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Radwan MA, Gad AF. Exploring the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of boric acid against the land snail, Theba pisana. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1692-1701. [PMID: 36585830 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The land snail, Theba pisana, is one of the most important threats facing agriculture around the globe. Boric acid (BOA) is currently used as a safe alternative molluscicide to control land snails in sustainable agriculture, but the mechanisms of toxicity have not yet been investigated. The present study characterizes the lethal and sub-lethal (0.5 and 1 mg g-1 ) toxic effects of BOA-contaminated food for 14 days by examining physiological, biochemical and histopathological indicators in T. pisana to understand the mechanisms underlying its toxic action. RESULTS BOA was found to be lethal against T. pisana with LC50 values of 24.7 and 8.05 mg g-1 after 3 and 7 days of exposure, respectively. BOA sublethal concentrations led to a significant reduction in food consumption and growth of snails after 14 days of exposure. BOA also caused a significant increase in testosterone levels, whereas an opposite effect was observed in estradiol levels. An increase in progesterone levels in snails in the 0.5 mg g-1 BOA group and a decrease in the 1 mg g-1 BOA group were observed after all exposure times. Moreover, the lipid peroxidation level and catalase activity were elevated, whereas acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited in the treated snails. Alteration in glutathione-S-transferase activity was noticed after exposure to both sublethal concentrations. In addition, BOA induced histopathological alterations in the digestive gland of T. pisana. CONCLUSION Our findings provide novel insights into how physiological, biochemical and histopathological alterations can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying BOA toxicity against snails. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Radwan
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira F Gad
- Department of Animal Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria, Egypt
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Lee CY, Wang C, Su NY. Perspective on Biology and Management of Bed Bugs: Introduction. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1-4. [PMID: 36226901 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs are an important group of medical and urban insect pests. They are obligate blood-feeders. Their bites may cause skin irritation and allergic reactions and, under some circumstances, may lead to mental and other health issues. Despite numerous discoveries on the biology of these obnoxious pests and progress in control strategies over the last two decades, bed bugs continue to preferentially plague those from low socioeconomic communities because the poor generally could not afford effective control options. As a result, such infestations in poorer communities serve as a reservoir for wider society. This Special Collection of the Perspective on Biology and Management of Bed Bugs presents nine original research papers on bed bug detection, insecticide performance and resistance, nonchemical treatment, fungal biopesticides, and pest management procurement and contracts. We hope that these investigative findings will spur research on safer, more affordable, and effective control options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Nan-Yao Su
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA
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Doggett SL, Lee CY. Historical and Contemporary Control Options Against Bed Bugs, Cimex spp. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:169-190. [PMID: 36198396 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-015010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are an important group of obligate hematophagous urban insect pests. The global resurgence of bed bugs, involving the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., and the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.), over the past two decades is believed to be primarily due to the development of insecticide resistance, along with global travel and poor pest management, which have contributed to their spread. This review examines and synthesizes the literature on bed bug origins and their global spread and the literature on historical and contemporary control options. This includes bed bug prevention, detection and monitoring, nonchemical and chemical control methodologies (and their limitations), and potential future control options. Future research needs are highlighted, especially the factors behind the modern resurgence, the necessity of identifying differences between the two bed bug species relevant to control, and the need to improve insecticide test protocols and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA;
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Cardoso CP, da Silva Nunes G, da Silva JLF, de Mello Prado R, de Farias Guedes VH, de Bortoli SA, de Souza Júnior JP. Silicon and boron on cauliflower induce attractiveness and mortality in Plutella xylostella. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5432-5436. [PMID: 36057848 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boron (B) and silicon (Si) are fundamental for brassica nutrition, and in some cases, they have potential as an insecticide. Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), one of the most economically important agricultural pests, is difficult to control due to the resistance to insecticides and the absence of alternative control methods. RESULTS Cauliflower leaves sprayed with Si and B showed a higher concentration of the beneficial element and micronutrient, respectively. When evaluating the firmness of the cauliflower leaves, it was found that the plants with leaf sprayings of Si and B did not differ statistically from each other. However, they showed an increase in firmness, in relation to the plants of the control treatment. Leaf spraying of Si and B on cauliflower did not influence the number of eggs/female. The attractiveness index showed that both Si and B applications stimulated the presence of second instar larvae, being more stimulating in relation to the control treatment. However, the use of Si and B in isolation showed a positive result, since it caused high mortality in diamondback moth larvae compared to the control treatment. CONCLUSION The application of both foliar fertilizers positively affects the attractiveness index of the larvae, being attractive; however, both Si and B caused high mortality (~80%). The results showed that Si and B have the potential to control P. xylostella and serve as a basis for alternative pest management in brassica crops. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pires Cardoso
- Laboratory of Biology and Insect Rearing, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilmar da Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Biology and Insect Rearing, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Farias da Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Sector of Soil Science and Fertilizer, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Sector of Soil Science and Fertilizer, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo de Farias Guedes
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Sector of Soil Science and Fertilizer, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Antonio de Bortoli
- Laboratory of Biology and Insect Rearing, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas Pereira de Souza Júnior
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Sector of Soil Science and Fertilizer, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Ashbrook AR, Mikaelyan A, Schal C. Comparative Efficacy of a Fungal Entomopathogen with a Broad Host Range against Two Human-Associated Pests. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13090774. [PMID: 36135475 PMCID: PMC9505452 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a fungal entomopathogen to infect an insect depends on a variety of factors, including strain, host, and environmental conditions. Similarly, an insect’s ability to prevent fungal infection is dependent on its biology, environment, and evolutionary history. Synanthropic pests have adapted to thrive in the indoor environment, yet they arose from divergent evolutionary lineages and occupy different feeding guilds. The hematophagous bed bug (Cimex lectularius) and omnivorous German cockroach (Blattella germanica) are highly successful indoors, but have evolved different physiological and behavioral adaptations to cope with the human-built environment, some of which also reduce the efficacy of fungal biopesticides. In order to gain greater insight into the host barriers that prevent or constrain fungal infection in bed bugs and German cockroaches, we tested different doses of Beauveria bassiana GHA through surface contact, topical application, feeding, and injection. Bed bugs were generally more susceptible to infection by B. bassiana with the mode of delivery having a significant impact on infectivity. The German cockroach was highly resilient to infection, requiring high doses of fungal conidia (>8.8 × 104) delivered by injection into the hemocoel to cause mortality. Mortality occurred much faster in both insect species after exposure to surfaces dusted with dry conidia than surfaces treated with conidia suspended in water or oil. These findings highlight the importance of developing innovative delivery techniques to enhance fungal entomopathogens against bed bugs and cockroaches.
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Drosophila melanogaster as a Model Organism to Study Lithium and Boron Bioactivity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111710. [PMID: 34769143 PMCID: PMC8584156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a valuable model organism in nutritional science, which can be applied to elucidate the physiology and the biological function of nutrients, including trace elements. Importantly, the application of chemically defined diets enables the supply of trace elements for nutritional studies under highly standardized dietary conditions. Thus, the bioavailability and bioactivity of trace elements can be systematically monitored in D. melanogaster. Numerous studies have already revealed that central aspects of trace element homeostasis are evolutionary conserved among the fruit fly and mammalian species. While there is sufficient evidence of vital functions of boron (B) in plants, there is also evidence regarding its bioactivity in animals and humans. Lithium (Li) is well known for its role in the therapy of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, recent findings suggest beneficial effects of Li regarding neuroprotection as well as healthy ageing and longevity in D. melanogaster. However, no specific essential function in the animal kingdom has been found for either of the two elements so far. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of Li and B bioactivity in D. melanogaster in the context of health and disease prevention.
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Levine M. Fluorescence-Based Sensing of Pesticides Using Supramolecular Chemistry. Front Chem 2021; 9:616815. [PMID: 33937184 PMCID: PMC8085505 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.616815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of pesticides in real-world environments is a high priority for a broad range of applications, including in areas of public health, environmental remediation, and agricultural sustainability. While many methods for pesticide detection currently exist, the use of supramolecular fluorescence-based methods has significant practical advantages. Herein, we will review the use of fluorescence-based pesticide detection methods, with a particular focus on supramolecular chemistry-based methods. Illustrative examples that show how such methods have achieved success in real-world environments are also included, as are areas highlighted for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Levine
- Ariel University, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel, Israel
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Jiang M, Dong FY, Pan XY, Zhang YN, Zhang F. Boric acid was orally toxic to different instars of Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) and caused dysbiosis of the, gut microbiota. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 172:104756. [PMID: 33518048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Boric acid, a well-established chemical insecticide, has a good control effect on various types of cockroaches. In this study, we investigated the oral virulence effect of boric acid on German cockroach (Blattella germanica) of various instars and characterized its effect on the gut microbiota by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results of an oral toxicity test showed that the toxicity of boric acid was positively correlated with its concentration and negatively correlated with the instar of cockroach nymphs. The 1-3 instar nymphs showed the strongest sensitivity to boric acid, which exhibited a median lethal time of only 3.16 d, while the 6-7 instar nymphs showed the weakest sensitivity, and exhibited a median lethal time of 10.15 d. There was no significant difference between male and female insects regarding their sensitivity to boric acid. Oral treatment of boric acid resulted in severe dysbiosis in cockroaches, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, which can degrade a variety of complex macromolecules, and Enterococcus, which can inhibit pathogenic microorganisms, were significantly reduced, while the relative abundance of the opportunistic pathogenic bacterium Weissella was significantly increased. It was speculated that dysbiosis of gut microbiota might accelerate the toxicity of boric acid on German cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
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Sierras A, Schal C. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Ingested Hydroprene and Methoprene on Development and Fecundity of the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1199-1206. [PMID: 32100017 PMCID: PMC7768674 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus F.) have become perennial and difficult to control indoor pests. Current pest control options are severely constrained by high prevalence of insecticide resistance and availability and relatively high costs of alternative interventions. Among various measures to counter the drawbacks of insecticide resistance include efforts to diversify the modes of action of insecticides with residual applications of combinations of insecticides, which include a juvenile hormone analog (JHA). JHAs, such as hydroprene and methoprene, have a desirable safety profile and are effective against a variety of indoor pests. We evaluated the potential of hydroprene and methoprene to be incorporated into an ingestible bait, with dose-response studies on fifth-instar male and female bed bugs. Females were more susceptible than males to both JHAs, and methoprene was more effective by ingestion than hydroprene at inducing both lethal and sublethal effects. Ingestion of ≥10 µg/ml blood of either JHA by last instar nymphs reduced oviposition; untreated females that mated with males exposed to high concentrations of either JHA also exhibited lower oviposition. We suggest that methoprene could be incorporated into integrated pest management programs in liquid baits and residual sprays in combination with other active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sierras
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC
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Gondhalekar AD. 2018 Highlights of Urban Entomology. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1188-1193. [PMID: 31505667 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of urban entomology is primarily associated with the study of ants, bed bugs, cockroaches, termites, and other occasional invader pests that are found within or near human-made structures. A wide array of peer-reviewed studies were published in 2018. The topics of these articles ranged from genomes and basic biology of urban insects to various applied aspects of pest management. Key findings of these papers are presented and discussed from the perspective of the contributions they make to the discipline of urban entomology. Additionally, potential future research opportunities that are evident from these publications have been outlined.
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