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Mulchandani R, Zhao C, Tiseo K, Pires J, Van Boeckel TP. Predictive Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Food-Producing Animals, Europe, 2000-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:96-104. [PMID: 38146995 PMCID: PMC10756390 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.221450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, systematic national surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-producing animals has been conducted for decades; however, geographic distribution within countries remains unknown. To determine distribution within Europe, we combined 33,802 country-level AMR prevalence estimates with 2,849 local AMR prevalence estimates from 209 point prevalence surveys across 31 countries. We produced geospatial models of AMR prevalence in Escherichia coli, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter for cattle, pigs, and poultry. We summarized AMR trends by using the proportion of tested antimicrobial compounds with resistance >50% and generated predictive maps at 10 × 10 km resolution that disaggregated AMR prevalence. For E. coli, predicted prevalence rates were highest in southern Romania and southern/eastern Italy; for Salmonella, southern Hungary and central Poland; and for Campylobacter, throughout Spain. Our findings suggest that AMR distribution is heterogeneous within countries and that surveillance data from below the country level could help with prioritizing resources to reduce AMR.
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Chandra Deb L, Jara M, Lanzas C. Early evaluation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on antimicrobial use in food animals on antimicrobial resistance trends reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (2012-2019). One Health 2023; 17:100580. [PMID: 37448772 PMCID: PMC10336154 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest challenges to global public health. To address this issue in the US, governmental agencies have implemented system-wide guidance frameworks and recommendations aimed at reducing antimicrobial use. In particular, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited the extra-label use of cephalosporins in food animals in 2012 and issued the guidance for industry (GFI) #213 about establishing a framework to phase out the use of all medically relevant drugs for growth promotion in 2012. Also in 2015, the FDA implemented veterinary feed directive (VFD) drug regulations (GFI# 120) to control the use of certain antimicrobials. To assess the potential early effects of these FDA actions and other concurrent antimicrobial stewardship actions on AMR in the food chain, we compared the patterns of the phenotypic (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and percentage of resistance) and genotypic resistances for selected antimicrobials before and after 2016 across different enteric pathogen species, as reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). Most of the antimicrobials analyzed at the phenotypic level followed a downward trend in MIC after implementing the guidance. Although, most of those changes were less than one 1-fold dilution. On the other hand, compared to MIC results, the results based on phenotypic resistance prevalence evidenced higher differences in both directions between the pre- and post-guidance implementation period. Also, we did not find relevant differences in the presence of AMR genes between pre- and post-VFD drug regulations. We concluded that the FDA guidance on antimicrobial use has not led to substantial reductions in antimicrobial drug resistance yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Chandra Deb
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Manuel Jara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Dankar I, Hassan HF, Serhan M. Attitudes and practices on antibiotic use and its emerging threats among Lebanese dairy veterinarians: a case study from a developing country. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1284656. [PMID: 38098988 PMCID: PMC10720720 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1284656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to explore how veterinarians (vets) rationalized their prescribing decisions for antimicrobial (AM) uses, the barriers they perceived to implement proper farm management in Lebanon, and the consecutive threats that might arise concerning the emergent spread of antimicrobial resistance in animals and the population. Methods Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, phone call interviews were conducted with 34 veterinarians working in different demographic regions across the country. Data were analyzed qualitatively using an inductive thematic analysis. Results and discussion The majority of veterinarians called for responsible antibiotic use. The prescribing decision of veterinarians was based mainly on suspected disease from field examination, farmer's reports via phone calls, and the ability of the farmer to cover antibiotic costs. Very few veterinarians referred to laboratory diagnosis before prescribing a specific AM due to many obstacles. This study uncovered the absence of a trust relationship between veterinarians and farmers in Lebanon. Veterinarians provided different insights into farming practices, reflecting that farmers, in general, lack proper knowledge and implementation of farm management and that they mainly treat the herd on their own, especially in light of the current unprecedented economic crisis that Lebanon has been facing in the last three years. Above all, veterinarians revealed that AM resistance in Lebanon is markedly spreading, which calls for a serious and instantaneous set of governmental policies and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Dankar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Al Koura, Lebanon
| | - Hussein F. Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mireille Serhan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Al Koura, Lebanon
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O’Neill L, Manzanilla EG, Ekhlas D, Leonard FC. Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli of the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1616. [PMID: 37998818 PMCID: PMC10669415 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli of animal origin presents a threat to human health. Although animals are not the primary source of human infections, humans may be exposed to AMR E. coli of animal origin and their AMR genes through the food chain, direct contact with animals, and via the environment. For this reason, AMR in E. coli from food producing animals is included in most national and international AMR monitoring programmes and is the subject of a large body of research. As pig farming is one of the largest livestock sectors and the one with the highest antimicrobial use, there is considerable interest in the epidemiology of AMR in E. coli of porcine origin. This literature review presents an overview and appraisal of current knowledge of AMR in commensal E. coli of the porcine gastrointestinal tract with a focus on its evolution during the pig lifecycle and the relationship with antimicrobial use. It also presents an overview of the epidemiology of resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and colistin in pig production. The review highlights the widespread nature of AMR in the porcine commensal E. coli population, especially to the most-used classes in pig farming and discusses the complex interplay between age and antimicrobial use during the pig lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan O’Neill
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland
| | - Finola C. Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
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Rutjens S, Vereecke N, Sauer J, Croubels S, Devreese M. Cefquinome shows a higher impact on the pig gut microbiome and resistome compared to ceftiofur. Vet Res 2023; 54:45. [PMID: 37280708 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cephalosporins are licensed for treatment of severe bacterial infections in different species. However, the effect of these antimicrobials on the fecal microbiome and potential spread of resistance-associated genes causes great concern. This highlights the need to understand the impact of cephalosporins on the porcine fecal microbiome and resistome. A combination of long-read 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was applied to investigate the effect of conventional treatment with either ceftiofur (3 mg.kg-1 intramuscular, 3 consecutive days) or cefquinome (2 mg.kg-1 intramuscular, 5 consecutive days) on the porcine microbiome and resistome. Fecal samples were collected from 17 pigs (6 ceftiofur treated, 6 cefquinome treated, 5 control pigs) at four different timepoints. Treatment with ceftiofur resulted in an increase in Proteobacteria members on microbiome level, while on resistome level selection in TetQ containing Bacteroides, CfxA6 containing Prevotella and blaTEM-1 containing Escherichia coli was observed. Cefquinome treatment resulted in a decline in overall species richness (α-diversity) and increase in Proteobacteria members. On genus level, administration of cefquinome significantly affected more genera than ceftiofur (18 vs 8). On resistome level, cefquinome resulted in a significant increase of six antimicrobial resistance genes, with no clear correlation with certain genera. For both antimicrobials, the resistome levels returned back to the control levels 21 days post-treatment. Overall, our study provides novel insights on the effect of specific cephalosporins on the porcine gut microbiome and resistome after conventional intramuscular treatment. These results might contribute to better tailoring of the most ideal treatment strategy for some bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Rutjens
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- PathoSense BV, 2500, Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Moura P, Sandberg M, Høg BB, Niza-Ribeiro J, Nielsen EO, Alban L. Characterisation of antimicrobial usage in Danish pigs in 2020. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155811. [PMID: 37180070 PMCID: PMC10167271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Denmark is one of the world's largest exporters of pigs and pig meat, so the sector plays an important role in the national antimicrobial use (AMU). The Danish government has run antimicrobial stewardship programs in collaboration with the pig industry for more than 25 years. These have resulted in substantial overall reductions in total AMU and limiting the use of fluoroquinolones, the 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporines and the polymyxin colistin. To understand where further reductions in AMU could take place, it is necessary to investigate which antimicrobials are being used, how, and for which reasons. Materials and methods We characterized the AMU in the Danish pig sector in 2020, providing new analytical insights based on data retrieved from the VetStat database. The AMU data were segmented into classes, routes of administration, treatment indications and age groups, and interpreted as an outcome of the interventions taken. We evaluated the current AMU regarding choice of antimicrobial class. Moreover, we discussed how to further improve the antimicrobial stewardship in Danish pig production to achieve additional reductions without jeopardizing animal welfare. Where relevant, two pig veterinary specialists were consulted. Results In 2020, 43.3 mg antimicrobials per population correction unit (PCU) were ascribed to the Danish pig sector. There was practically no use of fluoroquinolones, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins and polymyxins. Weaners related to 45% of the total AMU in pigs when measured in tonnes and 81% when measured in defined animal daily doses, of these 76% were ascribed to gastrointestinal indications and overall, 83% were administered perorally. Conclusion To enable further reductions in AMU, it should be investigated how and when to replace group treatments (e.g., all animals in section or a pen) with individual treatments. Moreover, prevention of disease and promotion of animal health should be prioritized, e.g., through focus on feed, vaccination, biosecurity, and disease eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moura
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marianne Sandberg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Borck Høg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - João Niza-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Estudo de Populações, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Lis Alban
- Department for Food Safety, Veterinary Issues and Risk Analysis, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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7
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Cabello FC, Millanao AR, Lozano-Muñoz I, Godfrey HP. Misunderstandings and misinterpretations: Antimicrobial use and resistance in salmon aquaculture. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023. [PMID: 36934450 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The exponential growth of aquaculture over the past 30 years has been accompanied by a parallel increase in the use of antimicrobials. This widespread use has had negative effects on animal, human and environmental health and affected the biodiversity of the environments where aquaculture takes place. Results showing these harmful effects have been resisted and made light of by the aquaculture industry and their scientific supporters through introduction of misunderstandings and misinterpretations of concepts developed in the evolution, genetics, and molecular epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance. We focus on a few of the most obvious scientific shortcomings and biases of two recent attempts to minimise the negative impacts of excessive antimicrobial use in Chilean salmon aquaculture on human and piscine health and on the environment. Such open debate is critical to timely implementation of effective regulation of antimicrobial usage in salmon aquaculture in Chile, if the negative local and worldwide impacts of this usage are to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Cabello
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Ana R Millanao
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ivonne Lozano-Muñoz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry P Godfrey
- Department of Pathology (retired), New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Andersen VD, Møller FD, Jensen MS, Aarestrup FM, Vigre H. The quantitative effect of antimicrobial usage in Danish pig farms on the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes in slaughter pigs. Prev Vet Med 2023; 214:105899. [PMID: 36940534 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Research has long established the connection between antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in production animals, and shown that the ceasing of AMU reduces AMR. Our previous study of Danish slaughter-pig production found a quantitative relationship between lifetime AMU and abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). This study aimed to generate further quantitative knowledge on how changes in AMU in farms influence the abundance of ARGs both with immediate effect and over time. The study included 83 farms that were visited from 1 to 5 times. From each visit, a pooled faecal sample was produced. The abundance of ARGs was obtained by metagenomics. We used two-level linear mixed models for estimating the effect of AMU on the abundance of ARGs against six antimicrobial classes. The lifetime AMU of each batch was calculated from usage during their three rearing periods; as piglets, weaners and slaughter pigs (rearing pathway). AMU at farm level was estimated as the mean lifetime AMU of the sampled batches from each farm. At batch level, AMU was measured as the deviation between the batch-specific lifetime AMU and the general mean lifetime AMU at the farm. For peroral tetracycline and macrolide use there was a significant quantitative linear effect on the abundance of ARGs in batches within individual farms, indicating an immediate effect of changed AMU from batch to batch within farms. These estimated effects between batches within farms were approximately 1/2-1/3 of the effect estimated between farms. For all antimicrobial classes, the effect of the mean farm-level AMU and the abundance of ARGs present in the faeces of slaughter pigs was significant. This effect was identified only for peroral use, except for lincosamides, where the effect was for parenteral use. The results also indicated that the abundance of ARGs against a specific antimicrobial class also increased by the peroral usage of one or several other antimicrobial classes, except for ARGs against beta-lactams. These effects were generally lower than the AMU effect of the specific antimicrobial class. Overall, the farm peroral mean lifetime AMU affected the abundance of ARGs at antimicrobial class level and abundance of ARGs of other classes. However, the difference of AMU of the slaughter-pig batches affected only the abundance of ARGs at the same antimicrobial class level in the same antimicrobial class. The results do not exclude that parenteral usage of antimicrobials may have an effect on the abundance of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Andersen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - F D Møller
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M S Jensen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - F M Aarestrup
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - H Vigre
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Weese JS, O’Brien T, Bateman S. Fecal shedding of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in cats admitted to an animal shelter. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1301-1304. [PMID: 35133182 PMCID: PMC10812345 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221075602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate shedding of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in cats admitted to an animal shelter. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from cats admitted to an animal shelter between 12 June and 23 August 2018. Selective enrichment culture for ESBL-producing bacteria was performed and isolates were speciated and tested for selected ESBL genes using PCR. RESULTS ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were identified in fecal samples from 2/87 (2.3%; 95% confidence interval 0.6-8.0) cats. One isolate was an Escherichia coli that possessed blaCTX-M-1, blaCMY-2 and blaTEM genes. The other was Enterobacter cloacae possessing blaCTX-M-1 and blaCMY-2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE While the study sample size and prevalence rate for ESBL-producing bacteria were low, these data document that cats admitted to similar shelters could harbor these agents. The risk posed by ESBL-producing bacterium shedding in cats, both to cats and other species, is currently unclear. However, these findings support the need for more investigation of interspecies transmission of ESBL-producing bacteria and ESBL genes, as well as the importance of antimicrobial stewardship and routine infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler O’Brien
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shane Bateman
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Attitudes towards Use of High-Importance Antimicrobials—A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Veterinarians. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111589. [DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The timely implementation of antimicrobial stewardship interventions could delay or prevent the development of higher levels of antimicrobial resistance in the future. In food-producing animals in Australia, high-importance antimicrobials, as rated by the Australian Strategic and Technical Advisory Group (ASTAG), include virginiamycin and third-generation cephalosporins (in individual pigs or cattle). The use of high-importance antimicrobials in companion animals is more widespread and less regulated. There is no national antimicrobial use surveillance system for animals in Australia. Consequently, there is a gap in the knowledge about reasonable use across all sectors of veterinary practice. This study explored attitudes towards the use in veterinary medicine of antimicrobials with high importance to human health, and determined levels of agreement about the introduction of restrictions or other conditions on this use. An online survey was distributed via social media and email from June to December 2020 to veterinarians working in Australia. Of the 278 respondents working in clinical practice, 49% had heard of the ASTAG rating system, and 22% used a traffic light system for antimicrobial importance in their practice. Overall, 61% of participants disagreed that veterinarians should be able to prescribe high-importance antimicrobials without restrictions. If there were to be restrictions, there was most agreement amongst all respondents for only restricting high-importance antimicrobials (73%). There is a need for education, guidance, and practical support for veterinarians for prescribing high-importance antimicrobials alongside any restrictions.
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Hayer SS, Casanova-Higes A, Paladino E, Elnekave E, Nault A, Johnson T, Bender J, Perez A, Alvarez J. Global Distribution of Extended Spectrum Cephalosporin and Carbapenem Resistance and Associated Resistance Markers in Escherichia coli of Swine Origin - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:853810. [PMID: 35620091 PMCID: PMC9127762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.853810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Third generation cephalosporins and carbapenems are considered critically important antimicrobials in human medicine. Food animals such as swine can act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes/bacteria resistant to these antimicrobial classes, and potential dissemination of AMR genes or resistant bacteria from pigs to humans is an ongoing public health threat. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to: (1) estimate global proportion and animal-level prevalence of swine E. coli phenotypically resistant to third generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and carbapenems at a country level; and (2) measure abundances and global distribution of the genetic mechanisms that confer resistance to these antimicrobial classes in these E. coli isolates. Articles from four databases (CAB Abstracts, PubMed/MEDLINE, PubAg, and Web of Science) were screened to extract relevant data. Overall, proportion of E. coli resistant to 3GCs was lower in Australia, Europe, and North America compared to Asian countries. Globally, <5% of all E. coli were carbapenem-resistant. Fecal carriage rates (animal-level prevalence) were consistently manifold higher as compared to pooled proportion of resistance in E. coli isolates. blaCTX–M were the most common 3GC resistance genes globally, with the exception of North America where blaCMY were the predominant 3GC resistance genes. There was not a single dominant blaCTX–M gene subtype globally and several blaCTX–M subtypes were dominant depending on the continent. A wide variety of carbapenem-resistance genes (blaNDM–, VIM–, IMP–, OXA–48, andKPC–) were identified to be circulating in pig populations globally, albeit at very-low frequencies. However, great statistical heterogeneity and a critical lack of metadata hinders the true estimation of prevalence of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to these antimicrobials. Comparatively frequent occurrence of 3GC resistance and emergence of carbapenem resistance in certain countries underline the urgent need for improved AMR surveillance in swine production systems in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivdeep Singh Hayer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Alejandro Casanova-Higes
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eliana Paladino
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andre Nault
- Health Sciences Library, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jeff Bender
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States.,VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mitman SL, Amato HK, Saraiva-Garcia C, Loayza F, Salinas L, Kurowski K, Marusinec R, Paredes D, Cárdenas P, Trueba G, Graham JP. Risk factors for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage in domestic animals of semirural parishes east of Quito, Ecuador. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000206. [PMID: 36962308 PMCID: PMC10021719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and other antimicrobial resistant (AR) Escherichia coli threaten human and animal health worldwide. This study examined risk factors for domestic animal colonization with ceftriaxone-resistant (CR) and ESBL-producing E. coli in semirural parishes east of Quito, Ecuador, where small-scale food animal production is common. Survey data regarding household characteristics, animal care, and antimicrobial use were collected from 304 households over three sampling cycles, and 1195 environmental animal fecal samples were assessed for E. coli presence and antimicrobial susceptibility. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess potential risk factors for CR and ESBL-producing E. coli carriage. Overall, CR and ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in 56% and 10% of all fecal samples, respectively. The odds of CR E. coli carriage were greater among dogs at households that lived within a 5 km radius of more than 5 commercial food animal facilities (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.15-2.58) and lower among dogs living at households that used antimicrobials for their animal(s) based on veterinary/pharmacy recommendation (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04-0.96). Increased odds of canine ESBL-producing E. coli carriage were associated with recent antimicrobial use in any household animal (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.02-7.10) and purchase of antimicrobials from pet food stores (OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.32-35.35). Food animals at households that owned more than 3 species (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.97), that used antimicrobials for growth promotion (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.89), and that obtained antimicrobials from pet food stores (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25-0.89) had decreased odds of CR E. coli carriage, while food animals at households with more than 5 people (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.23-3.99) and located within 1 km of a commercial food animal facility (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.08-6.12) had increased odds of ESBL-producing E. coli carriage. Together, these results highlight the complexity of antimicrobial resistance among domestic animals in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siena L. Mitman
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Heather K. Amato
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Loayza
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Liseth Salinas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kathleen Kurowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Marusinec
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Paredes
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paúl Cárdenas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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13
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Abstract
In the struggle with antibiotic resistance, we are losing. There is now a serious threat of moving into a postantibiotic world. High levels of resistance, in terms of both frequency and strength, have evolved against all clinically approved antibiotics worldwide. The usable life span of new clinically approved antibiotics is typically less than a decade before resistance reaches frequencies so high as to require only guarded usage. However, microbes have produced antibiotics for millennia without resistance becoming an existential issue. If resistance is the inevitable consequence of antibiotic usage, as has been the human experience, why has it not become an issue for microbes as well, especially since resistance genes are as prevalent in nature as the genes responsible for antibiotic production? Here, we ask how antibiotics can exist given the almost ubiquitous presence of resistance genes in the very microbes that have produced and used antibiotics since before humans walked the planet. We find that the context of both production and usage of antibiotics by microbes may be key to understanding how resistance is managed over time, with antibiotic synthesis and resistance existing in a paired relationship, much like a cipher and key, that impacts microbial community assembly. Finally, we put forward the cohesive, ecologically based "secret society" hypothesis to explain the longevity of antibiotics in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Spagnolo
- Biology Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York, USA
| | - Monica Trujillo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, The City University of New York, Bayside, New York, USA
| | - John J. Dennehy
- Biology Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York, USA
- The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Loayza-Villa F, Torres A, Zhang L, Trueba G. Removal of antimicrobial prophylaxis and its effect on swine carriage of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211050279. [PMID: 34872396 PMCID: PMC10466387 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211050279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in the food animal industry has caused an increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes, which can be transferred to the microbiota of humans through the food chain or the environment. To reduce the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance, restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animals have been implemented in different countries. We investigated the impact of an antimicrobial restriction intervention during two generations of pigs. Fecal samples were collected in five growth phases. The frequency of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria or antimicrobial resistance genes was analyzed. No differences in the richness or abundance of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms or antimicrobial resistance genes were found when animals fed with or without prophylactic antimicrobials were compared. Withholding antimicrobial supplementation did not negatively affect weight gain in pigs. Withdrawal of prophylactic antimicrobial consumption during two generations of pigs was not enough to reduce the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes, as measured by richness and abundance markers. This study indicates that the fitness costs associated with bacterial carriage of some antimicrobial resistance genes are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Loayza-Villa
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Alejandro Torres
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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15
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Noyes NR, Slizovskiy IB, Singer RS. Beyond Antimicrobial Use: A Framework for Prioritizing Antimicrobial Resistance Interventions. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 9:313-332. [PMID: 33592160 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-072020-080638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to animal and human health. Antimicrobial use has been identified as a major driver of AMR, and reductions in use are a focal point of interventions to reduce resistance. Accordingly, stakeholders in human health and livestock production have implemented antimicrobial stewardship programs aimed at reducing use. Thus far, these efforts have yielded variable impacts on AMR. Furthermore, scientific advances are prompting an expansion and more nuanced appreciation of the many nonantibiotic factors that drive AMR, as well as how these factors vary across systems, geographies, and contexts. Given these trends, we propose a framework to prioritize AMR interventions. We use this framework to evaluate the impact of interventions that focus on antimicrobial use. We conclude by suggesting that priorities be expanded to include greater consideration of host-microbial interactions that dictate AMR, as well as anthropogenic and environmental systems that promote dissemination of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle R Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; ,
| | - Ilya B Slizovskiy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; ,
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;
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16
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Nobrega DB, Tang KL, Caffrey NP, De Buck J, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kastelic JP, Kellner JD, Ghali WA, Barkema HW. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and its association with restricted antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:561-575. [PMID: 33146719 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing debate regarding potential associations between restrictions of antimicrobial use and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. OBJECTIVES To summarize the effects of interventions reducing antimicrobial use in food-producing animals on the prevalence of AMR genes (ARGs) in bacteria from animals and humans. METHODS We published a full systematic review of restrictions of antimicrobials in food-producing animals and their associations with AMR in bacteria. Herein, we focus on studies reporting on the association between restricted antimicrobial use and prevalence of ARGs. We used multilevel mixed-effects models and a semi-quantitative approach based on forest plots to summarize findings from studies. RESULTS A positive effect of intervention [reduction in prevalence or number of ARGs in group(s) with restricted antimicrobial use] was reported from 29 studies for at least one ARG. We detected significant associations between a ban on avoparcin and diminished presence of the vanA gene in samples from animals and humans, whereas for the mecA gene, studies agreed on a positive effect of intervention in samples only from animals. Comparisons involving mcr-1, blaCTX-M, aadA2, vat(E), sul2, dfrA5, dfrA13, tet(E) and tet(P) indicated a reduced prevalence of genes in intervention groups. Conversely, no effects were detected for β-lactamases other than blaCTX-M and the remaining tet genes. CONCLUSIONS The available body of scientific evidence supported that restricted use of antimicrobials in food animals was associated with an either lower or equal presence of ARGs in bacteria, with effects dependent on ARG, host species and restricted drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Karen L Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Niamh P Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alicia J Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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17
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Formenti N, Calò S, Parisio G, Guarneri F, Birbes L, Pitozzi A, Scali F, Tonni M, Guadagno F, Giovannini S, Salogni C, Ianieri A, Bellini S, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. ESBL/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Wild Boar: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071855. [PMID: 34206498 PMCID: PMC8300396 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex health problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) involves many host species, numerous bacteria and several routes of transmission. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC)-producing Escherichia coli are among the most important strains. Moreover, wildlife hosts are of interest as they are likely antibiotics free and are assumed as environmental indicators of AMR contamination. Particularly, wild boar (Sus scrofa) deserves attention because of its increased population densities, with consequent health risks at the wildlife-domestic-human interface, and the limited data available on AMR. Here, 1504 wild boar fecal samples were microbiologically and molecularly analyzed to investigate ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli and, through generalized linear models, the effects of host-related factors and of human population density on their spread. A prevalence of 15.96% of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, supported by blaCTX-M (12.3%), blaTEM (6.98%), blaCMY (0.86%) and blaSHV (0.47%) gene detection, emerged. Young animals were more colonized by ESBL/AmpC strains than older subjects, as observed in domestic animals. Increased human population density leads to increased blaTEM prevalence in wild boar, suggesting that spatial overlap may favor this transmission. Our results show a high level of AMR contamination in the study area that should be further investigated. However, a role of wild boar as a maintenance host of AMR strains emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefania Calò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Giovanni Parisio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Laura Birbes
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Alessandra Pitozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Federica Guadagno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
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18
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Yun J, Muurinen J, Nykäsenoja S, Seppä-Lassila L, Sali V, Suomi J, Tuominen P, Joutsen S, Hämäläinen M, Olkkola S, Myllyniemi AL, Peltoniemi O, Heinonen M. Antimicrobial use, biosecurity, herd characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance in indicator Escherichia coli in ten Finnish pig farms. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105408. [PMID: 34130225 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated connections between antimicrobial use (AMU), biosecurity, and the numbers of pigs and staff in ten Finnish farrow-to-finish herds. Data on AMU in each herd were collected for 12 months. AMU was quantified as treatment incidences per 1000 days at risk (TI) using the consensus defined daily dose calculation. Biosecurity was scored using the Biocheck.UGent™ system. We also examined antimicrobial resistance patterns of indicator E. coli isolated from faeces of selected pigs. In each herd, two groups of five pigs were formed: 1) antimicrobial treatment group (ANT: at least one pig in the litter was identified as sick and treated with antimicrobials) and 2) non-antimicrobial treatment group (NON: the litter was not medicated). Faecal samples were taken from these pigs at 5 and 22 weeks of age, cultured, and indicator E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities. The AMU varied considerably between the herds. Altogether, most of the antimicrobial treatment courses were assigned to weaned piglets. When AMU was quantified as TIs, suckling piglets had the highest TI (mean 46.6), which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than TIs in fatteners and breeders (9.3 and 7.3, respectively). The difference between TI in suckling and TI in weaned piglets (19.1) was not statistically significant. There was a tendency for a negative correlation between the TI in breeders and the number of sows (r = -0.56, P = 0.09). Larger herds had higher external biosecurity scores than smaller herds (LS-means; 72 vs. 66, P < 0.05). The proportions of E. coli isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial were higher in pigs at 5 weeks than in pigs at 22 weeks of age (Binomial proportion means; 40.5 % vs. 15.5 %, P < 0.05); as well as proportions of isolates resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes (23.0 % vs. 3.7 %, P < 0.01). These proportions did not differ between the ANT and NON groups at either 5 or 22 weeks of age (P> 0.05). We found few connections: enhanced external biosecurity levels found in the large herds co-occurred with lower use of antimicrobials and herds with low biosecurity scores - especially in the internal subcategories - appeared to have higher proportions of resistant isolates. Conclusively, we suggest that enhancing internal biosecurity might contribute to a reduction in the spreading of antimicrobial resistance in pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyeon Yun
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Johanna Muurinen
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Risk Assessment Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Nykäsenoja
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Microbiology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Seppä-Lassila
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Risk Assessment Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Sali
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Suomi
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Risk Assessment Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Tuominen
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Risk Assessment Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Joutsen
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Risk Assessment Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Hämäläinen
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Microbiology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Olkkola
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Microbiology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Álvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Argüello H, Berendonk T, Cavaco LM, Gaze W, Schmitt H, Topp E, Guerra B, Liébana E, Stella P, Peixe L. Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06651. [PMID: 34178158 PMCID: PMC8210462 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of food-producing environments in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in EU plant-based food production, terrestrial animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) and aquaculture was assessed. Among the various sources and transmission routes identified, fertilisers of faecal origin, irrigation and surface water for plant-based food and water for aquaculture were considered of major importance. For terrestrial animal production, potential sources consist of feed, humans, water, air/dust, soil, wildlife, rodents, arthropods and equipment. Among those, evidence was found for introduction with feed and humans, for the other sources, the importance could not be assessed. Several ARB of highest priority for public health, such as carbapenem or extended-spectrum cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacterales (including Salmonella enterica), fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were identified. Among highest priority ARGs bla CTX -M, bla VIM, bla NDM, bla OXA -48-like, bla OXA -23, mcr, armA, vanA, cfr and optrA were reported. These highest priority bacteria and genes were identified in different sources, at primary and post-harvest level, particularly faeces/manure, soil and water. For all sectors, reducing the occurrence of faecal microbial contamination of fertilisers, water, feed and the production environment and minimising persistence/recycling of ARB within animal production facilities is a priority. Proper implementation of good hygiene practices, biosecurity and food safety management systems is very important. Potential AMR-specific interventions are in the early stages of development. Many data gaps relating to sources and relevance of transmission routes, diversity of ARB and ARGs, effectiveness of mitigation measures were identified. Representative epidemiological and attribution studies on AMR and its effective control in food production environments at EU level, linked to One Health and environmental initiatives, are urgently required.
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Stoica C, Cox G. Old problems and new solutions: antibiotic alternatives in food animal production. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:427-444. [PMID: 33606564 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance crisis is a Global Health challenge that impacts humans, animals, and the environment alike. In response to increased demands for animal protein and by-products, there has been a substantial increase in the use of antimicrobial agents in the animal industry. Indeed, they are extensively used to prevent, control, and (or) treat disease in animals. In addition to infection control, in-feed supplementation with antimicrobials became common practice for growth promotion of livestock. Unfortunately, the global overuse of antimicrobials has contributed to the emergence and spread of resistance. As such, many countries have implemented policies and approaches to eliminate the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters in food animals, which necessitates the need for alternate and One Health strategies to maintain animal health and welfare. This review summarizes the antimicrobial resistance crisis from Global Health and One Health perspectives. In addition, we outline examples of potential alternate strategies to circumvent antimicrobial use in animal husbandry practices, including antivirulence agents, bacteriophages, and nutritional measures to control bacterial pathogens. Overall, these alternate strategies require further research and development efforts, including assessment of efficacy and the associated development, manufacturing, and labor costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Stoica
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Georgina Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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21
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Egbule OS, Iweriebor BC, Odum EI. Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from Pig Handlers in Retail Shops and Abattoirs in Selected Localities in Southern Nigeria: Implications for Public Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:9. [PMID: 33374204 PMCID: PMC7824224 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance evolution among pathogenic microorganisms has become a huge burden globally as it has increased the burden of diseases amongst humans and animals. The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) and metallo beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (MBL-Ec) isolated from pig abattoir and handlers in retail shops was studied. In addition, the relationship between the isolates' prevalence and the background characteristics of the butchers/retailers was also investigated. Samples from 32 hand swabs of pork sellers at retail shops and 8 butchers at abattoirs, as well as 272 swabs taken from knives, tables, floors, water troughs, and carcasses from both retail shops and abattoirs, were collected. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was isolated from hand swabs, fomites, and carcasses and were identified by standard microbiological procedures. The isolates susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (300 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefuroxime (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), cefixime (5 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30 µg), imipenem (10 µg), and meropenem (10 µg) and their ability to produce ESBL and MBL was determined by phenotypic methods. Demographic information of the handlers was retrieved by means of a structured questionnaire and, in some cases, via face to face interviews. Out of 104 E. coli isolates from both sources, 52 (50.0%) and 8 (7.7%) were ESBL and MBL producers, respectively. ESBL was more prevalent on the hands of the retailers (40.6%) and butchers (75.0%). The isolates were 100% resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 4.8% resistant to nitrofurantoin. Diverse resistance patterns were observed among ESBL-Ec and MBL-Ec. It was found that 90% of ESBL-Ec and 100% of MBL-Ec were multidrug-resistant. A possible epidemiological link between the two sources was observed. The prevalence of E. coli ESBL- and MBL-producing isolates was associated with the duty performed by handlers (p = 0.012) and gender (p = 0.012). Our results provide evidence that the handlers' hands and abattoir environment had a great role to play in the high prevalence and resistance profiles of the microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sochi Egbule
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka 330106, Nigeria;
| | - Benson C. Iweriebor
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa;
| | - Edward Ikenna Odum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka 330106, Nigeria;
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22
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Compri M, Mader R, Mazzolini E, de Angelis G, Mutters NT, Babu Rajendran N, Galia L, Tacconelli E, Schrijver R. White Paper: Bridging the gap between surveillance data and antimicrobial stewardship in the animal sector-practical guidance from the JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:ii52-ii66. [PMID: 33280048 PMCID: PMC7719408 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks have joined efforts to formulate a set of target actions to link the surveillance of antimicrobial usage (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) activities in four different settings. This White Paper focuses on the veterinary setting and embraces the One Health approach. METHODS A review of the literature was carried out addressing research questions in three areas: AMS leadership and accountability; AMU surveillance and AMS; and AMR surveillance and AMS. Consensus on target actions was reached through a RAND-modified Delphi process involving over 40 experts in infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, AMS, veterinary medicine and public health, from 18 countries. RESULTS/DISCUSSION Forty-six target actions were developed and qualified as essential or desirable. Essential actions included the setup of AMS teams in all veterinary settings, building government-supported AMS programmes and following specific requirements on the production, collection and communication of AMU and AMR data. Activities of AMS teams should be tailored to the local situation and capacities, and be linked to local or national surveillance systems and infection control programmes. Several research priorities were also identified, such as the need to develop more clinical breakpoints in veterinary medicine. CONCLUSIONS This White Paper offers a practical tool to veterinary practitioners and policy makers to improve AMS in the One Health approach, thanks to surveillance data generated in the veterinary setting. This work may also be useful to medical doctors wishing to better understand the specificities of the veterinary setting and facilitate cross-sectoral collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Compri
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rodolphe Mader
- University of Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Lyon, Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Virulence Unit, Lyon, France
| | - Elena Mazzolini
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nico T Mutters
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nithya Babu Rajendran
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Clinical Research Unit for healthcare associated infections, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liliana Galia
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Clinical Research Unit for healthcare associated infections, Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Occurrence and faecal shedding of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in sows and their offspring. ACTA VET BRNO 2020. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202089030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to monitor the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli on farm A with the history of previous use of ceftiofur in suckling pigletsand to analyse the risk factors of selection and dissemination of ESBL producers in the production herd. In the year of 2014, a total of 411 samples (rectal swabs or faeces)from pigs of various age categories (sows, gilts and suckling piglets) were collected. The sampling was performed more than 24 months after the ban of ceftiofur on the farm.The sows and gilts were sampled repeatedly before and after farrowing. All collected samples were directly cultivated on MacConkey agar (MCA) containing cefotaxime (2 mg/l) and obtained sub-cultures were tested for ESBL production by double disc synergy test. According to our results, all gilts were negative for ESBL-producing E. coli in the introduction period, however, the excretion of ESBL-producing E. coli was observed before and after delivery. Most of the new-born piglets from positive sows and gilts shed ESBL-producing E. coli early after birth. All tested ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobials, suggesting that antibiotics from other groups used for therapy co-select for ESBL producers in pigs on the studied farm. Intestinal colonization of lactating sows and their offspring as well as survival of ESBL-producing E. coli in the farm environment should be recognised as important risk factors of circulation and long-time persistence of ESBL producers in the herd.
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Bergšpica I, Kaprou G, Alexa EA, Prieto M, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli in Pigs and Pork Meat in the European Union. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E678. [PMID: 33036406 PMCID: PMC7600538 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review the fast and worldwide distribution of ESBL enzymes and to describe the role of the pork production chain as a reservoir and transmission route of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and ESBLs in the European Union (EU). The use of β-lactam antibiotics in swine production and the prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli in fattening pigs and pork meat across Europe is analyzed. Overall, an increasing trend in the prevalence of presumptive ESBL producing E. coli in fattening pigs in the EU has been observed in the last decade, although with major differences among countries, linked to different approaches in the use of antimicrobials in pork production within the EU. Moreover, the various dissemination pathways of these bacteria along the pork production chain are described, along with factors at farm and slaughterhouse level influencing the risk of introducing or spreading ESBL producing bacteria throughout the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bergšpica
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (G.K.); (E.A.A.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Georgia Kaprou
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (G.K.); (E.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Elena A. Alexa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (G.K.); (E.A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (G.K.); (E.A.A.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Avelino Alvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (G.K.); (E.A.A.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
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25
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Zelendova M, Dolejska M, Masarikova M, Jamborova I, Vasek J, Smola J, Manga I, Cizek A. CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli in pigs from a Czech farm during production cycle. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:369-376. [PMID: 32452042 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence and epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates in pigs during production cycle on a Czech farm with the history of previous use of ceftiofur. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were obtained from rectal swabs from pigs of different age groups (suckling piglets, weaned piglets, growers and sows). Collected samples were directly cultivated on MacConkey agar with cefotaxime (2 mg l-1 ), whereas intestinal swabs of slaughtered pigs and surface swabs from pig carcasses were also pre-enriched in buffered peptone water without antimicrobials before the cultivation. Clonal relationship of selected isolates was determined by XbaI pulse-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus sequence typing. The transferability of plasmids carrying blaCTX-M genes was tested by conjugation experiments. From all examined samples, 141 (43·7%, n = 323) were positive for ESBL-producing E. coli. All ESBL-producing isolates showed resistance to multiple antimicrobials and were positive for blaCTX-M genes. The blaCTX-M-1 was carried by conjugative IncN/ST1 plasmids (c. 40-45 kb) while the blaCTX-M-15 was located on conjugative F plasmids with F:18:A5:B1 formula (c. 165 kb). This study demonstrated the persistence of CTX-M-positive E. coli isolates 2 months after banner of ceftiofur usage and indicated possible risk of transmission of these isolates to humans via the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zelendova
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Dolejska
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Masarikova
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - I Jamborova
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Vasek
- Ruminant and Swine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Smola
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Ruminant and Swine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - I Manga
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Cizek
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Herrero-Fresno A, Olsen JE. Effect of ampicillin, cephalexin, ceftiofur and tetracycline treatment on selection of resistant coliforms in a swine faecal microcosmos. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1238-1247. [PMID: 32430970 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse and compare the effect of selection power for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in coliforms of two kinds of β-lactams-aminopenicillins; ampicillin (Amp) and cephalosporins; cephalexin (Cpn) and ceftiofur (Cef)-and tetracycline (Tet) using an approach based on a swine faecal microcosmos. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen faecal samples from 32 pigs (mixed two by two) were treated with Amp, Cpn, Cef and Tet for 6 h (T6h) at concentrations expected to reach the animals gut when using in vivo standard doses. Controls (no drug added) were also tested. Next, samples were 1 : 100 diluted and left under the same conditions (no antimicrobial added) for further 20 h (T20h). The proportion of resistant coliform bacteria (R coliforms) to each antimicrobial was analysed just before starting the treatment (T0), at T6h and at T20h. Coselection was also studied by replica plating. Treatment for 6 h yielded significant increase in proportion of R coliforms, regardless of the drug and lack of selection pressure showed different effects at T20h depending on the antimicrobial used. Selective pressure was associated with the type of the β-lactam with Amp selecting for significantly higher numbers of R coliforms than cephalosporins. CONCLUSIONS AMR development was observed following short treatment, and for Amp and Tet treatment, resistance persisted 20 h beyond the interruption of treatment. An association between kind of β-lactam and power of selection was found. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY AMR represents a threat to human health globally and antimicrobial treatment of livestock has a direct impact on this problem. Through our approach based on a swine faecal microcosmos, we demonstrated the effect on AMR development of several drugs commonly used in livestock. Cephalosporins, representing last-line antimicrobials in human medicine, exerted lower selective pressure than Amp under the conditions used and yielded higher proportion of multidrug-R strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J E Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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27
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Shabana I, Al-Enazi A. Investigation of plasmid-mediated resistance in E. coli isolated from healthy and diarrheic sheep and goats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:788-796. [PMID: 32127753 PMCID: PMC7042619 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is zoonotic bacteria and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains becomes a critical issue in both human and animal health globally. This study was therefore aimed to investigate the plasmid-mediated resistance in E. coli strains isolated from healthy and diarrheic sheep and goats. A total of 234 fecal samples were obtained from 157 sheep (99 healthy and 58 diarrheic) and 77 goats (32 healthy and 45 diarrheic) for the isolation and identification of E. coli. Plasmid DNA was extracted using the alkaline lysis method. Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined against the three classes of antimicrobials, which resistance is mediated by plasmids (Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolone, and Aminoglycosides) using the disc-diffusion method. The frequency of plasmid-mediated resistance genes was investigated by PCR. A total of 159 E. coli strains harbored plasmids. The isolates antibiogram showed different patterns of resistance in both healthy and diarrheic animals. A total of (82; 51.5%) E. coli strains were multidrug-resistant. rmtB gene was detected in all Aminoglycoside-resistant E. coli, and the ESBL-producing E. coli possessed different CTX-M genes. Similarly, fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli possessed different qnr genes. On the analysis of the gyrB gene sequence of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli, multiple point mutations were revealed. In conclusion, a high prevalence of E. coli with high resistance patterns to antimicrobials was revealed in the current study, in addition to a wide distribution of their resistance determinants. These findings highlight the importance of sheep and goats as reservoirs for the dissemination of MDR E. coli and resistance gene horizontal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.I. Shabana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - A.T. Al-Enazi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-madinah Al-munawarah, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Bennani H, Mateus A, Mays N, Eastmure E, Stärk KDC, Häsler B. Overview of Evidence of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E49. [PMID: 32013023 PMCID: PMC7168130 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem. Bacteria carrying resistance genes can be transmitted between humans, animals and the environment. There are concerns that the widespread use of antimicrobials in the food chain constitutes an important source of AMR in humans, but the extent of this transmission is not well understood. The aim of this review is to examine published evidence on the links between antimicrobial use (AMU) in the food chain and AMR in people and animals. The evidence showed a link between AMU in animals and the occurrence of resistance in these animals. However, evidence of the benefits of a reduction in AMU in animals on the prevalence of resistant bacteria in humans is scarce. The presence of resistant bacteria is documented in the human food supply chain, which presents a potential exposure route and risk to public health. Microbial genome sequencing has enabled the establishment of some links between the presence of resistant bacteria in humans and animals but, for some antimicrobials, no link could be established. Research and monitoring of AMU and AMR in an integrated manner is essential for a better understanding of the biology and the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bennani
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.M.); (K.D.C.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Ana Mateus
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.M.); (K.D.C.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Nicholas Mays
- Policy Innovation Research Unit, Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (N.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Elizabeth Eastmure
- Policy Innovation Research Unit, Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (N.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Katharina D. C. Stärk
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.M.); (K.D.C.S.); (B.H.)
- SAFOSO AG, Waldeggstrasse 1, CH 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.M.); (K.D.C.S.); (B.H.)
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29
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Andersen VD, Aarestrup FM, Munk P, Jensen MS, de Knegt LV, Bortolaia V, Knudsen BE, Lukjancenko O, Birkegård AC, Vigre H. Predicting effects of changed antimicrobial usage on the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes in finisher' gut microbiomes. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104853. [PMID: 31783288 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is accepted that usage of antimicrobials (AMs) in food animals causes the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in this sector, while also contributing to the burden of AMR in humans. Curbing the increasing occurrence of AMR in food animals requires in-depth knowledge of the quantitative relationship between antimicrobial usage (AMU) and AMR to achieve desired resistance reductions from interventions targeting AMU. In the observational study, the relationships between lifetime AMU in 83 finisher batches from Danish farms and the AMR gene abundances of seven antimicrobial classes in their gut microbiomes were quantified using multi-variable linear regression models. These relationships and the national lifetime AMU in pigs were included in the predictive modelling that allowed for testing of scenarios with changed lifetime AMU for finishers produced in Denmark in 2014. A total of 50 farms from the observational study were included in validating the observational study and the predictive modelling. The results from the observational study showed that the relationship was linear, and that the parenteral usage of AMs had a high effect on specific AM-classes of resistance, whereas the peroral usage had a lower but broader effect on several classes. Three different scenarios of changed lifetime AMU were simulated in the predictive modelling. When all tetracycline usage ceased, the predicted interval reductions of aminoglycoside, lincosamide and tetracycline resistance were 4-42 %, 0-8 % and 9-18 %, respectively. When the peroral tetracycline usage of the 10 % highest users was replaced with peroral macrolide usage, the tetracycline resistance fell by 1-2 % and the macrolide and MLSb resistance increased by 5-8 %. When all extended-spectrum penicillin usage was replaced with parenteral lincosamide usage, the beta-lactam resistance fell by 2-7 %, but the lincosamide usage and resistance increased by 194 % and 10-45 %, respectively. The external validation provided results within the 95 % CI of the predictive modelling outcome at national level, while the external validation at farm level was less accurate. In conclusion, interventions targeting AMU will reduce AMR abundance, though differently depending on the targeted AM-class and provided the reduction of one AM-class usage is not replaced with usage of another AM-class. Predicting several classes of AMR gene abundance simultaneously will support stakeholders when deciding on interventions targeting AMU in the finisher production to avoid adverse and unforeseen effects on the AMR abundance. This study provides a sound predictive modelling framework for further development, including the dynamics of AMU on AMR in finishers at national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Andersen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - F M Aarestrup
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - P Munk
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M S Jensen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - L V de Knegt
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - V Bortolaia
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - B E Knudsen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - O Lukjancenko
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A C Birkegård
- The National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - H Vigre
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Tang KL, Caffrey NP, Nóbrega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kellner JD, Checkley SL, Ghali WA. Comparison of different approaches to antibiotic restriction in food-producing animals: stratified results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001710. [PMID: 31543995 PMCID: PMC6730577 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported, in a systematic review of 181 studies, that restriction of antibiotic use in food-producing animals is associated with a reduction in antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. While informative, that report did not concretely specify whether different types of restriction are associated with differential effectiveness in reducing resistance. We undertook a sub-analysis of the systematic review to address this question. METHODS We created a classification scheme of different approaches to antibiotic restriction: (1) complete restriction; (2) single antibiotic-class restriction; (3) single antibiotic restriction; (4) all non-therapeutic use restriction; (5) growth promoter and prophylaxis restriction; (6) growth promoter restriction and (7) other/undetermined. All studies in the original systematic review that were amenable to meta-analysis were included into this substudy and coded by intervention type. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models, stratified by intervention type. RESULTS A total of 127 studies were included. The most frequently studied intervention type was complete restriction (n=51), followed by restriction of non-therapeutic (n=33) and growth promoter (n=19) indications. None examined growth promoter and prophylaxis restrictions together. Three and seven studies examined single antibiotic-class and single antibiotic restrictions, respectively; these two intervention types were not significantly associated with reductions in antibiotic resistance. Though complete restrictions were associated with a 15% reduction in antibiotic resistance, less prohibitive approaches also demonstrated reduction in antibiotic resistance of 9%-30%. CONCLUSION Broad interventions that restrict global antibiotic use appear to be more effective in reducing antibiotic resistance compared with restrictions that narrowly target one specific antibiotic or antibiotic class. Importantly, interventions that allow for therapeutic antibiotic use appear similarly effective compared with those that restrict all uses of antibiotics, suggesting that complete bans are not necessary. These findings directly inform the creation of specific policies to restrict antibiotic use in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Niamh P Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diego B Nóbrega
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alicia J Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Clasen J, Birkegård AC, Græsbøll K, Folkesson A. Evolution of TEM-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Escherichia coli by cephalosporins. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 19:32-39. [PMID: 31048029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to examine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the evolution of TEM-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) following selective pressure from four third-generation cephalosporins, namely ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and ceftibuten. In addition, selective enrichment for ESBL detection in environmental samples was investigated. METHODS Using experimental evolution, resistant variants were isolated and mutations in TEM-1 were examined by DNA sequencing. Resistance levels and the development of cross-resistance were determined for ESBL-producing isolates by Etest and disk diffusion assay. Selective plating with or without prior growth in selective broth was used to examine the approach of selective enrichment for ESBL detection. RESULTS The third-generation cephalosporins ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone selected for ESBLs, whereas ceftibuten did not. All ESBL variants additionally remained susceptible to ceftibuten. DNA sequencing of the TEM-1 coding sequence of mutants revealed mutations not previously isolated through selection. This indicates that the potential for ESBL evolution is much broader than can be inferred from sequence analysis of clinical samples alone. The results also indicate that selective enrichment for enhanced detection of ESBL-producers may give unreliable results owing to the selection of spontaneous mutations in narrow-spectrum β-lactamases resulting in TEM-type ESBL-producers. CONCLUSION These results help explain the molecular changes responsible for evolution of TEM-type ESBLs and meanwhile question the appropriate use of selective enrichment for detection of ESBLs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Clasen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anna Camilla Birkegård
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaare Græsbøll
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Folkesson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Coyne L, Arief R, Benigno C, Giang VN, Huong LQ, Jeamsripong S, Kalpravidh W, McGrane J, Padungtod P, Patrick I, Schoonman L, Setyawan E, Harja Sukarno A, Srisamran J, Ngoc PT, Rushton J. Characterizing Antimicrobial Use in the Livestock Sector in Three South East Asian Countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam). Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E33. [PMID: 30934638 PMCID: PMC6466601 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework was developed to characterize the antimicrobial use/antimicrobial resistance complex in livestock systems in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Farm profitability, disease prevention, and mortality rate reduction were identified as drivers toward antimicrobial use in livestock systems. It revealed that antimicrobial use was high in all sectors studied, and that routine preventative use was of particular importance to broiler production systems. Misleading feed labeling was identified as a hurdle to the collection of accurate antimicrobial use data, with farmers being unaware of the antimicrobials contained in some commercial feed. Economic analysis found that the cost of antimicrobials was low relative to other farm inputs, and that farm profitability was precariously balanced. High disease and poor prices were identified as potential drivers toward economic loss. The research indicates that antimicrobial use in small-scale poultry production systems improves feed conversion ratios and overall productivity. However, data were limited to quantify adequately these potential gains and their impacts on the food supply. During the study, all countries embraced and implemented policies on better management of antimicrobial use in livestock and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Future policies need to consider farm-level economics and livestock food supply issues when developing further antimicrobial use interventions in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Coyne
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Riana Arief
- Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies, Bogor 16310, Indonesia.
| | - Carolyn Benigno
- FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok 10200, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - James McGrane
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | | | - Ian Patrick
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
- Agricultural and Resource Economic Consulting Services, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | - Erry Setyawan
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | | | - Jutanat Srisamran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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Stevens M, Piepers S, De Vliegher S. The effect of mastitis management input and implementation of mastitis management on udder health, milk quality, and antimicrobial consumption in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2401-2415. [PMID: 30692005 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate evolutions in herd-level antimicrobial consumption (AMC) and in udder health and milk quality parameters between herds that received mastitis management input on a regular basis (actively advised by the first author; referred to as intervention herds) and herds that did not (referred to as control herds). Strikingly, herds in the intervention group had a significantly higher prevalence of new intramammary infections compared with those in the control group. No significant differences were observed in the percentage of chronically infected cows, the bulk milk somatic cell count, and the bacterial and coliform count between the intervention and control herds, nor did the herd-level AMC differ between them. Furthermore, the level of mastitis management applied in each herd was assessed and scored [mastitis management score (MMS); higher is better], as was the level of implementation of different recommended mastitis management practices over time, expressed as the mastitis management implementation score (MMIS; higher is better). A large variation was observed in MMS and MMIS in the intervention herds (median = 16 and range = 12 to 22; median = 13 and range = -5 to 31, respectively) and the control herds (median = 16 and range = 9 to 22; median = 9 and range = -13 to 22, respectively). Also, intervention herds in which the herd veterinarian attended each herd visit executed by the first author had a higher MMS and MMIS (median = 20 and 24, respectively) compared with herds in which the veterinarian sometimes (median = 16 and 17, respectively) or never (median = 16.5 and 7.5, respectively) attended the herd visits. Further, the association between MMS or MMIS on one hand and udder health, milk quality, and the herd-level AMC over time on the other was studied using the data of both groups of herds. Better mastitis management was associated with a reduction in the consumption of antimicrobials that are critically important for human health over time and with lower bacterial counts and bulk milk somatic cell count. Better mastitis management can be helpful in obtaining better milk quality and more responsible use of critically important antimicrobials on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stevens
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Abstract
There is broad consensus internationally that surveillance of the levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurring in various systems underpins strategies to address the issue. The key reasons for surveillance of resistance are to determine (i) the size of the problem, (ii) whether resistance is increasing, (iii) whether previously unknown types of resistance are emerging, (iv) whether a particular type of resistance is spreading, and (v) whether a particular type of resistance is associated with a particular outbreak. The implications of acquiring and utilizing this information need to be considered in the design of a surveillance system. AMR surveillance provides a foundation for assessing the burden of AMR and for providing the necessary evidence for developing efficient and effective control and prevention strategies. The codevelopment of AMR surveillance programs in humans and animals is essential, but there remain several key elements that make data comparisons between AMR monitoring programs, and between regions, difficult. Currently, AMR surveillance relies on uncomplicated in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility methods. However, the lack of harmonization across programs and the limitation of genetic information of AMR remain the major drawbacks of these phenotypic methods. The future of AMR surveillance is moving toward genotypic detection, and molecular analysis methods are expected to yield a wealth of information. However, the expectation that these molecular techniques will surpass phenotypic susceptibility testing in routine diagnosis and monitoring of AMR remains a distant reality, and phenotypic testing remains necessary in the detection of emerging resistant bacteria, new resistance mechanisms, and trends of AMR.
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Abstract
Source attribution and microbial risk assessment methods have been widely applied for the control of several foodborne pathogens worldwide by identifying (i) the most important pathogen sources and (ii) the risk represented by specific foods and the critical points in these foods' production chains for microbial control. Such evidence has proved crucial for risk managers to identify and prioritize effective food safety and public health strategies. In the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from livestock and pets, the utility of these methods is recognized, but a number of challenges have largely prevented their application and routine use. One key challenge has been to define the hazard in question: Is it the antimicrobial drug use in animals, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in animals and foods, or the antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred between commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the animal or human gut or in the environment? Other important limitations include the lack of occurrence and transmission data and the lack of evidence to inform dose-response relationships. We present the main principles, available methods, strengths, and weaknesses of source attribution and risk assessment methods, discuss their utility to identify sources and estimate risks of AMR from livestock and pets, and provide an overview of conducted studies. In addition, we discuss remaining challenges and current and future opportunities to improve methods and knowledge of the sources and transmission routes of AMR from animals through food, direct contact, or the environment, including improvements in surveillance and developments in genotypic typing methods.
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Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews the history and current use of antimicrobials in animals, with a focus on food animals in the more economically developed countries. It identifies some of the differences between human medical and food animal use, particularly in growth promotional and "subtherapeutic" use of medically-important antibiotics in animals. The public health impact of the extensive use of antibiotics in food animals for these purposes, differences internationally in such usage, and the major changes in current practices now underway in agricultural use are summarized. The emerging framing of the dimensions of antimicrobial resistance within a "One Health" framework is focusing global efforts to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis in a collaborative manner. The rapidly evolving development and application of practices of antimicrobial stewardship in animal is a critical part of the huge global effort to address antimicrobial resistance. The outcome is still uncertain.
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Collis RM, Burgess SA, Biggs PJ, Midwinter AC, French NP, Toombs-Ruane L, Cookson AL. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Dairy Farm Environments: A New Zealand Perspective. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 16:5-22. [PMID: 30418042 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present treatment option challenges and are often associated with heightened severity of infection. Antimicrobial use (AMU) in human and animal health is a main driver for the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Increasing levels of AMU and the development and spread of AMR in food-producing animals, especially in poultry and swine production, has been identified as a food safety risk, but dairy production systems have been less studied. A number of farm management practices may impact on animal disease and as a result can influence the use of antimicrobials and subsequently AMR prevalence. However, this relationship is multifactorial and complex. Several AMR transmission pathways between dairy cattle, the environment, and humans have been proposed, including contact with manure-contaminated pastures, direct contact, or through the food chain from contaminated animal-derived products. The World Health Organization has defined a priority list for selected bacterial pathogens of concern to human health according to 10 criteria relating to health and AMR. This list includes human pathogens such as the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), which can be associated with dairy cattle, their environment, as well as animal-derived food products. ESBL-E represent a potential risk to human and animal health and an emerging food safety concern. This review addresses two areas; first, the current understanding of the role of dairy farming in the prevalence and spread of AMR is considered, highlighting research gaps using ESBL-E as an exemplar; and second, a New Zealand perspective is taken to examine how farm management practices may contribute to on-farm AMU and AMR in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Collis
- 1 AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sara A Burgess
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,3 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,4 New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne C Midwinter
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,4 New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Leah Toombs-Ruane
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Adrian L Cookson
- 1 AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Carmo LP, Bouzalas I, Nielsen LR, Alban L, Martins da Costa P, Müntener C, Schüpbach G, Abreu Y, Magouras I. Expert opinion on livestock antimicrobial usage indications and patterns in Denmark, Portugal and Switzerland. Vet Rec Open 2018; 5:e000288. [PMID: 30245833 PMCID: PMC6144899 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2018-000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed at describing antimicrobial usage patterns throughout livestock production cycles, and comparing them across three countries from Northern, Central and Southern Europe. Given the difficulties to collect such detailed usage data, an expert opinion was deemed the most appropriate study design. This study provides new insights into the time periods and indications for which specific antimicrobial substances are used in different livestock sectors. Veterinary experts (n=67) from different livestock sectors (broilers, pigs, dairy cattle and veal/fattening calves) and countries (Denmark, Portugal and Switzerland) replied to a questionnaire focusing on the time periods in the production cycle when antimicrobial substances were administered, and the respective indications for treatment. Our results showed that for several antimicrobials, between-country and within-country variations exist regarding the temporal distributions of treatments and indications for use. These differences were also true for several critically important antimicrobials, which is a matter of concern. Furthermore, differences between countries were also evident regarding the antimicrobial substances licensed. Based on our results, it is recommended to establish and promote treatment guidelines, invest in the prevention of diseases during critical moments of the production cycle and target undifferentiated use of antimicrobials. Moreover, discrepancies between countries should be further investigated to better understand the factors underlying the identified patterns and to distinguish prudent from non-prudent use. The results can inform decision-making with the aim to foster antimicrobial prudent use in the veterinary setting and, therefore, protect public health from the threat of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pedro Carmo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilias Bouzalas
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lis Alban
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paulo Martins da Costa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Cedric Müntener
- Institut für Veterinärpharmakologie und -toxikologie, Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Schüpbach
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yandy Abreu
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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Liu X, Liu H, Wang L, Peng Q, Li Y, Zhou H, Li Q. Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli From Swine in Northwest China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1756. [PMID: 30123199 PMCID: PMC6085443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli collected from pig farms in Northwest China. Methods: Between May 2015 and June 2017, a total of 456 E. coli isolates were collected from fecal samples of healthy and diarrheal pigs in Northwest China to screen the ESBL producers. The β-lactamases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and virulence genes among ESBL producers were corroborated by PCR and sequencing. Finally, ESBL producers were further grouped according to phylogenetic background and genetic relatedness. Results: Forty-four (9.6%) out of the 456 E. coli isolates were identified as ESBL-producing isolates. All ESBL producers exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, and more than 90% of the ESBL producers were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. All ESBL producers harbored at least one type of β-lactamase, with blaCTX−M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA−48, and blaKPC−2 being detected in forty, thirty, seven, four, two and one isolates, respectively. Sequencing revealed the most common blaCTX−M subtype was blaCTX−M−14 (n = 24), followed by blaCTX−M−15 (n = 14), blaCTX−M−64 (n = 11), blaCTX−M−9 (n = 10) and blaCTX−M−123 (n = 9). qnrS (n = 23) was the predominant PMQR gene, and all PMQR genes were detected in co-existence with β-lactamase genes. estA (n = 18) and F4 (n = 18) were the most prevalent enterotoxin and fimbrial adhesin, respectively, and 27 different virotypes were found with respect to the association of enterotoxins and fimbrial adhesins. Twenty-four different sequence types (STs) were identified among 44 ESBL producers, and clones ST405, ST10 and ST648 were strongly present in more than one-third (34.1%) of ESBL producers. Conclusion: All ESBL-producing E. coli isolates exhibited MDR phenotype, and showed high prevalence of β-lactamase and PMQR genes. Especially, one isolate harbored ESBL genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX−M−9, blaCTX−M−14, blaCTX−M−64, and carbapenemase gene blaOXA−48 and blaKPC−2, as well as PMQR genes qnrS, qnrB, qnrD, qepA and aac(6')-Ib-cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yinqian Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongchao Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qinfan Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Abundance and diversity of the faecal resistome in slaughter pigs and broilers in nine European countries. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:898-908. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kidsley AK, Abraham S, Bell JM, O'Dea M, Laird TJ, Jordan D, Mitchell P, McDevitt CA, Trott DJ. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolates From Healthy Pigs in Australia: Results of a Pilot National Survey. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1207. [PMID: 30038598 PMCID: PMC6047343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the frequency of antimicrobial non-susceptibility (defined as the frequency of isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations above the CLSI susceptible clinical breakpoint) among E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from healthy Australian finisher pigs. E. coli (n = 201) and Salmonella spp. (n = 69) were isolated from cecal contents of slaughter-age pigs, originating from 19 farms distributed throughout Australia during July-December 2015. Isolates underwent minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility testing to 11 antimicrobials. The highest frequencies of non-susceptibility among respective isolates of E. coli and Salmonella spp. were to ampicillin (60.2 and 20.3%), tetracycline (68.2 and 26.1%), chloramphenicol (47.8 and 7.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (33.8 and 11.6%). Four E. coli isolates had MICs above the wild-type epidemiological cut-off value for ciprofloxacin, with two isolates from the same farm classified as clinically resistant (MICs of > 4 μg/ml), a noteworthy finding given that fluoroquinolones (FQs) are not legally available for use in Australian food-producing animals. Three of these four E. coli isolates belonged to the sequence type (ST) 10, which has been isolated from both humans and production animals, whilst one isolate belonged to a new ST (7573) and possessed qnrS1. This study shows that non-susceptibility to first line antimicrobials is common among E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates from healthy slaughter age pigs in Australia. However, very low levels of non-susceptibility to critically important antimicrobials (CIAs), namely third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones were observed. Nevertheless, the isolation of two ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates from Australian pigs demonstrates that even in the absence of local antimicrobial selection pressure, fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli clonal lineages may enter livestock production facilities despite strict biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Kidsley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jan M. Bell
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tanya J. Laird
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Pat Mitchell
- Australian Pork Limited, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christopher A. McDevitt
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Darren J. Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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42
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Vu TTT, Alter T, Roesler U, Roschanski N, Huehn S. Investigation of Extended-Spectrum and AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Retail Seafood in Berlin, Germany. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1079-1086. [PMID: 29897274 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retail seafood in Berlin, Germany, was investigated to detect the prevalence and quantitative load of Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC). A total of 160 raw seafood samples were screened for the presence of these bacteria using MacConkey agar supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime after nonselective enrichment. Isolated species were subsequently identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight analysis. ESBL and AmpC production was tested by the disk diffusion method, and ESBL and AmpC genes were characterized using real-time and conventional PCR assays with DNA sequencing. Spread plating was used for quantification of ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Overall, these bacteria were detected in 21.3% of seafood samples (34 of 160 samples) with prevalences of 22.5 and 20% for shrimp and bivalves, respectively. Of the positive samples, 91.2% contained an ESBL- or AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae load of <100 CFU/g (lower detection limit), and 8.8% contained 100 to 1,000 CFU/g. Among the 45 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae (13 isolates) and Escherichia coli (12 isolates) were the predominant species. ESBL and AmpC genes were detected in 33 isolates, with the majority of isolates harboring blaCTX-M (27.3%), blaCMY (21.2%), or blaDHA (21.2%). Our study highlights the hazard associated with seafood containing ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Germany. Even though the contamination levels were low, the high prevalence of ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in seafood might be of concern to public health because of the potential transmission of these bacteria from seafood to humans through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uwe Roesler
- 2 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Nicole Roschanski
- 2 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Stephan Huehn
- 3 Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Science, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Xiong W, Sun Y, Zeng Z. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in food animals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18377-18384. [PMID: 29802609 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials have been widely used in food animals for growth promotion since the 1950s. Antimicrobial resistance emerges in animal production settings and frequently spreads to humans through the food chain and direct contact. There have been international efforts to restrict or ban antimicrobials used for both humans and animals. Denmark has taken positive strides in the development of a comprehensive database DANMAP to track antimicrobial usage and resistance. Although food animals are sources of antimicrobial resistance, there is little evidence that antimicrobial resistance originates from food animals. This review comprehensively introduces the history and trends of antimicrobial use, the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in food animals provides suggestions to tackle the problems of the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Xiong
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongxue Sun
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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44
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Abraham S, Kirkwood RN, Laird T, Saputra S, Mitchell T, Singh M, Linn B, Abraham RJ, Pang S, Gordon DM, Trott DJ, O'Dea M. Dissemination and persistence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistance encoding IncI1-bla CTXM-1 plasmid among Escherichia coli in pigs. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2352-2362. [PMID: 29899511 PMCID: PMC6155088 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the ecology, epidemiology and plasmid characteristics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant E. coli in healthy pigs over a period of 4 years (2013–2016) following the withdrawal of ESCs. High carriage rates of ESC-resistant E. coli were demonstrated in 2013 (86.6%) and 2014 (83.3%), compared to 2015 (22%) and 2016 (8.5%). ESC resistance identified among E. coli isolates was attributed to the carriage of an IncI1 ST-3 plasmid (pCTXM1-MU2) encoding blaCTXM-1. Genomic characterisation of selected E. coli isolates (n = 61) identified plasmid movement into multiple commensal E. coli (n = 22 STs). Major STs included ST10, ST5440, ST453, ST2514 and ST23. A subset of the isolates belong to the atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) pathotype that harboured multiple LEE pathogenic islands. pCTXM1-MU2 was similar (99% nt identity) to IncI1-ST3 plasmids reported from Europe, encoded resistance to aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and carried colicin Ib. pCTXM1-MU2 appears to be highly stable and readily transferable. This study demonstrates that ESC resistance may persist for a protracted period following removal of direct selection pressure, resulting in the emergence of ESC-resistance in both commensal E. coli and aEPEC isolates of potential significance to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Melbourne, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Roy N Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tanya Laird
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Melbourne, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sugiyono Saputra
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, West Java, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Tahlia Mitchell
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mohinder Singh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benjamin Linn
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Abraham
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Melbourne, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David M Gordon
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Melbourne, Western Australia, Australia
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45
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Randall LP, Horton RA, Lemma F, Martelli F, Duggett NAD, Smith RP, Kirchner MJ, Ellis RJ, Rogers JP, Williamson SM, Simons RRL, Brena CM, Evans SJ, Anjum MF, Teale CJ. Longitudinal study on the occurrence in pigs of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli carrying mcr-1 following the cessation of use of colistin. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:596-608. [PMID: 29741287 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In 2015, colistin-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella with the mcr-1 gene were isolated from a pig farm in Great Britain. Pigs were subsequently monitored over a ~20-month period for the occurrence of mcr-1-mediated colistin resistance and the risk of mcr-1 E. coli entering the food chain was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS Pig faeces and slurry were cultured for colistin-resistant E. coli and Salmonella, tested for the mcr-1 gene by PCR and selected isolates were further analysed. Seventy-eight per cent of faecal samples (n = 275) from pigs yielded mcr-1 E. coli after selective culture, but in positive samples only 0·2-1·3% of the total E. coli carried mcr-1. Twenty months after the initial sampling, faecal samples (n = 59) were negative for E. coli carrying mcr-1. CONCLUSIONS The risk to public health from porcine E. coli carrying mcr-1 was assessed as very low. Twenty months after cessation of colistin use, E. coli carrying mcr-1 was not detected in pig faeces on a farm where it was previously present. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results suggest that cessation of colistin use may help over time to reduce or possibly eliminate mcr-1 E. coli on pig farms where it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Randall
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - R A Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - F Lemma
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - F Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - N A D Duggett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - R P Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - M J Kirchner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - R J Ellis
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - J P Rogers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Bury St Edmunds), Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK
| | - S M Williamson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Bury St Edmunds), Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK
| | - R R L Simons
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - C M Brena
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Thirsk), Thirsk, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - S J Evans
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - M F Anjum
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - C J Teale
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Shrewsbury), Shrewsbury, UK
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46
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Carmo LP, Nielsen LR, Alban L, da Costa PM, Schüpbach-Regula G, Magouras I. Veterinary Expert Opinion on Potential Drivers and Opportunities for Changing Antimicrobial Usage Practices in Livestock in Denmark, Portugal, and Switzerland. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:29. [PMID: 29546044 PMCID: PMC5837977 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock is requested by Public Health authorities. Ideally, this should be achieved without jeopardizing production output or animal health and welfare. Thus, efficient measures must be identified and developed to target drivers of AMU. Veterinarians play a central role in the identification and implementation of such efficient interventions. Sixty-seven veterinarians with expertise in livestock production in Denmark, Portugal, and Switzerland participated in an expert opinion study aimed at investigating experiences and opinions of veterinarians about the driving forces and practices related to AMU in the main livestock sectors (broiler, dairy cattle, fattening/veal calf, and pig industry) of the aforementioned countries. Opinions on potential factors influencing the choice of antimicrobials and opportunities to reduce AMU were collected. Antibiograms are seldom used, mainly due to the time lag between testing and obtaining the results. The perceived percentage of treatment failures varied between countries and livestock sectors; however, little changes were reported over time (2005-2015). The animal health problems of each livestock sector most frequently leading to AMU did not vary substantially between countries. Mandatory official interventions (i.e., binding measures applied by national or international authorities) were highlighted as having the biggest impact on AMU. There was a variation in the experts' opinion regarding feasibility and impact of interventions both between countries and livestock sectors. Nevertheless, improved biosecurity and education of veterinarians frequently received high scores. Most veterinarians believed that AMU can be reduced. The median potential reduction estimates varied from 1% in Swiss broilers to 50% in Portuguese broilers and veal/fattening calves in all countries. We hypothesize that the differences in views could be related to disease epidemiology, animal husbandry, and socio-economic factors. A profound investigation of these disparities would provide the required knowledge for developing targeted strategies to tackle AMU and consequently resistance development. However, experts also agreed that mandatory official interventions could have the greatest impact on antimicrobial consumption. Furthermore, improvement of biosecurity and education of veterinarians, the use of zinc oxide (in pigs), improving vaccination strategies, and the creation of treatment plans were the measures considered to have the largest potential to reduce AMU. This paper can inform policymakers in Europe and countries with a similar animal production regarding their AMU policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís P. Carmo
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Liza R. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lis Alban
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paulo M. da Costa
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ioannis Magouras
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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47
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Lhermie G, Toutain PL, El Garch F, Bousquet-Mélou A, Assié S. Implementing Precision Antimicrobial Therapy for the Treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease: Current Limitations and Perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:143. [PMID: 28900616 PMCID: PMC5581812 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of an early treatment protocol with an infection-stage adjusted fluoroquinolone regimen was evaluated in a field study on young bulls (YBs) presenting signs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). A total of 195 YB (Charolais, Limousin, and Rouge-des-Prés breeds) from 6 farms implementing or not prophylactic antimicrobial treatments (PROPHY or absence) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experiment groups based on time of detection of BRD and first-line marbofloxacin regimen, early adjusted dose [Early 2 (E2)] or late standard dose [Late 10 (L10)]. Each YB was administered orally a reticulo-rumen bolus, allowing continuous monitoring of ruminal temperature. In the E2 group, YB presenting early signs of BRD, i.e., an increase in ruminal temperature over 40.2°C and persisting more than 12 h, confirmed by a clinical examination showing no or mild signs of BRD, were given 2 mg/kg of marbofloxacin. In the L10 group, YBs presenting moderate or severe signs of BRD at visual inspection, confirmed at clinical examination, were given 10 mg/kg of marbofloxacin. If needed, YBs were given a relapse treatment. The YBs were followed for 30 days. The proportions of first and relapse treatments were calculated, as well as the therapeutic efficacy at day 10. In the E2 group, the first-line treatments’ proportion was significantly higher (P < 0.05), while the relapse treatments’ proportion tended to be higher (P = 0.08), than in the L10 group. Evolution of clinical scores (CSs) of diseased YB was followed for 10 days. In both groups, CS and rectal temperature decreased significantly 24 h after treatment (P < 0.05). Treatment incidences (TI) representing antimicrobial consumption assessed on used daily doses (UDD) were calculated. Antimicrobial consumption of marbofloxacin and relapse treatments were not significantly different between the groups. These values were strongly influenced by the recourse to a prophylactic antimicrobial treatment, accounting for more than 90% of the antimicrobial amount in the herds implementing prophylaxis. The higher number of treatments in the groups treated on the basis of ruminal temperature monitoring, the accuracy of the detection method, and the necessary conditions to implement precision antimicrobial therapy in the field are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lhermie
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INRA, UMR1331 TOXALIM, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, EIP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Alain Bousquet-Mélou
- INRA, UMR1331 TOXALIM, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, EIP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Assié
- INRA, UMR1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risque en santé animale BioEpAR, Nantes, France
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48
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The association between measurements of antimicrobial use and resistance in the faeces microbiota of finisher batches. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2827-2837. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe objectives were to present three approaches for calculating antimicrobial (AM) use in pigs that take into account the rearing period and rearing site, and to study the association between these measurements and phenotypical resistance and abundance of resistance genes in faeces samples from 10 finisher batches. The AM use was calculated relative to the rearing period of the batches as (i) ‘Finisher Unit Exposure’ at unit level, (ii) ‘Lifetime Exposure’ at batch level and (iii) ‘Herd Exposure’ at herd level. A significant effect on the occurrence of tetracycline resistance measured by cultivation was identified for Lifetime Exposure for the AM class: tetracycline. Furthermore, for Lifetime Exposure for the AM classes: macrolide, broad-spectrum penicillin, sulfonamide and tetracycline use as well as Herd Unit Exposure for the AM classes: aminoglycoside, lincosamide and tetracycline use, a significant effect was observed on the occurrence of genes coding for the AM resistance classes: aminoglycoside, lincosamide, macrolide, β-lactam, sulfonamide and tetracycline. No effect was observed for Finisher Unit Exposure. Overall, the study shows that Lifetime Exposure is an efficient measurement of AM use in finisher batches, and has a significant effect on the occurrence of resistance, measured either by cultivation or metagenomics.
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49
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Effect of Tetracycline Dose and Treatment Mode on Selection of Resistant Coliform Bacteria in Nursery Pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00538-17. [PMID: 28389548 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00538-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the results of a randomized clinical trial investigating the effect of oxytetracycline treatment dose and mode of administration on the selection of antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria in fecal samples from nursery pigs. Nursery pigs (pigs of 4 to 7 weeks of age) in five pig herds were treated with oxytetracycline for Lawsonia intracellularis-induced diarrhea. Each group was randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: oral flock treatment with a (i) high (20 mg/kg of body weight), (ii) medium (10 mg/kg), or (iii) low (5 mg/kg) dose, (iv) oral pen-wise (small-group) treatment (10 mg/kg), and (v) individual intramuscular injection treatment (10 mg/kg). All groups were treated once a day for 5 days. In all groups, treatment caused a rise in the numbers and proportions of tetracycline-resistant coliform bacteria right after treatment, followed by a significant drop by the time that the pigs left the nursery unit. The counts and proportions of tetracycline-resistant coliforms did not vary significantly between treatment groups, except immediately after treatment, when the highest treatment dose resulted in the highest number of resistant coliforms. A control group treated with tiamulin did not show significant changes in the numbers or proportions of tetracycline-resistant coliforms. Selection for tetracycline-resistant coliforms was significantly correlated to selection for ampicillin- and sulfonamide-resistant strains but not to selection for cefotaxime-resistant strains. In conclusion, the difference in the dose of oxytetracycline and the way in which the drug was applied did not cause significantly different levels of selection of tetracycline-resistant coliform bacteria under the conditions tested.IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to human health. Treatment of livestock with antimicrobials has a direct impact on this problem, and there is a need to improve the ways that we use antimicrobials in livestock production. We hypothesized that antibiotic resistance development following treatment of diarrhea in nursery pigs could be reduced either by lowering the dose of oxytetracycline or by replacing the commonly used practice of flock treatment with individual or small-group treatments, since this would reduce the number of pigs treated. However, the study showed no significant difference between treatment groups with respect to the number or proportion of tetracycline-resistant coliforms selected. The most important conclusion is that under practical field conditions, there will be no added value, in terms of lowering resistance development, by exchanging flock treatment for individual or small-group treatment of nursery pigs. The reason for the lack of an effect of single-animal treatment is probably that such animals share the environment with treated animals and take up resistant bacteria from the environment.
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50
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Ahmed S, Olsen JE, Herrero-Fresno A. The genetic diversity of commensal Escherichia coli strains isolated from non-antimicrobial treated pigs varies according to age group. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178623. [PMID: 28558003 PMCID: PMC5448805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report on the genetic diversity of commensal E. coli from pigs reared in an antibiotic free production system and belonging to different age groups. The study investigated the genetic diversity and relationship of 900 randomly collected commensal E. coli strains from non-antimicrobial treated pigs assigned to five different age groups in a Danish farm. Fifty-two unique REP profiles were detected suggesting a high degree of diversity. The number of strains per pig ranged from two to 13. The highest and the lowest degree of diversity were found in the early weaners group (Shannon diversity index, H' of 2.22) and piglets (H' of 1.46) respectively. The REP profiles, R1, R7 and R28, were the most frequently observed in all age groups. E. coli strains representing each REP profile and additional strains associated with the dominant profiles were subjected to PFGE and were assigned to 67 different genotypes. Whole genome sequence analysis of 52 isolates leading to unique REP profiles identified a high level of sequence variation. Six and six strains were assigned to sequence type ST10 and sequence type ST58, respectively. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, as well as, genes associated with mobile genetic elements were commonly found among these commensal E. coli strains. Interestingly, strains yielding the three most common REP profiles clustered together in the SNPs phylogenetic tree, and such strains may represent the archetypal commensal E. coli in Danish pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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