1
|
Diagnostic role of kidney injury molecule-1 in renal cell carcinoma. Int Urol Nephrol 2019; 51:1893-1902. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
2
|
Hu T, Wu Z, Vervelde L, Rothwell L, Hume DA, Kaiser P. Functional annotation of the T-cell immunoglobulin mucin family in birds. Immunology 2017; 148:287-303. [PMID: 26997606 PMCID: PMC4913284 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM) family molecules are cell membrane proteins, preferentially expressed on various immune cells and implicated in recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells. Little is known of their function outside human and mouse, and nothing outside mammals. We identified only two TIM genes (chTIM) in the chicken genome, putative orthologues of mammalian TIM1 and TIM4, and cloned the respective cDNAs. Like mammalian TIM1, chTIM1 expression was restricted to lymphoid tissues and immune cells. The gene chTIM4 encodes at least five splice variants with distinct expression profiles that also varied between strains of chicken. Expression of chTIM4 was detected in myeloid antigen‐presenting cells, and in γδ T cells, whereas mammalian TIM4 is not expressed in T cells. Like the mammalian proteins, chTIM1 and chTIM4 fusion proteins bind to phosphatidylserine, and are thereby implicated in recognition of apoptotic cells. The chTIM4–immunoglobulin fusion protein also had co‐stimulatory activity on chicken T cells, suggesting a function in antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuanjun Hu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lisa Rothwell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thomas LJ, Vitale L, O'Neill T, Dolnick RY, Wallace PK, Minderman H, Gergel LE, Forsberg EM, Boyer JM, Storey JR, Pilsmaker CD, Hammond RA, Widger J, Sundarapandiyan K, Crocker A, Marsh HC, Keler T. Development of a Novel Antibody-Drug Conjugate for the Potential Treatment of Ovarian, Lung, and Renal Cell Carcinoma Expressing TIM-1. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2946-2954. [PMID: 27671527 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is a type I transmembrane protein that was originally described as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) due to its elevated expression in kidney and urine after renal injury. TIM-1 expression is also upregulated in several human cancers, most notably in renal and ovarian carcinomas, but has very restricted expression in healthy tissues, thus representing a promising target for antibody-mediated therapy. To this end, we have developed a fully human monoclonal IgG1 antibody specific for the extracellular domain of TIM-1. This antibody was shown to bind purified recombinant chimeric TIM-1-Fc protein and TIM-1 expressed on a variety of transformed cell lines, including Caki-1 (human renal clear cell carcinoma), IGROV-1 (human ovarian adenocarcinoma), and A549 (human lung carcinoma). Internalization studies using confocal microscopy revealed the antibody was rapidly internalized by cells in vitro, and internalization was confirmed by quantitative imaging flow cytometry. An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) was produced with the anti-TIM-1 antibody covalently linked to the potent cytotoxin, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), and designated CDX-014. The ADC was shown to exhibit in vitro cytostatic or cytotoxic activity against a variety of TIM-1-expressing cell lines, but not on TIM-1-negative cell lines. Using the Caki-1, IGROV-1, and A549 xenograft mouse models, CDX-014 showed significant antitumor activity in a clinically relevant dose range. Safety evaluation in nonhuman primates has demonstrated a good profile and led to the initiation of clinical studies of CDX-014 in renal cell carcinoma and potentially other TIM-1-expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(12); 2946-54. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ree Y Dolnick
- Flow and Image Cytometry Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Flow and Image Cytometry Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suppression of allograft rejection by Tim-1-Fc through cross-linking with a novel Tim-1 binding partner on T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21697. [PMID: 21750723 PMCID: PMC3130052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (Tim)-1 on T cells with its ligand, Tim-4, on antigen presenting cells delivers positive costimulatory signals to T cells. However, the molecular mechanisms for Tim-1-mediated regulation of T-cell activation and differentiation are relatively poorly understood. Here we investigated the role of Tim-1 in T-cell responses and allograft rejection using recombinant human Tim-1 extracellular domain and IgG1-Fc fusion proteins (Tim-1-Fc). In vitro assays confirmed that Tim-1-Fc selectively binds to CD4+ effector T cells, but not dendritic cells or natural regulatory T cells (nTregs). Tim-1-Fc was able to inhibit the responses of purified CD4+ T cells that do not express Tim-4 to stimulation by anti-CD3/CD28 mAbs, and this inhibition was associated with reduced AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but it had no influence on nTregs. Moreover, Tim-1-Fc inhibited the proliferation of CD4+ T cells stimulated by allogeneic dendritic cells. Treatment of recipient mice with Tim-1-Fc significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival in a fully MHC-mismatched strain combination, which was associated with impaired Th1 response and preserved Th2 and nTregs function. Importantly, the frequency of Foxp3+ cells in splenic CD4+ T cells was increased, thus shifting the balance toward regulators, even though Tim-1-Fc did not induce Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25− T cells directly. These results indicate that Tim-1-Fc can inhibit T-cell responses through an unknown Tim-1 binding partner on T cells, and it is a promising immunosuppressive agent for preventing allograft rejection.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao W, Ryan M, Buckley D, O'Connor R, Clarkson MR. Tim-4 inhibition of T-cell activation and T helper type 17 differentiation requires both the immunoglobulin V and mucin domains and occurs via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Immunology 2011; 133:179-89. [PMID: 21463297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging experimental data suggest an important role for the T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 1 (Tim-1):Tim-4 pathway in autoimmune and alloimmune responses in vivo. Using a Tim-4 ectodomain human IgG Fc fusion protein we studied the role of Tim-4 in T-cell activation, signalling and differentiation responses in vitro. We demonstrate that Tim-4Fc can inhibit naive and pre-activated T-cell activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion via a Tim-1-independent pathway. Tim-4 contains immunoglobulin variable (IgV) and mucin domains; to identify which domain accounts for the inhibitory effect novel Tim-4 fusion proteins containing either the IgV or mucin domain were generated. We demonstrate that both IgV and mucin domains are required for the inhibitory effects and that they are mediated at least in part by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway activity. Given the emerging interest in the role of the Tim family in T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, which play an important role in autoimmune disease and transplantation tolerance, our data show that Tim-4Fc can prevent polarization of CD4(+) T cells to the Th17 phenotype. Collectively, our results highlight an inhibitory role for Tim-4Fc in vitro, which we propose is mediated by a receptor other than Tim-1. In addition, this study provides new insights into the role of Tim-4Fc in regulating Th17 immune responses and may open a new avenue for autoimmune therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center Department of Biochemistry Department of Renal Medicine, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim HS, Kim HS, Lee CW, Chung DH. T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 1 engagement on invariant NKT cells in the presence of TCR stimulation enhances IL-4 production but inhibits IFN-gamma production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4095-106. [PMID: 20220086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The T cell Ig domain and mucin domain (TIM)1 protein expressed on the surface of Th2 cells regulates the immune response by modulating cytokine production. However, the functional roles of TIM1 have not been examined in NKT cells. Therefore, we investigated the immunologic effects of TIM1 on NKT cells. We found that mouse NK1.1(+)TCR-beta(+), alpha-galactosyl ceramide/CD1d dimer(+) NKT, and NKT hybridoma (DN32.D3) cells constitutively express TIM1 and TIM4 on their surface. Engagement of TIM1 on NKT cells by any of several anti-TIM1 mAbs suppressed the production of IFN-gamma in the presence of TCR stimulation in vitro and in vivo, whereas the effects of such engagement on Th2 cytokine production by the NKT cells varied with the particular anti-TIM1 Ab clone. Moreover, in DN32.D3 TIM4-knockdown NKT hybridoma cells, TIM1 engagement by rTIM1 or TIM4 enhanced IL-4 production while inhibiting IFN-gamma production in the presence of alpha-galactosyl ceramide stimulation. TIM1 engagement increased GATA-3 expression but reduced T-bet expression in NKT cells in the presence of TCR engagement. The adoptive transfer of NKT cells preincubated with anti-TIM1 mAbs into Jalpha18(-/-) mice aggravated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing IFN-gamma production. Taken together, these results suggest that TIM1 costimulation on NKT cells enhances the cellular production of IL-4 while inhibiting the production of IFN-gamma. Thus, as a differential regulator of the immune response, TIM1 on NKT cells may be a useful therapeutic target for immune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, SeoulNational University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Umetsu DT, Umetsu SE, Freeman GJ, DeKruyff RH. TIM gene family and their role in atopic diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 321:201-15. [PMID: 18727494 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75203-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The TIM gene family was discovered seven years ago by positional cloning in a mouse model of asthma and allergy. Three of the family members (TIM-1, TIM-3, and TIM-4) are conserved between mouse and man, and have been shown to critically regulate adaptive immunity. In addition, TIM-1 has been shown to play a major role as a human susceptibility gene for asthma, allergy and autoimmunity. Recently, TIM-4 has been identified as a ligand of phosphatidylserine and to control the uptake of apoptotic cells. These studies together suggest that the TIM gene family evolved to regulate immune responses by managing survival and cell death of hematopoetic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Umetsu
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Souza AJ, Oak JS, Jordanhazy R, DeKruyff RH, Fruman DA, Kane LP. T cell Ig and mucin domain-1-mediated T cell activation requires recruitment and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6518-26. [PMID: 18453570 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of the transmembrane protein T cell Ig and mucin domain (Tim)-1 can costimulate T cell activation. Agonistic Abs to Tim-1 are also capable of inducing T cell activation without additional stimuli. However, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms underlying T cell stimulation or costimulation through Tim-1. We show that a tyrosine in Tim-1 becomes phosphorylated in a lck-dependent manner, whereupon it can directly recruit p85 adaptor subunits of PI3K. This results in PI3K activation, which is required for Tim-1 function. We also provide genetic evidence that p85 expression is required for optimal Tim-1 function. Thus, we describe a pathway from Tim-1 tyrosine phosphorylation to the PI3K signaling pathway, which appears to be a major effector of Tim-1-mediated T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali J de Souza
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rodriguez-Manzanet R, Meyers JH, Balasubramanian S, Slavik J, Kassam N, Dardalhon V, Greenfield EA, Anderson AC, Sobel RA, Hafler DA, Strom TB, Kuchroo VK. TIM-4 expressed on APCs induces T cell expansion and survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4706-13. [PMID: 18354194 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TIM (T cell, Ig, mucin) proteins can regulate T cell immune responses. Tim-4 mRNA is not expressed in T cells, but exclusively in APCs. Tim-4 is a ligand for Tim-1 and Tim-4.Ig fusion protein was shown to either inhibit or expand T cells. However, the molecular basis for such opposite effects was not defined. By generating mAbs, we show that expression of Tim-4 protein is restricted to CD11c(+) and CD11b(+) cells and is up-regulated upon activation. We show that Tim-4 specifically phosphorylates Tim-1 and induces T cell expansion by enhancing cell division and reducing apoptosis. Tim-4 also induces the phosphorylation of signaling molecules LAT, Akt, and ERK1/2 in T cells. Tim-4, expressed on APCs, is a costimulatory molecule that promotes T cell expansion and survival by cross-linking Tim-1 on T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roselynn Rodriguez-Manzanet
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mizui M, Shikina T, Arase H, Suzuki K, Yasui T, Rennert PD, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H. Bimodal regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses by TIM-4. Int Immunol 2008; 20:695-708. [PMID: 18367551 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell Ig and mucin domain (TIM)-4 is preferentially expressed on antigen-presenting cells, and its counter-ligand, TIM-1, is thought to deliver co-stimulating signals to T cells. However, the physiological functions of TIM-4 remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that TIM-4 inhibits naive T cell activation through a ligand other than TIM-1. The inhibitory effect of TIM-4 was specific to naive T cells which do not express TIM-1, and the effect disappeared in pre-activated T cells. Conversely, antibody-mediated blockade of TIM-4 in vivo substantially suppressed T cell-mediated inflammatory responses despite enhanced generation of antigen-specific T cells. Furthermore, treatment with anti-TIM-4 reduced the inflammatory responses developed in mice that were adoptively transferred with antigen-primed T cells. These results suggest that TIM-4 exerts bimodal functions depending on the activation status of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mizui
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakae S, Iikura M, Suto H, Akiba H, Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH, Saito H, Galli SJ. TIM-1 and TIM-3 enhancement of Th2 cytokine production by mast cells. Blood 2007; 110:2565-8. [PMID: 17620455 PMCID: PMC1988955 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-058800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule (TIM) family have roles in T-cell-mediated immune responses. TIM-1 and TIM-2 are predominantly expressed on T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, whereas TIM-3 is preferentially expressed on Th1 and Th17 cells. We found that TIM-1 and TIM-3, but neither TIM-2 nor TIM-4, were constitutively expressed on mouse peritoneal mast cells and bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs). After IgE + Ag stimulation, TIM-1 expression was down-regulated on BMCMCs, whereas TIM-3 expression was up-regulated. We also found that recombinant mouse TIM-4 (rmTIM-4), which is a ligand for TIM-1, as well as an anti-TIM-3 polyclonal Ab, can promote interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, and IL-13 production without enhancing degranulation in BMCMCs stimulated with IgE + Ag. Moreover, the anti-TIM-3 Ab, but neither anti-TIM-1 Ab nor rmTIM-4, suppressed mast-cell apoptosis. These observations suggest that TIM-1 and TIM-3 may be able to influence T-cell-mediated immune responses in part through effects on mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Nakae
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Binné LL, Scott ML, Rennert PD. Human TIM-1 associates with the TCR complex and up-regulates T cell activation signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4342-50. [PMID: 17371991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The T cell, Ig domain, and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1) gene is associated with Th2 T cell responses and human atopic diseases. The mechanism by which TIM-1 influences T cell responses remains unknown. We demonstrate that TIM-1 is recruited to the TCR-signaling complex via association with CD3. TIM-1 up-regulates TCR-associated signaling events, including phosphorylation of Zap70 and IL-2-inducible T cell kinase. This activity requires TIM-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. TIM-1 expression induces formation of a novel complex that includes PI3K and ITK. Finally, the consequences of TIM-1 activation include increased expression of effector cytokines. These results demonstrate that TIM-1 is a critical component of the human T cell response and provide a mechanistic hypothesis for the role of TIM-1 in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri L Binné
- Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Watanabe N, Tanaka M, Suzuki K, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H, Miyajima A. Tim2 is expressed in mouse fetal hepatocytes and regulates their differentiation. Hepatology 2007; 45:1240-9. [PMID: 17465005 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver development is regulated by various extracellular molecules such as cytokines and cell surface proteins. Although several such regulators have been identified, additional molecules are likely to be involved in liver development. To identify such molecules, we employed the signal sequence trap (SST) method to screen cDNAs encoding a secreted or membrane protein from fetal liver and obtained a number of clones. Among them, we found that T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 2 (Tim2) was expressed specifically on immature hepatocytes in the fetal liver. Tim2 has been shown to regulate immune responses, but its role in liver development had not been studied. We have examined the possible role of Tim2 in hepatocyte differentiation. At first, we prepared a soluble Tim2 fusion protein consisting of its extracellular domain and the Fc domain of human IgG (Tim2-hFc) and found that it bound to fetal and adult hepatocytes, suggesting that there are Tim2-binding molecules on hepatocytes. Second, Tim2-hFc inhibited the differentiation of hepatocytes in fetal liver primary culture, i.e., the expression of mature hepatic enzymes and accumulation of glycogen were severely reduced. Third, Tim2-hFc also inhibited proliferation of fetal hepatocytes. Fourth, down-regulation of Tim2 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhanced the expression of liver differentiation marker genes. CONCLUSION It is strongly suggested that Tim2 is involved in the differentiation of fetal hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Watanabe
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Souza AJ, Kane LP. Immune regulation by the TIM gene family. Immunol Res 2007; 36:147-55. [PMID: 17337775 DOI: 10.1385/ir:36:1:147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that proteins of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) family are important regulators of immune function. Here we discuss the functional effects of TIM proteins on immune responses, how the effects of TIM proteins may be modulated by interactions with ligands and the limited information available on intracellular signals downstream of TIM proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali J de Souza
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Santiago C, Ballesteros A, Tami C, Martínez-Muñoz L, Kaplan GG, Casasnovas JM. Structures of T Cell immunoglobulin mucin receptors 1 and 2 reveal mechanisms for regulation of immune responses by the TIM receptor family. Immunity 2007; 26:299-310. [PMID: 17363299 PMCID: PMC7111020 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The T cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) receptors are involved in the regulation of immune responses, autoimmunity, and allergy. Structures of the N-terminal ligand binding domain of the murine mTIM-1 and mTIM-2 receptors revealed an immunoglobulin (Ig) fold, with four Cys residues bridging a distinctive CC′ loop to the GFC β-sheet. The structures showed two ligand-recognition modes in the TIM family. The mTIM-1 structure identified a homophilic TIM-TIM adhesion interaction, whereas the mTIM-2 domain formed a dimer that prevented homophilic binding. Biochemical, mutational, and cell adhesion analyses confirmed the divergent ligand-binding modes revealed by the structures. Structural features characteristic of mTIM-1 appear conserved in human TIM-1, which also mediated homophilic interactions. The extracellular mucin domain enhanced binding through the Ig domain, modulating TIM receptor functions. These results explain the divergent immune functions described for the murine receptors and the role of TIM-1 as a cell adhesion receptor in renal regeneration and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Santiago
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu T, He SH, Zheng PY, Zhang TY, Wang BQ, Yang PC. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B increases TIM4 expression in human dendritic cells that drives naïve CD4 T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3580-7. [PMID: 17439824 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant T helper (Th)2 polarization plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders; the etiology remains unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) express T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain (TIM)4 that ligates TIM1 on CD4 T cells to drive them to become Th2 cells, but the pathogenic source of TIM4 is unknown. Here we report that a significant increase in TIM4 expression in human DCs was observed in response to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) stimulation via Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1 pathway. Coculture SEB-conditioned DCs with naïve CD4 T cells induced Th2 responses that could be abolished using TLR2 or NOD1 or TIM4 or TIM1 with counterpart antibodies or RNA interference. The results demonstrate that Staphylococcus aureus derived SEB promotes the TIM4 production in human DCs. The interaction between TIM4 and TIM1 drives naïve CD4 T cells to develop to Th2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Allergy Research Unit, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hein RM, Woods ML. TIM-1 regulates macrophage cytokine production and B7 family member expression. Immunol Lett 2006; 108:103-8. [PMID: 17161870 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 (TIM-1) is associated with the regulation of T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses and has been associated with asthma susceptibility. Previous studies have shown that administration of TIM-1 results in T cell hyperproliferation and increased Th2 cytokine secretion. TIM-1 has also been shown to bind to macrophages, but the effects of TIM-1 administration on macrophage activity have not been assessed. In this study we demonstrate that TIM-1 binds to the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Stimulation of the RAW264.7 cells with TIM-1 increases nitric oxide production. A dramatic increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 is seen upon TIM-1 stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, there is a moderate increase in the immuno-modulatory cytokine IL-10 when RAW 264.7 cells are stimulated with TIM-1. TIM-1 stimulation also alters the expression of some members of the B7 family of co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory proteins. TIM-1 stimulation leads to increased B7-1, B7-H1, and PD-L2 expression, while inhibiting B7-H2 expression. These studies suggest that TIM-1 can regulate macrophage activation and alter the co-stimulatory properties of macrophages and thus may contribute to allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Hein
- Bioassay Department, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Modulating the function of T cell immunoglobulin mucin cell surface proteins for therapeutic immunoregulation. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.7.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|