No differences were observed in MOG-specific T and B cell responses between the two groups, indicating that a global T or B cell defect is not present in W/W(v) animals. Reconstitution of the mast cell population in W/W(v) mice restores induction of early and severe disease to wild-type levels, suggesting that mast cells are critical for the full manifestation of disease. These data provide a new mechanism for immune destruction in EAE and indicate that mast cells play a broader role in neurologic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia H. Secor
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Immunology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Claire-Anne Gutekunst
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Melissa A. Brown
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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18
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Ichikawa M, Koh CS, Inoue A, Tsuyusaki J, Yamazaki M, Inaba Y, Sekiguchi Y, Itoh M, Yagita H, Komiyama A. Anti-IL-12 antibody prevents the development and progression of multiple sclerosis-like relapsing--remitting demyelinating disease in NOD mice induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 102:56-66. [PMID: 10626667 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with monoclonal anti-IL-12 antibody injected on day 0, 7 and 10 after immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 in NOD mice resulted in significant suppression of the development and the severity of the chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) both clinically and histologically. The spleen cells from anti-IL-12 antibody treated mice displayed markedly inhibited MOG35-55 specific proliferation and IFN-gamma production. MOG35-55 specific antibody production was enhanced by anti-IL-12 antibody treatment. These results suggest that IL-12 is critically involved in the pathogenesis of MOG-induced EAE and that antibody to IL-12 could be an effective therapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
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19
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Piyasirisilp S, Hemachudha T, Griffin DE. B-cell responses to myelin basic protein and its epitopes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by Semple rabies vaccine. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 98:96-104. [PMID: 10430042 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Semple rabies vaccine is composed of rabies virus-infected sheep or goat brain inactivated with phenol and is administered daily after exposure for 14-21 days. Semple rabies vaccine-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis (SAE) has clinico-pathological findings of demyelination similar to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) caused by injection of central nervous system tissue or purified myelin proteins into experimental animals and frequently studied as a model for the human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). T-cell-mediated immune responses play a major role in induction of EAE, and antibody responses enhance disease severity. We studied the antibody responses to myelin basic protein (MBP) in 24 Thai patients with SAE and 77 control individuals to define the linear epitopes in human MBP that are encephalitogenic. Antibody levels were assessed by ELISA using native human MBP or synthetic MBP peptides of 20 amino acids. The major B-cell epitope was MBP61-80 and a minor epitope was MBP106-140 in SAE while in MS the major B-cell epitope is MBP84-96. MBP61-80-specific IgG1 and IgG3 levels were significantly higher in patients than controls while IgG2 and IgG4 were not. The data support the hypothesis that autoreactive Th1 cells induce SAE. The difference in B-cell epitope recognition may be due to differences in the genetic backgrounds of the populations studied or may reflect underlying differences in the pathogenesis of SAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piyasirisilp
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179, USA
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20
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Ichikawa M, Koh CS, Inaba Y, Seki C, Inoue A, Itoh M, Ishihara Y, Bernard CC, Komiyama A. IgG subclass switching is associated with the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide in NOD mice. Cell Immunol 1999; 191:97-104. [PMID: 9973531 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that a single dose of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 produces a relapsing-remitting demyelinating disease similar to multiple sclerosis (MS) in Lewis rats. In this study we have assessed the possibility that a subclass of anti-MOG35-55 antibodies influences the clinical outcome of these diseases by examining the classes and isotypes of anti-MOG35-55 antibody produced during the course of MOG35-55-induced demyelinating disease in NOD mice. Following immunization, 7 of the 21 injected mice had only mild diseases, while the 14 others had severe progressive and/or relapsing-remitting diseases. There were no differences in anti-MOG35-55 IgG, IgA, IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 antibody titers between the severe and mild symptoms groups. High levels of IgG2b antibody to MOG35-55 were detected in all mice with severe symptoms. In contrast, none of the mice which contracted a mild disease produced anti-MOG35-55 IgG2b. These results suggest that in NOD mice, the IgG2b antibody response to MOG35-55 is associated with the severity of this MS-like demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390, Japan
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21
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Slavin A, Ewing C, Liu J, Ichikawa M, Slavin J, Bernard CC. Induction of a multiple sclerosis-like disease in mice with an immunodominant epitope of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Autoimmunity 1998; 28:109-20. [PMID: 9771980 DOI: 10.3109/08916939809003872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is postulated to be a target autoantigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we investigated the encephalitogenicity of an immunodominant epitope of MOG, peptide 35-55, in various strains of mice. An MS-like disease was induced in NOD/Lt mice (H-2g7) and C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) by a single injection of MOG35-55 in CFA. The disease followed a relapsing-remitting course in NOD/Lt mice, whereas C57BL/6 mice developed a chronic paralytic disease. Histologically, the disease in both strains was characterized by cellular infiltration and multifocal demyelination in the CNS. Significant DTH type reactions to MOG35-55 were only seen in MOG-susceptible animals, with the NOD/Lt mice showing the strongest responses. Susceptible mice also showed specific antibody responses to MOG35-55 but not to a panel of other MOG peptides. These results provide further evidence for the role of MOG as a highly autoantigenic molecule capable of inducing severe demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slavin
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Okuda Y, Sakoda S, Bernard CC, Yanagihara T. The development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis provoked by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is associated with an upregulation of both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in the central nervous system. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:415-21. [PMID: 9660249 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). We previously reported upregulation of gene expression for a number of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-beta, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), in the CNS of mice with myelin basic protein (MBP)-induced relapsing EAE by using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, in these mice there was no significant increase of gene expression for immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta]). We report here that gene expression for both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines increased during the course of disease in the CNS of mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced nonrelapsing EAE. These results indicate that the gene expression pattern of immunoregulatory cytokines in the CNS may be different between MBP-induced and MOG-induced EAE and that it may influence the type of disease. Accordingly, the course of the disease may be influenced by the interplay between the proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okuda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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23
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Okuda Y, Bernard CC, Fujimura H, Yanagihara T, Sakoda S. Fas has a crucial role in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Immunol 1998; 35:317-26. [PMID: 9747891 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(98)00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of Fas in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, we examined the susceptibility of EAE in C57BL/6 (B6).lpr mice lacking Fas. The frequency of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in B6.lpr mice was significantly lower than that in B6 mice (19% vs 94%). However, no significant difference was observed between them in either the lymphocyte proliferation response or antibody reactivity to MOG. In addition, the histological examination and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the up-regulation of gene expression for inflammatory cytokines occurred in the central nervous system (CNS) of B6.lpr mice immunized with MOG, even if they showed no clinical sign. These results indicate that Fas may contribute to the pathogenesis of EAE and may play a crucial role in the expansion of inflammation and/or myelin destruction in the CNS rather than in the activation of encephalitogenic T cells in the periphery and/or the breakdown of blood brain barrier.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Apoptosis
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/genetics
- Demyelinating Diseases/genetics
- Demyelinating Diseases/immunology
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Oligodendroglia/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okuda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, and the most common neurological disease affecting young adults. Multiple sclerosis is a clinically heterogeneous disorder. It is believed to be an autoimmune disease, with cell-mediated and humoral responses directed against myelin proteins. This hypothesis largely comes from pathological parallels with an animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Autoimmunity to myelin proteins in humans may be inadvertently triggered by microbes which have structural homologies with myelin antigens (molecular mimicry). As with other autoimmune diseases, susceptibility to MS is associated with certain MHC genes/haplotypes. Full genomic screening of mutiplex families has underscored the role for MHC genes as exerting moderate but the most significant effects in susceptibility. The primary target autoantigen in MS has yet to be definitively identified, but as well as the major myelin proteins, it is now clear that minor myelin components, such as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) may play a primary role in disease initiation. This review examines the current knowledge about the aetiology and pathogenesis of MS, and the important similarities with EAE. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of autoimmune pathology will provide the basis for more rational immunotherapies to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ewing
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Albouz-Abo S, Wilson JC, Bernard CC, von Itzstein M. A conformational study of the human and rat encephalitogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 246:59-70. [PMID: 9210466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-2-00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), is considered an important central-nervous system-specific target autoantigen for primary demyelination in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. We have recently demonstrated that MOG or its derived peptide, MOG-(35-55)-peptide, are able to produce in animals, clinicopathologic signs that mimic multiple sclerosis. The rat MOG sequence spanning amino acids 35-55 [rMOG-(35-55)-peptide] differs from the human sequence [hMOG-(35-55)-peptide] by a single amino acid substitution, i.e. Pro42-->Ser. Mice injected with rMOG-(35-55)-peptide showed severe inflammation and demyelination throughout the central nervous system but, interestingly, mice injected with hMOG-(35 -55)-peptide showed only a few foci of mild inflammation with no demyelination. Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used to structurally characterise the bioactive peptides hMOG-(35-55)-peptide and rMOG-(35-55)-peptide. In 0.1 M K2HPO4/KOH, 90% H2O/D2O solutions, these derived peptides have been shown, by NMR spectroscopy, to adopt detectable levels of short-range structure in equilibrium with unfolded conformers. On addition of 2,2,2-trifluoro-(2H3)ethanol, rMOG-(35-55)-peptide and hMOG-(35-55)-peptide adopt folded structures which have nuclear Overhauser enhancements characteristic of a poorly defined alpha-helix over residues 44-51. There are some indications of secondary structure also evident in the N-terminal region of rMOG-(35-55)-peptide. CD spectroscopy has revealed that in aqueous solution both peptides are unfolded but in 2.2.2-trifluoroethanol and, at micellar concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate, rMOG-(35-55)-peptide and, to a lesser extent, hMOG-(35-55)-peptide adopt helical conformations. In contrast, at non-micellar concentrations of SDS rMOG-(35-55)-peptide and hMOG-(35-55)-peptide adopt, according to CD spectroscopy, a beta-structure indicating that the peptides change conformation depending on the microenvironment of the amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Albouz-Abo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
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Johns TG, Bernard CC. Binding of complement component Clq to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: a novel mechanism for regulating CNS inflammation. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:33-8. [PMID: 9182874 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a myelin-specific protein restricted to the central nervous system (CNS). While MOG is considered a putative autoantigen in MS, its function(s) in myelin is unknown. As CNS myelin is able to activate the classical complement pathway, it must contain a Clq-binding/activating protein but the identity of this protein has not been reported. The data in this paper clearly demonstrate that MOG specifically binds Clq in a dose-dependent and saturating manner. This calcium-dependent interaction is mediated by the extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain of MOG. This MOG domain contains an amino acid motif similar to the core Clq-binding sequence previously identified in IgG antibodies. Purified MOG also inhibited the antibody-dependent lysis of RBC by complement. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MOG binds Clq near the IgG binding site and may be the protein responsible for complement activation in myelin. This direct interaction between a myelin-specific protein and Clq has significant implications for CNS inflammation and could be particularly important in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Johns
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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