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Raju C, Elpa DP, Urban PL. Automation and Computerization of (Bio)sensing Systems. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1033-1048. [PMID: 38363106 PMCID: PMC10964247 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Sensing systems necessitate automation to reduce human effort, increase reproducibility, and enable remote sensing. In this perspective, we highlight different types of sensing systems with elements of automation, which are based on flow injection and sequential injection analysis, microfluidics, robotics, and other prototypes addressing specific real-world problems. Finally, we discuss the role of computer technology in sensing systems. Automated flow injection and sequential injection techniques offer precise and efficient sample handling and dependable outcomes. They enable continuous analysis of numerous samples, boosting throughput, and saving time and resources. They enhance safety by minimizing contact with hazardous chemicals. Microfluidic systems are enhanced by automation to enable precise control of parameters and increase of analysis speed. Robotic sampling and sample preparation platforms excel in precise execution of intricate, repetitive tasks such as sample handling, dilution, and transfer. These platforms enhance efficiency by multitasking, use minimal sample volumes, and they seamlessly integrate with analytical instruments. Other sensor prototypes utilize mechanical devices and computer technology to address real-world issues, offering efficient, accurate, and economical real-time solutions for analyte identification and quantification in remote areas. Computer technology is crucial in modern sensing systems, enabling data acquisition, signal processing, real-time analysis, and data storage. Machine learning and artificial intelligence enhance predictions from the sensor data, supporting the Internet of Things with efficient data management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamarthi
Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Decibel P. Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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2
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Skov K, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Nielsen MKK. Automated enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples for improved systematic toxicological analysis of drug-facilitated sexual assault cases. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38263626 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is characterized by victim incapacitation due to intoxicating substances. Detection of single drug exposure from DFSA requires a systematic toxicological analysis strategy including sensitive methods covering a broad spectrum of substances. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an UHPLC-MS/MS screening method for analysis of samples from DFSA cases and incorporate an automated enzymatic pre-treatment of urine samples into a robotic sample preparation for an efficient laboratory workflow. The screening method included 144 drugs of abuse, pharmaceuticals, and metabolites relevant to DFSA. The use of a recombinant enzyme showed an efficient glucuronide hydrolysis with an average parent drug recovery of 97%. Investigation of matrix effect showed no pronounced ion enhancement or suppression for most analytes (96%), and extraction recovery was above 80% for 97% of analytes. Process efficiency ranged from 50% to 138% for most analytes. The LODs ranged from 0.0001 mg/L to 2 mg/L depending on analyte, and most analytes met the SOFT recommended minimum performance limits. The validated method was applied to authentic suspected DFSA cases (n = 38). Results showed that drugs of abuse, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants were most commonly found in suspected DFSA cases. Incorporation of an automated enzymatic hydrolysis step during sample preparation enables a fast and simple workflow for simultaneous analysis of blood and urine samples for an improved systematic toxicological analysis strategy for DFSA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Skov
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Falck Jørgensen C, Schou Rasmussen B, Linnet K, Thomsen R. Evidence of 11-Hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-hexahydrocannabinol as Novel Human Metabolites of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Metabolites 2023; 13:1169. [PMID: 38132851 PMCID: PMC10744638 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in the Cannabis sativa plant. Δ9-THC undergoes extensive metabolism, with the main human phase I metabolites being 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Early animal studies have indicated that the 9-10 double bond may be reduced in vivo to yield 11-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol (11-OH-HHC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-hexahydrocannabinol (HHC-COOH). These metabolites have not been confirmed in humans. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this metabolic transformation occurs in humans. A range of cannabinoids and metabolites, including 11-OH-HHC and HHC-COOH, were measured in whole blood from 308 authentic forensic traffic cases, of which 222 were positive for Δ9-THC. HHC-COOH and 11-OH-HHC were detected in 84% and 15% of the Δ9-THC positive cases, respectively, and the estimated median concentration of HHC-COOH was 7%, relative to that of THC-COOH. To corroborate the in vivo findings, Δ9-THC and its metabolites 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH were incubated with pooled human liver microsomes. HHC-COOH was detected in both the Δ9-THC and 11-OH-THC incubations, while 11-OH-HHC was only detectable in the 11-OH-THC incubation. Hexahydrocannabinol was not detected in any of the incubations, indicating that it is 11-OH-THC or the corresponding aldehyde that undergoes double bond reduction with subsequent oxidation of the aliphatic alcohol to HHC-COOH. In summary, the presented data provide the first evidence of HHC-COOH and 11-OH-HHC being human phase I metabolites of Δ9-THC. These findings have implications for interpretation of analytical results from subjects exposed to Δ9-THC or HHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Falck Jørgensen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (K.L.); (R.T.)
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4
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Skov K, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Klose Nielsen MK. Uncovering forensic evidence of drug-facilitated sexual assault: Toxicological findings from Eastern Denmark from 2015-2022. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 65:102325. [PMID: 37783000 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), the victim is unable to provide consent or resists sexual activity due to substance intoxication by voluntary or covert consumption. Obtaining forensic evidence of the assault is challenged by rapid drug metabolism and late sample collection. The objective of this study was to present toxicological findings and associated demographics from police reported sexual assault cases in Eastern Denmark from 2015 to 2022. A total of 369 sexual assault cases were submitted for analysis and a subgroup of 268 cases were categorized as suspected DFSA cases. The majority of the total sexual assault victims were women at the age 15-25 and the perpetrators were often unknown or an acquaintance. Time from assault to sample collection was slightly longer for suspected DFSA cases (12-24 h) compared to non-DFSA (<12 h). Positive toxicology was observed in 86 % of cases and the most common drug groups included alcohol (45 %), drugs of abuse (38 %), antidepressants (14 %), antihistamines (12 %), and benzodiazepines (11 %). Hypnotics were detected to a smaller extent (7 %). A total of 77 drugs were detected and the most commonly observed were cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cetirizine, amphetamine, diazepam and sertraline. The high level of observed alcohol and drugs of abuse indicated that most DFSA cases in Eastern Denmark were of an opportunistic approach rather than proactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Skov
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Gustavsen S, Olsson A, Oturai AB, Linnet K, Thomsen R, Rasmussen BS, Jørgensen CF, Langkilde AR, Sorensen PS, Sellebjerg F, Søndergaard HB. The peripheral endocannabinoid system and its association with biomarkers of inflammation in untreated patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3212-3220. [PMID: 37337838 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been found altered in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, whether the ECS alteration is present in the early stage of MS remains unknown. First, we aimed to compare the ECS profile between newly diagnosed MS patients and healthy controls (HCs). Next, we explored the association of the ECS, biomarkers of inflammation, and clinical parameters in newly diagnosed MS patients. METHODS Whole blood gene expression of ECS components and levels of endocannabinoids in plasma were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively, in 66 untreated MS patients and 46 HCs. RESULTS No differences were found in the gene expression or plasma levels of the selected ECS components between newly diagnosed MS patients and HCs. Interferon-γ, encoded by the gene IFNG, correlated positively (ρ = 0.60) with the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), and interleukin1β (IL1B) correlated negatively (ρ = -0.50) with cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) in HCs. CONCLUSIONS We found no alteration in the peripheral ECS between untreated patients with MS and HC. Furthermore, our results indicate that the ECS has a minor overall involvement in the early stage of MS on inflammatory markers and clinical parameters when compared with HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gustavsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anna Olsson
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Annette B Oturai
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian S Rasmussen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian F Jørgensen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika R Langkilde
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per S Sorensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle B Søndergaard
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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Heinsvig PJ, Noble C, Dalsgaard PW, Mardal M. Forensic drug screening by liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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7
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Hansen SL, Nielsen MKK, Linnet K, Rasmussen BS. Suitability of cardiac blood, brain tissue, and muscle tissue as alternative matrices for toxicological evaluation in postmortem cases. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:529-538. [PMID: 36611280 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug concentrations in peripheral blood are often used to evaluate whether death was caused by drug intoxication. In some cases, peripheral blood is not available, and analytical results of alternative matrices should instead be used in the toxicological evaluation. However, reference concentrations of alternative matrices are few, which makes interpretation of results a challenge. In this study, concentrations of selected benzodiazepines, opioids, illicit drugs, and other commonly used drugs in postmortem femoral blood, cardiac blood, brain tissue, and muscle tissue are presented. Alternative matrix-to-femoral blood drug concentration ratios and correlations of blood and alternative matrix drug concentrations were calculated to examine which of the investigated alternative matrices were most suited to use for toxicological evaluation in cases where peripheral blood is not available. The results showed that concentrations in cardiac blood, brain tissue, and muscle tissue could be useful in the postmortem evaluation of most of the 19 selected analytes. In most cases, analytes were detected in all the alternative matrices. The median concentration ratios for the selected analytes in brain tissue, cardiac blood, and muscle tissue relative to femoral blood ranged from 0.57 to 3.42, 0.59 to 1.87, and 0.67 to 7.04, respectively. Overall, cardiac blood provided the concentrations most comparable with femoral blood concentrations, indicating that cardiac blood can be useful in cases where femoral blood is not available. However, the measured concentrations should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Lund Hansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Hansen SL, Linnet K, Rasmussen BS. Analytical reproducibility evaluated from duplicate measurements of authentic ante- and postmortem blood samples by LC–MS/MS compared with long-term imprecision estimates from quality control samples. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 339:111415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Müller LD, Føreid S. A comparison of an optimized automated sample preparation of PEth in blood pretreated by freezing versus manual preparation in whole blood, analyzing by UHPLC – MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 212:114635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Automation System for the Flexible Sample Preparation for Quantification of Δ9-THC-D3, THC-OH and THC-COOH from Serum, Saliva and Urine. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the life sciences, automation solutions are primarily established in the field of drug discovery. However, there is also an increasing need for automated solutions in the field of medical diagnostics, e.g., for the determination of vitamins, medication or drug abuse. While the actual metrological determination is highly automated today, the necessary sample preparation processes are still mainly carried out manually. In the laboratory, flexible solutions are required that can be used to determine different target substances in different matrices. A suitable system based on an automated liquid handler was implemented. It has been tested and validated for the determination of three cannabinoid metabolites in blood, urine and saliva. To extract Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-D3 (Δ9-THC-D3), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) from serum, urine and saliva both rapidly and cost-effectively, three sample preparation methods automated with a liquid handling robot are presented in this article, the basic framework of which is an identical SPE method so that they can be quickly exchanged against each other when the matrix is changed. If necessary, the three matrices could also be prepared in parallel. For the sensitive detection of analytes, protein precipitation is used when preparing serum before SPE and basic hydrolysis is used for urine to cleave the glucuronide conjugate. Recoveries of developed methods are >77%. Coefficients of variation are <4%. LODs are below 1 ng/mL and a comparison with the manual process shows a significant cost reduction.
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Hansen SL, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K, Rasmussen BS. Comparison of Comprehensive Screening Results in Postmortem Blood and Brain Tissue by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2022; 46:1053-1058. [PMID: 35157763 PMCID: PMC9872219 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative specimens collected during autopsies can be valuable in postmortem toxicology in cases where peripheral blood is not available. The applicability of brain tissue as an alternative matrix for drug screening by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was investigated in this study. Results of the 50 most frequently detected drugs and metabolites of toxicological interest in blood and brain tissue samples from 1,719 autopsy cases were compared. Examination of the results in paired blood and brain tissue samples revealed that the two matrices were in general comparable, as the majority of the 50 analytes were observed in a high number of the examined cases in both blood and brain tissue. This demonstrates the potential of brain tissue as an alternative matrix for drug screening in postmortem toxicology or as a secondary matrix for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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12
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Pasin D, Pan M, Rasmussen BS, Linnet K, Dalsgaard PW, Mollerup CB. Metabolomics-driven determination of targets for salicylic acid and ibuprofen in positive electrospray ionization using LC-HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:747-756. [PMID: 34984831 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Due to the large number of basic therapeutic and illicit drugs, systematic toxicological analysis has widely been performed with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using positive electrospray ionization. However, there exists a smaller number of drugs, typically acidic drugs, which require the use of negative electrospray ionization either via a separate injection or polarity switching. Here, targets relating to salicylic acid and ibuprofen in positive electrospray ionization were determined through a metabolomics-driven retrospective investigation of forensic casework. Samples were previously screened using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry with quantification of target analytes performed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Of the 1717 whole-blood samples submitted between 2014 and 2019, 48 were positive for salicylic acid (1.1-1400 mg/kg) and 78 for ibuprofen (1-46 mg/kg). Based on the retrospective analysis, 19 and 90 targets were identified for salicylic acid and ibuprofen, respectively. For targets of salicylic acid, the protonated adduct of salicyluric acid ([M+H]+ , m/z 196.0605) was present in 89.6% (n = 32) of the salicylic acid positive cases while the [M+HCOOH+CH3 CN+Ca-H]+ adduct (m/z 264.0179) of salicylic acid was present in all positive samples with concentrations above 66 mg/kg salicylic acid. Similarly, the [M + 2Na - H]+ adduct (m/z 251.1018) of ibuprofen was present in 98.7% (n = 77) of positive cases and was present in all samples with concentrations above 3 mg/kg ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pasin
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meiru Pan
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Hansen SL, Nielsen MKK, Linnet K, Rasmussen BS. Simple implementation of muscle tissue into routine workflow of blood analysis in forensic cases - A validated method for quantification of 29 drugs in postmortem blood and muscle samples by UHPLC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110901. [PMID: 34245938 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole blood is most often the matrix of choice for postmortem analysis but it is not always available. In these cases, muscle tissue can be used as an alternative matrix. Therefore, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of 29 drugs and metabolites of toxicological interest in postmortem muscle tissue was developed and validated. Additionally, a validation of whole blood was carried out to compare the results from the two matrices. Solid-phase extraction was performed by an automated robotic system to minimize manual labour and risk of human errors, and increase robustness, sample throughput and sample traceability. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, measuring range, lower limit of quantification, carry-over, stability, precision and accuracy. To correct for any inter-individual variability in matrix effects on analyte accuracy and precision, deuterated analogues of each analyte were used as internal standards. The lower limit of quantification in both blood and muscle homogenate ranged between 0.002 and 0.005 mg/kg, while the upper limit of quantification spanned from 0.20 to 1.0 mg/kg. Corrected with the 4-fold dilution factor, the corresponding concentrations in muscle tissue were 0.008-0.02 mg/kg at the lower limit of quantification and 0.80-4.0 mg/kg at the upper limit of quantification. The method showed acceptable precision and accuracy, with precision below 12% and accuracies ranging from 87% to 115% at up to 6 levels for all analytes in both matrices. In addition, comparison between calibration standards in spiked muscle homogenate and spiked blood showed that analyte concentrations in muscle samples could be quantified by using spiked blood samples as calibration standards with acceptable precision and accuracy when using deuterated analogues as internal standards. The investigation of matrix effects showed no great difference between blood and homogenates of non-decomposed and decomposed muscle tissue for most analytes. In the samples where high ion suppression or enhancement was observed, the results were corrected by the internal standards. Statistical comparison of quality control samples in blood and muscle tissue showed no obvious differences, and therefore muscle tissue was included in the routine method for analysis of blood samples and used in autopsy cases where no blood was available. By adding a semi-automated homogenization step before the remaining automated sample preparation, muscle tissue samples were easily incorporated into the workflow of the existing routine method. The present method has been successfully implemented in routine analysis of blood and muscle tissue since 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Lund Hansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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S G, Hb S, K L, R T, Bs R, Ps S, F S, Ab O. Safety and efficacy of low-dose medical cannabis oils in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 48:102708. [PMID: 33387864 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of cannabis as medical therapy to treat chronic pain and spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing. However, the evidence on safety when initiating treatment with medical cannabis oils is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of sublingual medical cannabis oils in patients with MS. METHODS In this prospective observational safety study 28 patients with MS were treated with medical cannabis oils (THC-rich, CBD-rich and THC+CBD combined products) and were followed during a titration period of four weeks. Patients were evaluated at treatment start (Visit 1) and after four weeks treatment (Visit 2). At each visit neurological examination (Expanded Disability Status Scale - EDSS), ambulation (Timed 25-Foot Walk Test - T25FWT), routine blood tests, plasma cannabinoids, dexterity (9-Hole Peg Test - 9-HPT) and processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test - SDMT) were tested. Adverse events (AEs) and tolerability were reported at Visit 2. Secondary, efficacy of medical cannabis on pain, spasticity and sleep disturbances were measured by numeric rating scale (NRS-11) each day during the 4-week treatment period. RESULTS During treatment with cannabis preparations containing 10-25 mg/mL THC, the most common AEs were dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness and nausea of mild to moderate degree. Two patients experienced pronounced symptoms with excessive dreaming and drowsiness, respectively, which led to treatment stop during the titration. Three serious adverse events (SAE) were reported but were not associated with the treatment. Mean doses of THC and CBD were 4.0 mg and 7.0 mg, respectively, and primarily administered as a once-daily evening dose. Furthermore, pain decreased from a median NRS score of 7 to 4, (p = 0.01), spasticity decreased from a median NRS score of 6 to 2.5 (p = 0.01) and sleep disturbances decreased from a median NRS score of 7 to 3 (p < 0.001). No impairment in disability, ambulation, dexterity or processing speed was observed. CONCLUSION Treatment with medical cannabis oils was safe and well tolerated, and resulted in a reduction in pain intensity, spasticity and sleep disturbances in MS patients. This suggests that medical cannabis oils can be used safely, especially at relatively low doses and with slow titration, as an alternative to treat MS-related symptoms when conventional therapy is inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavsen S
- The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Søndergaard Hb
- The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Linnet K
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomsen R
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmussen Bs
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sorensen Ps
- The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sellebjerg F
- The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Oturai Ab
- The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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15
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Mildrum S, Hendricks A, Stortchevoi A, Kamelamela N, Butty VL, Levine SS. High-throughput Minitaturized RNA-Seq Library Preparation. J Biomol Tech 2020; 31:151-156. [PMID: 33100919 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.20-3104-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have allowed RNA sequencing to become an increasingly time efficient, cost-effective, and accessible tool for genomic research. We present here an automated and miniaturized workflow for RNA library preparation that minimizes reagent usage and processing time required per sample to generate Illumina compatible libraries for sequencing. The reduced-volume libraries show similar behavior to full-scale libraries with comparable numbers of genes detected and reproducible clustering of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mildrum
- Department of Biology, MIT BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Austin Hendricks
- Department of Biology, MIT BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexei Stortchevoi
- Department of Biology, MIT BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noelani Kamelamela
- Department of Biology, MIT BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent L Butty
- Department of Biology, MIT BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart S Levine
- Department of Biology, MIT BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Gu H, Zhao Y, DeMichele M, Zheng N, Zhang YJ, Pillutla R, Zeng J. Eliminating Preparation of Multisample External Calibration Curves and Dilution of Study Samples Using the Multiple Isotopologue Reaction Monitoring (MIRM) Technique in Quantitative LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8652-8659. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Gu
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yue Zhao
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Marissa DeMichele
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Naiyu Zheng
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yan J. Zhang
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Renuka Pillutla
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jianing Zeng
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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17
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Neubert S, Gu X, Göde B, Roddelkopf T, Fleischer H, Stoll N, Thurow K. Workflow Management System for the Integration of Mobile Robots in Future Labs of Life Sciences. CHEM-ING-TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Neubert
- University of Rostock; Institute of Automation; Richard-Wagner-Straße 31 18119 Rostock Germany
| | - Xiangyu Gu
- Center for Life Science Autoamtion (celisca); Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 8 18119 Rostock Germany
| | - Bernd Göde
- University of Rostock; Institute of Automation; Richard-Wagner-Straße 31 18119 Rostock Germany
| | - Thomas Roddelkopf
- Center for Life Science Autoamtion (celisca); Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 8 18119 Rostock Germany
| | - Heidi Fleischer
- University of Rostock; Institute of Automation; Richard-Wagner-Straße 31 18119 Rostock Germany
| | - Norbert Stoll
- University of Rostock; Institute of Automation; Richard-Wagner-Straße 31 18119 Rostock Germany
| | - Kerstin Thurow
- Center for Life Science Autoamtion (celisca); Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 8 18119 Rostock Germany
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18
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Abstract
Sample automation and management is increasingly important as the number and size of population-scale and high-throughput projects grow. This is particularly the case in large-scale population studies where sample size is far outpacing the commonly used 96-well plate format. To facilitate management and transfer of samples in this format, we present Samasy, a web-based application for the construction of a sample database, intuitive display of sample and batch information, and facilitation of automated sample transfer or subset. Samasy is designed with ease-of-use in mind, can be quickly set up, and runs in any web browser.
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Nielsen MKK, Nedahl M, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Validation of a fully automated solid-phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of 30 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in post-mortem blood and brain samples. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1147-1157. [PMID: 29341495 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the validation of an analytical method capable of quantifying 30 commonly encountered pharmaceuticals and metabolites in whole blood and brain tissue from forensic cases. Solid-phase extraction was performed by a fully automated robotic system, thereby minimising manual labour and human error while increasing sample throughput, robustness, and traceability. The method was validated in blood in terms of selectivity, linear range, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, carry-over, stability, precision, and accuracy. Deuterated analogues of each analyte were used as internal standards, which corrected adequately for any inter-individual variability in matrix effects on analyte accuracy and precision. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) spanned from 0.0008 to 0.010 mg/kg, depending on the analyte, while the upper LOQ ranged between 0.40 and 2.0 mg/kg. Thus, the linear range covered both therapeutic and toxic levels. The method showed acceptable accuracy and precision, with accuracies ranging from 80 to 118% and precision below 19% for the majority of the analytes. Linear range, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, precision, and accuracy were also tested in brain homogenate and the results agreed with those from blood. An additional finding was that the analyte concentrations in brain samples could be quantified by calibration curves obtained from spiked blood samples with acceptable precision and accuracy when using deuterated analogues of each analyte as internal standards. This method has been successfully implemented as a routine analysis procedure for quantification of pharmaceuticals in both blood and brain tissue since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Nedahl
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Mardal M, Aarestrup FM, Rasmussen BS, Mollerup CB, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K. Analytical Profiling of Airplane Wastewater - a New Matrix for Mapping Worldwide Patterns of Drug Use and Abuse. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/sjfs-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on the global prescription and consumption patterns of therapeutic (TD) and illicit drugs (ID). Pooled urine analysis and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used for local-based drug screening. It is, however, difficult to study the global epidemiology due to difficulties in obtaining samples. The aims of the study were to test the detectability of TD and ID in airplane wastewater samples categorized according to their geographical origin.
Wastewater samples (n= 17) were collected from long-distance flights and prepared with enzymatic conjugate cleaving followed by either precipitation or solid phase extraction. Aliquots were analysed on various liquid chromatography – mass spectrometers. TDs were grouped according to their Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes.
Identification confidence was assigned to three levels based on variables including detection on multiple instruments and number of targets per compound. A total of 424 compounds were identified across all samples, distributed on 87 unique TD and 2 ID. Two principal components in a principal component analysis separated three clusters of wastewater samples corresponding to geographical origin of the airplanes with therapeutic subgroup ATC codes as variables. Airplane wastewater analysis is useful for identifying targets for WBE and toxicological analysis and explore drug use and abuse patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mardal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
| | - Frank Møller Aarestrup
- National Food Institute , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
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21
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Incurred sample reanalysis of fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate in blood: stability evaluation and application to a rat pharmacokinetic study. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:565-577. [PMID: 28300418 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) is an in-study validation parameter, which reinforces that the validated bioanalytical methods are reproducible. ISR of whole blood samples is complex when the test compounds can interconvert, ex vivo. Fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate are highly distributed in the blood cellular components and undergo rapid interconversion, both in vivo and ex vivo. An LC-MS/MS method capable of simultaneous quantification of fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate with the controlled sample preparation procedure is essential. RESULTS The ex vivo analyte interconversion in blood was controlled by lysing the blood cells. CONCLUSION Lysis of blood samples not only controlled the interconversion but also rendered homogeneity to the sample, which led to acceptable ISR results from the study.
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22
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Noble C, Mardal M, Bjerre Holm N, Stybe Johansen S, Linnet K. In vitro studies on flubromazolam metabolism and detection of its metabolites in authentic forensic samples. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1182-1191. [PMID: 27935260 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Flubromazolam is a triazole benzodiazepine with high potency and long-lasting central nervous system depressant effects; however, limited data about its pharmacokinetics are available. Here, we report in vitro studies of the human flubromazolam metabolism analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). In vitro investigations were carried out in pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP)-enzymes. To confirm those metabolites detected in vitro, authentic samples obtained from two forensic cases were also analyzed by LC-HRMS. Additionally, determination of the unbound fraction of flubromazolam in pHLM and in plasma was performed by equilibrium dialysis with subsequent prediction of its hepatic clearance (CLH ) using well-stirred and parallel-tube models. Additional findings obtained by routine screening methods of these forensic cases are also reported. Studies using incubations with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-fortified pHLM with or without uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid and incubations with CYP-enzymes identified the main metabolic pathway of flubromazolam as hydroxylation on the α- and/or 4-position mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, with subsequent glucuronidation of the hydroxylated metabolites as well as of the parent drug. Further, α-hydroxy-flubromazolam and its corresponding glucuronide were detected in vivo together with the N-glucuronide of flubromazolam. The predicted CLH of flubromazolam using the well-stirred and parallel-tube models were 0.42 and 0.43 mL/min/kg, respectively. Based on the data presented here, flubromazolam is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4/5 with a high protein-binding and a predicted low clearance. Analysis of authentic samples suggested that analytical targets for flubromazolam should be the compound itself and α-hydroxy-flubromazolam. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Noble
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 3, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Marie Mardal
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 3, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Niels Bjerre Holm
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 3, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 3, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 3, DK-2100, Denmark
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23
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Deslandes G, Grégoire M, Renaud C, Monteil-Ganière C, Azoulay C, Pineau A, Jolliet P, Dailly E. Comparison Between an Automated and Manual Extraction for the Determination of Immunosuppressive Drugs Whole Blood Concentrations by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 30:924-929. [PMID: 27086934 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The whole blood extraction for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of simultaneous quantification of cyclosporine A (Cys A), tacrolimus (Tacrs), sirolimus (Siros), and everolimus (Evers) is still performed manually in many laboratories. The analytical results obtained with an automated method using a liquid handler versus a classical manual preparation were compared. METHODS Cys A (n = 36), Tacrs (n = 50), Siros (n = 34), Evers (n = 38) whole blood samples of patients were analyzed by LC-MS/MS assay after manual preparation and automated process using a liquid handling platform including a centrifugation step. RESULTS The comparison between manual and automated extraction investigated by a linear regression showed a high correlation between results [(Tacrs "automated") = 1.0927 × (Tacrs "manual") - 0.36; (Cys A "automated") = 1.0284 × (Cys A "manual") + 0.0312; (Siros "automated") = 0.9923 × (Siros "manual") + 0.4001; (Evers "automated") = 1.0000 × (Evers "manual") - 0.0600]. CONCLUSION The results obtained by the automated and manual preparation are consistent. The automated method is applied for high-throughput therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs in routine practice, leading to an increase in quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Deslandes
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Grégoire
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Christian Renaud
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Claudine Azoulay
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alain Pineau
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pascale Jolliet
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Dailly
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Andersen DW, Linnet K. Screening for Anabolic Steroids in Urine of Forensic Cases Using Fully Automated Solid Phase Extraction and LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:637-44. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ramírez Fernández MDM, Van Durme F, Wille SM, di Fazio V, Kummer N, Samyn N. Validation of an Automated Solid-Phase Extraction Method for the Analysis of 23 Opioids, Cocaine, and Metabolites in Urine with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:280-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Screening of Danish traffic cases for synthetic cannabinoids in whole blood by LC-MS/MS. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/sjfs-2013-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A target screening method for the detection of 13 synthetic cannabinoids in whole blood was developed and validated. Samples
underwent automated solid-phase extraction, and sample extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography-positive electrospray
ionization-tandem mass spectrometry using two transitions in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The limit of detection was between
0.1-2.5 ng/mL for the compounds except HU-210, and extraction recovery ranged from 59 to 78%. The method was used to screen 393
Danish traffic cases from 2012, where the driver was suspected of driving under the influence of drugs. No synthetic cannabinoids were
identified in these samples. Additionally, the method was applied to a clinical intoxication case, and the synthetic cannabinoid AM-
2201 was identified in serum. We conclude that the prevalence of driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids in Denmark is
likely to be low, and that synthetic cannabinoids are most likely to be encountered in the clinical setting.
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Pedersen AJ, Dalsgaard PW, Rode AJ, Rasmussen BS, Müller IB, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Screening for illicit and medicinal drugs in whole blood using fully automated SPE and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with TOF-MS with data-independent acquisition. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2081-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Just Pedersen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Andrej Jaroslav Rode
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Irene Breum Müller
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Denmark
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28
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Dalsgaard PW, Rode AJ, Pedersen AJ, Rasmussen BS, Windberg CN, Linnet K. Screening of 30 acidic and neutral pharmaceuticals in whole blood by fully automated SPE and UPLC-TOF-MSE. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:254-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's vej 11; 3. DK-2100; Denmark
| | - Andrej Jaroslav Rode
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's vej 11; 3. DK-2100; Denmark
| | - Anders Just Pedersen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's vej 11; 3. DK-2100; Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's vej 11; 3. DK-2100; Denmark
| | - Charlotte Norup Windberg
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's vej 11; 3. DK-2100; Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's vej 11; 3. DK-2100; Denmark
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Quantification of 31 illicit and medicinal drugs and metabolites in whole blood by fully automated solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2607-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Lang LM, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K. Quantitative analysis of cortisol and 6β-hydroxycortisol in urine by fully automated SPE and ultra-performance LC coupled with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ESCi)-TOF-MS. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:246-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte M. Lang
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Petur W. Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry; Department of Forensic Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
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31
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Thomsen R, Rasmussen HB, Linnet K. Enantioselective Determination of Methylphenidate and Ritalinic Acid in Whole Blood from Forensic Cases Using Automated Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:560-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pedersen AJ, Reitzel LA, Johansen SS, Linnet K. In vitro metabolism studies on mephedrone and analysis of forensic cases. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:430-8. [PMID: 22573603 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The stimulant designer drug mephedrone is a derivative of cathinone - a monoamine alkaloid found in khat - and its effect resembles that of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Abuse of mephedrone has been documented since 2007; it was originally a 'legal high' drug, but it has now been banned in most Western countries. Using cDNA-expressed CYP enzymes and human liver microsomal preparations, we found that cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) was the main responsible enzyme for the in vitro Phase I metabolism of mephedrone, with some minor contribution from other NAPDH-dependent enzymes. Hydroxytolyl-mephedrone and nor-mephedrone were formed in vitro, and the former was purified and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In four forensic traffic cases where mephedrone was detected, we identified hydroxytolyl-mephedrone and nor-mephedrone again; as well as 4-carboxy-dihydro-mephedrone, which has been previously described; and two new metabolites: dihydro-mephedrone and 4-carboxy-mephedrone. Fragmentation patterns for all detected compounds were determined by a UPLC-QTOF/MS(E) system, and a fragmentation pathway via a conjugated indole structure was proposed for most of the metabolites. Blood concentrations in the forensic traffic cases ranged from 1 to 51 µg/kg for mephedrone, and from not detected to 9 µg/kg for hydroxytolyl-mephedrone. In one case, urine concentrations were also determined to be 700 µg/kg for mephedrone and 190 µg/kg for hydroxytolyl-mephedrone. All compounds were detected or quantified with an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) system and an ultra performance liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF/MS) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Just Pedersen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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