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Kanmogne GD. HIV Infection, Antiretroviral Drugs, and the Vascular Endothelium. Cells 2024; 13:672. [PMID: 38667287 PMCID: PMC11048826 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell activation, injury, and dysfunction underlies the pathophysiology of vascular diseases and infections associated with vascular dysfunction, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Despite viral suppression with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) are prone to many comorbidities, including neurological and neuropsychiatric complications, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, premature aging, and malignancies. HIV and viral proteins can directly contribute to the development of these comorbidities. However, with the continued high prevalence of these comorbidities despite viral suppression, it is likely that ART or some antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs contribute to the development and persistence of comorbid diseases in PLWH. These comorbid diseases often involve vascular activation, injury, and dysfunction. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current literature on ARVs and the vascular endothelium in PLWH, animal models, and in vitro studies. I also summarize evidence of an association or lack thereof between ARV drugs or drug classes and the protection or injury/dysfunction of the vascular endothelium and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette D Kanmogne
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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2
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Ellis RJ, Peterson S, Cherner M, Morgan E, Schrier R, Tang B, Hoenigl M, Letendre S, Iudicello J. Beneficial Effects of Cannabis on Blood-Brain Barrier Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:124-129. [PMID: 32296832 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction that does not resolve despite viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. In preclinical models, cannabis restores BBB integrity. METHODS We studied persons with HIV (PWH) and HIV-negative (HIV-) individuals who had used cannabis recently. We assessed 2 biomarkers of BBB permeability: the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to serum albumin ratio (CSAR) and CSF levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), a receptor for uPA, a matrix-degrading proteolytic enzyme that disrupts the BBB. A composite index of the BBB markers was created using principal components analysis. Neural injury was assessed using neurofilament light (NFL) in CSF by immunoassay. RESULTS Participants were 45 PWH and 30 HIV- individuals of similar age and ethnicity. Among PWH, higher CSF suPAR levels correlated with higher CSAR values (r = 0.47, P < .001). PWH had higher (more abnormal) BBB index values than HIV- individuals (mean ± SD, 0.361 ± 1.20 vs -0.501 ± 1.11; P = .0214). HIV serostatus interacted with cannabis use frequency, such that more frequent use of cannabis was associated with lower BBB index values in PWH but not in HIV- individuals. Worse BBB index values were associated with higher NFL in CSF (r = 0.380, P = .0169). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis may have a beneficial impact on HIV-associated BBB injury. Since BBB disruption may permit increased entry of toxins such as microbial antigens and inflammatory mediators, with consequent CNS injury, these results support a potential therapeutic role of cannabis among PWH and may have important treatment implications for ART effectiveness and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Scott Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erin Morgan
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rachel Schrier
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bin Tang
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jenny Iudicello
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Zhu Z, Li T, Chen J, Kumar J, Kumar P, Qin J, Hadigan C, Sereti I, Baker JV, Catalfamo M. The Role of Inflammation and Immune Activation on Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Chronic HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663412. [PMID: 34079548 PMCID: PMC8165313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial inflammation and damage are the main drivers of cardiovascular risk/disease. Endothelial repair is mediated in part by recruitment of bone marrow endothelial progenitor/endothelial colony forming cells (EPC/ECFC). People with HIV (PWH) have increased cardiovascular risk and the impact of infection in endothelial repair is not well defined. The low frequencies and challenges to in vitro isolation and differentiation of EPC/ECFC from PBMCs had made it difficult to study their role in this context. We hypothesized that HIV driven inflammation induces phenotypic changes that reflects the impact of infection. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated expression of markers of trafficking, endothelial differentiation, and angiogenesis, and study their association with biomarkers of inflammation in a cohort of PWH. In addition, we investigated the relationship of circulating endothelial progenitors and angiogenic T cells, a T cell subset with angiogenic function. Using a flow cytometry approach, we identified two subsets of circulating progenitors LIN4-CD45-CD34+ and LIN4-CD45dimCD34+ in PWH. We found that the phenotype but not frequencies were associated with biomarkers of inflammation. In addition, the percentage of LIN4-CD45dimCD34+ was associated with serum levels of lipids. This data may provide a new tool to better address the impact of HIV infection in endothelial inflammation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jinya Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jai Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Princy Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jing Qin
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Colleen Hadigan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason V Baker
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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Bertrand L, Velichkovska M, Toborek M. Cerebral Vascular Toxicity of Antiretroviral Therapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:74-89. [PMID: 31209776 PMCID: PMC7952282 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with comorbidities that are likely to be driven not only by HIV itself, but also by the toxicity of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Indeed, increasing evidence demonstrates that the antiretroviral drugs used for HIV treatment have toxic effects resulting in various cellular and tissue pathologies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a modulated anatomophysiological interface which separates and controls substance exchange between the blood and the brain parenchyma; therefore, it is particularly exposed to ART-induced toxicity. Balancing the health risks and gains of ART has to be considered in order to maximize the positive effects of therapy. The current review discusses the cerebrovascular toxicity of ART, with the focus on mitochondrial dysfunction. Graphical Abstract Graphical representation of the interactions between HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Martina Velichkovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Rejuvenation of Senescent Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:1127-1141. [PMID: 33294742 PMCID: PMC7691285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
EVs derived from young, but not aged, MSCs rejuvenate senescent EPCs in vitro, recapitulating the effect of MSC transplantation. Aged MSCs can be genetically modified to produce tailored EVs with increased EPC rejuvenation capacity in vitro and increased angiogenesis capacity following ischemic event in vivo. EVs represent a promising platform to develop an acellular therapeutic approach in regenerative medicine for cardiovascular diseases.
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation is a form of the stem-cell therapy that has shown beneficial effects for many diseases. The use of stem-cell therapy, including MSC transplantation, however, has limitations such as the tumorigenic potential of stem cells and the lack of efficacy of aged autologous cells. An ideal therapeutic approach would keep the beneficial effects of MSC transplantation while circumventing the limitations associated with the use of intact stem cells. This study provides proof-of-concept evidence that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles represent a promising platform to develop an acellular therapeutic approach that would just do that. Extracellular vesicles are membranous vesicles secreted by MSCs and contain bioactive molecules to mediate communication between different cells. Extracellular vesicles can be taken up by recipient cells, and once inside the recipient cells, the bioactive molecules are released to exert the beneficial effects on the recipient cells. This study, for the first time to our knowledge, shows that extracellular vesicles secreted by MSCs recapitulate the beneficial effects of MSCs on vascular repair and promote blood vessel regeneration after ischemic events. Furthermore, MSCs from aged donors can be engineered to produce extracellular vesicles with improved regenerative potential, comparable to MSCs from young donors, thus eliminating the need for allogenic young donors for elderly patients.
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Key Words
- BM, bone marrow
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- EC, endothelial cell
- EPC, endothelial progenitor cell
- EV, extracellular vesicle
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- MEM, minimum essential medium
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MSC, mesenchymal stromal cell
- NTA, nanotracking analysis
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- TEV, tailored extracellular vesicle
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- acellular
- angiogenesis
- extracellular vesicles
- lin− BMC, lineage negative bone marrow cell
- miR, microRNA
- qPCR, quantitative transcription polymerase chain reaction
- regeneration
- senescence
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Meng LB, Chen K, Zhang YM, Gong T. Common Injuries and Repair Mechanisms in the Endothelial Lining. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:2338-2345. [PMID: 30246720 PMCID: PMC6166454 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.241805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Endothelial cells (ECs) are important metabolic and endocrinal organs which play a significant role in regulating vascular function. Vascular ECs, located between the blood and vascular tissues, can not only complete the metabolism of blood and interstitial fluid but also synthesize and secrete a variety of biologically active substances to maintain vascular tension and keep a normal flow of blood and long-term patency. Therefore, this article presents a systematic review of common injuries and healing mechanisms for the vascular endothelium. Data Sources: An extensive search in the PubMed database was undertaken, focusing on research published after 2003 with keywords including endothelium, vascular, wounds and injuries, and wound healing. Study Selection: Several types of articles, including original studies and literature reviews, were identified and reviewed to summarize common injury and repair processes of the endothelial lining. Results: Endothelial injury is closely related to the development of multiple cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the mechanism of vascular endothelial injury is not fully understood. Numerous studies have shown that the mechanisms of EC injury mainly involve inflammatory reactions, physical stimulation, chemical poisons, concurrency of related diseases, and molecular changes. Endothelial progenitor cells play an important role during the process of endothelial repair after such injuries. What's more, a variety of restorative cells, changes in cytokines and molecules, chemical drugs, certain RNAs, regulation of blood pressure, and physical fitness training protect the endothelial lining by reducing the inducing factors, inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress reactions, and delaying endothelial caducity. Conclusions: ECs are always in the process of being damaged. Several therapeutic targets and drugs were seeked to protect the endothelium and promote repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Bing Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Kun Chen
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuan-Meng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
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Song L, Ding S, Ge Z, Zhu X, Qiu C, Wang Y, Lai E, Yang W, Sun Y, Chow SA, Yu L. Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors attenuate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by impairing receptor tyrosine kinases signalling in endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1241-1259. [PMID: 28910489 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has become a major clinical challenge for HIV-positive patients. However, the role of ART in blood vessel growth is largely unknown. Here, we examined an integral component of ART, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and investigated their effects on key microvascular functions, including angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis capability of endothelial cells (ECs) was evaluated using migration, proliferation and tube formation assays in vitro, and mouse ear and Matrigel plug assays in vivo. Expressions of signalling molecules and mitochondrial antioxidant catalases were determined using Western blotting. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) internalization and endocytosis were examined using flow cytometry and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy respectively. Mitochondrial DNA copy number and ROS were determined using quantitative real-time PCR and MitoSOX staining respectively. KEY RESULTS Pharmaceutical doses of NRTIs [azidothymidine (AZT), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and lamivudine (3TC)] inhibited angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro by affecting the proliferation and migration of ECs. Correspondingly, NRTIs selectively attenuated the activation and transduction of endothelial RTK signals, VEGFR2 and FGFR1 pathways, in vascular ECs and the VEGFR3 pathway in lymphatic ECs. Both TDF and 3TC restrained RTKs' endocytosis into early endosomes but not internalization, while AZT blocked the protein maturation of RTKs. Excessive ROS levels were detected in NRTI-treated ECs, and the MnSOD mimic MnTMPyP alleviated the angiogenic/lymphangiogenic defects induced by NRTIs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS NRTIs negatively regulate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and subsequently impairing RTK signalling in ECs. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sha Ding
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Ge
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Qiu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuewen Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Enyin Lai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Samson A Chow
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luyang Yu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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