1
|
Pérez-Cruz M, Iliopoulou BP, Hsu K, Wu HH, Erkers T, Swaminathan K, Tang SW, Bader CS, Kambham N, Xie B, Dekruyff RH, Freeman GJ, Meyer E. Immunoregulatory effects of RGMb in gut inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960329. [PMID: 36420263 PMCID: PMC9676481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Current strategies to prevent GvHD with immunosuppressive drugs carry significant morbidity and may affect the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an intestinal inflammatory condition that affects more than 2 million people in the United States. Current strategies to prevent colitis with immunosuppressive drugs carry significant morbidity. Recently, Repulsive Guidance Molecule b (RGMb) has been identified as part of a signaling hub with neogenin and BMP receptors in mice and humans. In addition, RGMb binds BMP-2/4 in mice and humans as well as PD-L2 in mice. RGMb is expressed in the gut epithelium and by antigen presenting cells, and we found significantly increased expression in mouse small intestine after total body irradiation HCT conditioning. We hypothesized that RGMb may play a role in GvHD and IBD pathogenesis by contributing to mucosal inflammation. Using major-mismatched HCT mouse models, treatment with an anti-RGMb monoclonal antibody (mAb) that blocks the interaction with BMP-2/4 and neogenin prevented GvHD and improved survival compared to isotype control (75% versus 30% survival at 60 days after transplantation). The GVT effect was retained in tumor models. Using an inflammatory bowel disease dextran sulfate sodium model, treatment with anti-RGMb blocking monoclonal antibody but not isotype control prevented colitis and improved survival compared to control (73% versus 33% at 21 days after treatment) restoring gut homeostasis. Anti-RGMb mAb (9D1) treatment decreased IFN-γ and significantly increased IL-5 and IL-10 in the gut of the treated mice compared to the isotype control treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Pérez-Cruz
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bettina P. Iliopoulou
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Katie Hsu
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hsin-Hsu Wu
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tom Erkers
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kavya Swaminathan
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sai-Wen Tang
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cameron S. Bader
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Neeraja Kambham
- Department of Developmental biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bryan Xie
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rosemarie H. Dekruyff
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Everett Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iliopoulou B, Hsu K, Pierini A, Freeman GJ, Dekruyff RH, Meyer E. TIM-1 blockade of the donor graft provides protection against lethal GVHD. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.82.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) continues to be a common cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The T cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM) proteins represent a family of molecules that act in concert with T–cell receptor and costimulatory signals to regulate expansion, differentiation and effector function of T and NKT cells. TIM-1 binds to phosphytidylserine, exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. Given the immunoregulatory role of TIM-1, we explored how TIM-1 influences GVHD in a murine model of allogeneic HSCT which causes massive apoptosis. Here we show that mice treated with an antagonistic anti-TIM-1 mAb that blocks phosphatidylserine recognition are protected from lethal GVHD. Protection against GVHD appears to be mediated by TIM-1 expression on the donor graft as TIM-1 knockout mice showed minimal survival advantage after allogeneic HSCT. Mice treated with anti-TIM-1 mAb cleared the A20 tumor cells suggesting that GVL effects are preserved. By bioluminescent imaging, it was determined that TIM-1 blockade does not alter the homing and expansion of donor T cells in vivo, nor does it affect T or NKT cells proliferation in vitro. Moreover, using microarray analysis, we found that anti-TIM-1 treatment protects from lethal GVHD by promoting an anti-inflammatory environment in the gut tissue. Antagonistic anti-TIM-1 mAb also protects from lethal GVHD in a xenogeneic model of GVHD. Overall, these findings can form the basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to prevent GVHD and improve HSCT.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu S, leung K, Kim HY, Xiao Y, Albacker LA, Lee HJ, Umetsu DT, Freeman GJ, Dekruyff RH. Blockade of the Neogenin-RGMb-BMP signaling hub inhibits allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.192.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is associated with type 2 immune responses induced by components of adaptive as well as innate immunity. Although innate cytokines such as IL-25 have been shown to play a key role in development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR), little is known of innate molecules that regulate IL-25-mediated airway inflammation. We found that blockade of repulsive guidance molecule b (RGMb) in an experimental murine model of asthma blocked the development of AHR, a cardinal feature of asthma, and that RGMb is expressed on F4/80+CD11b+CD11cneg macrophages (RGMb+ macrophages), which accumulated in the lungs of OVA-sensitized and challenged mice, but not in naïve mice. Moreover, we found that a large fraction of the RGMb+ macrophages expressed the IL-25 receptor, IL-17RB, and produced IL-13. IL-25 was critical for the development of AHR in our model, since mice deficient in IL-17RB did not develop AHR. Finally, treatment with anti-RGMb mAb during the challenge phase of the protocol after allergen sensitization effectively prevented the development of AHR and airway inflammation, suggesting for the first time that RGMb+ cells, including RGMb+ macrophages, play critical roles in allergen-induced asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanhong Yu
- 1Dana-Farber Cancer Inst
- 2Harvard Med. Sch
| | | | | | - Yanping Xiao
- 4Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., United States Minor Outlying Islands
| | | | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- 5Korea Res. Inst. of Biosci. and Biotechnol., South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim HY, Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH. Innate lymphoid cells in asthma: Will they take your breath away? Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:795-806. [PMID: 26891006 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease that is characterized by airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) and airway inflammation. Although asthma was long thought to be driven by allergen-reactive TH 2 cells, it has recently become clear that the pathogenesis of asthma is more complicated and associated with multiple pathways and cell types. A very exciting recent development was the discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) as key players in the pathogenesis of asthma. ILCs do not express antigen receptors but react promptly to "danger signals" from inflamed tissue and produce an array of cytokines that direct the ensuing immune response. The roles of ILCs may differ in distinct asthma phenotypes. ILC2s may be critical for initiation of adaptive immune responses in inhaled allergen-driven AHR, but may also function independently of adaptive immunity, mediating influenza-induced AHR. ILC2s also contribute to resolution of lung inflammation through their production of amphiregulin. Obesity-induced asthma is associated with expansion of IL-17A-producing ILC3s in the lungs. Furthermore, ILCs may also contribute to steroid-resistant asthma. Although the precise roles of ILCs in different types of asthma are still under investigation, it is clear that inhibition of ILC function represents a potential target that could provide novel treatments for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dale T Umetsu
- Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim HY, Chang YJ, Chuang YT, Lee HH, Kasahara DI, Martin T, Hsu JT, Savage PB, Shore SA, Freeman GJ, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 deficiency eliminates airway hyperreactivity triggered by the recognition of airway cell death. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:414-25.e6. [PMID: 23672783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of asthma have been limited by a poor understanding of how nonallergic environmental exposures, such as air pollution and infection, are translated in the lung into inflammation and wheezing. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to understand the mechanism of nonallergic asthma that leads to airway hyperreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma independent of adaptive immunity. METHOD We examined mouse models of experimental asthma in which AHR was induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection or ozone exposure using mice deficient in T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM1/HAVCR1), an important asthma susceptibility gene. RESULTS TIM1(-/-) mice did not have airways disease when infected with RSV or when repeatedly exposed to ozone, a major component of air pollution. On the other hand, the TIM1(-/-) mice had allergen-induced experimental asthma, as previously shown. The RSV- and ozone-induced pathways were blocked by treatment with caspase inhibitors, indicating an absolute requirement for programmed cell death and apoptosis. TIM-1-expressing, but not TIM-1-deficient, natural killer T cells responded to apoptotic airway epithelial cells by secreting cytokines, which mediated the development of AHR. CONCLUSION We defined a novel pathway in which TIM-1, a receptor for phosphatidylserine expressed by apoptotic cells, drives the development of asthma by sensing and responding to injured and apoptotic airway epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Manangeeswaran M, Jacques J, Tami C, Konduru K, Amharref N, Perrella O, Casasnovas JM, Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH, Freeman GJ, Perrella A, Kaplan GG. Binding of hepatitis A virus to its cellular receptor 1 inhibits T-regulatory cell functions in humans. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1516-25.e3. [PMID: 22430395 PMCID: PMC3367104 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD4+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells suppress immune responses and control self-tolerance and immunity to pathogens, cancer, and alloantigens. Most pathogens activate Treg cells to minimize immune-mediated tissue damage and prevent clearance, which promotes chronic infections. However, hepatitis A virus (HAV) temporarily inhibits Treg-cell functions. We investigated whether the interaction of HAV with its cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1), a T-cell co-stimulatory molecule, inhibits the function of Treg cells to control HAV infection. METHODS We studied the effects of HAV interaction with HAVCR1 on human T cells using binding, signal transduction, apoptosis, activation, suppression, cytokine production, and confocal microscopy analyses. Cytokines were analyzed in sera from 14 patients with HAV infection using bead arrays. RESULTS Human Treg cells constitutively express HAVCR1. Binding of HAV to HAVCR1 blocked phosphorylation of Akt, prevented activation of the T-cell receptor, and inhibited function of Treg cells. At the peak viremia, patients with acute HAV infection had no Treg-cell suppression function, produced low levels of transforming growth factor-β , which limited leukocyte recruitment and survival, and produced high levels of interleukin-22, which prevented liver damage. CONCLUSIONS Interaction between HAV and its receptor HAVCR1 inhibits Treg-cell function, resulting in an immune imbalance that allows viral expansion with limited hepatocellular damage during early stages of infection-a characteristic of HAV pathogenesis. The mechanism by which HAV is cleared in the absence of Treg-cell function could be used as a model to develop anticancer therapies, modulate autoimmune and allergic responses, and prevent transplant rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chang YJ, Kim HY, Albacker LA, Baumgarth N, McKenzie ANJ, Smith DE, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Innate lymphoid cells mediate influenza-induced airway hyper-reactivity independently of adaptive immunity. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:631-8. [PMID: 21623379 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with asthma, a major public health problem, are at high risk for serious disease from influenza virus infection, but the pathogenic mechanisms by which influenza A causes airway disease and asthma are not fully known. We show here in a mouse model that influenza infection acutely induced airway hyper-reactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma, independently of T helper type 2 (T(H)2) cells and adaptive immunity. Instead, influenza infection induced AHR through a previously unknown pathway that required the interleukin 13 (IL-13)-IL-33 axis and cells of the non-T cell, non-B cell innate lymphoid type called 'natural helper cells'. Infection with influenza A virus, which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulted in much more production of IL-33 by alveolar macrophages, which in turn activated natural helper cells producing substantial IL-13.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jen Chang
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pichavant M, Matangkasombut P, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Natural killer T cells regulate the development of asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:251-60. [PMID: 20477003 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mice, monkeys and humans suggest that invariant natural killer (iNK) T cells play a very important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, a heterogeneous disease associated with airway inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity. The requirement for iNK T cells in multiple mouse models of asthma is novel and surprising, challenging the prevailing dogma that CD4(+) T cells responding to environmental allergens are the key cell type in asthma. In this article, we examine the recent studies of iNK T cells and asthma, and discuss how different subsets of NK T cells function in different forms of asthma, including forms that are independent of adaptive immunity and Th2 cells. Together, these studies suggest that iNK T cells, which can interact with many other cell types including Th2 cells, eosinophils and neutrophils, provide a unifying pathogenic mechanism for many distinct forms of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Pichavant
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: microbes, apoptosis and TIM-1 in the development of asthma. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:125-9. [PMID: 20415862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disorder which has increased dramatically in prevalence over the past three decades. Current therapies, based on the T helper type 2 (Th2) paradigm, have not been able to control this disease. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and protection against the development of asthma, and genetic studies have shown that the HAV receptor, TIM-1 (T cell, immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain), is an important atopy susceptibility gene. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that TIM-1 is a receptor for phosphatidylserine, an important marker of apoptotic cells. These studies together suggest that HAV and TIM-1 may potently regulate asthma through novel non-Th2-mediated mechanisms. Further study of the immunobiology of TIM-1 and its involvement in the clearance of apoptotic cells is likely to provide important insight into the mechanisms that lead to, and those that protect against, asthma, and how infection affects immunity and the development of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Umetsu
- Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH. Natural killer T cells are important in the pathogenesis of asthma: the many pathways to asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:975-9. [PMID: 20338622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, a complex trait associated with a number of environmental factors (eg, allergens, infection, air pollution, exercise, and obesity), involves multiple cell types and several distinct cellular and molecular pathways. These pathways include adaptive and innate immunity and involve T(H)2 cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, airway epithelial cells, and subsets of a newly described cell type called natural killer T (NKT) cells. A role for subsets of NKT cells in asthma has been suggested by extensive studies in animal models of asthma induced with allergen, viral infection, ozone exposure, or bacterial components, suggesting that NKT cells function in concert with T(H)2 cells or independently of adaptive immunity in causing airway hyperreactivity. The clinical relevance of NKT cells in human asthma is supported by the observation that NKT cells are present in the lungs of some patients with asthma, particularly patients with severe, poorly controlled asthma, although additional research is required to more precisely define the specific role of NKT cells in human asthma. These studies of NKT cells greatly expand our understanding of possible mechanisms that drive the development of asthma, particularly in the case of asthma associated with neutrophils, viral infection, and air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iweala OI, Smith DW, Matharu KS, Sada-Ovalle I, Nguyen DD, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT, Behar SM, Nagler CR. Vaccine-induced antibody isotypes are skewed by impaired CD4 T cell and invariant NKT cell effector responses in MyD88-deficient mice. J Immunol 2009; 183:2252-60. [PMID: 19620295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for TLR signaling in the initiation of an Ag-specific Ab response is controversial. In this report we show that a novel OVA-expressing recombinant Salmonella vaccine (Salmonella-OVA) elicits a Th1-biased cell-mediated and serum Ab response upon oral or i.p. immunization of C57BL/6 mice. In MyD88(-/-) mice, Th1-dependent Ab responses are greatly reduced while Th2-dependent Ab isotypes are elevated in response to oral and i.p., but not s.c. footpad, immunization. When the T effector response to oral vaccination is examined we find that activated, adoptively transferred Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells accumulate in the draining lymph nodes, but fail to produce IFN-gamma, in MyD88(-/-) mice. Moreover, CD1d tetramer staining shows that invariant NKT cells are activated in response to oral Salmonella-OVA vaccination in wild-type, but not MyD88(-/-), mice. Treatment with neutralizing Ab to CD1d reduces the OVA-specific Ab response only in MyD88-sufficient wild-type mice, suggesting that both Ag-specific CD4 T cell and invariant NKT cell effector responses to Salmonella-OVA vaccination are MyD88 dependent. Taken together, our data indicate that the type of adaptive immune response generated to this live attenuated vaccine is regulated by both the presence of MyD88-mediated signals and vaccination route, which may have important implications for future vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onyinye I Iweala
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Matangkasombut P, Pichavant M, Yasumi T, Hendricks C, Savage PB, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Direct activation of natural killer T cells induces airway hyperreactivity in nonhuman primates. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1287-9. [PMID: 18355909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Kobayashi N, Karisola P, Peña-Cruz V, Dorfman DM, Jinushi M, Umetsu SE, Butte MJ, Nagumo H, Chernova I, Zhu B, Sharpe AH, Ito S, Dranoff G, Kaplan GG, Casasnovas JM, Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH, Freeman GJ. TIM-1 and TIM-4 glycoproteins bind phosphatidylserine and mediate uptake of apoptotic cells. Immunity 2008; 27:927-40. [PMID: 18082433 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The T cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) proteins regulate T cell activation and tolerance. Here we showed that TIM-4 is expressed on human and mouse macrophages and dendritic cells, and both TIM-4 and TIM-1 specifically bound phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of apoptotic cells but not any other phospholipid tested. TIM-4(+) peritoneal macrophages, TIM-1(+) kidney cells, and TIM-4- or TIM-1-transfected cells efficiently phagocytosed apoptotic cells, and phagocytosis could be blocked by TIM-4 or TIM-1 monoclonal antibodies. Mutations in the unique cavity of TIM-4 eliminated PS binding and phagocytosis. TIM-4 mAbs that blocked PS binding and phagocytosis mapped to epitopes in this binding cavity. These results show that TIM-4 and TIM-1 are immunologically restricted members of the group of receptors whose recognition of PS is critical for the efficient clearance of apoptotic cells and prevention of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimoto Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakae S, Iikura M, Suto H, Akiba H, Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH, Saito H, Galli SJ. TIM-1 and TIM-3 enhancement of Th2 cytokine production by mast cells. Blood 2007; 110:2565-8. [PMID: 17620455 PMCID: PMC1988955 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-058800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule (TIM) family have roles in T-cell-mediated immune responses. TIM-1 and TIM-2 are predominantly expressed on T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, whereas TIM-3 is preferentially expressed on Th1 and Th17 cells. We found that TIM-1 and TIM-3, but neither TIM-2 nor TIM-4, were constitutively expressed on mouse peritoneal mast cells and bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs). After IgE + Ag stimulation, TIM-1 expression was down-regulated on BMCMCs, whereas TIM-3 expression was up-regulated. We also found that recombinant mouse TIM-4 (rmTIM-4), which is a ligand for TIM-1, as well as an anti-TIM-3 polyclonal Ab, can promote interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, and IL-13 production without enhancing degranulation in BMCMCs stimulated with IgE + Ag. Moreover, the anti-TIM-3 Ab, but neither anti-TIM-1 Ab nor rmTIM-4, suppressed mast-cell apoptosis. These observations suggest that TIM-1 and TIM-3 may be able to influence T-cell-mediated immune responses in part through effects on mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Nakae
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Allergic diseases and asthma are caused by dysregulated Th2-biased immune responses to environmental allergens in genetically predisposed individuals. Over the past several years there has been much progress in understanding the mechanisms by which Th2 responses are generated and the pathogenic role of natural killer T cells in asthma. In addition, there has been much progress in understanding the mechanisms of tolerance to allergens, the role of natural and adaptive allergen-specific regulatory T cells, and the strategies to prevent or to reverse allergic disease and asthma. Impaired expansion of regulatory T cells is hypothesized to lead to the development of allergy and asthma, and treatment to induce allergen-specific regulatory T cells could provide curative therapies for these problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Karp Laboratories, Rm 10127, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
In this chapter we will discuss the regulation of immune responses in the respiratory mucosal system, rather than in the gastrointestinal mucosal system. However, because the lung and gastrointestinal tracts derive developmentally from a common endoderm, immune mechanisms in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are likely to be very similar. Therefore, concepts that are learned about the respiratory tract are likely to benefit the understanding of tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract. We will discuss the regulation of immune responses in asthma, the role of respiratory tolerance, mediated by dendritic cells and regulatory T cells in the lung. In addition, we will discuss a genetic approach to better understand respiratory tolerance and the discovery of the TIM gene family, which regulates the development of Th2 responses, asthma, and tolerance. Finally, we will discuss the association in humans of TIM-1 and atopy, and the relationship between TIM1, hygiene, and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale T Umetsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Rm. G309, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Simmons WJ, Koneru M, Mohindru M, Thomas R, Cutro S, Singh P, Dekruyff RH, Inghirami G, Coyle AJ, Kim BS, Ponzio NM. Tim-3+ T-bet+ tumor-specific Th1 cells colocalize with and inhibit development and growth of murine neoplasms. J Immunol 2005; 174:1405-15. [PMID: 15661898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although T cells infiltrate many types of murine and human neoplasms, in many instances tumor-specific cytotoxicity is not observed. Strategies to stimulate CTL-mediated antitumor immunity have included in vitro stimulation and/or genetic engineering of T cells, followed by adoptive transfer into tumor-bearing hosts. In this model of B cell lymphoma in SJL/J mice, we used Tim-3(+) T-bet(+) Th1 cells to facilitate the development of tumor-specific CTL. Tumor-specific Th1 cell lines were polarized with IL-12 during in vitro stimulation and long term maintenance. As few as 5 million Tim-3(+) T-bet(+) Th1 cells enabled recipients to resist growth of malignant transplantable cells. In addition, similar numbers of Th1 cells injected into 2- to 3-mo-old mice inhibited development of the spontaneous primary lymphomas, which normally arise in 90% of aging mice. CFSE(+) Th1 cells colocalized with injected tumor cells in vivo and formed conjugates with the tumor cells within follicles, whereas in nontumor-challenged recipients the CFSE(+) Th1 cells localized only within the T cell zones of the spleen. These results provide evidence that adoptive immunotherapy with Tim-3(+) T-bet(+) tumor-specific Th1 cells can be used to induce host cytotoxic responses that inhibit the development and growth of neoplastic cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Mice
- NFATC Transcription Factors
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Virus/biosynthesis
- T-Box Domain Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th1 Cells/transplantation
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Simmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School Biomedical Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stock P, Akbari O, Berry G, Freeman GJ, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Induction of T helper type 1-like regulatory cells that express Foxp3 and protect against airway hyper-reactivity. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:1149-56. [PMID: 15448689 DOI: 10.1038/ni1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The range of regulatory T cell (T(R) cell) types that control immune responses is poorly understood. We describe here a population of T(R) cells that developed in vivo from naive CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells during a T helper type 1 (T(H)1)-polarized response, distinct from CD25(+) T(R) cells. These antigen-specific T(R) cells were induced by CD8alpha(+) DCs, produced both interleukin 10 and interferon-gamma, and potently inhibited the development of airway hyper-reactivity. These T(R) cells expressed the transcription factors Foxp3 and T-bet, indicating that these T(R) cells are related to T(H)1 cells. Thus, adaptive T(R) cells are heterogeneous and comprise T(H)1-like T(R) cells as well as previously described T(H)2-like T(R) cells, which express Foxp3 and are induced during the development of respiratory tolerance by CD8alpha(-) DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Stock
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5208, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Umetsu DT, Akbari O, Dekruyff RH. Regulatory T cells control the development of allergic disease and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:480-7; quiz 488. [PMID: 13679803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of T(H)2 cells in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma has been well described. However, the immunologic mechanisms that downmodulate and protect against the development of these disorders are poorly characterized. A spectrum of CD4+ T cells, including T(H)1 cells, T(H)3 cells, regulatory T cells, CD25+ T cells, and natural killer T cells might play a critical role in regulating these diseases and are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Room G309, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oh JW, Seroogy CM, Meyer EH, Akbari O, Berry G, Fathman CG, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT. CD4 T-helper cells engineered to produce IL-10 prevent allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:460-8. [PMID: 12209095 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.127512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T(H)2 cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma, but the precise immunologic mechanisms that inhibit T(H)2 cell function in vivo are not well understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our studies was to determine whether T cells producing IL-10 regulate the development of asthma. METHODS We used gene therapy to generate ovalbumin-specific CD4 T-helper cells to express IL-10, and we examined their capacity to regulate allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. RESULTS We demonstrated that the CD4 T-helper cells engineered to express IL-10 abolished airway hyperreactivity and airway eosinophilia in BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin and in SCID mice reconstituted with ovalbumin-specific T(H)2 effector cells. The inhibitory effect of the IL-10-secreting T-helper cells was accompanied by the presence of increased quantities of IL-10 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, was antigen-specific, and was reversed by neutralization of IL-10. Moreover, neutralization of IL-10 by administration of anti-IL-10 mAb in mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin seriously exacerbated airway hyperreactivity and airway inflammation. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that T cells secreting IL-10 in the respiratory mucosa can indeed regulate T(H)2-induced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation, and they strongly suggest that IL-10 plays an important inhibitory role in allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Oh
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that CD81-/- mice fail to develop Th2-biased immune responses and allergen-induced airway hyper-reactivity. Because CD81 is expressed on both activated T and on B cells, we examined the role of CD81 expression by each cell type. We established an in vitro system by backcrossing the CD81 deletion to TCR transgenic (Tg) mice and to BCR Tg mice. Here we demonstrate that CD81 expression by T cells is critical for their induction of IL-4 synthesis by B cells. CD81-/- TCR Tg T cells were impaired in IL-4 production compared to CD81+/+ TCR Tg T cells, whereas CD81-/- and CD81+/+ BCR Tg B cells induced equivalent amounts of IL-4 in CD81+/+ TCR Tg T cells. CD81-/- TCR Tg T cells expressed reduced levels of ICOS, GATA-3, STAT6 and phosphorylated STAT6 when activated by antigen-presenting B cells. Taken together, these results indicate that CD81 expression by T cells greatly enhances cognate T-B cell interactions and greatly augments intracellular activation pathways leading to Th2 polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Deng
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tsitoura DC, Blumenthal RL, Berry G, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Mechanisms preventing allergen-induced airways hyperreactivity: role of tolerance and immune deviation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:239-46. [PMID: 10932065 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.108429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aeroallergens continuously enter the respiratory tract of atopic individuals and provoke the development of asthma characterized by airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and inflammation. By contrast, nonatopic individuals are exposed to the same aeroallergens, but airway inflammation does not develop. However, the mechanisms that prevent allergen-induced respiratory diseases in nonatopic subjects are poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE In this study we compared the role of allergen-specific T-cell tolerance and immune deviation in conferring protection against the development of allergen-induced AHR. METHODS We exposed mice to intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) to induce T-cell tolerance and examined its effects on the subsequent development of AHR and inflammation. RESULTS We demonstrated that exposure of mice to intranasal OVA resulted in peripheral CD4(+) T-cell unresponsiveness that very efficiently prevented not only the development of AHR but also greatly inhibited airway inflammation and OVA-specific IgE production. The induction of peripheral T-cell tolerance and protection against AHR were not dependent on the presence of IFN-gamma or IL-4. The development of AHR was also prevented by an OVA-specific T(H)1-biased immune response induced by inhalation of OVA in the presence of IL-12. However, the OVA-specific T(H)1 response was associated with a significant degree of pulmonary inflammation. CONCLUSION These results indicate that both allergen-specific T-cell tolerance and T(H)1-biased immune deviation prevent the development of AHR, but T(H)1 responses are associated with significantly greater inflammation in the lung than is associated with T-cell unresponsiveness. Therefore CD4(+) T-cell unresponsiveness critically regulates immune responses to aeroallergens and protects against the development of allergic disease and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Tsitoura
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Immunology and Transplantation Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rizzo LV, Secord EA, Tsiagbe VK, Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH, Simmons WJ, Thorbecke GJ. Components essential for the generation of germinal centers. Dev Immunol 1998; 6:325-30. [PMID: 9814606 PMCID: PMC2276028 DOI: 10.1155/1998/47168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L V Rizzo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Clinical Immunology Section, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the expression of cytolytic activity of CD4 (TH1) and CD8 (CTL) clones was studied. The cytolytic activity of CD4 clones, but not CD8 clones, was sensitive to the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Conversely, cholera toxin (CT) inhibited cytolytic activity of CD8, but not CD4 clones. Both mitomycin C, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, and cyclosporin A (CsA) failed to inhibit the cytolytic activity of either CD4 or CD8 clones. Although pretreatment with CsA or CT did not inhibit the cytolytic activity of CD4 clones, lymphokine (interleukin 2, IL2, interferon-gamma, IFN-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor, TNF) production was strongly inhibited. Similarly, pretreatment of a CD8 clone with actinomycin D or CsA inhibited lymphokine production without affecting cytolytic activity. The production of mRNA for TNF and IFN-gamma by concanavalin A-activated CD4 clones was also inhibited by CsA and CT. Moreover, perforin-specific mRNA was not detected in activated CD4 clones. Collectively, these observations demonstrated that de novo synthesis of RNA and protein is required for expression of cytolytic activity of CD4 clones, yet production of TNF, INF-gamma, IL 2 and perforin is not involved. In contrast, the cytolytic machinery of CD8 clones is present prior to activation and is quickly expressed following activation even when de novo synthesis of RNA, protein and lymphokines is blocked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Strack
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ju ST, Strack P, Stromquist D, Dekruyff RH. Cytolytic activity of Ia-restricted T cell clones and hybridomas: evidence for a cytolytic mechanism independent of interferon-gamma, lymphotoxin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cell Immunol 1988; 117:399-413. [PMID: 2973845 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(88)90129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ten different helper T cell (Th) hybridomas that are specific to Ia or antigen plus Ia were found to express nonspecific cytolytic activity toward the cytotoxin (CT)-resistant P815 cells upon activation with either Con A or a monoclonal anti-T3 antibody (T3-mAb). In contrast to cytolytic Th1 clones which secrete high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and cytotoxin (CT) (lymphotoxin (LT, also known as TNF-beta) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha], these Th hybridomas produce low or undetectable levels of IFN-gamma and CT. No inhibitory activity of IFN-gamma and CT was observed in culture supernatants of activated Th hybridomas. Double-chamber experiments demonstrated that CT-sensitive L929 cells when physically separated from activated Th1 clones were killed by membrane-permeable CT. Under identical experimental conditions, lysis of P815 cells did not occur. Moreover, activation of Th hybridomas directly in wells containing the CT-sensitive L929 cells failed to induce target cell lysis. This confirms that these Th hybridomas produce little CT and argues against high local concentrations of CT being responsible for Th hybridoma-mediated killing of P815 cells. Finally, a polyclonal rabbit antiserum to rTNF-alpha, which strongly and specifically inhibited CT-mediated and Th1 clone-mediated killing of L929 cells, failed to inhibit P815 lysis by activated Th1 clones and Th hybridomas. These observations establish that a cytolytic mechanism independent of IFN-gamma, LT, and TNF-alpha is responsible for lysis of CT-resistant target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S T Ju
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dekruyff RH, Cantor H, Dorf ME. Activation requirements of cloned inducer T cells. II. The failure of some clones to respond to antigen presented by activated B cells. The Journal of Immunology 1986. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.136.2.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Inducer/helper T cells recognize nominal antigen in association with Ia on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Recent studies have shown that B cells can effectively function as APC. In the present study we have assessed the ability of cloned inducer T cells to discriminate between activated B cells or splenic macrophages as APC. We found that most of the clones tested demonstrated an equivalent response to antigen presented by activated B cells or splenic adherent cells. Some clones were very efficiently stimulated by antigen presented by activated B cells, whereas other clones failed to respond or responded very poorly when activated B cells were used to present antigen. We attempted to determine the mechanism responsible for the inability of certain clones to proliferate in response to antigen presented by activated B cells.
Collapse
|
27
|
Dekruyff RH, Cantor H, Dorf ME. Activation requirements of cloned inducer T cells. II. The failure of some clones to respond to antigen presented by activated B cells. J Immunol 1986; 136:446-51. [PMID: 3484492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inducer/helper T cells recognize nominal antigen in association with Ia on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Recent studies have shown that B cells can effectively function as APC. In the present study we have assessed the ability of cloned inducer T cells to discriminate between activated B cells or splenic macrophages as APC. We found that most of the clones tested demonstrated an equivalent response to antigen presented by activated B cells or splenic adherent cells. Some clones were very efficiently stimulated by antigen presented by activated B cells, whereas other clones failed to respond or responded very poorly when activated B cells were used to present antigen. We attempted to determine the mechanism responsible for the inability of certain clones to proliferate in response to antigen presented by activated B cells.
Collapse
|
28
|
Clayberger C, Dekruyff RH, Cantor H. Immunoregulatory activities of autoreactive T cells: an I-A-specific T cell clone mediates both help and suppression of antibody responses. J Immunol 1984; 132:2237-43. [PMID: 6201537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have derived a Ly-1+, 2-3- T cell clone that is specific for autologous I-A on activated but not on resting cells. After activation, this clone produces factors that induce purified (B + adherent) cells to secrete antibody in response to sheep red blood cells and type 2 T-independent antigens. Regulation of plaque-forming cell responses by this clone is dose dependent: low numbers enhance the plaque-forming cell response, whereas high numbers suppress the response. The inhibition observed with high doses is associated with cytolysis of I-A+ cells, and this can be blocked by the addition of anti-I-A antibodies. The physiologic significance of this novel cell type in regulating immune responses is discussed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Clayberger C, Dekruyff RH, Cantor H. Immunoregulatory activities of autoreactive T cells: an I-A-specific T cell clone mediates both help and suppression of antibody responses. The Journal of Immunology 1984. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.132.5.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have derived a Ly-1+, 2-3- T cell clone that is specific for autologous I-A on activated but not on resting cells. After activation, this clone produces factors that induce purified (B + adherent) cells to secrete antibody in response to sheep red blood cells and type 2 T-independent antigens. Regulation of plaque-forming cell responses by this clone is dose dependent: low numbers enhance the plaque-forming cell response, whereas high numbers suppress the response. The inhibition observed with high doses is associated with cytolysis of I-A+ cells, and this can be blocked by the addition of anti-I-A antibodies. The physiologic significance of this novel cell type in regulating immune responses is discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Dekruyff RH, Clayberger C, Cantor H. Hapten reactive inducer T cells. II. Evidence that a secreted form of the T cell receptor induces antibody production. J Exp Med 1983; 158:1881-94. [PMID: 6196433 PMCID: PMC2187175 DOI: 10.1084/jem.158.6.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The biologic activity of molecules synthesized and secreted by hapten-specific inducer T cells was examined. After activation, a single inducer clone secretes both antigen-specific inducer peptides as well as nonspecific factors. The nonspecific factors augment the in vitro response of B cells to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and Type 2 T-independent antigens. The antigen-specific molecules (ABM) induce plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses in cultures containing ABM, B cells, and antigen that links the epitope recognized by ABM with the B cell epitope. Induction of B cells by ABM is limited to B cells expressing the same I-A allele as the source of the ABM and this reflects binding by ABM to I-A products on B lymphocytes. The data reported here strongly support the view that inducer cells can activate at least some B cells by secretion of a modified form of the T cell surface receptor.
Collapse
|
31
|
Clayberger C, Dekruyff RH, Aisenberg J, Cantor H. Hapten-reactive inducer T cells. I. Definition of two classes of hapten-specific inducer cells. J Exp Med 1983; 157:1906-19. [PMID: 6602202 PMCID: PMC2187041 DOI: 10.1084/jem.157.6.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hapten-reactive inducer T cell clones can be divided into two groups based on their activation specificity. The first and largest group is conjugate specific. These clones are activated only by hapten coupled to the same carrier protein used for in vitro selection. The second group, which is quite rare, is hapten specific. Clones of this type are activated by hapten coupled to all foreign and autologus proteins tested. Both types of clones corecognize soluble antigen in association with products of the I-A locus. The hapten-specific cells were used to analyze the molecular basis of I-A vs. I-E gene control. The physiologic significance of hapten- and carrier-specific inducer T cells in the response to foreign antigens and autoantigens is discussed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Dekruyff RH, Furie RA, Siskind GW. Studies on the control of antibody synthesis. XVII. Effect of specific suppressor cells on the affinity of the antibody response by naive or primed lymphocytes. Immunology 1980; 40:255-64. [PMID: 6157641 PMCID: PMC1457998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparison was made of the effects of carrier-specific helper T-cell tolerance and carrier-specific suppressor cells on the affinity of the anti-hapten PFC produced in both a primary and secondary anti-hapten response. Carrier-specific suppressor T cells caused a striking preferential loss of high affinity PFC in the primary response, but had only a slight effect on the affinity of the anti-hapten PFC formed in the secondary response. A carrier-specific state of tolerance, induced at a dosage which was shown not to generate significant suppressor cell activity, was associated with minimal alterations in the affinity of the primary anti-hapten PFC response. Carrier specific tolerance, induced in animals which had been previously primed to the hapten on a different carrier, had little or no effect on the affinity of the PFC response.
Collapse
|