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Kumawat R, Tomar RS. Dissecting the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1 in yeast flocculation. FEBS J 2024; 291:3080-3103. [PMID: 38648231 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms are frequently exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stress forms during their lifetime. Organisms cope with stress conditions by regulating their gene expression programs. In response to different environmental stress conditions, yeast cells activate different tolerance mechanisms, many of which share common signaling pathways. Flocculation is one of the key mechanisms underlying yeast survival under unfavorable environmental conditions, and the Tup1-Cyc8 corepressor complex is a major regulator of this process. Additionally, yeast cells can utilize different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to modulate gene expression during stress conditions. Here, we show that the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) MAPK pathway is involved in the regulation of yeast flocculation. We observed that the HOG MAPK pathway was constitutively activated in flocculating cells, and found that the interaction between phosphorylated Hog1 and the FLO genes promoter region increased significantly upon sodium chloride exposure. We found that treatment of cells with cantharidin decreased Hog1 phosphorylation, causing a sharp reduction in the expression of FLO genes and the flocculation phenotype. Similarly, deletion of HOG1 in yeast cells reduced flocculation. Altogether, our results suggest a role for HOG MAPK signaling in the regulation of FLO genes and yeast flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumawat
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India
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2
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Danilova OA, Ianutsevich EA, Bondarenko SA, Antropova AB, Tereshina VM. Membrane Lipids and Osmolytes Composition of Xerohalophilic Fungus Aspergillus penicillioides during Growth on High NaCl and Glycerol Media. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722601373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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3
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The MAP-Kinase HOG1 Controls Cold Adaptation in Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae by Promoting Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Glycerol. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:253. [PMID: 35834133 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of RKHog1 in the cold adaptation of Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain YM25235 and elucidate the correlation of biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and glycerol with its cold adaptation. The YM25235 strain was subjected to salt, osmotic, and cold stress tolerance analyses. mRNA levels of RKhog1, Δ12/15-fatty acid desaturase gene (RKD12), RKMsn4, HisK2301, and RKGPD1 in YM25235 were detected by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. The contents of PUFAs, such as linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (ALA) was measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, followed by determination of the growth rate of YM25235 and its glycerol content at low temperature. The RKHog1 overexpression, knockout, and remediation strains were constructed. Stress resistance analysis showed that overexpression of RKHog1 gene increased the biosynthesis of glycerol and enhanced the tolerance of YM25235 to cold, salt, and osmotic stresses, respectively. Inversely, the knockout of RKHog1 gene decreased the biosynthesis of glycerol and inhibited the tolerance of YM25235 to different stresses. Fatty acid analysis showed that the overexpression of RKHog1 gene in YM25235 significantly increased the content of LA and ALA, but RKHog1 gene knockout YM25235 strain had decreased content of LA and ALA. In addition, the mRNA expression level of RKD12, RKMsn4, RKHisK2301, and RKGPD1 showed an increase at 15 °C after RKHog1 gene overexpression but were unchanged at 30 °C. RKHog1 could regulate the growth adaptability and PUFA content of YM25235 at low temperature and this could be helpful for the cold adaptation of YM25235.
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4
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Yaakoub H, Sanchez NS, Ongay-Larios L, Courdavault V, Calenda A, Bouchara JP, Coria R, Papon N. The high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in fungi †. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:657-695. [PMID: 34893006 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.2011834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While fungi are widely occupying nature, many species are responsible for devastating mycosis in humans. Such niche diversity explains how quick fungal adaptation is necessary to endow the capacity of withstanding fluctuating environments and to cope with host-imposed conditions. Among all the molecular mechanisms evolved by fungi, the most studied one is the activation of the phosphorelay signalling pathways, of which the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway constitutes one of the key molecular apparatus underpinning fungal adaptation and virulence. In this review, we summarize the seminal knowledge of the HOG pathway with its more recent developments. We specifically described the HOG-mediated stress adaptation, with a particular focus on osmotic and oxidative stress, and point out some lags in our understanding of its involvement in the virulence of pathogenic species including, the medically important fungi Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus, compared to the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, we also highlighted some possible applications of the HOG pathway modifications to improve the fungal-based production of natural products in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Yaakoub
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | - Norma Silvia Sanchez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Ongay-Larios
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Roberto Coria
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
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Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Bondarenko SA, Tereshina VM. Membrane lipid and osmolyte readjustment in the alkaliphilic micromycete Sodiomyces tronii under cold, heat and osmotic shocks. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34816793 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed for the first time that alkaliphilic fungi, in contrast to alkalitolerant fungi, accumulated trehalose under extremely alkaline conditions, and we have proposed its key role in alkaliphilia. We propose that high levels of trehalose in the mycelium of alkaliphiles may promote adaptation not only to alkaline conditions, but also to other stressors. Therefore, we studied changes in the composition of osmolytes, and storage and membrane lipids under the action of cold (CS), heat (HS) and osmotic (OS) shocks in the obligate alkaliphilic micromycete Sodiomyces tronii. During adaptation to CS, an increase in the degree of unsaturation of phospholipids was observed while the composition of osmolytes, membrane and storage lipids remained the same. Under HS conditions, a twofold increase in the level of trehalose and an increase in the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamines were observed against the background of a decrease in the proportion of phosphatidic acids. OS was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of membrane lipids, while their ratio remained unchanged, and an increase in the level of polyols (arabitol and mannitol) in the fungal mycelium, which suggests their role for adaptation to OS. Thus, the observed consistency of the composition of membrane lipids suggests that trehalose can participate in adaptation not only to extremely alkaline conditions, but also to other stressors - HS, CS and OS. Taken together, the data obtained indicate the adaptability of the fungus to the action of various stressors, which can point to polyextremotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sofiya A Bondarenko
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Russia
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
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Guo R, He M, Zhang X, Ji X, Wei Y, Zhang QL, Zhang Q. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Changes of Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae at Low Temperature. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:727105. [PMID: 34603256 PMCID: PMC8481953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.727105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain YM25235 is a cold-adapted oleaginous yeast strain that can grow at 15°C. It is capable of producing polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, we used the Nanopore Platform to first assemble the R. kratochvilovae strain YM25235 genome into a 23.71 Mb size containing 46 scaffolds and 8,472 predicted genes. To explore the molecular mechanism behind the low temperature response of R. kratochvilovae strain YM25235, we analyzed the RNA transcriptomic data from low temperature (15°C) and normal temperature (30°C) groups using the next-generation deep sequencing technology (RNA-seq). We identified 1,300 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the cultures grown at low temperature (15°C) and normal temperature (30°C) transcriptome libraries, including 553 significantly upregulated and 747 significantly downregulated DEGs. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were primarily related to metabolic processes, cellular processes, cellular organelles, and catalytic activity, whereas the overrepresented pathways included the MAPK signaling pathway, metabolic pathways, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. We validated the RNA-seq results by detecting the expression of 15 DEGs using qPCR. This study provides valuable information on the low temperature response of R. kratochvilovae strain YM25235 for further research and broadens our understanding for the response of R. kratochvilovae strain YM25235 to low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Meixia He
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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7
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Fedoseeva EV, Danilova OA, Ianutsevich EA, Terekhova VA, Tereshina VM. Micromycete Lipids and Stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261721010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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MAL62 overexpression enhances uridine diphosphoglucose-dependent trehalose synthesis and glycerol metabolism for cryoprotection of baker's yeast in lean dough. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:196. [PMID: 33076920 PMCID: PMC7574194 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alpha-glucosidase (maltase) is a key enzyme in maltose metabolism. In addition, the overexpression of the alpha-glucosidase-encoding gene MAL62 has been shown to increase the freezing tolerance of yeast in lean dough. However, its cryoprotection mechanism is still not clear. RESULTS RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that MAL62 overexpression increased uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG)-dependent trehalose synthesis. The changes in transcript abundance were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme activity assays. When the UDPG-dependent trehalose synthase activity was abolished, MAL62 overexpression failed to promote the synthesis of intracellular trehalose. Moreover, in strains lacking trehalose synthesis, the cell viability in the late phase of prefermentation freezing coupled with MAL62 overexpression was slightly reduced, which can be explained by the increase in the intracellular glycerol concentration. This result was consistent with the elevated transcription of glycerol synthesis pathway members. CONCLUSIONS The increased freezing tolerance by MAL62 overexpression is mainly achieved by the increased trehalose content via the UDPG-dependent pathway, and glycerol also plays an important role. These findings shed new light on the mechanism of yeast response to freezing in lean bread dough and can help to improve industrial yeast strains.
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9
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Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Kurilov DV, Zavarzin IV, Tereshina VM. Osmolytes and membrane lipids in adaptive response of thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei to cold, osmotic and oxidative shocks. Extremophiles 2020; 24:391-401. [PMID: 32144516 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mesophiles, in which levels of trehalose and phosphatidic acids (PA) increased only under heat shock (HS), in thermophiles trehalose and PA were predominant under optimal growth conditions. To study the role of trehalose protection in the adaptation of thermophiles to various stressors, the composition of osmolytes and membrane lipids in the thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei was studied under cold (CS), osmotic (OS) and oxidative (OxS) shocks. CS resulted in no accumulation of glycerol in the mycelium, while the amount of trehalose decreased. The main lipid changes were the increase in the PA proportion with simultaneous decrease of sterols (St), the increase of the unsaturation degree of polar lipids and the decrease of the ergosterol proportion in total St. OS did not cause changes in the lipid composition, but led to the decrease of ergosterol proportion too. Despite the low ability of Mucorales to produce polyols, increase in the level of arabitol and glycerol was observed under OS. OxS led to the decrease of trehalose level and had no effect on the lipid composition. Thus, our results show the similarity (OS) and the difference (CS and OxS) between adaptation mechanisms of thermophiles and mesophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii V Kurilov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Zavarzin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
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10
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Yan J, Long Y, Zhou T, Ren J, Li Q, Song G, Cui Z. Dynamic Phosphoproteome Profiling of Zebrafish Embryonic Fibroblasts during Cold Acclimation. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900257. [PMID: 31826332 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Temperature affects almost all aspects of the fish life. To cope with low temperature, fish have evolved the ability of cold acclimation for survival. However, intracellular signaling events underlying cold acclimation in fish remain largely unknown. Here, the formation of cold acclimation in zebrafish embryonic fibroblasts (ZF4) is monitored and the phosphorylation events during the process are investigated through a large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomic approach. In total, 11 474 phosphorylation sites are identified on 4066 proteins and quantified 5772 phosphosites on 2519 proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine (Ser/Thr/Tyr) phosphorylation accounted for 85.5%, 13.3%, and 1.2% of total phosphosites, respectively. Among all phosphosites, 702 phosphosites on 510 proteins show differential regulation during cold acclimation of ZF4 cells. These phosphosites are divided into six clusters according to their dynamic changes during cold exposure. Kinase-substrate prediction reveals that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) among the kinase groups is predominantly responsible for phosphorylation of these phosphosites. The differentially regulated phosphoproteins are functionally associated with various cellular processes such as regulation of actin cytoskeleton and MAPK signaling pathway. These data enrich the database of protein phosphorylation sites in zebrafish and provide key clues for the elucidation of intracellular signaling networks during cold acclimation of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zongbin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, 430072, China.,The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, Wuhan, 430072, China
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11
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Martho KF, Brustolini OJB, Vasconcelos AT, Vallim MA, Pascon RC. The Glycerol Phosphatase Gpp2: A Link to Osmotic Stress, Sulfur Assimilation and Virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2728. [PMID: 31849880 PMCID: PMC6901960 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunist fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. During infection, this basidiomycete yeast has to adapt to several adverse conditions, especially nutrient availability. The interruption on various amino acid biosynthetic pathways and on amino acid uptake causes reduced viability, inability to cope with various stresses, failure in virulence factors expression and avirulence in animal model of infection. The sulfur amino acid biosynthesis and uptake is an important feature for pathogen survival in vivo and in vitro. Our previous work demonstrates that C. neoformans Cys3 BZip transcription factor controls the gene expression in several steps of the sulfur assimilation and sulfur amino acid biosynthesis. Also, we have shown that Gpp2 phosphatase modulates Cys3 activity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gpp2 is induced in response to hyper osmotic or oxidative stress and during diauxic shift. In this work, we will show that, in C. neoformans, Gpp2 is required to respond to stresses, mainly osmotic stress; also its transcription is induced during exposure to NaCl. Global transcriptional profile of gpp2Δ by RNAseq shows that CYS3 and other genes in the sulfur assimilation pathway are up regulated, which is consistent with our previous report, in which Gpp2 acts by avoiding Cys3 accumulation and nuclear localization. In addition, several transporters genes, especially amino acid permeases and oxidative stress genes are induced in the gpp2Δ strain; on the contrary, genes involved in glucose and tricarboxylic acid metabolism are down regulated. gpp2Δ strain fails to express virulence factors, as melanin, phospholipase, urease and has virulence attenuation in Galleria mellonella. Our data suggest that Gpp2 is an important factor for general pathogen adaptation to various stresses and also to the host, and perhaps it could be an interesting target for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Felipe Martho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Campus Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otávio J B Brustolini
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica - LNCC, Labinfo - Laboratório de Bioinformática, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Vasconcelos
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica - LNCC, Labinfo - Laboratório de Bioinformática, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Vallim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Campus Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata C Pascon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Campus Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Day AM, Quinn J. Stress-Activated Protein Kinases in Human Fungal Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:261. [PMID: 31380304 PMCID: PMC6652806 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of fungal pathogens to survive hostile environments within the host depends on rapid and robust stress responses. Stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathways are conserved MAPK signaling modules that promote stress adaptation in all eukaryotic cells, including pathogenic fungi. Activation of the SAPK occurs via the dual phosphorylation of conserved threonine and tyrosine residues within a TGY motif located in the catalytic domain. This induces the activation and nuclear accumulation of the kinase and the phosphorylation of diverse substrates, thus eliciting appropriate cellular responses. The Hog1 SAPK has been extensively characterized in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we use this a platform from which to compare SAPK signaling mechanisms in three major fungal pathogens of humans, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Despite the conservation of SAPK pathways within these pathogenic fungi, evidence is emerging that their role and regulation has significantly diverged. However, consistent with stress adaptation being a common virulence trait, SAPK pathways are important pathogenicity determinants in all these major human pathogens. Thus, the development of drugs which target fungal SAPKs has the exciting potential to generate broad-acting antifungal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Day
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Quinn
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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13
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Haque F, Verma NK, Alfatah M, Bijlani S, Bhattacharyya MS. Sophorolipid exhibits antifungal activity by ROS mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction pathways in Candida albicans. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41639-41648. [PMID: 35541620 PMCID: PMC9076456 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07599b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of cell death in C. albicans due to treatment with sophorolipid (SL). SL is an extracellular glycolipid biosurfactant produced by various species of non-pathogenic yeasts and is known to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of C. albicans. This study revealed that treatment of C. albicans cells with SL increases the ROS production and expression of oxidative stress-related genes significantly (SOD1, CAT1). Increased ROS level within the cells causes ER stress and release of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm and alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data showed that SL also upregulates the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress marker HAC1. Flow cytometric analysis (AnnexinV/PI) indicated that the cell death may have occurred due to necrosis which was further confirmed by LDH release assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further experiments with the null mutant Δ hog1 strain of C. albicans SC5314 indicated the activation of the osmotic stress response pathway (HOG-MAPK) and SAP9. This study gave an insight into the mechanism of cell death initiation by glycolipids and indicated that further modification of these molecules can lead to the development of new therapeutic agent against C. albicans. Sophorolipid induces ROS generation in C. albicans leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress followed by the release of Ca2+ ions (from the ER lumen) that enter mitochondria and further magnify ROS generation leading to cell death.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Farazul Haque
- Biochemical Engineering Research & Process Development Centre (BERPDC)
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)
- Chandigarh 160036
- India
| | - Nitish Kumar Verma
- Biochemical Engineering Research & Process Development Centre (BERPDC)
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)
- Chandigarh 160036
- India
| | - Mohammad Alfatah
- Yeast Molecular Biology Laboratory
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)
- Chandigarh 160036
- India
| | - Swati Bijlani
- Yeast Molecular Biology Laboratory
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)
- Chandigarh 160036
- India
| | - Mani Shankar Bhattacharyya
- Biochemical Engineering Research & Process Development Centre (BERPDC)
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)
- Chandigarh 160036
- India
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14
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So YS, Jang J, Park G, Xu J, Olszewski MA, Bahn YS. Sho1 and Msb2 Play Complementary but Distinct Roles in Stress Responses, Sexual Differentiation, and Pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2958. [PMID: 30564211 PMCID: PMC6288190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) pathway is pivotal in environmental stress response, differentiation, and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes fatal meningoencephalitis. A putative membrane sensor protein, Sho1, has been postulated to regulate HOG pathway, but its regulatory mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the function of Sho1 with relation to the HOG pathway in C. neoformans. Sho1 played minor roles in osmoresistance, thermotolerance, and maintenance of membrane integrity mainly in a HOG-independent manner. However, it was dispensable for cryostress resistance, primarily mediated through the HOG pathway. A mucin-like transmembrane (TM) protein, Msb2, which interacts with Sho1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was identified in C. neoformans, but found not to interact with Sho1. MSB2 codeletion with SHO1 further decreased osmoresistance and membrane integrity, but not thermotolerance, of sho1Δ mutant, indicating that both factors play to some level redundant but also discrete roles in C. neoformans. Sho1 and Msb2 played redundant roles in promoting the filamentous growth in sexual differentiation in a Cpk1-independent manner, in contrast to the inhibitory effect of the HOG pathway in the process. However, both factors contributed independently to Cpk1 phosphorylation during vegetative growth and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Finally, Sho1 and Msb2 play distinct but complementary roles in the pulmonary virulence of C. neoformans. Overall, Sho1 and Msb2 play complementary but distinct roles in stress response, differentiation, and pathogenicity of C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Seul So
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juyeong Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Goun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jintao Xu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,VA Medical Center Ann Arbor Research Service, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Influence of ylHog1 MAPK kinase on Yarrowia lipolytica stress response and erythritol production. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14735. [PMID: 30283045 PMCID: PMC6170386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythritol production is a unique response to hyperosmotic stress that is observed in a small group of yeasts, including Yarrowia lipolytica. This study investigated whether this unusual mechanism is regulated by the HOG pathway, well described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The gene YALI0E25135g was identified as the Y. lipolytica homologue of HOG1 and was found to be phosphorylated in response to hyperosmotic shock. Deletion of the gene caused a significant decrease in resistance to hyperosmotic stress and negatively affected erythritol production. Interestingly, the deletion strain yl-hog1Δ displayed significant morphological defects, with the cells growing in a filamentous form. Moreover, yl-hog1Δ cells were also resistant to the cell wall damaging agents Congo red and calcofluor white. Collectively, these results indicate that yl-Hog1 is crucial for the cellular response to hyperosmotic stress, plays a role in the induction of erythritol production, and potentially prevents cross-talk with different MAPK signalling pathways in the cell.
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16
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Strome B, Hsu IS, Li Cheong Man M, Zarin T, Nguyen Ba A, Moses AM. Short linear motifs in intrinsically disordered regions modulate HOG signaling capacity. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:75. [PMID: 29970070 PMCID: PMC6029073 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background The effort to characterize intrinsically disordered regions of signaling proteins is rapidly expanding. An important class of disordered interaction modules are ubiquitous and functionally diverse elements known as short linear motifs (SLiMs). Results To further examine the role of SLiMs in signal transduction, we used a previously devised bioinformatics method to predict evolutionarily conserved SLiMs within a well-characterized pathway in S. cerevisiae. Using a single cell, reporter-based flow cytometry assay in conjunction with a fluorescent reporter driven by a pathway-specific promoter, we quantitatively assessed pathway output via systematic deletions of individual motifs. We found that, when deleted, 34% (10/29) of predicted SLiMs displayed a significant decrease in pathway output, providing evidence that these motifs play a role in signal transduction. Assuming that mutations in SLiMs have quantitative effects on mechanisms of signaling, we show that perturbations of parameters in a previously published stochastic model of HOG signaling could reproduce the quantitative effects of 4 out of 7 mutations in previously unknown SLiMs. Conclusions Our study suggests that, even in well-characterized pathways, large numbers of functional elements remain undiscovered, and that challenges remain for application of systems biology models to interpret the effects of mutations in signaling pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0597-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Strome
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Ian Shenyen Hsu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Mitchell Li Cheong Man
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Taraneh Zarin
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Alex Nguyen Ba
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Alan M Moses
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada. .,Center for Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
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17
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Pomatto LCD, Davies KJA. The role of declining adaptive homeostasis in ageing. J Physiol 2017; 595:7275-7309. [PMID: 29028112 PMCID: PMC5730851 DOI: 10.1113/jp275072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive homeostasis is "the transient expansion or contraction of the homeostatic range for any given physiological parameter in response to exposure to sub-toxic, non-damaging, signalling molecules or events, or the removal or cessation of such molecules or events" (Davies, 2016). Adaptive homeostasis enables biological systems to make continuous short-term adjustments for optimal functioning despite ever-changing internal and external environments. Initiation of adaptation in response to an appropriate signal allows organisms to successfully cope with much greater, normally toxic, stresses. These short-term responses are initiated following effective signals, including hypoxia, cold shock, heat shock, oxidative stress, exercise-induced adaptation, caloric restriction, osmotic stress, mechanical stress, immune response, and even emotional stress. There is now substantial literature detailing a decline in adaptive homeostasis that, unfortunately, appears to manifest with ageing, especially in the last third of the lifespan. In this review, we present the hypothesis that one hallmark of the ageing process is a significant decline in adaptive homeostasis capacity. We discuss the mechanistic importance of diminished capacity for short-term (reversible) adaptive responses (both biochemical and signal transduction/gene expression-based) to changing internal and external conditions, for short-term survival and for lifespan and healthspan. Studies of cultured mammalian cells, worms, flies, rodents, simians, apes, and even humans, all indicate declining adaptive homeostasis as a potential contributor to age-dependent senescence, increased risk of disease, and even mortality. Emerging work points to Nrf2-Keap1 signal transduction pathway inhibitors, including Bach1 and c-Myc, both of whose tissue concentrations increase with age, as possible major causes for age-dependent loss of adaptive homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. D. Pomatto
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089USA
| | - Kelvin J. A. Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089USA
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of LettersArts & Sciences: the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089‐0191USA
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18
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Turk M, Gostinčar C. Glycerol metabolism genes in Aureobasidium pullulans and Aureobasidium subglaciale. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:63-73. [PMID: 29248115 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular glycerol accumulation is one of the main fungal adaptations to osmotic and also cold stress. We investigated the management of glycerol metabolism in polyextremotolerant black yeasts Aureobasidium pullulans and Aureobasidium subglaciale. We show that increased salinity (5 % and 10 %; w/v), but not cold (10 °C) trigger intracellular glycerol accumulation. The transcriptional response of the genes involved in glycerol synthesis, degradation and import, to increased salinity, low temperature or a combination of both was analysed with real-time PCR. Each of the two species contains an NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase, a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, two copies of a glycerol kinase, and more than ten copies of major facilitator superfamily transporters similar to glycerol proton symporters. Similarly to glycerol accumulation itself, transcriptional response to hypersaline stress was larger compared to low temperature stress and was more consistent in A. pullulans compared to A. subglaciale, reflecting the different stress tolerance and ecological strategy of each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Turk
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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19
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Multistep phosphorelay in fungi: the enigma of multiple signals and a limited number of signaling pathways. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Moser JW, Wilson IBH, Dragosits M. The adaptive landscape of wildtype and glycosylation-deficient populations of the industrial yeast Pichia pastoris. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:597. [PMID: 28797224 PMCID: PMC5553748 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of long-term environmental adaptation and the implications of major cellular malfunctions are still poorly understood for non-model but biotechnologically relevant species. In this study we performed a large-scale laboratory evolution experiment with 48 populations of the yeast Pichia pastoris in order to establish a general adaptive landscape upon long-term selection in several glucose-based growth environments. As a model for a cellular malfunction the implications of OCH1 mannosyltransferase knockout-mediated glycosylation-deficiency were analyzed. Results In-depth growth profiling of evolved populations revealed several instances of genotype-dependent growth trade-off/cross-benefit correlations in non-evolutionary growth conditions. On the genome level a high degree of mutational convergence was observed among independent populations. Environment-dependent mutational hotspots were related to osmotic stress-, Rim - and cAMP signaling pathways. In agreement with the observed growth phenotypes, our data also suggest diverging compensatory mutations in glycosylation-deficient populations. High osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway loss-of-functions mutations, including genes such as SSK2 and SSK4, represented a major adaptive strategy during environmental adaptation. However, genotype-specific HOG-related mutations were predominantly observed in opposing environmental conditions. Surprisingly, such mutations emerged during salt stress adaptation in OCH1 knockout populations and led to growth trade-offs in non-adaptive conditions that were distinct from wildtype HOG-mutants. Further environment-dependent mutations were identified for a hitherto uncharacterized species-specific Gal4-like transcriptional regulator involved in environmental sensing. Conclusion We show that metabolic constraints such as glycosylation-deficiency can contribute to evolution on the molecular level, even in non-diverging growth environments. Our dataset suggests universal adaptive mechanisms involving cellular stress response and cAMP/PKA signaling but also the existence of highly species-specific strategies involving unique transcriptional regulators, improving our biological understanding of distinct Ascomycetes species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3952-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef W Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Dragosits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Miteva-Staleva JG, Krumova ET, Vassilev SV, Angelova MB. Cold-stress response during the stationary-growth phase of Antarctic and temperate-climate Penicillium strains. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1042-1051. [PMID: 28691665 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cold-induced oxidative stress during the aging of three Penicillium strains (two Antarctic and one from a temperate region) in stationary culture was documented and demonstrated a significant increase in the protein carbonyl content, the accumulation of glycogen and trehalose, and an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase). The cell response to a temperature downshift depends on the degree of stress and the temperature characteristics of the strains. Our data give further support for the role of oxidative stress in the aging of fungi in stationary cultures. Comparing the present results for the stationary growth phase with our previous results for the exponential growth phase was informative concerning the relationship between the cold-stress response and age-related changes in the tested strains. Unlike the young cells, stationary-phase cultures demonstrated a more pronounced level of oxidative damage, as well as decreased antioxidant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeni G Miteva-Staleva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ekaterina T Krumova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Spassen V Vassilev
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria B Angelova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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22
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Pérez-Torrado R, Barrio E, Querol A. Alternative yeasts for winemaking: Saccharomyces non-cerevisiae and its hybrids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1780-1790. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1285751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pérez-Torrado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Barrio
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Querol
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
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23
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Moser JW, Prielhofer R, Gerner SM, Graf AB, Wilson IBH, Mattanovich D, Dragosits M. Implications of evolutionary engineering for growth and recombinant protein production in methanol-based growth media in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:49. [PMID: 28302114 PMCID: PMC5356285 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pichia pastoris is a widely used eukaryotic expression host for recombinant protein production. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) has been applied in a wide range of studies in order to improve strains for biotechnological purposes. In this context, the impact of long-term carbon source adaptation in P. pastoris has not been addressed so far. Thus, we performed a pilot experiment in order to analyze the applicability and potential benefits of ALE towards improved growth and recombinant protein production in P. pastoris. RESULTS Adaptation towards growth on methanol was performed in replicate cultures in rich and minimal growth medium for 250 generations. Increased growth rates on these growth media were observed at the population and single clone level. Evolved populations showed various degrees of growth advantages and trade-offs in non-evolutionary growth conditions. Genome resequencing revealed a wide variety of potential genetic targets associated with improved growth performance on methanol-based growth media. Alcohol oxidase represented a mutational hotspot since four out of seven evolved P. pastoris clones harbored mutations in this gene, resulting in decreased Aox activity, despite increased growth rates. Selected clones displayed strain-dependent variations for AOX-promoter based recombinant protein expression yield. One particularly interesting clone showed increased product titers ranging from a 2.5-fold increase in shake flask batch culture to a 1.8-fold increase during fed batch cultivation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a complex correlation of carbon source, growth context and recombinant protein production. While similar experiments have already shown their potential in other biotechnological areas where microbes were evolutionary engineered for improved stress resistance and growth, the current dataset encourages the analysis of the potential of ALE for improved protein production in P. pastoris on a broader scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef W Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Prielhofer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M Gerner
- University of Applied Sciences FH-Campus Wien, Bioengineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra B Graf
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), 1190, Vienna, Austria.,University of Applied Sciences FH-Campus Wien, Bioengineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Dragosits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Martí-Raga M, Peltier E, Mas A, Beltran G, Marullo P. Genetic Causes of Phenotypic Adaptation to the Second Fermentation of Sparkling Wines in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:399-412. [PMID: 27903630 PMCID: PMC5295589 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.037283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is known to improve complex traits due to heterosis and phenotypic robustness. However, these phenomena have been rarely explained at the molecular level. Here, the genetic determinism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation performance was investigated using a QTL mapping approach on an F1-progeny population. Three main QTL were detected, with positive alleles coming from both parental strains. The heterosis effect found in the hybrid was partially explained by three loci showing pseudooverdominance and dominance effects. The molecular dissection of those QTL revealed that the adaptation to second fermentation is related to pH, lipid, or osmotic regulation. Our results suggest that the stressful conditions of second fermentation have driven the selection of rare genetic variants adapted to maintain yeast cell homeostasis and, in particular, to low pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martí-Raga
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Unité de recherche OEnologie, EA 4577, ISVV, Université Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Emilien Peltier
- Unité de recherche OEnologie, EA 4577, ISVV, Université Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Biolaffort, 33100 Bordeaux, France
| | - Albert Mas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gemma Beltran
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Philippe Marullo
- Unité de recherche OEnologie, EA 4577, ISVV, Université Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Biolaffort, 33100 Bordeaux, France
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25
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Nasution O, Lee YM, Kim E, Lee Y, Kim W, Choi W. Overexpression ofOLE1enhances stress tolerance and constitutively activates the MAPK HOG pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:620-631. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olviyani Nasution
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative; The Graduate School; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03766 Korea
| | - Young Mi Lee
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Department of Life Sciences; College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Wankee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Wonja Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative; The Graduate School; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03766 Korea
- Department of Life Sciences; College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
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26
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Lee Y, Nasution O, Lee YM, Kim E, Choi W, Kim W. Overexpression of PMA1 enhances tolerance to various types of stress and constitutively activates the SAPK pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:229-239. [PMID: 27730338 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PMA1 encodes a transmembrane polypeptide that functions to pump protons out of the cell. Ectopic PMA1 overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhances tolerance to weak acids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ethanol, and changes the following physiological properties: better proton efflux, lower membrane permeability, and lessened internal hydrogen peroxide production. The enhanced stress tolerance was dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Hog1 of the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, but not the MAPK Slt2 of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway; however, a PMA1 overexpression constitutively activated both Hog1 and Slt2. The constitutive Hog1 activation required the MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K) Ssk2 of the HOG pathway, but not Ste11 and Ssk22, two other MAP3Ks of the same pathway. The constitutive Slt2 activation did not require Rom2 and the membrane sensors of the CWI pathway, whereas Bck1 was indispensable. The PMA1 overexpression activated the stress response element but not the cyclic AMP response element and the Rlm1 transcription factor. PMA1 overexpression may facilitate the construction of industrial strains with simultaneous tolerance to weak acids, ROS, and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03766, South Korea
| | - Olviyani Nasution
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03766, South Korea
| | - Young Mi Lee
- Department of Life Sciences College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03766, South Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Wonja Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03766, South Korea.
- Department of Life Sciences College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03766, South Korea.
| | - Wankee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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27
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Taymaz-Nikerel H, Cankorur-Cetinkaya A, Kirdar B. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Stress-Induced Perturbations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:17. [PMID: 26925399 PMCID: PMC4757645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to environmental and/or genetic perturbations in order to survive and proliferate. Characterization of the changes after various stimuli at different -omics levels is crucial to comprehend the adaptation of cells to the changing conditions. Genome-wide quantification and analysis of transcript levels, the genes affected by perturbations, extends our understanding of cellular metabolism by pointing out the mechanisms that play role in sensing the stress caused by those perturbations and related signaling pathways, and in this way guides us to achieve endeavors, such as rational engineering of cells or interpretation of disease mechanisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system has been studied in response to different perturbations and corresponding transcriptional profiles were followed either statically or/and dynamically, short and long term. This review focuses on response of yeast cells to diverse stress inducing perturbations, including nutritional changes, ionic stress, salt stress, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, and to genetic interventions such as deletion and overexpression of genes. It is aimed to conclude on common regulatory phenomena that allow yeast to organize its transcriptomic response after any perturbation under different external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Betul Kirdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Córcoles-Sáez I, Hernández ML, Martínez-Rivas JM, Prieto JA, Randez-Gil F. Characterization of the S. cerevisiae inp51 mutant links phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels with lipid content, membrane fluidity and cold growth. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:213-26. [PMID: 26724696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and its derivatives diphosphoinositol phosphates (DPIPs) play key signaling and regulatory roles. However, a direct function of these molecules in lipid and membrane homeostasis remains obscure. Here, we have studied the cold tolerance phenotype of yeast cells lacking the Inp51-mediated phosphoinositide-5-phosphatase. Genetic and biochemical approaches showed that increased metabolism of PI(4,5)P2 reduces the activity of the Pho85 kinase by increasing the levels of the DPIP isomer 1-IP7. This effect was key in the cold tolerance phenotype. Indeed, pho85 mutant cells grew better than the wild-type at 15 °C, and lack of this kinase abolished the inp51-mediated cold phenotype. Remarkably, reduced Pho85 function by loss of Inp51 affected the activity of the Pho85-regulated target Pah1, the yeast phosphatidate phosphatase. Cells lacking Inp51 showed reduced Pah1 abundance, derepression of an INO1-lacZ reporter, decreased content of triacylglycerides and elevated levels of phosphatidate, hallmarks of the pah1 mutant. However, the inp51 phenotype was not associated to low Pah1 activity since deletion of PAH1 caused cold sensitivity. In addition, the inp51 mutant exhibited features not shared by pah1, including a 40%-reduction in total lipid content and decreased membrane fluidity. These changes may influence the activity of membrane-anchored and/or associated proteins since deletion of INP51 slows down the transit to the vacuole of the fluorescent dye FM4-64. In conclusion, our work supports a model in which changes in the PI(4,5)P2 pool affect the 1-IP7 levels modulating the activity of Pho85, Pah1 and likely additional Pho85-controlled targets, and regulate lipid composition and membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Córcoles-Sáez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Jose A Prieto
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisca Randez-Gil
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Hebly M, Brickwedde A, Bolat I, Driessen MRM, de Hulster EAF, van den Broek M, Pronk JT, Geertman JM, Daran JM, Daran-Lapujade P. S. cerevisiae × S. eubayanus interspecific hybrid, the best of both worlds and beyond. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov005. [PMID: 25743788 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces pastorianus lager-brewing yeasts have descended from natural hybrids of S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus. Their alloploidy has undoubtedly contributed to successful domestication and industrial exploitation. To understand the early events that have led to the predominance of S. pastorianus as lager-brewing yeast, an interspecific hybrid between S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus was experimentally constructed. Alloploidy substantially improved the performance of the S. cerevisiae × S. eubayanus hybrid as compared to either parent regarding two cardinal features of brewing yeasts: tolerance to low temperature and oligosaccharide utilization. The hybrid's S. eubayanus subgenome conferred better growth rates and biomass yields at low temperature, both on glucose and on maltose. Conversely, the ability of the hybrid to consume maltotriose, which was absent in the S. eubayanus CBS12357 type strain, was inherited from its S. cerevisiae parent. The S. cerevisiae × S. eubayanus hybrid even outperformed its parents, a phenomenon known as transgression, suggesting that fast growth at low temperature and oligosaccharide utilization may have been key selective advantages of the natural hybrids in brewing environments. To enable sequence comparisons of the parental and hybrid strains, the genome of S. eubayanus CBS12357 type strain (Patagonian isolate) was resequenced, resulting in an improved publicly available sequence assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Hebly
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Brickwedde
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Irina Bolat
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Maureen R M Driessen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Erik A F de Hulster
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel van den Broek
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands Platform Green Synthetic Biology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Maarten Geertman
- Heineken Global Supply Chain, Technology & Policies, 2382 PH Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands Platform Green Synthetic Biology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Pascale Daran-Lapujade
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Galafassi S, Toscano M, Vigentini I, Zambelli P, Simonetti P, Foschino R, Compagno C. Cold exposure affects carbohydrates and lipid metabolism, and induces Hog1p phosphorylation in Dekkera bruxellensis strain CBS 2499. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 107:1145-53. [PMID: 25697274 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dekkera bruxellensis is a yeast known to affect the quality of wine and beer. This species, due to its high ethanol and acid tolerance, has been reported also to compete with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in distilleries producing fuel ethanol. In order to understand how this species responds when exposed to low temperatures, some mechanisms like synthesis and accumulation of intracellular metabolites, changes in lipid composition and activation of the HOG-MAPK pathway were investigated in the genome sequenced strain CBS 2499. We show that cold stress caused intracellular accumulation of glycogen, but did not induce accumulation of trehalose and glycerol. The cellular fatty acid composition changed after the temperature downshift, and a significant increase of palmitoleic acid was observed. RT-PCR analysis revealed that OLE1 encoding for Δ9-fatty acid desaturase was up-regulated, whereas TPS1 and INO1 didn't show changes in their expression. In D. bruxellensis Hog1p was activated by phosphorylation, as described in S. cerevisiae, highlighting a conserved role of the HOG-MAP kinase signaling pathway in cold stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Galafassi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Paget CM, Schwartz JM, Delneri D. Environmental systems biology of cold-tolerant phenotype in Saccharomyces species adapted to grow at different temperatures. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5241-57. [PMID: 25243355 PMCID: PMC4283049 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the leading factors that drive adaptation of organisms and ecosystems. Remarkably, many closely related species share the same habitat because of their different temporal or micro-spatial thermal adaptation. In this study, we seek to find the underlying molecular mechanisms of the cold-tolerant phenotype of closely related yeast species adapted to grow at different temperatures, namely S. kudriavzevii CA111 (cryo-tolerant) and S. cerevisiae 96.2 (thermo-tolerant). Using two different systems approaches, i. thermodynamic-based analysis of a genome-scale metabolic model of S. cerevisiae and ii. large-scale competition experiment of the yeast heterozygote mutant collection, genes and pathways important for the growth at low temperature were identified. In particular, defects in lipid metabolism, oxidoreductase and vitamin pathways affected yeast fitness at cold. Combining the data from both studies, a list of candidate genes was generated and mutants for two predicted cold-favouring genes, GUT2 and ADH3, were created in two natural isolates. Compared with the parental strains, these mutants showed lower fitness at cold temperatures, with S. kudriavzevii displaying the strongest defect. Strikingly, in S. kudriavzevii, these mutations also significantly improve the growth at warm temperatures. In addition, overexpression of ADH3 in S. cerevisiae increased its fitness at cold. These results suggest that temperature-induced redox imbalances could be compensated by increased glycerol accumulation or production of cytosolic acetaldehyde through the deletion of GUT2 or ADH3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mary Paget
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Furuya T, Matsuoka D, Nanmori T. Membrane rigidification functions upstream of the MEKK1-MKK2-MPK4 cascade during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2025-30. [PMID: 24801600 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The MEKK1-MKK2-MPK4 cascade is activated during cold acclimation. However, little is known regarding the perception of low temperature. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of Arabidopsis with a membrane rigidifier, DMSO, caused MPK4 activation concomitantly with MEKK1 and MKK2 phosphorylation, as well as the cold-inducible gene COR15a expression. These processes are similar to the effects of cold treatment, whereas benzyl alcohol (BA), a membrane fluidizer, prevented such cold-induced events. Moreover, the DMSO-treated seedlings acquired freezing tolerance without cold acclimation. In contrast, the BA-pretreated seedlings did not show freezing tolerance. These results suggest that membrane rigidification activates this MAPK cascade and contributes to the acquisition of freezing tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furuya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nanmori
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan; Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Oliveira BM, Barrio E, Querol A, Pérez-Torrado R. Enhanced enzymatic activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the cryophilic Saccharomyces kudriavzevii. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87290. [PMID: 24498063 PMCID: PMC3907487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the evolution of the different species classified within the Saccharomyces genus, each one has adapted to live in different environments. One of the most important parameters that have influenced the evolution of Saccharomyces species is the temperature. Here we have focused on the study of the ability of certain species as Saccharomyces kudriavzevii to grow at low temperatures, in contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observed that S. kudriavzevii strains isolated from several regions are able to synthesize higher amounts of glycerol, a molecule that has been shown to accumulate in response to freeze and cold stress. To explain this observation at the molecular level we studied the expression of glycerol biosynthetic pathway genes and we observed a higher expression of GPD1 gene in S. kudriavzevii compared to S. cerevisiae in micro-vinification conditions. We observed higher enzymatic activity of Gpd1p in S. kudriavzevii in response to osmotic and cold stress. Also, we determined that S. kudriavzevii Gpd1p enzyme presents increased catalytic properties that will contribute to increase glycerol production. Finally, we evaluated the glycerol production with S. cerevisiae, S. kudriavzevii or a recombinant Gpd1p variant in the same background and observed that the S. kudriavzevii enzyme produced increased glycerol levels at 12 or 28°C. This suggests that glycerol is increased in S. kudriavzevii mainly due to increased Vmax of the Gpd1p enzyme. All these differences indicate that S. kudriavzevii has changed the metabolism to promote the branch of the glycolytic pathway involved in glycerol production to adapt to low temperature environments and maintain the NAD+/NADH ratio in alcoholic fermentations. This knowledge is industrially relevant due to the potential use, for example, of S. cerevisiae-S. kudriavzevii hybrids in the wine industry where glycerol content is an important quality parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Oliveira
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, E-46980, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Eladio Barrio
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, E-46980, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
- Institut “Cavanilles” de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Amparo Querol
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, E-46980, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Roberto Pérez-Torrado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, E-46980, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
- * E-mail:
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Patil VA, Greenberg ML. Cardiolipin-mediated cellular signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 991:195-213. [PMID: 23775697 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6331-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent studies showing that cardiolipin (CL), a unique mitochondrial phospholipid, regulates many cellular functions and signaling pathways, both inside and outside the mitochondria. Inside the mitochondria, CL is a critical target of mitochondrial generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulates signaling events related to apoptosis and aging. CL deficiency causes perturbation of signaling pathways outside the mitochondria, including the PKC-Slt2 cell integrity pathway and the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, and is a key player in the cross-talk between the mitochondria and the vacuole. Understanding these connections may shed light on the pathology of Barth syndrome, a disorder of CL remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay A Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Abstract
An appropriate response and adaptation to hyperosmolarity, i.e., an external osmolarity that is higher than the physiological range, can be a matter of life or death for all cells. It is especially important for free-living organisms such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When exposed to hyperosmotic stress, the yeast initiates a complex adaptive program that includes temporary arrest of cell-cycle progression, adjustment of transcription and translation patterns, and the synthesis and retention of the compatible osmolyte glycerol. These adaptive responses are mostly governed by the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, which is composed of membrane-associated osmosensors, an intracellular signaling pathway whose core is the Hog1 MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, and cytoplasmic and nuclear effector functions. The entire pathway is conserved in diverse fungal species, while the Hog1 MAPK cascade is conserved even in higher eukaryotes including humans. This conservation is illustrated by the fact that the mammalian stress-responsive p38 MAPK can rescue the osmosensitivity of hog1Δ mutations in response to hyperosmotic challenge. As the HOG pathway is one of the best-understood eukaryotic signal transduction pathways, it is useful not only as a model for analysis of osmostress responses, but also as a model for mathematical analysis of signal transduction pathways. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of both the upstream signaling mechanism and the downstream adaptive responses to hyperosmotic stress in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Saito
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8638, Japan, and
| | - Francesc Posas
- Cell Signaling Unit, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Peculiar H⁺ homeostasis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the late stages of wine fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6302-8. [PMID: 22752170 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01355-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pH(in)) is a tightly regulated physiological parameter, which controls cell performance in all living systems. The purpose of this work was to evaluate if and how H(+) homeostasis is accomplished by an industrial wine strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae while fermenting real must under the harsh winery conditions prevalent in the late stages of the fermentation process, in particular low pH and high ethanol concentrations and temperature. Cells grown at 15, 25, and 30°C were harvested in exponential and early and late stationary phases. Intracellular pH remained in the range of 6.0 to 6.4, decreasing significantly only by the end of glucose fermentation, in particular at lower temperatures (pH(in) 5.2 at 15°C), although the cells remained viable and metabolically active. The cell capability of extruding H(+) via H(+)-ATPase and of keeping H(+) out by means of an impermeable membrane were evaluated as potential mechanisms of H(+) homeostasis. At 30°C, H(+) efflux was higher in all stages. The most striking observation was that cells in late stationary phase became almost impermeable to H(+). Even when these cells were challenged with high ethanol concentrations (up to 20%) added in the assay, their permeability to H(+) remained very low, being almost undetectable at 15°C. Comparatively, ethanol significantly increased the H(+) permeability of cells in exponential phase. Understanding the molecular and physiological events underlying yeast H(+) homeostasis at late stages of fermentations may contribute to the development of more robust strains suitable to efficiently produce a high-quality wine.
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Ji Y, Yang F, Ma D, Zhang J, Wan Z, Liu W, Li R. HOG-MAPK signaling regulates the adaptive responses of Aspergillus fumigatus to thermal stress and other related stress. Mycopathologia 2012; 174:273-82. [PMID: 22678624 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is naturally exposed to a highly variable environment and subjected to various kinds of stresses. High-osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (HOG-MAPK) pathway plays a crucial role in regulating cellular homeostasis in response to environmental changes. Here, we explored the contribution of HOG-MAPK pathway to the adaptive responses to thermal stress and other related stresses in A. fumigatus. We observed the phenotype features of wild-type strains and their derived mutants at 37 and 48 °C, and the results suggested that tcsB participates in response to high temperature. Furthermore, susceptibility test for antifungal drugs showed that SHO1 branch is probably involved in the susceptibility of A. fumigatus to itraconazole at high temperature. Although sakA expression at mRNA level appeared unchanged in wild-type AF293 subjected to thermal stress, phosphorylated SakAp level increased significantly in the strains exposed to cold stress, 250 mmol/L nystatin or 10 % dimethyl sulfoxide in a manner dependent on the SLN1 branch and independent on the SHO1 branch. Taken together, these results indicate that HOG-MAPK pathway, especially the SLN1 branch, plays an important role in the adaptations of A. fumigatus to thermal stress and other related stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Ji
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xi-Shi-Ku St., Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
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The Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates a hypoxic response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2011; 188:325-38. [PMID: 21467572 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied hypoxic induction of transcription by studying the seripauperin (PAU) genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous studies showed that PAU induction requires the depletion of heme and is dependent upon the transcription factor Upc2. We have now identified additional factors required for PAU induction during hypoxia, including Hog1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) whose signaling pathway originates at the membrane. Our results have led to a model in which heme and ergosterol depletion alters membrane fluidity, thereby activating Hog1 for hypoxic induction. Hypoxic activation of Hog1 is distinct from its previously characterized response to osmotic stress, as the two conditions cause different transcriptional consequences. Furthermore, Hog1-dependent hypoxic activation is independent of the S. cerevisiae general stress response. In addition to Hog1, specific components of the SAGA coactivator complex, including Spt20 and Sgf73, are also required for PAU induction. Interestingly, the mammalian ortholog of Spt20, p38IP, has been previously shown to interact with the mammalian ortholog of Hog1, p38. Taken together, our results have uncovered a previously unknown hypoxic-response pathway that may be conserved throughout eukaryotes.
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Escoté X, Miranda M, Rodríguez-Porrata B, Mas A, Cordero R, Posas F, Vendrell J. The stress-activated protein kinase Hog1 develops a critical role after resting state. Mol Microbiol 2011; 80:423-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Dynamical Systems Properties of the HOG Signaling Cascade. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:930940. [PMID: 21637384 PMCID: PMC3100117 DOI: 10.1155/2011/930940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) MAP kinase pathway in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the best characterized model signaling pathways. The pathway processes external signals of increased osmolarity into appropriate physiological responses within the yeast cell. Recent advances in microfluidic technology coupled with quantitative modeling, and techniques from reverse systems engineering have allowed yet further insight into this already well-understood pathway. These new techniques are essential for understanding the dynamical processes at play when cells process external
stimuli into biological responses. They are widely applicable to other signaling pathways of interest. Here, we review the recent advances brought by these approaches in the context of understanding the dynamics of the HOG pathway signaling.
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Qian J, Qin X, Yin Q, Chu J, Wang Y. Cloning and characterization of Kluyveromyces marxianus Hog1 gene. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:571-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tulha J, Lima A, Lucas C, Ferreira C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycerol/H+ symporter Stl1p is essential for cold/near-freeze and freeze stress adaptation. A simple recipe with high biotechnological potential is given. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:82. [PMID: 21047428 PMCID: PMC2989305 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Freezing is an increasingly important means of preservation and storage of microbial strains used for many types of industrial applications including food processing. However, the yeast mechanisms of tolerance and sensitivity to freeze or near-freeze stress are still poorly understood. More knowledge on this regard would improve their biotechnological potential. Glycerol, in particular intracellular glycerol, has been assigned as a cryoprotectant, also important for cold/near-freeze stress adaptation. The S. cerevisiae glycerol active transporter Stl1p plays an important role on the fast accumulation of glycerol. This gene is expressed under gluconeogenic conditions, under osmotic shock and stress, as well as under high temperatures. Results We found that cells grown on STL1 induction medium (YPGE) and subjected to cold/near-freeze stress, displayed an extremely high expression of this gene, also visible at glycerol/H+ symporter activity level. Under the same conditions, the strains harbouring this transporter accumulated more than 400 mM glycerol, whereas the glycerol/H+ symporter mutant presented less than 1 mM. Consistently, the strains able to accumulate glycerol survive 25-50% more than the stl1Δ mutant. Conclusions In this work, we report the contribution of the glycerol/H+ symporter Stl1p for the accumulation and maintenance of glycerol intracellular levels, and consequently cell survival at cold/near-freeze and freeze temperatures. These findings have a high biotechnological impact, as they show that any S. cerevisiae strain already in use can become more resistant to cold/freeze-thaw stress just by simply adding glycerol to the broth. The combination of low temperatures with extracellular glycerol will induce the transporter Stl1p. This solution avoids the use of transgenic strains, in particular in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tulha
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Kang MH, Jung HJ, Hyun DH, Park EH, Lim CJ. Protective roles and Pap1-dependent regulation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe spy1 gene under nitrosative and nutritional stresses. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1129-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kilchert C, Weidner J, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Spang A. Defects in the secretory pathway and high Ca2+ induce multiple P-bodies. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2624-38. [PMID: 20519435 PMCID: PMC2912349 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-02-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA is sequestered and turned over in cytoplasmic processing bodies (PBs), which are induced by various cellular stresses. Unexpectedly, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutants of the small GTPase Arf1 and various secretory pathway mutants induced a significant increase in PB number, compared with PB induction by starvation or oxidative stress. Exposure of wild-type cells to osmotic stress or high extracellular Ca(2+) mimicked this increase in PB number. Conversely, intracellular Ca(2+)-depletion strongly reduced PB formation in the secretory mutants. In contrast to PB induction through starvation or osmotic stress, PB formation in secretory mutants and by Ca(2+) required the PB components Pat1 and Scd6, and calmodulin, indicating that different stressors act through distinct pathways. Consistent with this hypothesis, when stresses were combined, PB number did not correlate with the strength of the translational block, but rather with the type of stress encountered. Interestingly, independent of the stressor, PBs appear as spheres of approximately 40-100 nm connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consistent with the idea that translation and silencing/degradation occur in a spatially coordinated manner at the ER. We propose that PB assembly in response to stress occurs at the ER and depends on intracellular signals that regulate PB number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kilchert
- Biozentrum, Growth and Development, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Modulation of the glycerol and ethanol syntheses in the yeast Saccharomyces kudriavzevii differs from that exhibited by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their hybrid. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:628-37. [PMID: 20510781 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last years there is an increasing demand to produce wines with higher glycerol levels and lower ethanol contents. The production of these compounds by yeasts is influenced by many environmental variables, and could be controlled by the choice of optimized cultivation conditions. The present work studies, in a wine model system, the effects of temperature, pH and sugar concentration on the glycerol and ethanol syntheses by yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae T73, the type strain of Saccharomyces kudriavzevii IFO 1802(T), and an interspecific hybrid between both species (W27), which was accomplished by the application of response surface methodology based in a central composite circumscribed design. Results show that carbon flux could be especially directed towards glycerol synthesis instead of ethanol at low pH, high sugar concentrations and low temperatures. In general, the non-wine yeast S. kudriavzevii produced higher glycerol levels and lower ethanol content than wine strains S. cerevisiae T73 and the hybrid W27, with specific and different glycerol production profiles as a function of temperature and pH. These results were congruent with the higher glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities estimated for this species, chiefly at low temperatures (14 degrees C), which could explain why S. kudriavzevii is a cryotolerant yeast compared to S. cerevisiae.
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46
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Abstract
The ability of microorganisms to survive and thrive within hostile environments depends on rapid and robust stress responses. Stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathways are important stress-signalling modules found in all eukaryotes, including eukaryotic microorganisms such as fungi. These pathways consist of a SAPK that is activated by phosphorylation through a kinase cascade, and once activated, the SAPK phosphorylates a range of cytoplasmic and nuclear target substrates, which determine the appropriate response. However, despite their conservation in fungi, mechanisms that have evolved to relay stress signals to the SAPK module in different fungi have diverged significantly. Here, we present an overview of the diverse strategies used in the model yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans, to sense and transduce stress signals to their respective SAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Smith
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Cortés S, Salgado JM, Rivas B, Torrado AM, Domínguez JM. Fermentation kinetics and chemical characterisation of vino tostado, a traditional sweet wine from Galicia (NW Spain). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:121-131. [PMID: 20355022 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapes after harvesting are air dried and pressed in order to concentrate sugars, acids and flavour compounds to produce vino tostado (toasted wine), a wine with intense aroma and flavour notes and high residual sugar concentration. In order to get a better knowledge of the difficulties involved, several fermentations were conducted at 12 and 28 degrees C using 0, 15 and 30 g hL(-1) ammonium sulfate and 0, 25 and 50 g hL(-1) exogenous commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus) to study the kinetics of sugar consumption and ethanol, acetic acid and glycerol production. RESULTS Fermentation kinetic parameters were calculated and metal concentrations and antioxidant activity were analysed. CONCLUSION The spontaneous fermentation at 12 degrees C and all fermentations conducted with the commercial yeast gave vino tostado of adequate quality, while the spontaneous fermentation at 28 degrees C was sluggish. High-temperature fermentations led to sweeter wines with higher volumetric productivities, although low-temperature fermentations produced better wines in terms of higher glycerol and lower acetic acid levels. Fructose was the only sugar to be consumed during spontaneous fermentations, while both glucose and fructose were consumed during fermentations of the inoculated musts, with preference for each monosaccharide depending on temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cortés
- Viticulture and Enology Center of Galicia (EVEGA), Ponte San Clodio s/n, E-32427 Leiro (Ourense), Spain
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48
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Momose Y, Matsumoto R, Maruyama A, Yamaoka M. Comparative analysis of transcriptional responses to the cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide and trehalose, which confer tolerance to freeze-thaw stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cryobiology 2010; 60:245-61. [PMID: 20067782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have used microarray analysis to monitor the gene expression profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4743 in the presence of the cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) and trehalose. Analysis of these profiles suggests that both cryoprotectants increased the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis, ribosomal biogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, ergosterol biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and cellular accumulation of low molecular compounds such as glycerol, arginine and proline. Cryoprotectant treatment reduced the expression of genes involved in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. In addition, Me(2)SO increased the expression of genes involved in protein refolding and trehalose increased the expression of genes involved in spore formation. This study supported that exposure to cryoprotectants prior to freezing not only reduce the freeze-thaw damage but also provide various process to the recovery from freeze-thaw damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Momose
- International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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49
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Hohmann S. Control of high osmolarity signalling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2010; 583:4025-9. [PMID: 19878680 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways control cellular responses to extrinsic and intrinsic signals. The yeast HOG (High Osmolarity Glycerol) response pathway mediates cellular adaptation to hyperosmotic stress. Pathway architecture as well as the flow of signal have been studied to a very high degree of detail. Recently, the yeast HOG pathway has become a popular model to analyse systems level properties of signal transduction. Those studies addressed, using experimentation and modelling, the role of basal signalling, robustness against perturbation, as well as adaptation and feedback control. These recent findings provide exciting insight into the higher control levels of signalling through this MAPK system of potential general importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hohmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Zhou J, Zhong Q, Li G, Greenberg ML. Loss of cardiolipin leads to longevity defects that are alleviated by alterations in stress response signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18106-14. [PMID: 19401462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of cardiolipin (CL) synthesis in yeast cells leads to defective respiratory chain function and mitochondrial DNA loss, both of which have been implicated in aging in mammals. The availability of yeast CL mutants enabled us to directly investigate the role of CL synthesis in aging. In this report, we show that the replicative life span of pgs1Delta, which lacks both CL and the precursor phosphatidylglycerol (PG), was significantly decreased at 30 degrees C. The life span of crd1Delta, which has PG but not CL, was unaffected at 30 degrees C but reduced at 37 degrees C. Life span extension induced by calorie restriction was not affected by the loss of CL. However, mild heat and osmotic stress, which extend life span in wild type cells, did not increase longevity in CL mutants, suggesting that the stress response is perturbed in these mutants. Consistent with this, longevity defects in pgs1Delta were alleviated by down-regulation of the high osmolarity glycerol stress response pathway, as well as by promoting cell integrity with the osmotic stabilizer sorbitol or via genetic suppression with the kre5(W1166X) mutant. These findings show for the first time that perturbation of CL synthesis leads to decreased longevity in yeast, which is restored by altering signaling through stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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