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Abdelkhalek MM, Mohamed AM, Abdallah RZ, Khedr GE, Siam R, Allam NK. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 encapsulated with Mo-based polyoxometalates as surfaces with antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3355-3366. [PMID: 38933851 PMCID: PMC11197405 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections represent a major global health concern, causing millions of deaths and a significant economic burden. The development of antibacterial nanoporous surfaces with potential mechano-bactericidal effects can revolutionize infection control practices. In this study, a hybrid material of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) doped with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) was synthesized and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and N2 sorption isotherms. PMA@ZIF-8 performance as an antibacterial agent against E. coli was superior to that of its individual constituents, suggesting a synergistic effect of PMA and ZIF-8. The incorporation of PMA into ZIF-8 significantly enhanced its antibacterial efficacy, as evidenced by a twofold reduction in MIC (375 μg mL-1 vs. 750 μg mL-1) and a 4.35 times increase in the bactericidal kinetics rate constant. The time-kill curve experiment revealed that PMA@ZIF-8 achieved a 3-log reduction within 7 hours, whereas ZIF-8 required 24 hours to reach the same level of reduction. The density functional theory (DFT) calculated bandgap of PMA@ZIF-8 was significantly less than that of ZIF-8. Also, PMA@ZIF-8 has caused the elimination of 56.72% of the thiol group as detected by Ellman's assay. Accordingly, PMA@ZIF-8 can be both computationally and experimentally demonstrated as an oxidative nanozyme. PMA@ZIF-8's surface topology revealed nanorod protrusions, suggesting a potential mechano-bactericidal effect, which was confirmed by live/dead assay on PMA@ZIF-8-coated glass. This study highlights the potential of the PMA@ZIF-8 hybrid as a highly effective antibacterial agent, holding promise for creating multifunctional antibacterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Abdelkhalek
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Aya M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Cairo 12613 Egypt
| | - Rehab Z Abdallah
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Ghada E Khedr
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Cairo 11727 Egypt
| | - Rania Siam
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Nageh K Allam
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
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Bhavikatti SK, Zainuddin SLA, Ramli RB, Nadaf SJ, Dandge PB, Khalate M, Karobari MI. Insights into the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potential of Nigella sativa essential oil against oral pathogens. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11878. [PMID: 38789533 PMCID: PMC11126586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral disorders can exert systemic ramifications beyond their localized effects on dental tissues, implicating a wide array of physiological conditions. The utilization of essential oils (EOs) for protection of oral health represents a longstanding practice. Consequently, in this investigation, essential oil derived from Nigella sativa seeds (NSEO) underwent isolation via the hydro-distillation process, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antibacterial activities, and cytocompatibility. The isolated NSEO manifested as a pale-yellow substance and was found to harbor a diverse spectrum of bioactive constituents, including steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, proteins, alkaloids, tannin, sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons, monoterpenoid alcohol, and monoterpenoid ketone (thymoquinone). Notably, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of NSEO were quantified at 641.23 μg GAE/gm and 442.25 μg QE/g, respectively. Furthermore, NSEO exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, HRBC membrane stabilization, and hemolysis inhibition. Comparative analysis revealed that NSEO and chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% displayed substantial inhibition of hemolysis compared to aspirin. While NSEO and CHX 0.2% demonstrated analogous antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, NSEO showcased heightened efficacy against Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans. Additionally, NSEO exhibited pronounced effects against periodontal pathogens such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia. Importantly, no cytotoxicity was observed on human gingival fibroblast cell lines. These findings underscore the potential of NSEO as a potent antibacterial and antifungal agent in the management of oral microbial pathogens, thereby offering avenues for the development of innovative therapies targeting diverse oral inflammatory conditions. Nevertheless, further investigations are imperative to unlock its full therapeutic repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaeesta Khaleelahmed Bhavikatti
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Dental Research, Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siti Lailatul Akmar Zainuddin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Dentistry, Manipal University College Malaysia, Jalan Batu Hampar, Bukit Baru, 75150, Melaka, Malaysia.
| | - Rosmaliza Binti Ramli
- Basic and Medical Sciences Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sameer J Nadaf
- Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Palus, 416310, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padma B Dandge
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharastra, India
| | - Masidd Khalate
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharastra, India
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Dental Research, Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia.
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Somajo S, Nilsson F, Ekelund O, Unemo M. Detection of antimicrobial resistance in <5 h in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates using flow cytometry-proof of concept for seven clinically relevant antimicrobials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:815-819. [PMID: 38334417 PMCID: PMC10984928 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae compromises gonorrhoea treatment and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) would be valuable. We have developed a rapid and accurate flow cytometry method (FCM) for AST of gonococci. METHODS The 2016 WHO gonococcal reference strains, and WHO Q, R and S (n = 17) were tested against seven clinically relevant antibiotics (ceftriaxone, cefixime, azithromycin, spectinomycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and gentamicin). After 4.5 h incubation of inoculated broth, the fluorescent dye Syto™ 9 was added, followed by FCM analysis. After gating, the relative remaining population of gonococci, compared with unexposed growth control samples, was plotted against antimicrobial concentration, followed by non-linear curve regression analysis. Furthermore, the response at one single concentration/tested antibiotic was evaluated with the intention to use as a screening test for detection of resistant gonococci. RESULTS A dose-dependent response was seen in susceptible isolates for all tested antimicrobials. There was a clear separation between susceptible/WT and resistant/non-WT isolates for ceftriaxone, cefixime, spectinomycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In contrast, for azithromycin, only high-level-resistant isolates were distinguished, while resistant isolates with MICs of 4 mg/L were indistinguishable from WT (MIC ≤ 1 mg/L) isolates. For gentamicin, all tested 17 isolates were WT and FCM analysis resulted in uniform dose-response curves. Using a single antibiotic concentration and a 50% remaining cell population cut-off, the overall sensitivity and specificity for resistance detection were 93% and 99%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By providing results in <5 h for gonococcal isolates, FCM-based AST can become a rapid screening method for antimicrobial resistance or antimicrobial susceptibility in gonococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Somajo
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Frida Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Kronoberg, Växjö/Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ekelund
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Kronoberg, Växjö/Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Magnus Unemo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Dikmetas D, Devecioglu D, Karbancioglu-Guler F, Kahveci D. Sequential Extraction and Characterization of Essential Oil, Flavonoids, and Pectin from Industrial Orange Waste. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14442-14454. [PMID: 38559951 PMCID: PMC10976415 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Orange is one of the primary fruits processed into juice and other products worldwide, leading to a vast amount of waste accumulation. Such waste has been considered as an attractive candidate for upcycling to obtain bioactive components remaining. The present study investigated the extraction of essential oil (EO), flavonoids, and pectin from industrial orange waste with a holistic approach. To maximize EO yield and d-limonene concentration, hydrodistillation (HD) conditions were selected to be 5.5 mL water/g solid for 180 min. Remaining solids were further used for flavonoid extraction where conventional solvent, sequential ultrasound + solvent, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UE) were applied. UE applied for 50 min with 120 mL solvent/g solid yielded the highest total phenolic (TPCs) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs), antioxidant capacity, and hesperidin and neohesperidin concentrations. In terms of TPC, TFC, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity, both EO and flavonoid fractions demonstrated moderate to high bioactivity. At the final step, ethanol precipitation was applied to obtain the pectin that was solubilized in hot water during HD and it was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, degree of esterification, and galacturonic acid content. Practical application: to ensure utilization in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, this study presents a combined method to obtain several value-added compounds from industrial orange waste. Bioactive EO and flavonoids obtained could have applications in functional food, supplements, or cosmetic formulations, whereas extracted pectin can be used in many formulated foods and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara
Nur Dikmetas
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical
Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilara Devecioglu
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical
Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Karbancioglu-Guler
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical
Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Kahveci
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical
Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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Klopper KB, Bester E, van Schalkwyk M, Wolfaardt GM. Highlighting the limitations of static microplate biofilm assays for industrial biocide effectiveness compared to dynamic flow conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13214. [PMID: 38015101 PMCID: PMC10866068 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The minimal inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial required to inhibit the growth of planktonic populations (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) remains the 'gold standard' even though biofilms are acknowledged to be recalcitrant to concentrations that greatly exceed the MIC. As a result, most studies focus on biofilm tolerance to high antimicrobial concentrations, whereas the effect of environmentally relevant sub-MIC on biofilms is neglected. The effect of the MIC and sub-MIC of an isothiazolinone biocide on a microbial community isolated from an industrial cooling system was assessed under static and flow conditions. The differential response of planktonic and sessile populations to these biocide concentrations was discerned by modifying the broth microdilution assay. However, the end-point analysis of biofilms cultivated in static microplates obscured the effect of sub-MIC and MIC on biofilms. A transition from batch to the continuous flow system revealed a more nuanced response of biofilms to these biocide concentrations, where biofilm-derived planktonic cell production was maintained despite an increase in the frequency and extent of biofilm sloughing. A holistic, 'best of both worlds' approach that combines the use of static and continuous flow systems is useful to investigate the potential for the development of persistent biofilms under conditions where exposure to sub-MIC and MIC may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B. Klopper
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Elanna Bester
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | | | - Gideon M. Wolfaardt
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyToronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
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李 梦, 杨 桂, 王 有, 雍 刚, 王 红, 别 明, 王 国. [Establishment and Evaluation of a Resazurin-Based Microdilution Assay for Microbial Sensitivity Test of Neisseria gonorrhoeae]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:198-203. [PMID: 38322510 PMCID: PMC10839469 DOI: 10.12182/20240160209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Objective To establish and evaluate a microbial sensitivity test method for Neisseria gonorrhoeae based on resazurin coloration. Methods Based on the broth microdilution method, resazurin was added as a live bacteria indicator. WHO G, a WHO gonococcal reference strain, was used to optimize the incubation time for resazurin-stained bacteria and the color change was visually observed to obtain the results. Agar dilution method (the gold standard) and resazurin-based microdilution assay were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and spectinomycin for 3 reference strains and 32 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The results were analyzed based on essential agreement (EA), which reflected the consistency of the MIC values, category agreement (CA), which reflected the consistency in the determination of drug resistance, intermediary, and sensitivity, very major error (VME), which reflected false sensitivity, and major error (ME), which reflected pseudo drug resistance, to evaluate the accuracy of resazurin-based microdilution assay as a microbial sensitivity test of of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. CA and EA rates≥90% and VME and ME rates≤3% were found to be the acceptable performance rates. Results The results obtained 6 hours after resazurin was added were consistent with those of the agar dilution method and the resazurin-based microdilution assay was established accordingly based on this parameter. The EA of resazurin-based microdilution assay for measuring the MIC results of azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and spectinomycin was 97.1%, 91.5%, and 94.3%, respectively, and the CA was 88.6%, 94.3%, and 94.3%, respectively. The VME was 0% for all three antibiotics, while the ME was 11.4%, 5.7%, and 5.7%, respectively. Conclusion The resazurin-based microdilution assay established in this study showed good agreement with agar dilution method for measuring the MIC of antibiotics against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the sensitivity results of this method were highly reliable and could be easily obtained through naked eye observation. Nonetheless, the results of drug resistance should be treated with caution and the optimization of parameters should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- 梦欢 李
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 桂琴 杨
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 有为 王
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 刚 雍
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 红仁 王
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 明江 别
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院 临床医学检验中心 (成都 610072)Clinical Laboratory Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - 国庆 王
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Mensah E, Fourie PB, Peters RPH. Antimicrobial effects of Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box compounds on strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0034823. [PMID: 37791750 PMCID: PMC10648949 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00348-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for Neisseria gonorrhoeae are limited due to emerging global resistance. New agents and treatment options to treat patients with susceptible and multi-extensively drug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae is a high priority. This study used an in vitro approach to explore the antimicrobial potential, as well as synergistic effects of Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box compounds against ATCC and clinical N. gonorrhoeae strains. Microbroth dilution assay was used to determine pathogen-specific minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the Pathogen Box compounds against susceptible and resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains, with modification, by adding PrestoBlue HS Cell Viability Reagent. A checkerboard assay was used to determine synergy between the active compounds and in conjunction with ceftriaxone. Time-kill kinetics was performed to determine if the compounds were either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. The Pathogen Box compounds: MMV676501, MMV002817, MMV688327, MMV688508, MMV024937, MMV687798 (levofloxacin), MMV021013, and MMV688978 (auranofin) showed potent activity against resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae at an MIC and MBC of ≤10 µM. Besides the eight compounds, MMV676388 and MMV272144 were active against susceptible N. gonorrhoeae strains, also at MIC and MBC of ≤10 µM. All the compounds were bactericidal and were either synergistic or additive with fractional inhibitory concentration index ranging between 0.40 and 1.8. The study identified novel Pathogen Box compounds with potent activity against N. gonorrhoeae strains and has the potential to be further investigated as primary or adjunctive therapy to treat gonococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mensah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - P. Bernard Fourie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Remco P. H. Peters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Foundation for Professional Development, Research Unit, East London, South Africa
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Leite B, Bezerra P, Stocco B, Abichabki N, Andrade L, Fonseca M, Torqueti M. Biotransformed soybean cream as a new nutraceutical for skin care: collagen stimulation in vitro and ex vivo. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12781. [PMID: 37878883 PMCID: PMC10591485 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments that attenuate the effects of hypoestrogenism in menopausal women have been gaining visibility. This study investigated the skin response to a phytoestrogen-enriched cosmetic formulation created by incorporating a biotransformed soybean extract (BE) into a cream-like matrix. Collagen-I expression was analyzed both in vitro (fibroblast cells) and ex vivo (skin explants). The results revealed an increased amount of collagen-I both in fibroblasts and human skin when treated with BE and BE-incorporated cream. Also, this collagen-I overexpression was inhibited by PHTPP, indicating a dependence on estrogen hormone receptor beta (ERβ) signaling. Moreover, BE was not harmful to skin microbiota, showing a promising nutricosmetic potential. Thus, this work presented a fully functional cream-like formulation that was shown to be safe and effectively increase collagen-I levels both in vitro and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.A. Leite
- Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicologia e Ciência Alimentar, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - P.H.A. Bezerra
- Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicologia e Ciência Alimentar, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - B. Stocco
- Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicologia e Ciência Alimentar, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - N. Abichabki
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência e Virulência Bacteriana, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - L.N. Andrade
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência e Virulência Bacteriana, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - M.J.V. Fonseca
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - M.R. Torqueti
- Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicologia e Ciência Alimentar, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Vashishtha S, Thakur S, Singh J, Adhana S, Kundu B. Evolutionarily conserved heat shock protein, HtpX, as an adjunct target against antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1516-1529. [PMID: 37566682 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multiple drug resistance and extreme drug resistance pathogens necessitates the continuous evaluation of the pathogenic genome to identify conserved molecular targets and their respective inhibitors. In this study, we mapped the global mutational landscape of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (an intracellular pathogen notoriously known to cause the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea). We identified highly variable amino acid positions in the antibiotic target genes like the penA, ponA, 23s rRNA, rpoB, gyrA, parC, mtrR and porB. Some variations are directly reported to confer resistance to the currently used front-line drugs like ceftriaxone, cefixime, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. Further, by whole genome comparison and Shannon entropy analysis, we identified a completely conserved protein HtpX in the drug-resistant as well as susceptible isolates of N. gonorrhoeae (NgHtpX). Comparison with the only available information of Escherichia coli HtpX suggested it to be a transmembrane metalloprotease having a role in stress response. The critical zinc-binding residue of NgHtpX was mapped to E141. By applying composite high throughput screening followed by MD simulations, we identified pemirolast and thalidomide as high-energy binding ligands of NgHtpX. Following cloning and expression of the purified metal-binding domain of NgHtpX (NgHtpXd), its Zn2+ -binding (Kd = 0.4 µM) and drug-binding (pemirolast, Kd = 3.47 µM; and thalidomide, Kd = 1.04 µM) potentials were determined using in-vitro fluorescence quenching experiment. When tested on N. gonorrhoeae cultures, both the ligands imposed a dose-dependent reduction in viability. Overall, our results provide high entropy positions in the targets of presently used antibiotics, which can be further explored to understand the AMR mechanism. Additionally, HtpX and its specific inhibitors identified can be utilised effectively in managing gonococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Vashishtha
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Thakur
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jasdeep Singh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Adhana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Gonzalez-Pastor R, Carrera-Pacheco SE, Zúñiga-Miranda J, Rodríguez-Pólit C, Mayorga-Ramos A, Guamán LP, Barba-Ostria C. Current Landscape of Methods to Evaluate Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Extracts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031068. [PMID: 36770734 PMCID: PMC9920787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural extracts have been and continue to be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, from infectious diseases to cancer, based on their convenience and therapeutic potential. Natural products derived from microbes, plants, and animals offer a broad variety of molecules and chemical compounds. Natural products are not only one of the most important sources for innovative drug development for animal and human health, but they are also an inspiration for synthetic biology and chemistry scientists towards the discovery of new bioactive compounds and pharmaceuticals. This is particularly relevant in the current context, where antimicrobial resistance has risen as a global health problem. Thus, efforts are being directed toward studying natural compounds' chemical composition and bioactive potential to generate drugs with better efficacy and lower toxicity than existing molecules. Currently, a wide range of methodologies are used to analyze the in vitro activity of natural extracts to determine their suitability as antimicrobial agents. Despite traditional technologies being the most employed, technological advances have contributed to the implementation of methods able to circumvent issues related to analysis capacity, time, sensitivity, and reproducibility. This review produces an updated analysis of the conventional and current methods to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gonzalez-Pastor
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Saskya E. Carrera-Pacheco
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Johana Zúñiga-Miranda
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Pólit
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Arianna Mayorga-Ramos
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Linda P. Guamán
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.P.G.); (C.B.-O.)
| | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.P.G.); (C.B.-O.)
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11
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Potential Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Time-Kill Kinetic Essay and Ultrastructure of Pathogenic Bacterial Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:467-485. [PMID: 36087233 PMCID: PMC9832084 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycosynthesis of nanoparticle (NP) production is a potential ecofriendly technology for large scale production. In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have been synthesized from the live cell filtrate of the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. The created CuONPs were characterized via several techniques, namely Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Furthermore, the biosynthesized CuONPs were performed against biofilm forming Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 51,983, Escherichia coli ATCC 35,218, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11,778. The anti-bacterial activity result was shown with the zone of inhibition determined to be 14 ± 0.31 mm, 16 ± 0.53 mm, 11 ± 0.57 mm, and 10 ± 0.57 mm respectively. Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli were more susceptible to CuONPs with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values 6.25 and 3.12 µg/mL, respectively, while for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, MIC value was 12.5 and 25 μg/mL, respectively. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) result was more evident, that the CuONPs have excellent anti-biofilm activity at sub-MIC levels reducing biofilm formation by 49% and 59% against Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli, while the results indicated that the MBIC of CuONPs on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus was higher than 200 μg/mL and 256 μg/mL, respectively, suggesting that these CuONPs could not inhibit mature formatted biofilm of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Overall, all the results were clearly confirmed that the CuONPs have excellent anti-biofilm ability against Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli. The prepared CuONPs offer a smart approach for biomedical therapy of resistant microorganisms because of its promoted antimicrobial action, but only for specified purposes.
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12
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Rana S, Singh SK, Dufossé L. Multigene Phylogeny, Beauvericin Production and Bioactive Potential of Fusarium Strains Isolated in India. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070662. [PMID: 35887419 PMCID: PMC9320867 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy of the genus Fusarium has been in a flux because of ambiguous circumscription of species-level identification based on morphotaxonomic criteria. In this study, multigene phylogeny was conducted to resolve the evolutionary relationships of 88 Indian Fusarium isolates based on the internal transcribed spacer region, 28S large subunit, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, RNA polymerase second largest subunit, beta-tubulin and calmodulin gene regions. Fusarium species are well known to produce metabolites such as beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins. These identified isolates were subjected to fermentation in Fusarium-defined media for BEA production and tested using TLC, HPLC and HRMS. Among 88 isolates studied, 50 were capable of producing BEA, which varied from 0.01 to 15.82 mg/g of biomass. Fusarium tardicrescens NFCCI 5201 showed maximum BEA production (15.82 mg/g of biomass). The extract of F. tardicrescens NFCCI 5201 showed promising antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureusMLS16 MTCC 2940 and Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470 with MIC of 62.5 and 15.63 µg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the F. tardicrescens NFCCI 5201 extract in potato dextrose agar (40 µg/mL) exhibited antifungal activity in the food poison technique against plant pathogenic and other fungi, Rhizoctonia solani NFCCI 4327, Sclerotium rolfsii NFCCI 4263, Geotrichum candidum NFCCI 3744 and Pythium sp. NFCCI 3482, showing % inhibition of 84.31, 49.76, 38.22 and 35.13, respectively. The antibiotic effect was found to synergize when Fusarium extract and amphotericin B (20 µg/mL each in potato dextrose agar) were used in combination against Rhizopus sp. NFCCI 2108, Sclerotium rolfsii NFCCI 4263, Bipolaris sorokiniana NFCCI 4690 and Absidia sp. NFCCI 2716, showing % inhibition of 50.35, 79.37, 48.07 and 76.72, respectively. The extract also showed satisfactory dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 0.675 mg/mL. This study reveals the correct identity of the Indian Fusarium isolates based on multigene phylogeny and also throws light on BEA production potential, suggesting their possible applicability in the medicine, agriculture and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwali Rana
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
- Correspondence: or (S.K.S.); (L.D.); Tel.: +91-20-2532-5103 (S.K.S.); +33-66-873-1906 (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chembiopro Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels, ESIROI Département Agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
- Correspondence: or (S.K.S.); (L.D.); Tel.: +91-20-2532-5103 (S.K.S.); +33-66-873-1906 (L.D.)
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Vashishtha S, Singh J, Kundu B. Antimicrobial‐resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
can be targeted using inhibitors against evolutionary conserved
l
‐asparaginase. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1171-1182. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Vashishtha
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
| | - Jasdeep Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
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Potential cannabidiol (CBD) repurposing as antibacterial and promising therapy of CBD plus polymyxin B (PB) against PB-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6454. [PMID: 35440801 PMCID: PMC9018834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the ultrapure cannabidiol (CBD) antibacterial activity and to investigate the antibacterial activity of the combination CBD + polymyxin B (PB) against Gram-negative (GN) bacteria, including PB-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). We used the standard broth microdilution method, checkerboard assay, and time-kill assay. CBD exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, lipooligosaccharide (LOS)-expressing GN diplococcus (GND) (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but not against GNB. For most of the GNB studied, our results showed that low concentrations of PB (≤ 2 µg/mL) allow CBD (≤ 4 µg/mL) to exert antibacterial activity against GNB (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii), including PB-resistant GNB. CBD + PB also showed additive and/or synergistic effect against LOS-expressing GND. Time-kill assays results showed that the combination CBD + PB leads to a greater reduction in the number of colony forming units per milliliter compared to CBD and PB alone, at the same concentration used in combination, and the combination CBD + PB was synergistic for all four PB-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates evaluated. Our results show that CBD has translational potential and should be further explored as a repurposed antibacterial agent in clinical trials. The antibacterial efficacy of the combination CBD + PB against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant GNB, especially PB-resistant K. pneumoniae, is particularly promising.
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15
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Comprehensive Review of Currently Used Methods. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040427. [PMID: 35453179 PMCID: PMC9024665 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major threat to public health globally. Accurate and rapid detection of resistance to antimicrobial drugs, and subsequent appropriate antimicrobial treatment, combined with antimicrobial stewardship, are essential for controlling the emergence and spread of AMR. This article reviews common antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods and relevant issues concerning the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Although accurate, classic technologies used in clinical microbiology to profile antimicrobial susceptibility are time-consuming and relatively expensive. As a result, physicians often prescribe empirical antimicrobial therapies and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although recently developed AST systems have shown advantages over traditional methods in terms of testing speed and the potential for providing a deeper insight into resistance mechanisms, extensive validation is required to translate these methodologies to clinical practice. With a continuous increase in antimicrobial resistance, additional efforts are needed to develop innovative, rapid, accurate, and portable diagnostic tools for AST. The wide implementation of novel devices would enable the identification of the optimal treatment approaches and the surveillance of antibiotic resistance in health, agriculture, and the environment, allowing monitoring and better tackling the emergence of AMR.
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16
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Gubenšek U, de Laat M, Foerster S, Boyd A, van Dam AP. Pharmacodynamics of Ceftriaxone, Ertapenem, Fosfomycin and Gentamicin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030299. [PMID: 35326763 PMCID: PMC8944423 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the in vitro effect of select antimicrobials on the growth of N. gonorrhoeae and its pharmacodynamic parameters. Methods: Time–kill assays were performed on two reference N. gonorrhoeae strains (ceftriaxone-resistant WHO X and ceftriaxone-susceptible WHO F) and one clinical N. gonorrhoeae strain (ceftriaxone-susceptible CS03307). Time–kill curves were constructed for each strain by measuring bacterial growth rates at doubling antimicrobial concentrations of ceftriaxone, ertapenem, fosfomycin and gentamicin. Inputs from these curves were used to estimate minimal bacterial growth rates at high antimicrobial concentrations (ψmin), maximum bacterial growth rates in the absence of antimicrobials (ψmax), pharmacodynamic minimum inhibitory concentrations (zMIC), and Hill’s coefficients (κ). Results: Ceftriaxone, ertapenem and fosfomycin showed gradual death overtime at higher antimicrobial concentrations with a relatively high ψmin, demonstrating time-dependent activity. Compared to WHO F, the ψmin for WHO X was significantly increased, reflecting decreased killing activity for ceftriaxone, ertapenem and fosfomycin. At high ceftriaxone concentrations, WHO X was still efficiently killed. CS03307 also showed a high ψmin for ceftriaxone in spite of a low MIC and no difference in ψmin for fosfomycin in spite of significant MIC and zMIC differences. Gentamicin showed rapid killing for all three strains at high concentrations, demonstrating concentration-dependent activity. Conclusions: Based on time–kill assays, high-dosage ceftriaxone could be used to treat N. gonorrhoeae strains with MIC above breakpoint, with gentamicin as a potential alternative. Whether ertapenem or fosfomycin would be effective to treat strains with a high MIC to ceftriaxone is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urša Gubenšek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (U.G.); (M.d.L.); (S.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Myrthe de Laat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (U.G.); (M.d.L.); (S.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Sunniva Foerster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (U.G.); (M.d.L.); (S.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Anders Boyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (U.G.); (M.d.L.); (S.F.); (A.B.)
- Stichting HIV Monitoring—The Dutch HIV Monitoring Foundation, Nicolaes Tulphuis, Tafelbergweg 51, 1105 BD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alje Pieter van Dam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (U.G.); (M.d.L.); (S.F.); (A.B.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-566-3026
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17
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Melendez JH, Chen FE, Wang TH. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae using a phenotypic-molecular assay and lyophilized antimicrobials. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 102:115590. [PMID: 34871932 PMCID: PMC9241851 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gonorrhea is an urgent global public health threat as Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) has progressively developed resistance to all antibiotics commonly used for treatment. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility trends is critical to monitor the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The gold standard methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Ng are laborious and time-consuming. We evaluated a phenotypic molecular approach, involving a short cultivation step and quantitative PCR, with lyophilized antimicrobials to characterize antimicrobial susceptibility in Ng. There was excellent concordance between AST performed with liquid and lyophilized ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and tetracycline using the pheno-molecular assay, following a 4-hour incubation step. The categorical agreement between the pheno-molecular assay and the gold standard AST results was 92.4% for characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility. Essential agreement between the 2 methods was 91.9%. Characterization of ceftriaxone susceptibility in Ng using the pheno-molecular assay required a 6-hour incubation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan H. Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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18
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Alharthi S, Ziora ZM, Moyle PM. Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 52:116527. [PMID: 34839159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing antimicrobial resistance is a major global health concern. Conventional antibiotics apply selection pressures, which promote the accumulation of resistant microbes. Anti-virulence strategies, in contrast, are less potent antimicrobials, but are less likely to select for resistance, can be combined with existing antibiotics to improve their activity, and in some cases can overcome antimicrobial resistance towards other antimicrobials. Sortase A inhibitors (SrtAIs) represent an exciting example of this class; however, many reported examples demonstrate poor water solubility, which complicates their biological assessment and activity. This includes reports that use antimicrobial concentrations of organic solvents or conditions that fail to solubilise these compounds for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assessments. Herein, we report the first study to optimise screening processes for a library of prospective SrtAIs (trans-chalcone (TC), berberine (BR), curcumin (CUR), and quercetin (QC)), including comparative assessment of the effects of various co-solvent concentrations, along with comparative assessment of their antimicrobial activities against multiple disease relevant bacterial strains (methicillin-sensitive and resistant S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa), inhibition of the sortase A enzyme, and toxicity towards mammalian cells (HEK-293), using these optimised conditions. Optimal solubility with minimal effect on bacterial viability was observed in the presence of 5% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-Mueller-Hinton Broth. Three antimicrobial susceptibility tests (broth microdilution, agar dilution, and disk diffusion) were assessed for their ability to accurately determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) data for each SrtAI. Broth microdilution and agar dilution were both effective; however, the broth microdilution assay required the addition of a colorimetric metabolic indicator (resazurin) to enable simple and reliable MIC determination due to the development of precipitants over time. In contrast, disk diffusion did not provide reliable zone of inhibition data. Identical MIC data was observed with methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus (MRSA; ATCC43300), with lower potency activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Under these conditions, TC and CUR demonstrated significant toxicity towards human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, with QC showing less toxicity and BR limited-to-no toxicity at its MIC. Overall, the findings of this work provide optimised processes, which will prove useful for the study of other poorly soluble antimicrobial agents and SrtAIs. The obtained data suggests that BR should be considered in preference to the other SrtAIs for the development of new antimicrobial formulations, based on its superior antimicrobial and SrtA inhibition potency, and greatly reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitah Alharthi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zyta Maria Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
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Caso Coelho V, Pereira Neves SD, Cintra Giudice M, Benard G, Lopes MH, Sato PK. Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Nocardia spp. isolates by broth microdilution with resazurin and spectrophotometry. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:331. [PMID: 34865615 PMCID: PMC8647337 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nocardia species are ubiquitous in natural environments and can cause nocardiosis. In the present study, the use of Resazurin salt and Spectrophotometry were proposed as alternative methods to reduce subjectivity in the interpretation of susceptibility results to antimicrobials by the broth microdilution method for Nocardia spp. RESULTS The susceptibility of Nocardia spp. isolates to Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Minocycline and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole was evaluated by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determinations by the broth microdilution method. To verify cellular growth, the colour-changing dye Resazurin was applied, the Optical Densities were measured on a spectrophotometer, and both were compared to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Gold Standard method (visual MIC determination). Percentages of essential and categorical agreements and interpretative categorical errors were calculated within each method (intra-reading) and between them (inter-reading). The Gold Standard visual reading demonstrated 100% of essential and categorical intra-reading agreements for Amikacin, and there was no error when compared with the alternative methods. For Ciprofloxacin, the comparison between the Gold Standard and the Spectrophotometric reading showed 91.5% of essential agreement. In the categorical intra-reading analysis for Minocycline, there were 88.1 and 91.7% in the Gold Standard and in the Spectrophotometric readings, respectively, and 86.4% of concordance between them. High rates of categorical agreement were also observed on the Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole analyses, with 93.7% for the Gold Standard, 84.9% for the Resazurin readings, and 80.5% between them. CONCLUSIONS The alternative methods with Resazurin and Spectrophotometric readings showed high agreement rates with the Gold Standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Caso Coelho
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, IMT 2, terreo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Cintra Giudice
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Micology (LIM53), HCFMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Present Address: Faculdades Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Micology (LIM53), HCFMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Heloisa Lopes
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, IMT 2, terreo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Keiko Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, IMT 2, terreo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
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20
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Ekelund O, Klokkhammer Hetland MA, Høyland Löhr I, Schön T, Somajo S. Rapid high-resolution detection of colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria using flow cytometry: a comparison with broth microdilution, a commercial screening test and WGS. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:3183-3191. [PMID: 34477846 PMCID: PMC8598304 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though both EUCAST and CLSI consider broth microdilution (BMD) as the reference method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of colistin, the method exhibits potential flaws related to properties of the colistin molecule. OBJECTIVES To develop a flow cytometry method (FCM) for colistin AST and to validate it against BMD, a commercial screening test and WGS. METHODS Colistin-mediated loss of membrane integrity in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. was detected with the fluorescent probe YoPro-1 by FCM. An international collection of 65 resistant and 109 susceptible isolates were analysed and the colistin concentration required to reach the EC50 was compared with the BMD MIC and the presence of genotypic resistance markers. RESULTS The overall FCM sensitivity and specificity for colistin resistance was 89% and 94%, with E. coli > K. pneumoniae > P. aeruginosa, whereas the performance for Acinetobacter spp. was poor. All tested E. coli were correctly categorized. Three K. pneumoniae isolates with genotypic findings consistent with colistin resistance were detected by FCM but not BMD. Compared with BMD, FCM delivered AST results with a 75% reduction of time. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present a rapid FCM-based AST assay for qualitative and quantitative testing of colistin resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The assay revealed probable chromosomal colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae that was not detected by BMD. If confirmed, these results question the reliability of BMD for colistin testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Ekelund
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Blekinge County Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Marit Andrea Klokkhammer Hetland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iren Høyland Löhr
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Thomas Schön
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases, Linköping University, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Sweden and Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Sofia Somajo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Blekinge County Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
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21
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Oeschger TM, Erickson DC. Visible colorimetric growth indicators of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for low-cost diagnostic applications. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252961. [PMID: 34138928 PMCID: PMC8211239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
N. gonorrhoeae is one of the most pressing antibiotic resistant threats of our time and low-cost diagnostics that can easily identify antibiotic resistance are desperately needed. However, N. gonorrhoeae responds so uniquely to growth conditions that it cannot be assumed gonorrhea will respond to common microbiological methods used for other pathogenic organisms. In this paper, we explore visual colorimetric indicators of N. gonorrhoeae growth that can be seen without a microscope or spectrophotometer. We evaluate growth media, pH indicators, resazurin-based dyes, and tetrazolium-based dyes for their use in simple colorimetric system. Overall, we identified Graver Wade media as the best at supporting robust gonococcal growth while also providing the least background when analyzing results of colorimetric tests. XTT, a tetrazolium-based dye, proved to show to brightest color change over time and not negatively impact the natural growth of N. gonorrhoeae. However, other dyes including PrestoBlue, MTT, and NBT are less expensive than XTT and work well when added after bacterial growth has already occurred. By identifying the specific use cases of these dyes, this research lays the groundwork for future development of a color-based antibiotic susceptibility low-cost test for N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Mae Oeschger
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - David Carl Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Grecka K, Szweda P. Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020215. [PMID: 33557393 PMCID: PMC7916011 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation aimed to assess the combinational effect of commonly used antipyretics and antiseptics with ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) on the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus. The broth microdilution checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions between all investigated antipyretics, namely acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, with EEPs samples. The values of the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) index for all these combinations were <0.5. While, in the case of considered antiseptics, namely chlorhexidine, octenidine dihydrochloride, and 2-phenoxyethanol, the positive interaction was confirmed only for the last one (values of ΣFIC in the range 0.0625-0.25). Combinations of two other agents with all four samples of EEPs resulted in an important antagonistic effect (values of ΣFIC ≥ 4.5). Propolis is mostly dedicated to the treatment of skin/wound infections; thus, these findings are of particular practical importance. The outcomes of the study also support the hypothesis that the propolis's antimicrobial effect is due to the combined (synergistic) action of several ingredients rather than the presence of one component of high antibacterial activity. The composition of 13 ingredients of EEPs (at a concentration below the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the most active agent) exhibited considerably high anti-staphylococcal efficiency with MIC = 128 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Szweda
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (P.S.); Tel.: +48-58-347-11-44 (P.S.)
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23
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Savela ES, Schoepp NG, Cooper MM, Rolando JC, Klausner JD, Soge OO, Ismagilov RF. Surfactant-enhanced DNA accessibility to nuclease accelerates phenotypic β-lactam antibiotic susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000651. [PMID: 32191696 PMCID: PMC7081974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) is critically needed to counter widespread antibiotic resistance. Detection of nucleic acids in genotypic AST can be rapid, but it has not been successful for β-lactams (the largest antibiotic class used to treat Ng). Rapid phenotypic AST for Ng is challenged by the pathogen's slow doubling time and the lack of methods to quickly quantify the pathogen's response to β-lactams. Here, we asked two questions: (1) Is it possible to use nucleic acid quantification to measure the β-lactam susceptibility phenotype of Ng very rapidly, using antibiotic-exposure times much shorter than the 1- to 2-h doubling time of Ng? (2) Would such short-term antibiotic exposures predict the antibiotic resistance profile of Ng measured by plate growth assays over multiple days? To answer these questions, we devised an innovative approach for performing a rapid phenotypic AST that measures DNA accessibility to exogenous nucleases after exposure to β-lactams (termed nuclease-accessibility AST [nuc-aAST]). We showed that DNA in antibiotic-susceptible cells has increased accessibility upon exposure to β-lactams and that a judiciously chosen surfactant permeabilized the outer membrane and enhanced this effect. We tested penicillin, cefixime, and ceftriaxone and found good agreement between the results of the nuc-aAST after 15-30 min of antibiotic exposure and the results of the gold-standard culture-based AST measured over days. These results provide a new pathway toward developing a critically needed phenotypic AST for Ng and additional global-health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Savela
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Nathan G. Schoepp
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew M. Cooper
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Justin C. Rolando
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Olusegun O. Soge
- Neisseria Reference Laboratory, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
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24
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Siebert C, Villers C, Pavlou G, Touquet B, Yakandawala N, Tardieux I, Renesto P. Francisella novicida and F. philomiragia biofilm features conditionning fitness in spring water and in presence of antibiotics. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228591. [PMID: 32023304 PMCID: PMC7001994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are currently considered as a predominant lifestyle of many bacteria in nature. While they promote survival of microbes, biofilms also potentially increase the threats to animal and public health in case of pathogenic species. They not only facilitate bacteria transmission and persistence, but also promote spreading of antibiotic resistance leading to chronic infections. In the case of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, biofilms have remained largely enigmatic. Here, applying live and static confocal microscopy, we report growth and ultrastructural organization of the biofilms formed in vitro by these microorganisms over the early transition from coccobacillary into coccoid shape during biofilm assembly. Using selective dispersing agents, we provided evidence for extracellular DNA (eDNA) being a major and conserved structural component of mature biofilms formed by both F. subsp. novicida and a human clinical isolate of F. philomiragia. We also observed a higher physical robustness of F. novicida biofilm as compared to F. philomiragia one, a feature likely promoted by specific polysaccharides. Further, F. novicida biofilms resisted significantly better to ciprofloxacin than their planktonic counterparts. Importantly, when grown in biofilms, both Francisella species survived longer in cold water as compared to free-living bacteria, a trait possibly associated with a gain in fitness in the natural aquatic environment. Overall, this study provides information on survival of Francisella when embedded with biofilms that should improve both the future management of biofilm-related infections and the design of effective strategies to tackle down the problematic issue of bacteria persistence in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Villers
- TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525-UGA CNRS, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, EA4655 U2RM, Caen, France
| | - Georgios Pavlou
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Bastien Touquet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Isabelle Tardieux
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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25
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Meyer T, Buder S. The Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Current Testing and Future Demands. Pathogens 2020; 9:E91. [PMID: 32024032 PMCID: PMC7169389 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ideal laboratory test to detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) should be sensitive, specific, easy to use, rapid, and affordable and should provide information about susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. Currently, such a test is not available and presumably will not be in the near future. Thus, diagnosis of gonococcal infections presently includes application of different techniques to address these requirements. Microscopy may produce rapid results but lacks sensitivity in many cases (except symptomatic urogenital infections in males). Highest sensitivity to detect Ng was shown for nucleic acid amplification technologies (NAATs), which, however, are less specific than culture. In addition, comprehensive analysis of antibiotic resistance is accomplished only by in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of cultured isolates. As a light at the end of the tunnel, new developments of molecular techniques and microfluidic systems represent promising opportunities to design point-of-care tests for rapid detection of Ng with high sensitivity and specificity, and there is reason to hope that such tests may also provide antimicrobial resistance data in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Buder
- German Consiliary Laboratory for Gonococci, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Vivantes Hospital Berlin, 12351 Berlin, Germany;
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26
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Foerster S, Gustafsson TN, Brochado AR, Desilvestro V, Typas A, Unemo M. The first wide-scale drug repurposing screen using the Prestwick Chemical Library (1200 bioactive molecules) against Neisseria gonorrhoeae identifies high in vitro activity of auranofin and many additional drugs. APMIS 2020; 128:242-250. [PMID: 31811739 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for gonorrhoea are scarce. Drug repurposing of bioactive molecules approved for other conditions might therefore be of value. We developed a method for wide-scale, systematic drug repurposing screen to identify molecules with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and screened the Prestwick Chemical Library (1200 FDA-approved drugs). As a proof-of-concept, we further examined one promising and interesting screening hit (auranofin; antirheumatic agent). Three WHO gonococcal reference strains (WHO F, O, P) were used for the Library screening. The strains were grown in presence of a fixed concentration of the library drugs in 384-well plates for 12 h, and the remaining bacterial respiration, to reflect growth, was then quantitatively measured using optical density (OD) 450 nm and a resazurin assay. The activity of auranofin was further examined using in vitro susceptibility testing (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)) against genetically diverse antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains and time-kill assays. Sixty-eight molecules significantly inhibited bacterial growth of WHO F, O and P. Auranofin showed potent in vitro bactericidal activity (in MIC-, MBC- and time-kill assays) against four WHO reference strains. No cross-resistance between auranofin and any antimicrobial currently or previously used for gonorrhoea treatment was found when examining 51 selected antimicrobial-resistant gonococcal strains. In conclusion, this is the first wide-scale systematic screening effort for repurposing drugs for future treatment of gonorrhoea. Additional studies examining mechanism(s) of action, resistance development, in vivo anti-gonococcal activity and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics for gonococcal infections of auranofin and several other significant screening hits would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva Foerster
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas N Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Rita Brochado
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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27
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Rakhmawatie MD, Wibawa T, Lisdiyanti P, Pratiwi WR, Mustofa. Evaluation of crystal violet decolorization assay and resazurin microplate assay for antimycobacterial screening. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02263. [PMID: 31497667 PMCID: PMC6722264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main obstacle in antimycobacterial discovery is the extremely slow growth rates of pathogenic mycobacteria that lead to the long incubation times needed in antimycobacterial screening. Some in vitro testings has been developed and are currently available for antimycobacterial screening. The aim of the study was to compare Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA) and Crystal Violet Decolorization Assay (CVDA) for testing mycobacteria susceptibility to isoniazid and rifampicin as well as for antimycobacterial screening of natural products (NP). Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv and Mycobacterium smegmatis strain mc2 155 were used as tested mycobacteria. Serial two-fold dilutions from 0.0625 to 1.0 μg/mL for the isoniazid and rifampicin and from 6.25 to 100.0 μg/mL for the NP A and B were prepared. Tested mycobacteria were then incubated with tested drugs or NPs in each growth medium at 37 °C for 7 days for M. tuberculosis and 3 days for M. smegmatis. MIC values against M. tuberculosis were interpreted 24-48 h after adding resazurin or at least 72 h after adding crystal violet, whereas MIC values against M. smegmatis were interpreted 1 h after adding resazurin or 24 h after adding crystal violet. The MIC values against M. tuberculosis interpreted by REMA were 0.0625, 0.0625, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively, and those interpreted by CVDA were 0.0625, 0.0625, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively. Moreover, the MIC values against M. smegmatis interpreted by REMA were 0.0625, >1, 6.25, and 100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively, and those interpreted by CVDA were 0.125, >1, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, NP B respectively. In conclusion, REMA is faster and easier than CVDA to interpret MIC values, however CVDA produces higher MIC values than REMA for rifampicin and NP B in M. smegmatis susceptibility testing. Therefore, REMA and CVDA can be used for antimycobacterial screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Dian Rakhmawatie
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wibawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puspita Lisdiyanti
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Woro Rukmi Pratiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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28
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Kumar SS, Ghosh AR. Assessment of bacterial viability: a comprehensive review on recent advances and challenges. Microbiology (Reading) 2019; 165:593-610. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shravanthi S. Kumar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asit Ranjan Ghosh
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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29
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Leonard H, Colodner R, Halachmi S, Segal E. Recent Advances in the Race to Design a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Antimicrobial Resistance. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2202-2217. [PMID: 30350967 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Even with advances in antibiotic therapies, bacterial infections persistently plague society and have amounted to one of the most prevalent issues in healthcare today. Moreover, the improper and excessive administration of antibiotics has led to resistance of many pathogens to prescribed therapies, rendering such antibiotics ineffective against infections. While the identification and detection of bacteria in a patient's sample is critical for point-of-care diagnostics and in a clinical setting, the consequent determination of the correct antibiotic for a patient-tailored therapy is equally crucial. As a result, many recent research efforts have been focused on the development of sensors and systems that correctly guide a physician to the best antibiotic to prescribe for an infection, which can in turn, significantly reduce the instances of antibiotic resistance and the evolution of bacteria "superbugs." This review details the advantages and shortcomings of the recent advances (focusing from 2016 and onward) made in the developments of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) measurements. Detection of antibiotic resistance by genomic AST techniques relies on the prediction of antibiotic resistance via extracted bacterial DNA content, while phenotypic determinations typically track physiological changes in cells and/or populations exposed to antibiotics. Regardless of the method used for AST, factors such as cost, scalability, and assay time need to be weighed into their design. With all of the expansive innovation in the field, which technology and sensing systems demonstrate the potential to detect antimicrobial resistance in a clinical setting?
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Leonard
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 3200003
| | - Raul Colodner
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel 18101
| | - Sarel Halachmi
- Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel 3104800
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 3200003
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, 3200003
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30
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Chen L, Shin DJ, Zheng S, Melendez JH, Gaydos CA, Wang TH. Direct-qPCR Assay for Coupled Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1377-1384. [PMID: 29999304 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant gonorrhea has become an urgent issue for global public health. As the causative agent of gonorrhea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has been progressively developing resistance to nearly all prescribed antimicrobial drugs, monitoring its antimicrobial resistance on a broader scale has become a crucial agenda for effective antibiotic stewardship. Unfortunately, gold standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) relies on time and labor-intensive phenotypic assays, which lag behind the current diagnostic workflow for N. gonorrhoeae identification based on nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). Newer assay technologies based on NAAT can rapidly identify N. gonorrhoeae from clinical specimen but fundamentally lack the capacity to provide phenotypic AST information. Herein, we propose a direct-quantitative PCR (direct-qPCR) assay that enables pathogen-specific identification and phenotypic AST via quantitative measurement of N. gonorrhoeae growth directly from a liquid medium without any sample preprocessing. The assay has an analytical sensitivity of 102 CFU/mL and is highly specific to N. gonorrhoeae in the presence of urogenital flora and clinical swab eluent. We tested seven N. gonorrhoeae strains against three antibiotic agents, penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, and achieved 95.2% category agreement and 85.7% essential agreement with the FDA-approved E-test. The assay presented in this work has the unique ability to identify N. gonorrhoeae and provide phenotypic AST directly from the liquid medium with cell densities as low as 102 CFU/mL, demonstrating an accelerated, sensitive, and scalable workflow for performing both identification and AST of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Johan H. Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Charlotte A. Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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31
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Iyer R, Ye Z, Ferrari A, Duncan L, Tanudra MA, Tsao H, Wang T, Gao H, Brummel CL, Erwin AL. Evaluating LC-MS/MS To Measure Accumulation of Compounds within Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1336-1345. [PMID: 29961312 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A general method for determining bacterial uptake of compounds independent of antibacterial activity would be a valuable tool in antibacterial drug discovery. LC-MS/MS assays have been described, but it has not been shown whether the data can be used directly to inform medicinal chemistry. We describe the evaluation of an LC-MS/MS assay measuring association of compounds with bacteria, using a set of over a hundred compounds (inhibitors of NAD-dependent DNA ligase, LigA) for which in vitro potency and antibacterial activity had been determined. All compounds were active against an efflux-deficient strain of Escherichia coli with reduced LigA activity ( E. coli ligA251 Δ tolC). Testing a single compound concentration and incubation time, we found that, for equipotent compounds, LC-MS/MS values were not predictive of antibacterial activity. This indicates that measured bacteria-associated compound was not necessarily exposed to the target enzyme. Our data suggest that, while exclusion from bacteria is a major reason for poor antibacterial activity of potent compounds, the distribution of compound within the bacterial cell may also be a problem. The relative importance of these factors is likely to vary from one chemical series to another. Our observations provide directions for further study of this difficult issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Iyer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Zhengqi Ye
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Annette Ferrari
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Leonard Duncan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - M. Angela Tanudra
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hong Tsao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hong Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher L. Brummel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alice L. Erwin
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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32
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Jönsson A, Jacobsson S, Foerster S, Cole MJ, Unemo M. Performance characteristics of newer MIC gradient strip tests compared with the Etest for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. APMIS 2018; 126:822-827. [PMID: 30191618 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility testing, Etest, comparable to agar dilution, is frequently used. In recent years, newer MIC gradient strip tests have been commercialized. However, these tests have not been appropriately evaluated for gonococci. We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, quality, availability of antimicrobials and cost of the MIC Test Strip (Liofilchem), M.I.C.Evaluator (Oxoid) and Ezy MIC Strip (HiMedia), compared to the reference Etest (bioMérieux), for gonococcal susceptibility testing. The MICs of eight antimicrobials in 103 gonococcal international reference strains (n = 29) and clinical isolates (n = 74) were examined. Coefficient of determination (R2 ), complete agreement, essential agreement, SIR categorical agreement, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated. R2 of the MICs for the antimicrobials ranged between 0.674-0.996, 0.617-0.993, and 0.643-0.994 for the MIC Test Strip, M.I.C.Evaluator strips and Ezy MIC Strips respectively. The essential agreement (SIR categorical agreement) was 99.6% (88.6%), 100% (87.1%) and 93.0% (83.1%) respectively. M.I.C.Evaluator strips for gonococcal key antimicrobials were lacking and the Ezy MIC Strips showed an inconsistent accuracy, quality and some strips were contaminated. The Liofilchem MIC Test Strips had limitations, but might be relatively accurate alternatives to Etest for gonococci. Strict quality assurance (at manufacturing and testing laboratory), including quality controls, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnez Jönsson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Susanne Jacobsson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sunniva Foerster
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michelle J Cole
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Zheng W, Sun W, Simeonov A. Drug repurposing screens and synergistic drug-combinations for infectious diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:181-191. [PMID: 28685814 PMCID: PMC5758396 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases account for nearly one fifth of the worldwide death toll every year. The continuous increase of drug-resistant pathogens is a big challenge for treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, outbreaks of infections and new pathogens are potential threats to public health. Lack of effective treatments for drug-resistant bacteria and recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika viral infections have become a global public health concern. The number of newly approved antibiotics has decreased significantly in the last two decades compared with previous decades. In parallel with this, is an increase in the number of drug-resistant bacteria. For these threats and challenges to be countered, new strategies and technology platforms are critically needed. Drug repurposing has emerged as an alternative approach for rapid identification of effective therapeutics to treat the infectious diseases. For treatment of severe infections, synergistic drug combinations using approved drugs identified from drug repurposing screens is a useful option which may overcome the problem of weak activity of individual drugs. Collaborative efforts including government, academic researchers and private drug industry can facilitate the translational research to produce more effective new therapeutic agents such as narrow spectrum antibiotics against drug-resistant bacteria for these global challenges. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Wei Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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