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Zhang X, Zhao Z, Zhang R, Liu J, Guo Z, Hu Q, Liu N, Liu Q. Photoactivated disinfection procedure for denture stomatitis in diabetic rats. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17268. [PMID: 38708351 PMCID: PMC11067891 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the efficacy of PADTM Plus-based photoactivated disinfection (PAD) for treating denture stomatitis (DS) in diabetic rats by establishing a diabetic rat DS model. Methods The diabetic rat DS model was developed by randomly selecting 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats and dividing them into four groups. The palate and denture surfaces of rats in the PAD groups were incubated with 1 mg/mL toluidine blue O for 1 min each, followed by a 1-min exposure to 750-mW light-emitting diode light. The PAD-1 group received one radiation treatment, and the PAD-2 group received three radiation treatments over 5 days with a 1-day interval. The nystatin (NYS) group received treatment for 5 days with a suspension of NYS of 100,000 IU. The infection group did not receive any treatment. In each group, assessments included an inflammation score of the palate, tests for fungal load, histological evaluation, and immunohistochemical detection of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) conducted 1 and 7 days following the conclusion of treatment. Results One day after treatment, the fungal load on the palate and dentures, as well as the mean optical density values of IL-17 and TNF-α, were found to be greater in the infection group than in the other three treatment groups (P < 0.05). On the 7th day after treatment, these values were significantly higher in the infection group than in the PAD-2 and NYS groups (P < 0.05). Importantly, there were no differences between the infection and PAD-1 groups nor between the PAD-2 and NYS groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions PAD effectively reduced the fungal load and the expressions of IL-17 and TNF-α in the palate and denture of diabetic DS rats. The efficacy of multiple-light treatments was superior to that of single-light treatments and similar to that of NYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Zirui Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Zhijiao Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Qiaoyu Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
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2
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Perveen S, Zhai R, Zhang Y, Kawish M, Shah MR, Chen S, Xu Z, Qiufeng D, Jin M. Boosting photo-induced antimicrobial activity of lignin nanoparticles with curcumin and zinc oxide. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127433. [PMID: 37838113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nanoparticles have gained increasing attention as a potential antimicrobial agent due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. However, the limited ability of lignin to act as an antibacterial is a major barrier to its widespread use. Thus, it is crucial to develop novel approaches to amplify lignin's biological capabilities in order to promote its effective utilization. In this study, we modified lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) with photo-active curcumin (Cur), zinc oxide (ZnO), or a combination of both to enhance their antimicrobial properties. The successful modifications of LNPs were confirmed using comprehensive characterization techniques. The antimicrobial efficacy of the modified LNPs was assessed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The results showed that the modification of LNPs with Cur and ZnO have much higher antibacterial and antibiofilm activities than unmodified LNPs. Moreover, photo illumination resulted in even higher antibacterial activity. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy revealed bacterial cells lysis and membrane damage by ZnO/Cur modified LNPs. Our research demonstrates that ZnO/Cur modified LNPs can serve as novel hybrid materials with enhanced antimicrobial capabilities. In addition, the photo-induced enhancement in antibacterial activity not only demonstrated the versatility of this hybrid material but also opened up interesting potential for bioinspired therapeutics agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Perveen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Muhammad Kawish
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sitong Chen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhaoxian Xu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Deng Qiufeng
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China.
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3
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Piksa M, Lian C, Samuel IC, Pawlik KJ, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1697-1722. [PMID: 36779328 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach to fight the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance that threatens health care, food security and agriculture. APDT uses light to excite a light-activated chemical (photosensitiser), leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many APDT studies confirm its efficacy in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. However, the development of the field is focused on exploring potential targets and developing new photosensitisers. The role of light, a crucial element for ROS production, has been neglected. What are the main parameters essential for effective photosensitiser activation? Does an optimal light radiant exposure exist? And finally, which light source is best? Many reports have described the promising antibacterial effects of APDT in vitro, however, its application in vivo, especially in clinical settings remains very limited. The restricted availability may partially be due to a lack of standard conditions or protocols, arising from the diversity of selected photosensitising agents (PS), variable testing conditions including light sources used for PS activation and methods of measuring anti-bacterial activity and their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on APDT associated with the light source used. We show how the reduction of pathogens depends on the light source applied, radiant exposure and irradiance of light used, and type of pathogen, and so critically appraise the current state of development of APDT and areas to be addressed in future studies. We anticipate that further standardisation of the experimental conditions will help the field advance, and suggest key optical and biological parameters that should be reported in all APDT studies. More in vivo and clinical studies are needed and are expected to be facilitated by advances in light sources, leading to APDT becoming a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option for bacterial and other microbial infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Imogen C Samuel
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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4
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Galinari CB, Biachi TDP, Gonçalves RS, Cesar GB, Bergmann EV, Malacarne LC, Kioshima Cotica ÉS, Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Svidzinski TIE. Photoactivity of hypericin: from natural product to antifungal application. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:38-56. [PMID: 35171731 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2036100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Considering the multifaceted and increasing application of photodynamic therapy (PDT), in recent years the antimicrobial employment of this therapy has been highlighted, because of the antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antifungal activities that have already been demonstrated. In this context, research focussed on antimycological action, especially for treatment of superficial infections, presents promising growth due to the characteristics of these infections that facilitate PDT application as new therapeutic options are needed in the field of medical mycology. Among the more than one hundred classes of photosensitizers the antifungal action of hypericin (Hyp) stands out due to its ability to permeate the lipid membrane and accumulate in different cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we aim to provide a complete overview of the origin, physicochemical characteristics, and optimal alternative drug deliveries that promote the photodynamic action of Hyp (Hyp-PDT) against fungi. Furthermore, considering the lack of a methodological consensus, we intend to compile the best strategies to guide researchers in the antifungal application of Hyp-PDT. Overall, this review provides a future perspective of new studies and clinical possibilities for the advances of such a technique in the treatment of mycoses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Barros Galinari
- Department of Analysis Clinics & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tiago de Paula Biachi
- Department of Analysis Clinics & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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5
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Yuan Y, Liu Q, Huang Y, Qi M, Yan H, Li W, Zhuang H. Antibacterial Efficacy and Mechanisms of Curcumin-Based Photodynamic Treatment against Staphylococcus aureus and Its Application in Juices. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207136. [PMID: 36296729 PMCID: PMC9612228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment (aPDT) is a non-thermal sterilization technology, which can inactivate common foodborne pathogens. In the present study, photodynamic inactivation on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with different concentrations of curcumin and light dose was evaluated and the mechanisms were also investigated. The results showed that curcumin-based aPDT could inactivate S. aureus cells by 6.9 log CFU/mL in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Moreover, the modified Gompertz model presented a good fit at the inactivation data of S. aureus. Photodynamic treatment caused cell membrane damage as revealed by analyzing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Leakage of intracellular constituents further indicated that cell membrane permeability was changed. Flow cytometry with double staining demonstrated that cell membrane integrity and the activity of nonspecific esterase were destroyed. Compared with the control group, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels caused by photodynamic treatment significantly increased. Furthermore, curcumin-based aPDT reduced S. aureus by 5 log CFU/mL in juices. The color of the juices was also tested using a Chromatic meter, and it was found that b* values were the most markedly influenced by photodynamic treatment. Overall, curcumin-based aPDT had strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus. This approach has the potential to remove foodborne pathogens from liquid food.
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6
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Carmo PHF, Freitas GJC, Dornelas JCM, Almeida BCT, Baltazar LM, Ferreira GF, Peres NTA, Santos DA. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial for the antifungal activity of amorolfine and ciclopirox olamine against the dermatophyte Trichophyton interdigitale. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6650890. [PMID: 35896502 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a nail infection caused by Trichophyton interdigitale and other fungi, which can be treated with topical amorolfine (AMR) and ciclopirox olamine (CPX). Although these drugs are widely used, little is known about the role of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) in their mechanism of action. Aiming to better understand the effects of AMR and CPX in dermatophytes, we evaluated whether they act through the production of ROS and peroxynitrite (PRN). We tested a set of strains, all susceptible to AMR and CPX, and these antifungals significantly reduced T. interdigitale viability within 24 hours. This effect occurred concomitantly with reduced ergosterol, increased production of ROS and PRN, and consequently increased lipid peroxidation. Together, these mechanisms lead to cell damage and fungal death. These fungicidal effects were abolished when PRN and superoxide scavengers were used in the assays, demonstrating the role of these species in the mechanism of action. We also studied the antioxidant system when T. interdigitale was exposed to AMR and CPX. Interestingly, superoxide dismutase and catalase inhibition lead to altered ROS and PRN production, lipid peroxidation, and ergosterol levels. In fact, the combination of AMR or CPX with a superoxide dismutase inhibitor was antagonistic. Together, these data demonstrate the importance of ROS and PRN in the antifungal action of AMR and CPX against the evaluated T. interdigitale strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H F Carmo
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J C Freitas
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João C M Dornelas
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna C T Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludmila M Baltazar
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriella F Ferreira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua São Paulo, 745, Centro, 35010-180, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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7
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Yasin G, Nasr M, Abdel Gaber SA, Hüttenberger D, Fadel M. Response surface methodological approach for optimization of photodynamic therapy of onychomycosis using chlorin e6 loaded nail penetration enhancer vesicles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 232:112461. [PMID: 35551052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) has a tremendous potential as an alternative therapeutic modality to conventional antifungals in treatment of onychomycosis, yet the nail barrier properties and the deep-seated nature of fungi within the nails remain challenging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prepare, optimize, and characterize Chorin e6 (Ce6) nail penetration enhancer containing vesicles (Ce6-nPEVs) and evaluate their photodynamic mediated effect against Trichophyton rubrum (T.rubrum); the main causative agent of onychomycosis. Optimization of the particle size and encapsulation efficiency of nPEVs was performed using a four-factor two-level full factorial design. The transungual delivery potential of the selected formulation was assessed in comparison with the free drug. The photodynamic treatment conditions for T.rubrum aPDI by free Ce6 was optimized using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design, and the aPDI effect of the selected Ce6-nPEVs was evaluated versus the free Ce6 at the optimized condition. Results showed that formulations exhibited high encapsulation efficiency for Ce6 ranging from 79.4 to 98%, particle sizes ranging from 225 to 859 nm, positive zeta potential values ranging from +30 to +70 mV, and viscosity ranging from 1.26 to 3.43 cP. The predominant parameters for maximizing the encapsulation efficiency and minimizing the particle size of Ce6-nPEVs were identified. The selected formulation showed 1.8-folds higher nail hydration and 2.3 folds improvement in percentage of Ce6 up-taken by nails compared to the free drug. Results of the microbiological study confirmed the reliability and adequacy of the Box-Behnken model, and delineated Ce6 concentration and incubation time as the significant model terms. Free Ce6 and Ce6-nPEVs showed an equipotent in vitro fungicidal effect on T.rubrum at the optimized conditions, however Ce6-nPEVs is expected to show a differential effect at the in vivo level where the advantage of the enhanced nail penetration feature will be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Yasin
- Pharmaceutical Nano-Technology Laboratory, Department of Medical Applications of Laser, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A Abdel Gaber
- Nanomedicine Department, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Maha Fadel
- Pharmaceutical Nano-Technology Laboratory, Department of Medical Applications of Laser, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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8
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In vitro study on the effects of photodynamic inactivation using methyl pheophorbide a, PhotoMed, PhotoCure, and 660 nm diode laser on Candida albicans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Ghaemi B, Hashemi SJ, Kharrazi S, Moshiri A, Kargar Jahromi H, Amani A. Photodynamic therapy-mediated extirpation of cutaneous resistant dermatophytosis with Ag@ZnO nanoparticles: an efficient therapeutic approach for onychomycosis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:219-236. [PMID: 35118874 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether photodynamic therapy of resistant onychomycosis with Ag@ZnO nanoparticles can promote the treatment procedure and extirpates the recurrence of fungal infection. Methods: Ag@ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) under UVB-radiation were applied to treat T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes in vitro through photodynamic therapy. In vivo therapeutic efficacy, biocompatibility and biodistribution of Ag@ZnO NPs were studied. Results: 40 μg/ml of UVB-activated Ag@ZnO NPs showed 100% antifungal activity against dermatophytosis in vitro and in vivo followed by complete growth prevention by degeneration of spores and mycelium after 180 days, while posed biocompatibility. Conclusion: This study showed the superiority of photodynamic therapy with Ag@ZnO NPs followed by proper regeneration of the skin with Zinc ion of the shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Ghaemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamal Hashemi
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, 1417755469, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Sharmin Kharrazi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Microbiology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Hossein Kargar Jahromi
- Research Centre for Non-Communicable Disease, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Natural Products & Medicinal Plants Research Centre, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.,Medical Biomaterial Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
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Ziental D, Mlynarczyk DT, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Lewandowski K, Sobotta L. Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112883. [PMID: 34835655 PMCID: PMC8621466 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Superficial and systemic fungal infections are essential problems for the modern health care system. One of the challenges is the growing resistance of fungi to classic antifungals and the constantly increasing cost of therapy. These factors force the scientific world to intensify the search for alternative and more effective methods of treatment. This paper presents an overview of new fungal inactivation methods using Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT). The results of research on compounds from the groups of phenothiazines, xanthanes, porphyrins, chlorins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines are presented. An intensive search for a photosensitizer with excellent properties is currently underway. The formulation based on the existing ones is also developed by combining them with nanoparticles and common antifungal therapy. Numerous studies indicate that fungi do not form any specific defense mechanism against PACT, which deems it a promising therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Konrad Lewandowski
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Ma W, Zhang M, Cui Z, Wang X, Niu X, Zhu Y, Yao Z, Ye F, Geng S, Liu C. Aloe-emodin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:499-512. [PMID: 34165875 PMCID: PMC8867962 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is responsible for the majority of dermatophytosis. Current systemic and topical antifungals against dermatophytosis are often tedious and sometimes unsatisfactory. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a non‐invasive alternative suitable for the treatment of superficial fungal infections. This work investigated the photodynamic inactivation efficacy and effects of aloe‐emodin (AE), a natural photosensitizer (PS) against T. rubrum microconidia in vitro, and evaluated the treatment effects of AE‐mediated aPDT for T. rubrum‐caused tinea corporis in vivo and tinea unguium ex vivo. The photodynamic antimicrobial efficacy of AE on T. rubrum microconidia was evaluated by MTT assay. The inhibition effect of AE‐mediated aPDT on growth of T. rubrum was studied. Intracellular location of AE, damage induced by AE‐mediated aPDT on cellular structure and surface of microconidia and generation of intracellular ROS were investigated by microscopy and flow cytometry. The therapeutic effects of AE‐mediated aPDT against dermatophytosis were assessed in T. rubrum‐caused tinea corporis guinea pig model and tinea unguium ex vivo model. AE‐mediated aPDT effectively inactivated T. rubrum microconidia in a light energy dose‐dependent manner and exhibited strong inhibitory effect on growth of T. rubrum. Microscope images indicated that AE is mainly targeted to the organelles and caused damage to the cytoplasm of microconidia after irradiation through generation of abundant intracellular ROS. AE‐mediated aPDT demonstrated effective therapeutic effects for T. rubrum‐caused tinea corporis on guinea pig model and tinea unguium in ex vivo model. The results obtained suggest that AE is a potential PS for the photodynamic treatment of dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum, but its permeability in skin and nails needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Weinan, 2 East Chaoyang Street, Weinan, 714000, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zixin Cui
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 227 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xinwu Niu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Hanzhong Vocational and Technical College, 81 Zongying Town, Hanzhong, 723002, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 227 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
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12
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Bila NM, Costa-Orlandi CB, Vaso CO, Bonatti JLC, de Assis LR, Regasini LO, Fontana CR, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. 2-Hydroxychalcone as a Potent Compound and Photosensitizer Against Dermatophyte Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:679470. [PMID: 34055673 PMCID: PMC8155603 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.679470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes, fungi that cause dermatophytosis, can invade keratinized tissues in humans and animals. The biofilm-forming ability of these fungi was described recently, and it may be correlated with the long treatment period and common recurrences of this mycosis. In this study, we evaluated the anti-dermatophytic and anti-biofilm activity of 2-hydroxychalcone (2-chalcone) in the dark and photodynamic therapy (PDT)-mediated and to determine its mechanism of action. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains were used in the study. The antifungal susceptibility test of planktonic cells, early-stage biofilms, and mature biofilms were performed using colorimetric methods. Topographies were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Human skin keratinocyte (HaCat) monolayers were also used in the cytotoxicity assays. The mechanisms of action of 2-chalcone in the dark and under photoexcitation were investigated using confocal microscopy and the quantification of ergosterol, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and death induction by apoptosis/necrosis. All strains, in the planktonic form, were inhibited after treatment with 2-chalcone (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 7.8-15.6 mg/L), terbinafine (TRB) (MIC = 0.008–0.03 mg/L), and fluconazole (FLZ) (1–512 mg/L). Early-stage biofilm and mature biofilms were inhibited by 2-chalcone at concentrations of 15.6 mg/L and 31.2 mg/L in all tested strains. However, mature biofilms were resistant to all the antifungal drugs tested. When planktonic cells and biofilms (early-stage and mature) were treated with 2-chalcone-mediated PDT, the inhibitory concentrations were reduced by four times (2–7.8 mg/L). SEM images of biofilms treated with 2-chalcone showed cell wall collapse, resulting from a probable extravasation of cytoplasmic content. The toxicity of 2-chalcone in HaCat cells showed higher IC50 values in the dark than under photoexcitation. Further, 2-chalcone targets ergosterol in the cell and promotes the generation of ROS, resulting in cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Overall, 2-chalcone-mediated PDT is a promising and safe drug candidate against dermatophytes, particularly in anti-biofilm treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Níura Madalena Bila
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Para-Clinic, School of Veterinary, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Caroline Barcelos Costa-Orlandi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Carolina Orlando Vaso
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jean Lucas Carvalho Bonatti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ribeiro de Assis
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Luís Octavio Regasini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Wei C, Zhang F, Song L, Chen X, Meng X. Photosensitization effect of curcumin for controlling plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea in postharvest apple. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Induced photo-cytotoxicity on prostate cancer cells with the photodynamic action of toluidine Blue ortho. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102306. [PMID: 33901692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become an advantageous therapeutic approach for the treatment of select cancers and microbial infections. PDT generates toxic reactive oxygen species as an end product of the interaction between the photosensitizer and light with an appropriate wavelength. Toluidine blue ortho is a photosensitizer that is commonly used in the photodynamic treatment of bacterial infection and a promising photosensitizer for cancer treatment. This study aims to evaluate the potential photo-cytotoxicity of toluidine blue ortho-mediated photodynamic therapy on PC-3 prostate cancer cells. METHODS In this study toluidine blue ortho-mediated photodynamic therapy was assessed on PC-3 cancer cells with various photosensitizer concentrations and light energy densities of the 655-nm diode laser. MTT analysis was used for the determination of the cytotoxicity on the cells and viability/cytotoxicity assay was used for live/dead cell staining after the applications. The mechanism of this application was further analyzed with the determination of intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide release. RESULTS The light applications and the photosensitizer alone did not inhibit the cell viability of PC-3 cells. 20 J/cm2 laser energy density together with 100 μM photosensitizer concentration resulted in maximum cancer cell death with a rate of approximately 89 %. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species increased with the increasing parameters of the applications that resulted in more cell death. CONCLUSION This study showed the successful anticancer activity of toluidine blue ortho upon irradiation with 655 nm of laser light against PC-3 cancer cells and it was mediated with the production of reactive oxygen species.
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15
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Lavaee F, Yousefi M, Haddadi P. Comparison of the fungicidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue, silver nanoparticle, and their conjugation on oral Candida isolates using cell viability assay. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 6:35-40. [PMID: 34195458 PMCID: PMC8226044 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.4.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of common photodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy by the silver nanoparticle, methylene blue, and their combination on biofilm and plankton cells of standard oral Candida isolates using cell viability assay. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, biofilm and plankton cells of Candida species(i.e. C .albicans and C. parapsilosis) and plankton cells of Candida glabrata were treated with methylene blue, silver nanoparticle, and their combination once alone and then with the irradiation of total dose of 1.92 J/cm² for 60 sec. The minimum inhibitory concentration and antifungal activity of each approach were evaluated using the XTT assay. Results: After photodynamic therapy, methylene blue showed antifungal effect only on Candida albicans, while the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles was increased on all Candida species. On the other hand, photodynamic therapy with the combination of methylene blue and silver nanoparticles did not have any effect on C. albicans. However, it reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration value of C. parapsilosis, and the most antifungal effect was observed on C. glabrata. Conclusion: Photodynamic therapy with photosensitizers can serve as a treatment modality in Candida infections of the oral cavity. Antifungal effect of photodynamic therapy was strain- and photosensitizer-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lavaee
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Motahare Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pardis Haddadi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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16
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Pan T, Liu X, Liu C, Li J, Ma W, Qin Y, Chen Y, Lin S, Ye F. Evaluation of the photodynamic efficacy and effects of haematoporphyrin monomethyl ether on Trichophyton rubrum microconidia in vitro. Mycoses 2020; 63:1215-1225. [PMID: 32783251 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current available treatment modes against dermatophytoses are often tedious and sometimes unsatisfactory. As an emerging and promising approach, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) attracts much attention in the treatment of superficial or localised infections. OBJECTIVES This work investigated the photodynamic efficacy and effects of haematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) on microconidia of Trichophyton rubrum in vitro. METHODS The photodynamic killing efficacy of HMME on microconidia of two T rubrum strains was assessed by MTT assay. The effects of HMME-mediated aPDT on the growth of T rubrum and cellular structure of microconidia were also investigated. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry were employed to study the intracellular localisation of HMME and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS HMME showed no obvious toxicity in the dark, but after light irradiation it inactivated the T rubrum microconidia in a light energy dose-dependent manner, and inhibited the growth of T rubrum. CLSM demonstrated that HMME initially bound to the cell envelop and entered into the cell after light irradiation. HMME-mediated aPDT also damaged the cell cytoplasm and increased the accumulation of intracellular ROS, resulting in cell death. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that HMME-mediated aPDT had potential to be used in the treatment of superficial infections caused by T rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Pan
- Department of Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Wenpeng Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yannan Qin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yunru Chen
- Department of Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shumei Lin
- Department of Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
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The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide in the Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum Growth by HaCaT Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8548619. [PMID: 32104540 PMCID: PMC7038170 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8548619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is one of the most important agents of dermatophyte infection in humans. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of HaCaT cells on T. rubrum, investigate the responsible mechanism of action, and explore the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth by HaCaT cells. The viability of fungi treated with HaCaT cells alone and with HaCaT cells combined with pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor (DPI) or the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NMMA was determined by enumerating the colony-forming units. NOS, ROS, and NO levels were quantified using fluorescent probes. The levels of the NOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Micromorphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, fungal keratinase activity was assessed by measuring dye release from keratin azure. In vitro fungal viability, keratinase activity, and ADMA content decreased after HaCaT cell intervention, whereas the levels of ROS, NO, and NOS increased. The micromorphology was abnormal. Fungi pretreated with DPI and L-NMMA exhibited opposite effects. HaCaT cells inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of T. rubrum in vitro. A suggested mechanism is that ROS and NO play an important role in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth by HaCaT cells.
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18
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Huang H, Huang M, Lv W, Hu Y, Wang R, Zheng X, Ma Y, Chen C, Tang H. Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum by 420-nm Intense Pulsed Light: In Vitro Activity and the Role of Nitric Oxide in Fungal Death. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31632277 PMCID: PMC6785631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a common dermatophyte of the skin. The aim of this experiment was to explore the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth induced by 420-nm intense pulsed light (IPL). This study found that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NO levels were increased, whereas asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) level, keratinase activity, and fungal viability were decreased after IPL treatment compared with the control condition in vitro. Moreover, micromorphology was damaged by IPL treatment. Fungal viability was increased, and the damage to the fungal structure was reduced after pretreatment with an NOS inhibitor (L-NMMA) compared with IPL treatment alone. Compared with IPL alone, pretreatment with L-NMMA decreased NOS expression and NO level and increased keratinase activity. We found that 420-nm IPL treatment can inhibit the growth of T. rubrum by regulating NO in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Wenyi Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yuetang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Hongfeng Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
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Successful treatment of kerion with itraconazole and ALA-PDT: A case report. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:385-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Calixto GMF, de Annunzio SR, Victorelli FD, Frade ML, Ferreira PS, Chorilli M, Fontana CR. Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:253. [PMID: 31309346 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) can be designed to enrich the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of several drugs. Many of the initial obstacles that impeded the clinical applications of conventional DDS have been overcome with nanotechnology-based DDS, especially those formed by chitosan (CS). CS is a linear polysaccharide obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, which has potential properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity, high bioavailability, simplicity of modification, aqueous solubility, and excellent chemical resistance. Furthermore, CS can prepare several DDS as films, gels, nanoparticles, and microparticles to improve delivery of drugs, such as photosensitizers (PS). Thus, CS-based DDS are broadly investigated for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases. In PDT, a PS is activated by light of a specific wavelength, which provokes selective damage to the target tissue and its surrounding vasculature, but most PS have low water solubility and cutaneous photosensitivity impairing the clinical use of PDT. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology using chitosan-based DDS in PDT may offer great possibilities in the treatment of diseases. Therefore, this review presents numerous applications of chitosan-based DDS in order to improve the PDT for cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases.
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21
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Shamali N, Preuß A, Saltsman I, Mahammed A, Gross Z, Däschlein G, Röder B. In vitro photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of pathogenic germs inducing onychomycosis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:358-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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da Collina GA, Freire F, Santos TPDC, Sobrinho NG, Aquino S, Prates RA, da Silva DDFT, Tempestini Horliana ACR, Pavani C. Controlling methylene blue aggregation: a more efficient alternative to treat Candida albicans infections using photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1355-1364. [PMID: 30183793 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) has been widely used in antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT), however, the mechanisms of action (Type I or Type II) are defined by its state of aggregation. In this sense, the identification of the relationships between aggregation, the mechanisms of action and the effectiveness against microorganisms, as well as the establishment of the means and the formulations that may favor the most effective mechanisms, are essential. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the in vitro aPDT efficacies against Candida albicans, by using MB in vehicles which may influence the aggregation and present an oral formulation (OF) containing MB, to be used in clinical aPDT procedures. The efficacy of MB at 20 mg L-1 was tested in a range of vehicles (water, physiological solution - NaCl 0.9%, phosphate saline buffer - PBS, sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.25% - SDS and urea 1 mol L-1) in a C. albicans planktonic culture, when using 4.68 J cm-2 of 640 ± 12 nm LED for the irradiations, as well as 5 minutes of pre-irradiation time, together with measuring the UFC mL-1. Based upon these analyses, an OF containing MB in the most effective vehicle was tested in the biofilms, as a proposal for clinical applications. When comparing some of the vehicles, sodium dodecyl sulfate was the only one that enhanced an MB aPDT efficacy in a planktonic C. albicans culture. This OF was tested in the biofilms and 50 mg L-1 MB was necessary, in order to achieve some reduction in the cell viabilities after the various treatments. The light dosimetries still need further adaptations, in order for this formulation to be used in clinical applications. The present research has indicated that the development of this formulation for the control of MB aggregations may result in more effective clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alves da Collina
- Post-Graduation Program of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mendes G, Baltazar LM, Souza DG, Sá NP, Rosa LH, Rosa CA, Souza-Fagundes EM, Ramos JP, Alves-Silva J, Cota BB, Johann S. Effects of cytochalasin E on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1296-1307. [PMID: 30053334 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effects of cytochalasin E, isolated from the extremophile fungus Aspergillus felis, on the cells of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Pb18. METHODS AND RESULTS Cytochalasin E showed a minimal inhibitory concentration of 3·6 μmol l-1 and minimum fungicidal concentration of 7·2 μmol l-1 on P. brasiliensis by in vitro microdilution and IC50 >964·0 μmol l-1 on murine macrophages. Its selectivity index (>263) indicated that this compound has selectivity for fungal cells. Morphological alterations were determined by optical and fluorescence microscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cytochalasin E affected P. brasiliensis bud-forming pseudohyphae, cell morphology, cell walls and cell membranes; caused the release of cellular material; and resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species. In murine macrophages, it affected cytoskeletal actin and inhibited phagocytosis. CONCLUSION Cytochalasin E may be useful as an antifungal prototype against P. brasiliensis and in studies on phagocytosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Paracoccidioides spp. are the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Treatment is prolonged to control the clinical manifestations and prevent relapse. The study on the effects of cytochalasin E in P. brasiliensis is important because it can be used as a prototype for new antifungal drugs and consequently, broadens the treatment options for PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mendes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - L M Baltazar
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - D G Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - N P Sá
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - L H Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - C A Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - E M Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J P Ramos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J Alves-Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - B B Cota
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - S Johann
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Houang J, Perrone G, Mawad D, Boughton PC, Ruys AJ, Lauto A. Light treatments of nail fungal infections. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700350. [PMID: 29227574 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nail fungal infections are notoriously persistent and difficult to treat which can lead to severe health impacts, particularly in the immunocompromized. Current antifungal treatments, including systemic and topical drugs, are prolonged and do not effectively provide a complete cure. Severe side effects are also associated with systemic antifungals, such as hepatotoxicity. Light treatments of onychomycosis are an emerging therapy that has localized photodynamic, photothermal or photoablative action. These treatments have shown to be an effective alternative to traditional antifungal remedies with comparable or better cure rates achieved in shorter times and without systemic side effects. This report reviews significant clinical and experimental studies in the field, highlighting mechanisms of action and major effects related to light therapy; in particular, the impact of light on fungal genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Houang
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriel Perrone
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip C Boughton
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Ruys
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Biomedical Engineering & Neuroscience Research Group, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a blue light (405 nm) could inhibit the growth of Trichopyton mentagrophytes without using a photosensitizing material as part of the treatment protocol. DESIGN Basic physiologic randomized trial using laboratory specimens (T mentagrophytes). INTERVENTIONS/METHODS Plated on a growth medium, T mentagrophytes were exposed to 3 to 5 administrations of blue light at 20 J/cm over 28 hours. Following 7 days of incubation, colony-forming units were counted and compared with nonirradiated controls. RESULTS The study found 3, 4, and 5 administrations of blue light produced significant inhibition of T mentagrophytes (P < .05); 4 and 5 applications produced the greatest inhibition of growth (84.7% and 93.6% kill rates, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The application of 405-nm light at a dose of 20 J/cm is an effective in vitro inhibitor of T mentagrophytes. To give results similar to those seen when a photosensitizing material is included, 3 to 5 applications of this wavelength and dose condition delivered over 28 hours is likely needed.
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Huang H, Lv W, Chen Y, Zheng X, Hu Y, Wang R, Huang M, Tang H. The Role of NADPH Oxidase in the Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum by 420-nm Intense Pulsed Light. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2636. [PMID: 29375505 PMCID: PMC5767184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of intense pulsed light (IPL) on Trichophyton rubrum and investigate its mechanism of action. Methods: The viability of fungi treated with IPL alone and with IPL combined with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (DPI) pretreatment was determined by MTT assays. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified with a DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined by commercial kits. The transcription of the Nox gene was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, and micromorphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, fungal keratinase activity was detected by measuring dye release from keratin azure. Results: The growth declined with statistical significance after 6 h of treatment (P < 0.001). The ROS and MDA content increased after IPL treatment, whereas the SOD and GSH-Px activity decreased. Nox gene expression was upregulated, and the micromorphology was damaged. Keratinase activity decreased. Fungi that received DPI pretreatment exhibited contrasting outcomes. Conclusion: We found that 420-nm IPL significantly inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of T. rubrum in vitro. A suggested mechanism involves Nox as a factor that mediates 420-nm IPL-induced oxidative damage of T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Weibiao Lv
- Clinical Laboratory, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Central Hospital of Nanchong, The Second Clinical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiufeng Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Hongfeng Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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Singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics under PDI relevant conditions of pathogenic dermatophytes and molds. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 178:606-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gonçalves AP, Heller J, Daskalov A, Videira A, Glass NL. Regulated Forms of Cell Death in Fungi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 28983298 PMCID: PMC5613156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death occurs in all domains of life. While some cells die in an uncontrolled way due to exposure to external cues, other cells die in a regulated manner as part of a genetically encoded developmental program. Like other eukaryotic species, fungi undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in response to various triggers. For example, exposure to external stress conditions can activate PCD pathways in fungi. Calcium redistribution between the extracellular space, the cytoplasm and intracellular storage organelles appears to be pivotal for this kind of cell death. PCD is also part of the fungal life cycle, in which it occurs during sexual and asexual reproduction, aging, and as part of development associated with infection in phytopathogenic fungi. Additionally, a fungal non-self-recognition mechanism termed heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) also involves PCD. Some of the molecular players mediating PCD during HI show remarkable similarities to major constituents involved in innate immunity in metazoans and plants. In this review we discuss recent research on fungal PCD mechanisms in comparison to more characterized mechanisms in metazoans. We highlight the role of PCD in fungi in response to exogenic compounds, fungal development and non-self-recognition processes and discuss identified intracellular signaling pathways and molecules that regulate fungal PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pedro Gonçalves
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jens Heller
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asen Daskalov
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdePorto, Portugal
| | - N Louise Glass
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
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Novickij V, Švedienė J, Paškevičius A, Novickij J. In vitro evaluation of nanosecond electroporation against Trichophyton rubrum with or without antifungal drugs and terpenes. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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黄 昊, 汤 红, 陈 颖, 郑 秀, 胡 勇, 王 瑞, 黄 美. [Effect of intense pulsed light on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:853-857. [PMID: 28669966 PMCID: PMC6744133 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.06.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of 420 nm intense pulsed light on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro and explore the mechanism. METHODS The fungal conidia were divided into treatment group with intense pulse light irradiation and control group without irradiation. The surface areas of the fungal colonies were photographed before irradiation and on the 2nd and 3rd days after irradiation to observe the changes in fungal growth. The viability of the fungus in suspension was detected at 6 h after irradiation using MTT assay. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the fungus was determined using DCFH-DA fluorescent probe, and the MDA content was detected using TBA method. RESULTS Intense pulse light (420 nm) irradiation caused obvious injuries in Trichophyton rubrum with the optimal effective light dose of 12 J/cm2 in 12 pulses. At 6 h after the irradiation, the fungus in suspension showed a 30% reduction of viability (P<0.05), and the fungal colonies showed obvious growth arrest without further expansion. Compared to the control group, the irradiated fungus showed significant increases in ROS level and MDA content (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Intense pulse light (420 nm) irradiation can induce oxidative stress in Trichophyton rubrum to lead to fungal injuries and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- 昊 黄
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 红峰 汤
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 颖 陈
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 秀芬 郑
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 勇 胡
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 瑞华 王
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 美玲 黄
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
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31
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Yang SH, Chen WH, Shan F, Jia XZ, Deng RR, Tang CP, Shen ZB. Antifungal Activity of Aspidin BB from Dryopteris fragrans against Trichophyton rubrum Involved Inhibition of Ergosterol Biosynthesis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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32
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A review of the mechanism of action of lasers and photodynamic therapy for onychomycosis. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 32:469-474. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Moorhead S, Maclean M, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. Comparative Sensitivity of Trichophyton and Aspergillus Conidia to Inactivation by Violet-Blue Light Exposure. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 34:36-41. [PMID: 26595713 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of 405 nm light for inhibiting the growth of selected species of dermatophytic and saprophytic fungi. BACKGROUND DATA The increasing incidence and resilience of dermatophytic fungal infections is a major issue, and alternative treatment methods are being sought. METHODS The sensitivity of the dermatophytic fungi Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes to 405 nm violet-blue light exposure was investigated, and the results compared with those obtained with the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus niger. Microconidia of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes and conidia of A. niger were seeded onto Sabauroud dextrose agar plates and irradiated with 405 nm light from an indium-gallium-nitride 99-DIE light-emitting diode (LED) array and the extent of inhibition was measured. RESULTS Germination of the microconidia of the Trichophyton species was completely inhibited using an irradiance of 35 mW/cm(2) for 4 h (dose of 504 J/cm(2)). A. niger conidia showed greater resistance, and colonial growth developed after light exposure. In liquid suspension tests, 405 nm light dose levels of 360, 720, and 1440 J/cm(2) resulted in complete inactivation of T. rubrum microconidia, whereas A. niger showed greater resistance, and at the highest dose level applied (1440 J/cm(2)) although A niger hyphae were completely inactivated, only a 3-log10 reduction of a 5-log10 conidial suspension was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The study results demonstrate the relatively high sensitivity of Trichophyton microconidia to 405 nm violet-blue light, and this is may be of potential interest regarding the control and treatment of dermatophyte infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Moorhead
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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34
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Wong JH, Lau KM, Wu YO, Cheng L, Wong CW, Yew DTW, Leung PC, Fung KP, Hui M, Ng TB, Lau CBS. Antifungal mode of action of macrocarpal C extracted from Eucalyptus globulus Labill (Lan An) towards the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Chin Med 2015; 10:34. [PMID: 26594235 PMCID: PMC4654844 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Lan An) have been used in Chinese medicine for many years to treat dermatomycosis. Macrocarpal C was isolated from this herb and identified as its major antifungal component by bioassay-guided purification. This study aims to investigate the antifungal activity of macrocarpal C against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, which can cause tinea pedis. Methods Fresh leaves of E. globulus were extracted with 95 % ethanol, and the resulting ethanolic extracts were dried before being partitioned with n-hexane. The n-hexane layer was then subjected to chromatographic purification to give macrocarpal C. The antifungal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of macrocarpal C was determined using the standard M38-A2 method described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The mode of action of macrocarpal C was elucidated using three in vitro assays, including (1) a fungal membrane permeability test using SYTOX® Green; (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS) production test using 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate as a cell-permeable fluorogenic probe; and (3) a DNA fragmentation test based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) detection. Terbinafine hydrochloride and nystatin were used as positive controls. Results The suppression in the growth of T. mentagrophytes following its treatment with macrocarpal C was associated with an increase in the permeability of the fungal membrane (P = 0.0043 when compared to control); an increase in the production of intracellular ROS (P = 0.0063); and the induction of apoptosis as a consequence of DNA fragmentation (P = 0.0007). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the antifungal action of macrocarpal C was associated with increases of membrane permeability, intracellular ROS and DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Kit-Man Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Yu-On Wu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Ling Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Wai Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - David Tai-Wai Yew
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Ping-Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Mamie Hui
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Tzi-Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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Anju S, Kumar NS, Krishnakumar B, Kumar BSD. Synergistic combination of violacein and azoles that leads to enhanced killing of major human pathogenic dermatophytic fungi Trichophyton rubrum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:57. [PMID: 26322275 PMCID: PMC4531294 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial mycoses caused by dermatophytic fungi such as Trichophyton rubrum represent the most common type of worldwide human infection affecting various keratinized tissues in our body such as the skin, hair, and nails, etc. The dermatophytic infection is a significant public health threat due to its persistent nature and high recurrence rates, and thus alternative treatments to cure this fungal infection are urgently required. The present study mainly focused on the synergistic activity of violacein with four azole drugs (ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, and itraconazole) against T. rubrum. The synergistic antifungal activities of violacein and azoles were measured by checkerboard microdilution and time-kill assays. In our study, combinations of violacein and azoles predominantly recorded synergistic effect (FIC index < 0.5). Significant synergistic value was recorded by the combination of violacein and clotrimazole. Time-kill assay by the combination of MIC concentration of violacein and azoles recorded that the growth of the T. rubrum was significantly arrested after 4–12 h of treatment. The combination of violacein and azoles leads to the enhanced inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination. Moreover combination enhanced the rate of release of intracellular materials. Morphological changes by SEM analysis were also prominent with the combination. A normal human cell line [Foreskin (FS) normal fibroblast] was used to check the cytotoxicity of violacein. Interestingly violacein recorded no cytotoxicity up to 100 μg/ml. The in vitro synergistic effect of violacein and azoles against clinically relevant fungi, T. rubrum, is reported here for the first time. Finally, our findings support the potential use of the violacein as an antifungal agent especially against dermatophytic fungi T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anju
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Nishanth S Kumar
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - B Krishnakumar
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - B S Dileep Kumar
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Melanin protects Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic inhibition and antifungal drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4003-11. [PMID: 25896704 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04917-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a public health concern in Latin America and South America that when not correctly treated can lead to patient death. In this study, the influence of melanin produced by Paracoccidioides spp. on the effects of treatment with antimicrobial photodynamic inhibition (aPI) and antifungal drugs was evaluated. aPI was performed using toluidine blue (TBO) as a photosensitizer and a 630-nm light-emitting diode (LED) light. The antifungals tested were itraconazole and amphotericin B. We evaluated the effects of each approach, aPI or antifungals, against nonmelanized and melanized yeast cells by performing susceptibility tests and by quantifying oxidative and nitrosative bursts during the experiments. aPI reduced nonmelanized cells by 3.0 log units and melanized cells by 1.3 log units. The results showed that melanization protects the fungal cell, probably by acting as a scavenger of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, but not of peroxynitrite. Melanin also increased the MICs of itraconazole and amphotericin B, and the drugs were fungicidal for nonmelanized and fungistatic for melanized yeast cells. Our study shows that melanin production by Paracoccidioides yeast cells serves a protective function during aPI and treatment with itraconazole and amphotericin B. The results suggest that melanin binds to the drugs, changing their antifungal activities, and also acts as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, but not of peroxynitrite, indicating that peroxynitrite is the main radical that is responsible for fungal death after aPI.
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Baltazar LM, Krausz AE, Souza ACO, Adler BL, Landriscina A, Musaev T, Nosanchuk JD, Friedman AJ. Trichophyton rubrum is inhibited by free and nanoparticle encapsulated curcumin by induction of nitrosative stress after photodynamic activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120179. [PMID: 25803281 PMCID: PMC4372525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inhibition (aPI) utilizes radical stress generated from the excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) with light to destroy pathogens. Its use against Trichophyton rubrum, a dermatophytic fungus with increasing incidence and resistance, has not been well characterized. Our aim was to evaluate the mechanism of action of aPI against T. rubrum using curcumin as the PS in both free and nanoparticle (curc-np) form. Nanocarriers stabilize curcumin and allow for enhanced solubility and PS delivery. Curcumin aPI, at optimal conditions of 10 μg/mL of PS with 10 J/cm2 of blue light (417 ± 5 nm), completely inhibited fungal growth (p<0.0001) via induction of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), which was associated with fungal death by apoptosis. Interestingly, only scavengers of RNS impeded aPI efficacy, suggesting that curcumin acts potently via a nitrosative pathway. The curc-np induced greater NO• expression and enhanced apoptosis of fungal cells, highlighting curc-np aPI as a potential treatment for T. rubrum skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Matos Baltazar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Aimee E. Krausz
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Souza
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Brandon L. Adler
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Angelo Landriscina
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Tagai Musaev
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Friedman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Baltazar LM, Ray A, Santos DA, Cisalpino PS, Friedman AJ, Nosanchuk JD. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an effective alternative approach to control fungal infections. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:202. [PMID: 25821448 PMCID: PMC4358220 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin mycoses are caused mainly by dermatophytes, which are fungal species that primarily infect areas rich in keratin such as hair, nails, and skin. Significantly, there are increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance among dermatophytes, especially for Trichophyton rubrum, the most frequent etiologic agent worldwide. Hence, investigators have been developing new therapeutic approaches, including photodynamic treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes a photosensitive substance activated by a light source of a specific wavelength. The photoactivation induces cascades of photochemicals and photobiological events that cause irreversible changes in the exposed cells. Although photodynamic approaches are well established experimentally for the treatment of certain cutaneous infections, there is limited information about its mechanism of action for specific pathogens as well as the risks to healthy tissues. In this work, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of PDT as it specifically applies to fungal diseases. The data to date suggests that photodynamic treatment approaches hold great promise for combating certain fungal pathogens, particularly dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila M Baltazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Anjana Ray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Cisalpino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adam J Friedman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
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Baltazar L, Werneck S, Carneiro H, Gouveia L, de Paula T, Byrro R, Cunha Júnior A, Soares B, Ferreira M, Souza D, Pinotti M, Cisalpino P, Santos D. Photodynamic therapy efficiently controls dermatophytosis caused byTrichophyton rubrumin a murine model. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:801-4. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Baltazar
- Department of Microbiology; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - S.M.C. Werneck
- Department of Microbiology; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - H.C.S. Carneiro
- Department of Microbiology; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - L.F. Gouveia
- Department of Microbiology; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - T.P. de Paula
- Department of Microbiology; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - R.M.D. Byrro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - A.S. Cunha Júnior
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - B.M. Soares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - M.V.L. Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - D.G. Souza
- Department of Microbiology; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - M. Pinotti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - P.S. Cisalpino
- Department of Microbiology; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - D.A. Santos
- Department of Microbiology; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos; 6627 Pampulha 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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2-(Benzylideneamino)phenol: A Promising Hydroxyaldimine with Potent Activity Against Dermatophytoses. Mycopathologia 2014; 179:243-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Imada K, Tanaka S, Ibaraki Y, Yoshimura K, Ito S. Antifungal effect of 405-nm light on Botrytis cinerea. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:670-6. [PMID: 25236427 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is very little information on the fungistatic or fungicidal effect of visible light. This study investigated the effect of 405-nm light, generated by a light-emitting diode array, on the economically important fungus Botrytis cinerea. The mycelial growth of B. cinerea was inhibited to the greatest extent by light at 405 and 415 nm and was negligibly inactivated at 450 nm, suggesting the presence of a photosensitizing compound that absorbs light mainly at wavelengths of 405-415 nm. Delta-aminolevulinic acid, a precursor of endogenous photosensitizer porphyrins, was used to determine the role of these porphyrins in 405-nm light-mediated photoinactivation of the fungus. Concentration-dependent inhibition of spore germination by delta-aminolevulinic acid and accumulation of singlet oxygen in the spores was observed when the spores were exposed to 405-nm light. These results suggest that the excitation of endogenous porphyrins and subsequent accumulation of singlet oxygen could partially explain the 405-nm light-mediated photoinactivation of B. cinerea. The development of symptoms in detached tomato leaves inoculated with B. cinerea spores was significantly reduced by irradiation with 405-nm light, indicating that 405-nm light has a potential use for controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) is a very successful necrotroph, causing serious losses in more than 200 crop hosts. This study investigated the antifungal effect of 405-nm light on this pathogen. Our results suggest that the excitation of endogenous porphyrins and subsequent accumulation of singlet oxygen contribute to the 405-nm light-mediated photoinactivation of grey mould. The development of symptoms in detached tomato leaves inoculated with B. cinerea spores was significantly inhibited by irradiation with 405-nm light, indicating that this wavelength of light has a potential use in controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Imada
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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In vitro photodynamic inactivation of Sporothrix schenckii complex species. Med Mycol 2014; 52:770-3. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Waryasz GR, Bariteau JT. Trichophyton rubrum osteomyelitis after calcaneus external fixation pin stabilization of a pilon fracture. J Foot Ankle Surg 2014; 53:480-4. [PMID: 24713493 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fungal organisms are an uncommon cause of osteomyelitis, and no dermatophyte osteomyelitis infections have been reported in published studies. We present the case of Trichophyton rubrum osteomyelitis of the calcaneus. Our patient initially presented with a pilon fracture requiring temporary external fixation while awaiting definitive fixation. From our review of the published data, the present case is the first of this type of fungal osteomyelitis to be reported. The patient was evaluated for a left neck mass during his hospitalization that was later found to be consistent with salivary duct carcinoma of the tail of the parotid gland. A left neck dissection and superficial excision of the parotid gland was performed after fixation of his pilon fracture. Subsequently, he developed an increasing lucency in the calcaneus and symptoms of pain and erythema months after the calcaneus pin had been removed. The osteomyelitis was treated with surgical debridement and 3 months of itraconazole once cultures had definitively grown T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Waryasz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI.
| | - Jason T Bariteau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI
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Silicon phthalocyanine 4 phototoxicity in Trichophyton rubrum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3029-34. [PMID: 24614382 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01448-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the leading pathogen that causes long-lasting skin and nail dermatophyte infections. Currently, topical treatment consists of terbinafine for the skin and ciclopirox for the nails, whereas systemic agents, such as oral terbinafine and itraconazole, are also prescribed. These systemic drugs have severe side effects, including liver toxicity. Topical therapies, however, are sometimes ineffective. This led us to investigate alternative treatment options, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although PDT is traditionally recognized as a therapeutic option for treating a wide range of medical conditions, including age-related macular degeneration and malignant cancers, its antimicrobial properties have also received considerable attention. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the susceptibility of dermatophytic fungi to PDT is relatively unknown. As a noninvasive treatment, PDT uses a photosensitizing drug and light, which, in the presence of oxygen, results in cellular destruction. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of cytotoxicity of PDT in vitro using the silicon phthalocyanine (Pc) 4 [SiPc(OSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2)(OH)] in T. rubrum. Confocal microscopy revealed that Pc 4 binds to cytoplasmic organelles, and upon irradiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. The impairment of fungal metabolic activities as measured by an XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt) assay indicated that 1.0 μM Pc 4 followed by 670 to 675 nm light at 2.0 J/cm(2) reduced the overall cell survival rate, which was substantiated by a dry weight assay. In addition, we found that this therapeutic approach is effective against terbinafine-sensitive (24602) and terbinafine-resistant (MRL666) strains. These data suggest that Pc 4-PDT may have utility as a treatment for dermatophytosis.
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Baltazar LDM, Santos PC, Paula TPD, Rachid MA, Cisalpino PS, Souza DG, Santos DA. IFN-γ impairs Trichophyton rubrum proliferation in a murine model of dermatophytosis through the production of IL-1β and reactive oxygen species. Med Mycol 2014; 52:293-302. [PMID: 24577006 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the main etiological agent of dermatophytosis, an infection of the skin that affects millions of people worldwide. In this study, we developed a murine model of the dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum in which C57BL/6 wild-type, interleukin (IL)-12(-/-), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ(-/-)) mice were inoculated with 1 × 10(6) conidia/animal. The fungal burden, myeloperoxidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase activities, cytokine and chemokine profiles, and histopathology of the skin were evaluated on the seventh and fourteenth days post infection. Phagocytic indices, intracellular proliferation rates, and oxidative bursts generated by macrophages from WT and IFN-γ(-/-) mice were determined. On day 7 post infection, higher fungal burdens were observed comparison with burdens on day 14 post infection. The IL-12(-/-) and IFN-γ(-/-) mice showed higher fungal burdens on the skin and lower levels of IL-1β. Conversely, the WT mice showed lower fungal burdens with higher production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and chemokine ligand 1/keratinocyte chemoattractant (CXCL1/KC). The macrophages from WT mice proved to be more efficient at engulfing and killing T. rubrum conidia through the production of reactive oxygen species. The results show that our model is a useful tool for understanding the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum and that IL-12 and IFN-γ are pivotal in controlling the infection through the recruitment and activation of neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila de Matos Baltazar
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais
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