1
|
Jäger T, Eckert E, Leibold E, Bader M. A specific and sensitive GC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of 2-phenoxyethanol and selected metabolites in human blood and urine. J Anal Toxicol 2024:bkae037. [PMID: 38662393 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
2-Phenoxyethanol (PhE) is widely used as a preservative in consumer products such as cosmetics as well as at the workplace as a component of metal-working fluids and hydraulic fluids. Therefore, both industry workers and consumers may potentially be exposed to PhE. An analytical method for the quantification of PhE and three selected metabolites, namely phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA), 4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid (4-OH-PhAA), and 4-hydroxyphenoxyethanol (4-OH-PhE) in human urine and blood was developed and validated. The sample preparation includes enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples or protein precipitation of blood samples, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and silylation of the target analytes. Analyses of the extracts were carried out by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). 3,4-Hydroxyphenoxyethanol, a probably minor PhE metabolite could not reliable be analyzed due to its instability. The limits of quantification (LOQ) of the analytes ranged between 0.5 and 6.1 μg/L and 2.0 and 3.9 μg/L in urine and blood, respectively. The method was successfully applied to spot urine samples of 50 individuals without occupational exposure to PhE and additionally to blood samples from seven volunteers. In urine, PhAA and 4-OH-PhAA could be quantified in all analyzed samples, whereas 4-OH-PhE and unchanged PhE were found in 36 % and 32 % of the samples, respectively. In blood, PhAA was also found in every sample in levels above the LOQ, whereas PhE itself was detected in three of seven samples only. Neither 4-OH-PhAA nor 4-OH-PhE were found in any of the analyzed blood samples. The developed method promises to be a valuable tool for PhE monitoring of urine and blood samples and may also enable an advanced investigation of PhE biotransformation pathways in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jäger
- BASF SE Corporate Health Management, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Risk Assessment, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bader
- BASF SE Corporate Health Management, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lutz M, Neumann DT, Farfán López F, Pfeiffer T, Hirschbühl K. Pure White Cell Aplasia Associated With Long-Term Unprotected Exposure to High Concentrations of Benzalkonium Chloride and 2-Phenoxyethanol. Cureus 2023; 15:e49473. [PMID: 38152773 PMCID: PMC10751735 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure white cell aplasia (PWCA) is a very rare hematological disorder with a nearly total absence of granulocytes and their precursor cells. While the disease is rarely diagnosed incidentally in otherwise asymptomatic individuals, most patients suffer from sometimes life-threatening infections. Due to its very low incidence, the precise pathomechanism of PWCA still needs to be elucidated. While most cases reported in the literature have been associated with an underlying thymic or autoimmune disease, some other factors including the intake of certain drugs such as antimicrobial agents or immune checkpoint inhibitors have been identified as potential triggers. Since PWCA is commonly refractory to treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF), the main focus lies in identifying and eliminating the underlying trigger. Here, we report a unique case where the development of PWCA in a 56-year-old man with an upper respiratory tract infection has to be attributed to the long-term unprotected exposure to an industrial detergent containing high concentrations of the preservatives benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE). As a matter of fact, certain hematotoxic potential has been described in the literature for both BAC and 2-PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Lutz
- Hematology and Oncology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, DEU
| | | | | | - Tim Pfeiffer
- Hematology and Oncology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, DEU
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leal TA, Ferreira C, Ribeiro A, Ahmad SM, Quintas A, Bernardo A. GC-MS Silylation Derivative Method to Characterise Black BIC ® Ballpoint 2-Phenoxyethanol Ratio Evaporation Profile-A Contribution to Ink Ageing Estimation. Molecules 2023; 28:4781. [PMID: 37375336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in forensic document analysis is estimating the age of ink deposition on a manually written document. The present work aims to develop and optimise a methodology, based on the evaporation of 2-phenoxyethanol (PE) over time, that can contribute to ink age estimation. A black BIC® Crystal Ballpoint Pen was purchased in a commercial area, and ink deposition began in September 2016 over 1095 days. For each ink sample, 20 microdiscs were subjected to n-hexane extraction in the presence of an internal standard (ethyl benzoate) followed by derivatisation with a silylation reagent. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was optimised for PE-trimethylsilyl (PE-TMS) to characterise the ageing curve. The developed method presented good linearity between 0.5 and 50.0 μg mL-1, as well as limits of detection and quantification of 0.026 and 0.104 μg mL-1, respectively. It was possible to characterise PE-TMS concentration over time, which reveals a two-phase decay behaviour. First, there was a substantial decline between the 1st and the 33rd day of deposition, followed a by a stabilisation of the signal, which allowed to detect the presence of PE-TMS up to 3 years. Two unknown compounds were also present and allowed to identify three dating time frames for the same ink stroke: (i) between time 0 and 33 days, (ii) between time 34 and 109 days, and (iii) more than 109 days. The developed methodology allowed to characterise the behaviour of PE over time and to establish a relative dating of three-time frames.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Argente Leal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carla Ferreira
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Ribeiro
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samir Marcos Ahmad
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Bernardo
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kolodziej M, Kiewert A, Skudlik C, Brans R. Allergic contact dermatitis to phenoxyethanol: A rare, but possible cause of hand dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:319-320. [PMID: 34921565 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kolodziej
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Alexander Kiewert
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rairat T, Chi Y, Chang SK, Hsieh CY, Chuchird N, Chou CC. Differential effects of aquatic anaesthetics on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics: Examples using florfenicol in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1579-1586. [PMID: 34152617 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anaesthetics are commonly applied in pharmacokinetic (PK) studies to assure smooth handling of experimental procedures or to promote animal welfare. However, the influence of anaesthetics on the PK of co-administered drug is generally unknown but assumes ignorable. The goal of the study was to investigate the effect of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) and eugenol (EUG) on the PK of florfenicol (FF) in Nile tilapia. Twenty-eight fish were repeatedly exposed to 90 ppm EUG, 300 ppm MS-222 or 900 ppm 2-PE before FF oral administration (15 mg/kg) and each successive blood sampling. The serum concentration-time profiles were analysed by a 2-compartmental model, and the generated parameters in the control (without anaesthetic) and anaesthetic groups were statistically compared. The results demonstrated that the serum concentrations of each anaesthetic were similar at every FF sampling times (70 μg/ml for MS-222; 277 μg/ml for 2-PE; and 61 μg/ml for EUG). In comparison with the control group, the repeated use of MS-222 did not result in a statistical difference in most of the PK parameters. In contrast, the elimination half-lives of the 2-PE and EUG groups were significantly longer whereas the absorption and distribution half-lives of the 2-PE group were significantly shorter than the control, resulting in altered optimal dosages in the simulation modelling. Whether or not the numbers and extent of PK parameters change mitigate subsequent estimations of other PK-derived secondary values such as dosing regimen and withdrawal time remains to be elucidated, but the auxiliary use of anaesthetics in PK studies should not assume uninfluential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Rairat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Y Chi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S-K Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - N Chuchird
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C-C Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pastor-Nieto MA, Peña-Arellano MI, Gatica-Ortega ME. Immunologic contact urticaria from phenoxyethanol in cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:586-587. [PMID: 34080715 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María A Pastor-Nieto
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain.,Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | | | - María E Gatica-Ortega
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rairat T, Chi Y, Hsieh CY, Liu YK, Chuchird N, Chou CC. Determination of Optimal Doses and Minimum Effective Concentrations of Tricaine Methanesulfonate, 2-Phenoxyethanol and Eugenol for Laboratory Managements in Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061521. [PMID: 34073776 PMCID: PMC8225024 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish studies often require anesthetic drugs to render the fish amenable for experimental handling and to secure animal welfare. However, the optimal dose is not always available. In this study, we determined the optimal does of three commonly used anesthetics, eugenol (EUG), tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE), for induction of surgical anesthesia in marketable-size Nile tilapia, and decided on their minimum effective concentrations (MEC) in the fish serum. The results revealed that the optimal doses of EUG, MS-222, and 2-PE were 90, 300, and 900 ppm, and their MECs were 53, 70, and 263 µg/mL, respectively. Increasing the anesthetic doses generally resulted in the shortening of the induction times, but variably affected the recovery times. In contrast, the MECs were found to be independent of the administered doses. After the dosing was stopped, the serum concentrations of anesthetics decreased rapidly, lowering by >90% within the first hour and by >99% after 4 h. Our research provides practical information for a smooth fish handling and offered insights for designing researches requiring surgical anesthesia. Abstract Anesthetic agents are often used in fish experiments to reduce the stress and struggle and to improve animal welfare. The present study aimed to determine the optimal doses and serum minimum effective concentration (MEC) of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE), and eugenol (EUG) in Nile tilapia. Twenty-one fish were immersed in three different doses of each anesthetic and the minimal dose that produce stage III anesthesia within 5 min, maintain anesthesia status for 3 min, and recover within 5 min was considered the optimal dose. The serum concentrations of anesthetics immediately after the fish reached stage III anesthesia was defined as the MEC. The results revealed that the anesthetics dose-dependently shorten the induction time while the effect of doses on the recovery times were variable. The determined optimal doses for MS-222, 2-PE, and EUG were 300, 900, and 90 ppm, respectively. The MECs were 70, 263, and 53 µg/mL, respectively, about two to four times lower than the optimal doses and were independent of the doses. After immersion stopped, the serum concentrations decreased by >90% within the first hour and >99% after 4 h. Our research provides useful information for a smooth fish handling and design for researches requiring stage III anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirawat Rairat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao, Chatuchark, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.R.); (N.C.)
| | - Yu Chi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (Y.-K.L.)
| | - Chia-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (Y.-K.L.)
| | - Yi-Kai Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (Y.-K.L.)
| | - Niti Chuchird
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao, Chatuchark, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.R.); (N.C.)
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (Y.-K.L.)
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grecka K, Szweda P. Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020215. [PMID: 33557393 PMCID: PMC7916011 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation aimed to assess the combinational effect of commonly used antipyretics and antiseptics with ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) on the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus. The broth microdilution checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions between all investigated antipyretics, namely acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, with EEPs samples. The values of the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) index for all these combinations were <0.5. While, in the case of considered antiseptics, namely chlorhexidine, octenidine dihydrochloride, and 2-phenoxyethanol, the positive interaction was confirmed only for the last one (values of ΣFIC in the range 0.0625-0.25). Combinations of two other agents with all four samples of EEPs resulted in an important antagonistic effect (values of ΣFIC ≥ 4.5). Propolis is mostly dedicated to the treatment of skin/wound infections; thus, these findings are of particular practical importance. The outcomes of the study also support the hypothesis that the propolis's antimicrobial effect is due to the combined (synergistic) action of several ingredients rather than the presence of one component of high antibacterial activity. The composition of 13 ingredients of EEPs (at a concentration below the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the most active agent) exhibited considerably high anti-staphylococcal efficiency with MIC = 128 µg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Szweda
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (P.S.); Tel.: +48-58-347-11-44 (P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Javier Benitez F, Real FJ, Acero JL, Casas F. Assessment of the UV/Cl 2 advanced oxidation process for the degradation of the emerging contaminants amitriptyline hydrochloride, methyl salicylate and 2-phenoxyethanol in water systems. Environ Technol 2017; 38:2508-2516. [PMID: 27927078 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1269836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Three emerging contaminants (amitriptyline hydrochloride (AH), methyl salicylate (MS) and 2-phenoxyethanol (PE)) frequently found in wastewaters were selected to be individually degraded in ultra-pure water by the advanced oxidation process (AOP) constituted by the combination of UV radiation and chlorine. The influence of pH, initial chlorine concentration and nature of the contaminants was firstly explored. The trend for the reactivity of the selected compounds was deduced: AH > MS > PE. A later kinetic study was carried out focused on the evaluation of the first-order rate constants and the determination of the partial contribution to the global reaction of the direct photochemical pathway and the radical pathway. In a second stage, the simultaneous oxidation of mixtures of the selected contaminants in several types of water was also performed by the same combination UV/Cl2. The efficiency of this combined system UV/Cl2 was compared to other oxidants such as the UV/[Formula: see text] and UV/H2O2 AOPs, and the influence of the operating variables was discussed. Results confirmed that the UV/Cl2 system provides higher elimination efficiencies among the AOPs tested. The presence of dissolved organic matter and bicarbonate ions in the water matrix caused a decrease in the treatment efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Benitez
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física , Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| | - Francisco J Real
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física , Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| | - Juan L Acero
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física , Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| | - Francisco Casas
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física , Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Real FJ, Benitez FJ, Acero JL, Casas F. Adsorption of selected emerging contaminants onto PAC and GAC: Equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, and effect of the water matrix. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2017; 52:727-734. [PMID: 28358290 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1301751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The removal of three emerging contaminants (ECs) (amitriptyline hydrochloride (AH), methyl salicylate (MS) and 2-phenoxyethanol (PE)) dissolved in several water matrices by means of their adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) has been investigated. When dissolved in ultrapure water, adsorption of the ECs followed the trend of AH > MS > PE, with a positive effect of the adsorbent dose. According to the analysis of the adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics, PAC showed strongly higher adsorption efficiency in both capacity and velocity of the adsorption, in agreement with its higher mesoporosity. Equilibrium isotherm data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich models. Pseudo-second order kinetics modeled very successfully the adsorption process. Finally, the effect of the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water matrices (ultrapure water, surface water and two effluents from wastewater treatment plants) on the adsorption of the selected ECs onto PAC was established, as well as its performance on the removal of water quality parameters. Results show a negative effect of the DOM content on the adsorption efficiency. Over 50% of organic matter was removed with high PAC doses, revealing that adsorption onto PAC is an effective technology to remove both micro-pollutants and DOM from water matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Real
- a Chemical Engineering Department , University Institute for Water, Climate Change and Sustainability Research (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| | - F Javier Benitez
- a Chemical Engineering Department , University Institute for Water, Climate Change and Sustainability Research (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| | - Juan L Acero
- a Chemical Engineering Department , University Institute for Water, Climate Change and Sustainability Research (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| | - Francisco Casas
- a Chemical Engineering Department , University Institute for Water, Climate Change and Sustainability Research (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
I Husein A, J Jondi W, A Zatar N, S Ali-Shtayeh M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Mono Acid Esters Derived from the Constituents of Urtica pilulifera. Iran J Pharm Res 2014; 13:1173-81. [PMID: 25587305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New mono acid esters have been synthesized from the reaction of benzoic acid and mono-hydroxybenzoic acids with 2-phenoxyethanol separated from Urtica pilulifera, characterized, and screened for possible antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. These phenolic acid esters gave various degrees of free radical scavenging, but the values were lower than that of α-tocopherol. The concentrations of the tested compounds needed to reduce DPPH absorption by 50% at 517 nm were nearly in the range of 900-1100 µg/mL. While for α-tocopherol was 40 µg /mL. The compounds were tested in-vitro against six bacterial species which are known to cause dermic and mucosal infections in human. 2-phenoxyethyl benzoate showed significant activity in the range of 30% against P. aeruginosa to 70% against E. coli compared with the activity of Streptomycin. On the other hand 2-phenoxyethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate reveals 70% of gentamicin against K. pneumoniae. The tested compounds also showed complete inhibition at a concentration less than 37.5 µg/mL against M. canis and less than 50 µg/mL against T. rubrum. 2-phenoxyethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate showed considerable activity against MCF-7 with IC50 is less than 62.5 µg/mL.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shabir GA. A New Validated HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 2-phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben, Ethylparaben and Propylparaben in a Pharmaceutical Gel. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 72:421-5. [PMID: 21218050 PMCID: PMC3013559 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.73906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 2-phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, ethylparaben and propylparaben preservatives. The method uses a Lichrosorb C8 (150×4.6 mm, 5 µm) column and isocratic elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and water (21:13:66, v/v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The UV detection was set at 258 nm. The method was validated with respect to accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), specificity, linearity and range. All the parameters examined met the current recommendations for bioanalytical method validation. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of commercially available pharmaceutical gel products for these preservatives. The procedure describes here is simple, selective and reliable for routine quality control analysis and stability tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Shabir
- Oxford Brookes University, School of Life Sciences, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shabir GA, Bradshaw TK, Shar GQ, Arain SA. Development and Validation of a RPLC Method for the Determination of 2-Phenoxyethanol in Senselle Lubricant Formulation. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 72:312-7. [PMID: 21188039 PMCID: PMC3003163 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.70476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A new and simple reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of 2-phenoxyethanol preservative (0.3%, w/w) in senselle lubricant formulation. The separation was achieved with acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-water (21:13:66, v/v/v) as mobile phase, a C(8) column, and UV detection at 258 nm. The calibration curve is linear (r(2)= 0.9999) from 20-140% of the analytical concentration of 0.75 mg/ml. The mean percent relative standard deviation values for intra- and inter-day precision studies are <1%. The recovery of 2-phenoxyethanol ranged between 99.76 and 100.03% from lubricant formulation. The limits of detection and quantitation are determined to be 0.094 and 0.15 mg/ml, respectively. The method was found to be robust and can be successfully and reliably used to determine the 2-phenoxyethanol preservative content of marketed formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Shabir
- Oxford Brookes University, School of Life Sciences, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|