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Hoddle MS, Antony B, El-Shafie HAF, Chamorro ML, Milosavljević I, Löhr B, Faleiro JR. Taxonomy, Biology, Symbionts, Omics, and Management of Rhynchophorus Palm Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae). ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:455-479. [PMID: 38270987 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-013023-121139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Palm weevils, Rhynchophorus spp., are destructive pests of native, ornamental, and agricultural palm species. Of the 10 recognized species, two of the most injurious species, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Rhynchophorus palmarum, both of which have spread beyond their native range, are the best studied. Due to its greater global spread and damage to edible date industries in the Middle East, R. ferrugineus has received more research interest. Integrated pest management programs utilize traps baited with aggregation pheromone, removal of infested palms, and insecticides. However, weevil control is costly, development of resistance to insecticides is problematic, and program efficacy can be impaired because early detection of infestations is difficult. The genome of R. ferrugineus has been sequenced, and omics research is providing insight into pheromone communication and changes in volatile and metabolism profiles of weevil-infested palms. We outline how such developments could lead to new control strategies and early detection tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; ,
| | - Binu Antony
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamadttu A F El-Shafie
- Sustainable Date Palm Pest Management Research Program, Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Hofuf-Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia;
| | - M Lourdes Chamorro
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA;
| | - Ivan Milosavljević
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; ,
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Manee MM, Alqahtani FH, Al-Shomrani BM, El-Shafie HAF, Dias GB. Omics in the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A Bridge to the Pest. INSECTS 2023; 14:255. [PMID: 36975940 PMCID: PMC10054242 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most devastating pest of palm trees worldwide. Mitigation of the economic and biodiversity impact it causes is an international priority that could be greatly aided by a better understanding of its biology and genetics. Despite its relevance, the biology of the RPW remains poorly understood, and research on management strategies often focuses on outdated empirical methods that produce sub-optimal results. With the development of omics approaches in genetic research, new avenues for pest control are becoming increasingly feasible. For example, genetic engineering approaches become available once a species's target genes are well characterized in terms of their sequence, but also population variability, epistatic interactions, and more. In the last few years alone, there have been major advances in omics studies of the RPW. Multiple draft genomes are currently available, along with short and long-read transcriptomes, and metagenomes, which have facilitated the identification of genes of interest to the RPW scientific community. This review describes omics approaches previously applied to RPW research, highlights findings that could be impactful for pest management, and emphasizes future opportunities and challenges in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manee M. Manee
- National Center for Bioinformatics, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural and Food Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad H. Alqahtani
- National Center for Bioinformatics, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural and Food Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr M. Al-Shomrani
- National Center for Bioinformatics, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural and Food Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
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Zheng YX, Wang Y, Dai BY, Li Z, Huo QR, Cui JX, Liu H, Li XH, Hughes AC, Zhang AB. Flight Mill Experiments and Computer Simulations Indicate Islands Recruit More Capable Flyers of Moths. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.771719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the traits related to species colonization and invasion, is a key question for both pest management and evolution. One of the key components is flight, which has been measured for a number of insect species through radar and tethered flight mill systems, but a general understanding of insect flight at a community level is lacking. In this study, we used flight mill experiments to quantify flight abilities of moth species, and simulation experiments to study which moths in mainland China have the potential for cross-island dispersal. We found that moths from superfamily Geometroidea (family Geometridae) have the weakest flight ability among the seven Lepidoptera superfamilies, which is characterized by the shortest longest single flight (LSF), the shortest time corresponding to the longest single flight (TLSF) (timecorrespondingtothelongestsingleflight), the lowest total distance flown (TDF), and the lowest average speed during the flight (VTDF). Surprisingly, the family Pyralidae (superfamily Pyraloidea) has the highest flight endurance of all 186 species of 12 families in this study, which is unexpected, given its small size and morphological traits yet it shows the longest LSF and TLSF. The comparison between species common to mainland and islands shows that flight distance (LSF) may be more important for species spread than flight speed. The results of mainland-island simulations show that when P(LSF>CD) (the proportion of individuals whose LSF is greater than the closest distance (CD) between mainland and island to the total number of individuals in the population) is less than 0.004, it is difficult for moth species to disperse to across islands without relying on external factors such as airflow. Over extended periods, with the immigration of species with strong flight abilities, islands are more likely to recruit species with stronger flight abilities.
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Mohammed M, El-Shafie H, Alqahtani N. Design and Validation of Computerized Flight-Testing Systems with Controlled Atmosphere for Studying Flight Behavior of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier). SENSORS 2021; 21:s21062112. [PMID: 33803012 PMCID: PMC8002661 DOI: 10.3390/s21062112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the flight characteristics of insect pests is essential for designing effective strategies and programs for their management. In this study, we designed, constructed, and validated the performance of modern flight-testing systems (flight mill and flight tunnel) for studying the flight behavior of red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) under a controlled atmosphere. The flight-testing mill consisted of a flight mill, a testing chamber with an automatically controlled microclimate, and a data logging and processing unit. The data logging and processing unit consisted of a USB digital oscilloscope connected with a laptop. We used MATLAB 2020A to implement a graphical user interface (GUI) for real-time sampling and data processing. The flight-testing tunnel was fitted with a horizontal video camera to photograph the insects during flight. The program of Image-Pro plus V 10.0.8 was used for image processing and numerical data analysis to determine weevil tracking. The mean flight speed of RPW was 82.12 ± 8.5 m/min, and the RPW stopped flying at the temperature of 20 °C. The RPW flight speed in the flight tunnel was slightly higher than that on the flight mill. The angular deceleration was 0.797 rad/s2, and the centripetal force was 0.0203 N when a RPW tethered to the end of the rotating arm. The calculated moment of inertia of the RPW mass and the flight mill's rotating components was 9.521 × 10-3 N m2. The minimum thrust force needed to rotate the flight mill was 1.98 × 10-3 N. Therefore, the minimum power required to rotate the flight mill with the mean revolution per min of 58.02 rpm was approximately 2.589 × 10-3 W. The designed flight-testing systems and their applied software proved productive and useful tools in unveiling essential flight characteristics of test insects in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Mohammed
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.-S.); (N.A.)
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koum 32514, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Hamadttu El-Shafie
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.-S.); (N.A.)
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat 13314, Sudan
| | - Nashi Alqahtani
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.-S.); (N.A.)
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Hoddle MS, Hoddle CD, Milosavljević I. Quantification of the Life Time Flight Capabilities of the South American Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020126. [PMID: 33535626 PMCID: PMC7912847 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The South American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum, is an invasive pest that has killed thousands of ornamental palms in San Diego County in California, USA. Emerging management plans for this pest need to consider the flight capabilities of this insect, which are not well understood. To address this shortcoming, flight mills, a type of computerized insect “merry-go round” that measures how far weevils can fly in the laboratory, were used to quantify the flight distances of 101 weevils that were flown repeatedly over the course of their lifetimes. The results indicate that weevils are strong flyers capable of flying numerous times before dying of natural causes. Over their lifetimes, weevils, on average, covered distances that cumulatively totaled >220 km. One female weevil flew an impressive cumulative distance of approximately 806 km over the course of nine consecutive flights before dying. Abstract The life time flight capabilities of an invasive palm pest, Rhynchophorus palmarum, were assessed using flight mill assays under controlled conditions in the laboratory. A total of 101 weevils were used for experiments and subjected to repeat flight assays. A total of 17 flight trials were run, of which the first 14 provided useful data prior to weevil death. Male and female weevils exhibited a strong capacity for repeat long distance flights. Flight metrics of interest were not affected by weevil sex or mating status. Cumulative lifetime flight distances for male and female R. palmarum averaged ~268 km and ~220 km, respectively. A maximum lifetime cumulative flight distance of ~758 km and ~806 km was recorded for one male of unknown mating status and one unmated female weevil, respectively. Dispersal data for individual flights (i.e., trials 1 through 9, 10–14 combined) and all flight trial data (i.e., flights 1–14 combined) exhibited platykurtic distributions. The results presented here may have important implications for modeling the spread of this invasive pest and for the development of monitoring and management plans.
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Kurdi H, Al-Aldawsari A, Al-Turaiki I, Aldawood AS. Early Detection of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), Infestation Using Data Mining. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10010095. [PMID: 33418843 PMCID: PMC7824852 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past 30 years, the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), a pest that is highly destructive to all types of palms, has rapidly spread worldwide. However, detecting infestation with the RPW is highly challenging because symptoms are not visible until the death of the palm tree is inevitable. In addition, the use of automated RPW weevil identification tools to predict infestation is complicated by a lack of RPW datasets. In this study, we assessed the capability of 10 state-of-the-art data mining classification algorithms, Naive Bayes (NB), KSTAR, AdaBoost, bagging, PART, J48 Decision tree, multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), random forest, and logistic regression, to use plant-size and temperature measurements collected from individual trees to predict RPW infestation in its early stages before significant damage is caused to the tree. The performance of the classification algorithms was evaluated in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure using a real RPW dataset. The experimental results showed that infestations with RPW can be predicted with an accuracy up to 93%, precision above 87%, recall equals 100%, and F-measure greater than 93% using data mining. Additionally, we found that temperature and circumference are the most important features for predicting RPW infestation. However, we strongly call for collecting and aggregating more RPW datasets to run more experiments to validate these results and provide more conclusive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Kurdi
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02142-1308, USA
| | - Amal Al-Aldawsari
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Isra Al-Turaiki
- Information Technology Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman S. Aldawood
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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Milosavljević I, Hoddle CD, Mafra-Neto A, Gómez-Marco F, Hoddle MS. Use of Digital Video Cameras to Determine the Efficacy of Two Trap Types for Capturing Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:3028-3031. [PMID: 32996571 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficacies of two trap types, bucket and Picusan traps, for capturing and retaining Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.), an invasive palm pest responsible for killing thousands of ornamental Canary Islands date palms (Phoenix canariensis Chabaud [Arecales: Arecaceae]) in San Diego County, CA, were compared. Digital video data were analyzed to determine how R. palmarum behavior toward each trap type affected capture and retention rates. Videography was conducted 24 h/d, 7 d/wk, for more than 7 mo resulting in 20,211 h of digital data for analysis. Weevil attraction to traps was observed only during daylight hours and no patterns in diel activity were found. Neither trap type tested captured 100% of weevils attracted to traps. Bucket traps suspended 1.5 m above the ground attracted 30% more weevils than ground deployed Picusan traps. Of those weevils attracted to bucket traps, 89% entered, 82% escaped, and 18% that entered traps were retained. Weevils that were not retained spent an average of 19 min 20 s entering and exiting entry holes and walking and flying around the bucket trap. By contrast, Picusan traps captured 89% of weevils that entered the trap. The time between weevils arriving (via walking or flight) on the sides of the Picusan trap and retention in the trap ranged between 90 and 376 s. These visual observations suggest that Picusan traps are more efficient than bucket traps for R. palmarum capture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, CA
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Hoddle MS, Hoddle CD, Milosavljević I. How Far Can Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Fly? JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1786-1795. [PMID: 32510131 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.), was first recorded in San Diego County, CA in 2011 and breeding populations were recovered from infested Canary Islands date palms, Phoenix canariensis, in San Ysidro, San Diego County, in 2015. This palm pest presents a significant threat to California's edible date industry as Phoenix dactylifera is a recorded host for this weevil. The flight capabilities of R. palmarum are unknown which limits understanding of rates of natural dispersal. In response to this knowledge deficit, 24-h flight mill trials were conducted with field-collected male and female weevils. A total of 87 weevils (49 females and 38 males) were used in experiments, ~6% failed to fly >1 km in 24 h and were excluded from analyses. Of those 82 weevils flying >1 km in 24 h, the average distance flown by males and females was ~41 and ~53 km, respectively. Approximately 10% of females flew >100 km in 24 h, with two (~4%) females flying >140 km. The maximum recorded distance flown by a male weevil was 95 km. Flight activity was predominantly diurnal and flying weevils exhibited an average weight loss of ~18% while non-flying control weevils lost ~13% body weight in 24 h. The combined flight distances for male and female weevils exhibited a heavy-tailed platykurtic distribution. Flight mill data for R. palmarum are compared to similarly collected flight mill data for two other species of invasive palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) and Rhynchophorus vulneratus (Panzer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, CA
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Minter M, Pearson A, Lim KS, Wilson K, Chapman JW, Jones CM. The tethered flight technique as a tool for studying life-history strategies associated with migration in insects. ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 43:397-411. [PMID: 30046219 PMCID: PMC6055614 DOI: 10.1111/een.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Every year billions of insects engage in long-distance, seasonal mass migrations which have major consequences for agriculture, ecosystem services and insect-vectored diseases. Tracking this movement in the field is difficult, with mass migrations often occurring at high altitudes and over large spatial scales. 2. As such, tethered flight provides a valuable tool for studying the flight behaviour of insects, giving insights into flight propensity (e.g. distance, duration and velocity) and orientation under controlled laboratory settings. By experimentally manipulating a variety of environmental and physiological traits, numerous studies have used this technology to study the flight behaviour of migratory insects ranging in size from aphids to butterflies. Advances in functional genomics promise to extend this to the identification of genetic factors associated with flight. Tethered flight techniques have been used to study migratory flight characteristics in insects for more than 50 years, but have never been reviewed. 3. This study summarises the key findings of this technology, which has been employed in studies of species from six Orders. By providing detailed descriptions of the tethered flight systems, the present study also aims to further the understanding of how tethered flight studies support field observations, the situations under which the technology is useful and how it might be used in future studies. 4. The aim is to contextualise the available tethered flight studies within the broader knowledge of insect migration and to describe the significant contribution these systems have made to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Minter
- Department of BiologyUniversity of York, Heslington WayYorkU.K.
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Aislinn Pearson
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Ka S. Lim
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterU.K.
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterCornwallU.K.
| | - Christopher M. Jones
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolU.K.
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Dembilio Ó, Moya P, Vacas S, Ortega-García L, Quesada-Moraga E, Jaques JA, Navarro-Llopis V. Development of an attract-and-infect system to control Rhynchophorus ferrugineus with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1861-1869. [PMID: 29427377 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new Beauveria bassiana-based attract and infect device (AID) to control Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was developed. The virulence and persistence of the fungal formulation used in the AID were evaluated in the laboratory. Semi-field and field trials were carried out to validate the results and establish the potential of this device as a control tool. RESULTS In laboratory conditions, a 50% lethal time (LT50 ) of 4.33 days was obtained when adults (7-10 days old) were exposed to the inoculation tunnel (IT) containing 1 × 1010 conidia g-1 in an oil-based fungal formulation. This formulation maintained conidium viability at 50% for up to 2 months. Moreover, when adults were exposed to 2.5-month field-aged ITs, mortality still reached 50% 40 days after exposure. In addition, no differences were observed between ITs aged in early spring and those aged in summer, suggesting that the fungal formulation is not strongly affected by environmental factors in Mediterranean basin conditions. Semi-field assays showed that the device allowed an easy transit of weevils through the IT, which were effectively attracted and infected. Using the AIDs in 4-ha plot field trials, a reduction of >50% in the percentage of infested sentinel palms was obtained. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained in terms of the efficacy and persistence of this new AID in the field and its potential in reducing R. ferrugineus populations and palm infestation, this device could become a key tool for the management of R. ferrugineus. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Dembilio
- Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Unitat Associada d'Entomologia Agrícola UJI-IVIA (Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries), Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pilar Moya
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Vacas
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Ortega-García
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Quesada-Moraga
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Josep A Jaques
- Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Unitat Associada d'Entomologia Agrícola UJI-IVIA (Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries), Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Vicente Navarro-Llopis
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Valencia, Spain
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Ribak G, Barkan S, Soroker V. The aerodynamics of flight in an insect flight-mill. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186441. [PMID: 29091924 PMCID: PMC5665432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the dispersal of pest insects is important for pest management schemes. Flight-mills provide a simple way to evaluate the flight potential of insects, but there are several complications in relating tethered-flight to natural flight. We used high-speed video to evaluate the effect of flight-mill design on flight of the red palm weevil (Rynchophorous ferruginneus) in four variants of a flight-mill. Two variants had the rotating radial arm pivoted on the main shaft of the rotation axis, allowing freedom to elevate the arm as the insect applied lift force. Two other variants had the pivot point fixed, restricting the radial arm to horizontal motion. Beetles were tethered with their lateral axis horizontal or rotated by 40°, as in a banked turn. Flight-mill type did not affect flight speed or wing-beat frequency, but did affect flapping kinematics. The wingtip internal to the circular trajectory was always moved faster relative to air, suggesting that the beetles were attempting to steer in the opposite direction to the curved trajectory forced by the flight-mill. However, banked beetles had lower flapping asymmetry, generated higher lift forces and lost more of their body mass per time and distance flown during prolonged flight compared to beetles flying level. The results indicate, that flapping asymmetry and low lift can be rectified by tethering the beetle in a banked orientation, but the flight still does not correspond directly to free-flight. This should be recognized and taken into account when designing flight-mills and interoperating their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Ribak
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Shay Barkan
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Victoria Soroker
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Seo M, Martini X, Rivera MJ, Stelinski LL. Flight Capacities and Diurnal Flight Patterns of the Ambrosia Beetles, Xyleborus glabratus and Monarthrum mali (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:729-734. [PMID: 28459955 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We compared the flight activity of Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, vector and symbiont of the causal agent of laurel wilt disease (Raffaelea lauricola), with a native species Monarthrum mali (Fitch) using flight mills. Flight mills were operated either for 24 h or for three 3-h time intervals. During the 3-h interval experiment, the shortest time to flight initiation for X. glabratus occurred at 1600-1900 hours. The average flight time and total flying distance during 1600-2100 hours were also higher than those quantified during the other two recording times investigated. However, total flight duration and proportion of fliers was highest at 1000-1300 hours. We compared several flight parameters. About 64.0% of tested X. glabratus flew <20 m. During 24-h recording periods, M. mali flew longer distances than X. glabratus. Over 50.0% of M. mali flew over 100 m on the flight mill. Xyleborus glabratus flight activity was greatest between 1200 and 1800 hours, while M. mali flew most frequently between 1500 and 2100 hours. Monarthrum mali flew more than five times more frequently than X. glabratus, and their longest single flight distance (37.5 ± 12.5 m) and total flight distance (213.7 ± 85.5 m) were greater than those of X. glabratus. These data will be useful for development of species-specific control and monitoring protocols for these ambrosia beetles based on greater understanding of their flight capacities and associated invasion distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeja Seo
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850 (; ; )
| | - Xavier Martini
- Entomology and Nematology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Experiment Rd., Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Monique J Rivera
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850 (; ; )
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850 (; ; )
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Lopez VM, Hoddle MS, Francese JA, Lance DR, Ray AM. Assessing Flight Potential of the Invasive Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) With Computerized Flight Mills. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1070-1077. [PMID: 28419382 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), is an invasive woodborer that poses a serious threat to urban and natural landscapes. In North America, this beetle is a quarantine pest, and populations are subject to eradication efforts that consist of the identification, removal, and destruction of infested host material, and removal or prophylactic treatment of high-risk host plant species. To enhance Asian longhorned beetle eradication protocols in landscapes with extensive host availability, we assessed the dispersal potential of male and female adults of varying age, mating, and nutritional status using computerized flight mills. In total, 162 individuals were tethered to computerized flight mills for a 24-h trial period to collect information on total distance flown, flight times and velocities, and number and duration of flight bouts. Adult Asian longhorned beetles (in all treatments) flew an average of 2,272 m within a 24-h period, but are capable of flying up to 13,667 m (8.5 miles). Nutrition and age had the greatest impacts on flight, with Asian longhorned beetle adults >5 d of age that had fed having greater overall flight performance than any other group. However, mating status, sex, and body size (pre-flight weight and elytron length) had a minimal effect on flight performance. This information will be useful for refining quarantine zones surrounding areas of infestation, and for providing greater specificity as to the risk the Asian longhorned beetle poses within invaded regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Lopez
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207 ( ; )
- Corresponding author:
| | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 ( )
- Center for Invasive Species Research University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | | | - David R Lance
- USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA 02542 (; )
| | - Ann M Ray
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207 (; )
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Ávalos JA, Balasch S, Soto A. Flight behaviour and dispersal of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adults using mark-release-recapture method. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:606-614. [PMID: 27215794 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The flight ability and patterns of an insect influence its spread, and the study of its behaviour can be used to improve the strategies to control the pest. Regarding Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), one of the worst threats to palm trees worldwide, laboratory experiments have been conducted to analyze their flight potential. However, these data must be complemented with tests that allow us to know its flight behaviour and dispersal patterns under field conditions. Two mark-release-recapture experiments were conducted in areas with R. ferrugineus infestations. In the first, the effects of weevil sex, temperature, solar radiation, and relative humidity, on the take-off and flight mobility of adults were analyzed. The second experiment aimed to determine the maximum flight distance covered by adults in field. The take-off rate for R. ferrugineus males was significantly greater than for females, and was positively influenced by temperature (optimum take-off around 25°C) and solar radiation, both factors being highly correlated. Female weevil recaptures were significantly higher, especially as temperatures increased (optimum recapture around 21°C). Dispersal distances of weevil adults increased when temperatures rose, and while this insect tended to fly short distances (<500 m), it was able to cover up to 7 km. The dispersal of R. ferrugineus adults mainly occurred during the first 7 days after their release, and when relative humidity increased, their dispersal time was reduced. The results obtained will permit a more effective implementation of certain measures used to control R. ferrugineus, such as olfactory trapping or intensive surveillance around pest outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ávalos
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM),Universitat Politècnica de València,Camino de Vera s/n,46022,Valencia,Spain
| | - S Balasch
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa Aplicadas y Calidad,Universitat Politècnica de València,Camino de Vera s/n,46022,Valencia,Spain
| | - A Soto
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM),Universitat Politècnica de València,Camino de Vera s/n,46022,Valencia,Spain
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Design of a Computerised Flight Mill Device to Measure the Flight Potential of Different Insects. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16040485. [PMID: 27070600 PMCID: PMC4850999 DOI: 10.3390/s16040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several insect species pose a serious threat to different plant species, sometimes becoming a pest that produces significant damage to the landscape, biodiversity, and/or the economy. This is the case of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), Semanotus laurasii Lucas (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which have become serious threats to ornamental and productive trees all over the world such as palm trees, cypresses, and pines. Knowledge about their flight potential is very important for designing and applying measures targeted to reduce the negative effects from these pests. Studying the flight capability and behaviour of some insects is difficult due to their small size and the large area wherein they can fly, so we wondered how we could obtain information about their flight capabilities in a controlled environment. The answer came with the design of flight mills. Relevant data about the flight potential of these insects may be recorded and analysed by means of a flight mill. Once an insect is attached to the flight mill, it is able to fly in a circular direction without hitting walls or objects. By adding sensors to the flight mill, it is possible to record the number of revolutions and flight time. This paper presents a full description of a computer monitored flight mill. The description covers both the mechanical and the electronic parts in detail. The mill was designed to easily adapt to the anatomy of different insects and was successfully tested with individuals from three species R. ferrugineus, S. laurasii, and M. galloprovincialis.
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Hoddle MS, Hoddle CD. How Far Can the Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus vulneratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Fly? JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:629-636. [PMID: 26791820 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The palm weevil, Rhynchophorus vulneratus, is native to Southeast Asia and was recovered from an infested Canary Islands date palm in Laguna Beach, California, USA, in 2010. The detection of this potentially destructive palm pest initiated a detection, containment, and eradication program that was reliant, in part, on the deployment of bucket traps loaded with aggregation pheromone and baited with fermenting fruit. A key question that pertained to the deployment of traps was “how far can R. vulneratus fly?” This question could not be answered and in response to this knowledge deficit, computerized flight mill studies were conducted with field-captured R. vulneratus in an outdoor screen house in Sumatra, Indonesia. Of the 63 weevils tethered to flight mills, ∼27% failed to fly >1 km in 24 h and were excluded from analyses. In total, 46 weevils (35 females and 11 males) flew >1 km on flight mills and of these adults, the average total distance flown in 24 h was significantly greater for females (∼32 km) when compared with males (∼15 km). A small proportion of females (∼16%) flew 50-80 km, and one female flew 100.1 km in 24 h. Flying weevils exhibited an average weight loss of ∼13–17% and non-flying control weevils (n=27) lost 10–13% body weight in 24 h. The distribution of flight distances for female and male weevils combined was leptokurtic, which suggests that faster than expected spread by R. vulneratus may be possible in invaded areas.
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