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Zhang S, Liu Y, Javeed A, Jian C, Sun J, Wu S, Han B. Treatment of allergy: Overview of synthetic anti-allergy small molecules in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115151. [PMID: 36731273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has been continuously increasing over the past few decades, affecting approximately 20-30% of the global population. Allergic reactions to infection of respiratory tract, digestive tract, and skin system involve multiple different targets. The main difficulty of anti-allergy research is how to develop drugs with good curative effect and less side effects by adopting new multi-targets and mechanisms according to the clinical characteristics of different allergic populations and different allergens. This review focuses on information concerning potential therapeutic targets as well as the synthetic anti-allergy small molecules with respect to their medicinal chemistry. The structure-activity relationship and the mechanism of compound-target interaction were highlighted with perspective to histamine-1/4 receptor antagonists, leukotriene biosynthesis, Th2 cytokines inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. We hope that the study of chemical scaffold modification and optimization for different lead compounds summarized in this review not only lays the foundation for improvement of success rate and efficiency of virtual screening of antiallergic drugs, but also can provide valuable reference for the drug design of related promising research such as allergy, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergy Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co., LTD., Hangzhou, China
| | - Ansar Javeed
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergy Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Cuiqin Jian
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergy Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jinlyu Sun
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shandong Wu
- Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co., LTD., Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergy Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Thulasingam M, Haeggström JZ. Integral Membrane Enzymes in Eicosanoid Metabolism: Structures, Mechanisms and Inhibitor Design. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4999-5022. [PMID: 32745470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are potent lipid mediators involved in central physiological processes such as hemostasis, renal function and parturition. When formed in excess, eicosanoids become critical players in a range of pathological conditions, in particular pain, fever, arthritis, asthma, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Eicosanoids are generated via oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid along the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways. Specific lipid species are formed downstream of COX and LOX by specialized synthases, some of which reside on the nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum, including mPGES-1, FLAP, LTC4 synthase, and MGST2. These integral membrane proteins are members of the family "membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism" (MAPEG). Here we focus on this enzyme family, which encompasses six human members typically catalyzing glutathione dependent transformations of lipophilic substrates. Enzymes of this family have evolved to combat the topographical challenge and unfavorable energetics of bringing together two chemically different substrates, from cytosol and lipid bilayer, for catalysis within a membrane environment. Thus, structural understanding of these enzymes are of utmost importance to unravel their molecular mechanisms, mode of substrate entry and product release, in order to facilitate novel drug design against severe human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuranayaki Thulasingam
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Virkud YV, Kelly RS, Croteau-Chonka DC, Celedón JC, Dahlin A, Avila L, Raby BA, Weiss ST, Lasky-Su JA. Novel eosinophilic gene expression networks associated with IgE in two distinct asthma populations. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1654-1664. [PMID: 30107053 PMCID: PMC6659730 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma represents a significant public health burden; however, novel biological therapies targeting immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated pathways have widened clinical treatment options for the disease. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to identify gene transcripts and gene networks involved in the determination of serum IgE levels in people with asthma that can help inform the development of novel therapeutic agents. METHODS We analysed gene expression data from a cross-sectional study of 326 Costa Rican children with asthma, aged 6 to 12 years, from the Genetics of Asthma in Costa Rica Study and 610 young adults with asthma, aged 16 to 25 years, from the Childhood Asthma Management Program trial. We utilized differential gene expression analysis and performed weighted gene coexpression network analysis on 25 060 genes, to identify gene transcripts and network modules associated with total IgE, adjusting for age and gender. We used pathway enrichment analyses to identify key biological pathways underlying significant modules. We compared findings that replicated between both populations. RESULTS We identified 31 transcripts associated with total IgE that replicated between the two study cohorts. These results were notable for increased eosinophil-related transcripts (including IL5RA, CLC, SMPD3, CCL23 and CEBPE). Pathway enrichment identified the regulation of T cell tolerance as important in the determination of total IgE levels, supporting a key role for IDO1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results provide robust evidence that biologically meaningful gene expression profiles (relating to eosinophilic and regulatory T cell pathways in particular) associated with total IgE levels can be identified in individuals diagnosed with asthma during childhood. These profiles and their constituent genes may represent novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini V Virkud
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel S Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juan C Celedón
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amber Dahlin
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lydiana Avila
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica A Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Leukotrienes are powerful immune-regulating lipid mediators with established pathogenic roles in inflammatory allergic diseases of the respiratory tract - in particular, asthma and hay fever. More recent work indicates that these lipids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of soluble and membrane enzymes that are primarily expressed by cells of myeloid origin. In activated immune cells, these enzymes assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, constituting a biosynthetic complex. This Review describes recent advances in our understanding of the components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery, emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention, and the development of new medicines exploiting both antiinflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms.
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Merchant N, Bhaskar LV, Momin S, Sujatha P, Reddy AB, Nagaraju GP. 5-Lipoxygenase: Its involvement in gastrointestinal malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 127:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are produced in the COX and 5-LOX pathways of the inflammatory process. The current drugs target the upstream enzymes of either of the two pathways, leading to side effects. We have attempted to target the downstream enzymes simultaneously. Two compounds 2 and 3 (10 μM), identified by virtual screening, inhibited mPGES-1 activity by 53.4 ± 4.0 and 53.9 ± 8.1%, respectively. Structural and pharmacophore studies revealed a set of common residues between LTC4S and mPGES-1 as well as four-point pharmacophore mapping onto the inhibitors of both these enzymes as well as 2 and 3. These structural and pharmacophoric features may be exploited for ligand- and structure-based screening of inhibitors and designing of dual inhibitors.
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Possible involvement of the lipoxygenase and leukotriene signaling pathways in cisplatin-mediated renal toxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:55-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Werz O, Gerstmeier J, Garscha U. Novel leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors (2012-2016) as anti-inflammatory agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:607-620. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1276568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Liening S, Scriba GK, Rummler S, Weinigel C, Kleinschmidt TK, Haeggström JZ, Werz O, Garscha U. Development of smart cell-free and cell-based assay systems for investigation of leukotriene C 4 synthase activity and evaluation of inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1605-1613. [PMID: 27477678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) cause bronchoconstriction in anaphylaxis and asthma. They are formed by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) from arachidonic acid (AA) yielding the unstable leukotriene A4 (LTA4) that is subsequently conjugated with glutathione (GSH) by LTC4 synthase (LTC4S). Cys-LT receptor antagonists and LTC4S inhibitors have been developed, but only the former have reached the market. High structural homology to related enzymes and lack of convenient test systems due to instability of added LTA4 have hampered the development of LTC4S inhibitors. We present smart cell-free and cell-based assay systems based on in situ-generated LTA4 that allow studying LTC4S activity and investigating LTC4S inhibitors. Co-incubations of microsomes from HEK293 cells expressing LTC4S with isolated 5-LOX efficiently converted exogenous AA to LTC4 (~1.3μg/200μg protein). Stimulation of HEK293 cells co-expressing 5-LOX and LTC4S with Ca2+-ionophore A23187 and 20μM AA resulted in strong LTC4 formation (~250ng/106 cells). MK-886, a well-known 5-LOX activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor that also acts on LTC4S, consistently inhibited LTC4 formation in all assay types (IC50=3.1-3.5μM) and we successfully confirmed TK04a as potent LTC4S inhibitor in these assay systems (IC50=17 and 300nM, respectively). We demonstrated transcellular LTC4 biosynthesis between neutrophils or 5-LOX-expressing HEK293 cells that produce LTA4 from AA and HEK293 cells expressing LTC4S that transform LTA4 to LTC4. In conclusion, our assay approaches are advantageous as the substrate LTA4 is generated in situ and are suitable for studying enzymatic functionality of LTC4S including site-directed mutations and evaluation of LTC4S inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Liening
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard K Scriba
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christina Weinigel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thea K Kleinschmidt
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany.
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Kleinschmidt TK, Haraldsson M, Basavarajappa D, Lundeberg E, Thulasingam M, Ekoff M, Fauland A, Lehmann C, Kahnt AS, Lindbom L, Haeggström JZ. Tandem Benzophenone Amino Pyridines, Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Human Leukotriene C4 Synthase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:108-16. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.227157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Zhang W, Zhang X, González-Cobos JC, Stolwijk JA, Matrougui K, Trebak M. Leukotriene-C4 synthase, a critical enzyme in the activation of store-independent Orai1/Orai3 channels, is required for neointimal hyperplasia. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:5015-5027. [PMID: 25540197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.625822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene-C4 synthase (LTC4S) generates LTC4 from arachidonic acid metabolism. LTC4 is a proinflammatory factor that acts on plasma membrane cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Recently, however, we showed that LTC4 was also a cytosolic second messenger that activated store-independent LTC4-regulated Ca(2+) (LRC) channels encoded by Orai1/Orai3 heteromultimers in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We showed that Orai3 and LRC currents were up-regulated in medial and neointimal VSMCs after vascular injury and that Orai3 knockdown inhibited LRC currents and neointimal hyperplasia. However, the role of LTC4S in neointima formation remains unknown. Here we show that LTC4S knockdown inhibited LRC currents in VSMCs. We performed in vivo experiments where rat left carotid arteries were injured using balloon angioplasty to cause neointimal hyperplasia. Neointima formation was associated with up-regulation of LTC4S protein expression in VSMCs. Inhibition of LTC4S expression in injured carotids by lentiviral particles encoding shRNA inhibited neointima formation and inward and outward vessel remodeling. LRC current activation did not cause nuclear factor for activated T cells (NFAT) nuclear translocation in VSMCs. Surprisingly, knockdown of either LTC4S or Orai3 yielded more robust and sustained Akt1 and Akt2 phosphorylation on Ser-473/Ser-474 upon serum stimulation. LTC4S and Orai3 knockdown inhibited VSMC migration in vitro with no effect on proliferation. Akt activity was suppressed in neointimal and medial VSMCs from injured vessels at 2 weeks postinjury but was restored when the up-regulation of either LTC4S or Orai3 was prevented by shRNA. We conclude that LTC4S and Orai3 altered Akt signaling to promote VSMC migration and neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- From the The State University of New York College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, New York 12203,; Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, and
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- From the The State University of New York College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, New York 12203
| | - José C González-Cobos
- From the The State University of New York College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, New York 12203,; Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, and
| | - Judith A Stolwijk
- From the The State University of New York College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, New York 12203
| | - Khalid Matrougui
- Department of Physiological Sciences, East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- From the The State University of New York College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, New York 12203,; Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, and.
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Niegowski D, Kleinschmidt T, Ahmad S, Qureshi AA, Mårback M, Rinaldo-Matthis A, Haeggström JZ. Structure and inhibition of mouse leukotriene C4 synthase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96763. [PMID: 24810165 PMCID: PMC4014545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene (LT) C4 synthase (LTC4S) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the conjugation reaction between the fatty acid LTA4 and GSH to form the pro-inflammatory LTC4, an important mediator of asthma. Mouse models of inflammatory disorders such as asthma are key to improve our understanding of pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Here, we solved the crystal structure of mouse LTC4S in complex with GSH and a product analog, S-hexyl-GSH. Furthermore, we synthesized a nM inhibitor and compared its efficiency and binding mode against the purified mouse and human isoenzymes, along with the enzymes’ steady-state kinetics. Although structural differences near the active site and along the C-terminal α-helix V suggest that the mouse and human LTC4S may function differently in vivo, our data indicate that mouse LTC4S will be a useful tool in future pharmacological research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Niegowski
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thea Kleinschmidt
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shabbir Ahmad
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul Aziz Qureshi
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela Mårback
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agnes Rinaldo-Matthis
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Jesper Z. Haeggström
- Division of Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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