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Okooboh GO, Haferkamp I, Rühle T, Leister D, Neuhaus HE. Expression of the plastocyanin gene PETE2 in Camelina sativa improves seed yield and salt tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 290:154103. [PMID: 37788546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastocyanin functions as an electron carrier in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, located at the thylakoid membrane. In several species, endogenous plastocyanin levels are correlated with the photosynthetic electron transport rate. Overexpression of plastocyanin genes in Arabidopsis thaliana increases plant size, but this phenomenon has not been observed in crop species. Here, we investigated the effects of heterologous expression of a gene encoding a plastocyanin isoform from Arabidopsis, AtPETE2, in the oil seed crop Camelina sativa under standard growth conditions and under salt stress. AtPETE2 heterologous expression enhanced photosynthetic activity in Camelina, accelerating plant development and improving seed yield under standard growth conditions. Additionally, CsPETE2 from Camelina was induced by salt stress and AtPETE2 expression lines had larger primary roots and more lateral roots than the wild type. AtPETE2 expression lines also had larger seeds and higher total seed yield under long-term salt stress compared with non-transgenic Camelina. Our results demonstrate that increased plastocyanin levels in Camelina can enhance photosynthesis and productivity, as well as tolerance to osmotic and salt stresses. Heterologous expression of plastocyanin may be a useful strategy to mitigate crop stress in saline soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria O Okooboh
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ilka Haferkamp
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thilo Rühle
- Department of Biology I, Molecular Plant Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, D-82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Department of Biology I, Molecular Plant Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, D-82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Effect of Elevated Temperature and Excess Light on Photosynthetic Efficiency, Pigments, and Proteins in the Field-Grown Sunflower during Afternoon. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the photosynthetic responses of two sunflower hybrids to elevated temperatures and excess light intensity in the flowering stage by measuring the chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) under morning and afternoon field conditions to determine the photosynthetic pigment contents and the relative accumulation of photosynthetic proteins. The morning environmental conditions were considered optimal, while the afternoon was characterised by elevated temperatures and excess light intensity. The minimum fluorescence intensity (F0), the electron-flux-reducing end electron acceptors at the photosystem I acceptor side per reaction centre (RE0/RC), and the D1 protein had significant, high, and positive correlations with the environmental conditions, which indicates that they were the most useful in the sunflower-stress-response research. In hybrid 7, the elevated temperatures and the excess light intensity resulted in the inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex, which was indicated by the positive L, K, and J steps, the increase in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (TR0/ABS), the decrease in the electron transport further than the primary acceptor QA (ET0/(TR0-ET0)), the reduction in the performance index (PIABS), and the higher relative accumulation of the light-harvesting complex of the photosystem (LHCII). Hybrid 4 had smaller changes in the fluorescence curves in phases O–J and J–I, and especially in steps L, K, J, and I, and a higher PIABS, which indicates a more efficient excitation energy under the unfavourable conditions. As the tested parameters were sensitive enough to determine the significant differences between the sunflower hybrids in their photosynthetic responses to the elevated temperatures and excess light intensity in the flowering stage, they can be considered useful selection criteria. The development of more adaptable sunflower hybrids encourages sustainable sunflower production under stressful growing conditions.
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Zuo G, Aiken RM, Feng N, Zheng D, Zhao H, Avenson TJ, Lin X. Fresh perspectives on an established technique: Pulsed amplitude modulation chlorophyll a fluorescence. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:41-59. [PMID: 37284008 PMCID: PMC10168060 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed amplitude modulation (PAM) chlorophyll a fluorescence provides information about photosynthetic energy transduction. When reliably measured, chlorophyll a fluorescence provides detailed information about critical in vivo photosynthetic processes. Such information has recently provided novel and critical insights into how the yield potential of crops can be improved and it is being used to understand remotely sensed fluorescence, which is termed solar-induced fluorescence and will be solely measured by a satellite scheduled to be launched this year. While PAM chlorophyll a fluorometers measure fluorescence intensity per se, herein we articulate the axiomatic criteria by which instrumentally detected intensities can be assumed to assess fluorescence yield, a phenomenon quite different than fluorescence intensity and one that provides critical insight about how solar energy is variably partitioned into the biosphere. An integrated mathematical, phenomenological, and practical discussion of many useful chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters is presented. We draw attention to, and provide examples of, potential uncertainties that can result from incorrect methodological practices and potentially problematic instrumental design features. Fundamentals of fluorescence measurements are discussed, including the major assumptions underlying the signals and the methodological caveats about taking measurements during both dark- and light-adapted conditions. Key fluorescence parameters are discussed in the context of recent applications under environmental stress. Nuanced information that can be gleaned from intra-comparisons of fluorescence-derived parameters and intercomparisons of fluorescence-derived parameters with those based on other techniques is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqiang Zuo
- Department of AgronomyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Robert M. Aiken
- Department of AgronomyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
- Northwest Research‐Extension CenterKansas State UniversityColbyKansasUSA
| | - Naijie Feng
- College of Coastal Agricultural ScienceGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural ScienceGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Haidong Zhao
- Department of AgronomyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | | | - Xiaomao Lin
- Department of AgronomyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
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Ibrahimova U, Zivcak M, Gasparovic K, Rastogi A, Allakhverdiev SI, Yang X, Brestic M. Electron and proton transport in wheat exposed to salt stress: is the increase of the thylakoid membrane proton conductivity responsible for decreasing the photosynthetic activity in sensitive genotypes? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:195-211. [PMID: 34125427 PMCID: PMC8556197 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Effects of salinity caused by 150 mM NaCl on primary photochemical reactions and some physiological and biochemical parameters (K+/Na+ ratio, soluble sugars, proline, MDA) have been studied in five Triticum aestivum L. genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance. It was found that 150 mM NaCl significantly decreased the photosynthetic efficiency of two sensitive genotypes. The K+/Na+ ratio decreased in all genotypes exposed to salinity stress when compared with the control. Salinity stress also caused lipid peroxidation and accumulation of soluble sugars and proline. The amounts of soluble sugars and proline were higher in tolerant genotypes than sensitive ones, and lipid peroxidation was higher in sensitive genotypes. The noninvasive measurements of photosynthesis-related parameters indicated the genotype-dependent effects of salinity stress on the photosynthetic apparatus. The significant decrease of chlorophyll content (SPAD values) or adverse effects on photosynthetic functions at the PSII level (measured by the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters) were observed in the two sensitive genotypes only. Although the information obtained by different fast noninvasive techniques were consistent, the correlation analyses identified the highest correlation of the noninvasive records with MDA, K+/Na+ ratio, and free proline content. The lower correlation levels were found for chlorophyll content (SPAD) and Fv/Fm values derived from chlorophyll fluorescence. Performance index (PIabs) derived from fast fluorescence kinetics, and F735/F685 ratio correlated well with MDA and Na+ content. The most promising were the results of linear electron flow measured by MultispeQ sensor, in which we found a highly significant correlation with all parameters assessed. Moreover, the noninvasive simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and electrochromic band shift using this sensor indicated the apparent proton leakage at the thylakoid membranes resulting in a high proton conductivity (gH+), present in sensitive genotypes only. The possible consequences for the photosynthetic functions and the photoprotection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulkar Ibrahimova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 11 Izzat Nabiyev, Baku, AZ, 1073, Azerbaijan
- Research Institute of Crop Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture of the Azerbaijan Republic, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Kristina Gasparovic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Anshu Rastogi
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland.
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 11 Izzat Nabiyev, Baku, AZ, 1073, Azerbaijan
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, 142290, Russia
| | - Xinghong Yang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia.
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abbasi AZ, Bilal M, Khurshid G, Yiotis C, Zeb I, Hussain J, Baig A, Shah MM, Chaudhary SU, Osborne B, Ahmad R. Expression of cyanobacterial genes enhanced CO 2 assimilation and biomass production in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11860. [PMID: 34434649 PMCID: PMC8359801 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Photosynthesis is a key process in plants that is compromised by the oxygenase activity of Rubisco, which leads to the production of toxic compound phosphoglycolate that is catabolized by photorespiratory pathway. Transformation of plants with photorespiratory bypasses have been shown to reduce photorespiration and enhance plant biomass. Interestingly, engineering of a single gene from such photorespiratory bypasses has also improved photosynthesis and plant productivity. Although single gene transformations may not completely reduce photorespiration, increases in plant biomass accumulation have still been observed indicating an alternative role in regulating different metabolic processes. Therefore, the current study was aimed at evaluating the underlying mechanism (s) associated with the effects of introducing a single cyanobacterial glycolate decarboxylation pathway gene on photosynthesis and plant performance. Methods Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants (GD, HD, OX) expressing independently cyanobacterial decarboxylation pathway genes i.e., glycolate dehydrogenase, hydroxyacid dehydrogenase, and oxalate decarboxylase, respectively, were utilized. Photosynthetic, fluorescence related, and growth parameters were analyzed. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis of GD transgenic plants was also performed. Results The GD plants exhibited a significant increase (16%) in net photosynthesis rate while both HD and OX plants showed a non-significant (11%) increase as compared to wild type plants (WT). The stomatal conductance was significantly higher (24%) in GD and HD plants than the WT plants. The quantum efficiencies of photosystem II, carbon dioxide assimilation and the chlorophyll fluorescence-based photosynthetic electron transport rate were also higher than WT plants. The OX plants displayed significant reductions in the rate of photorespiration relative to gross photosynthesis and increase in the ratio of the photosynthetic electron flow attributable to carboxylation reactions over that attributable to oxygenation reactions. GD, HD and OX plants accumulated significantly higher biomass and seed weight. Soluble sugars were significantly increased in GD and HD plants, while the starch levels were higher in all transgenic plants. The transcriptomic analysis of GD plants revealed 650 up-regulated genes mainly related to photosynthesis, photorespiratory pathway, sucrose metabolism, chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism. Conclusion This study revealed the potential of introduced cyanobacterial pathway genes to enhance photosynthetic and growth-related parameters. The upregulation of genes related to different pathways provided evidence of the underlying mechanisms involved particularly in GD plants. However, transcriptomic profiling of HD and OX plants can further help to identify other potential mechanisms involved in improved plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Zeb Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Bilal
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
| | - Ghazal Khurshid
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
| | - Charilaos Yiotis
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Iftikhar Zeb
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
| | - Jamshaid Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Baig
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Maroof Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
| | - Safee Ullah Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Bruce Osborne
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raza Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
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Colpaert B, Steppe K, Gomand A, Vanhoutte B, Remy S, Boeckx P. Experimental approach to assess fertilizer nitrogen use, distribution, and loss in pear fruit trees. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:207-216. [PMID: 34052682 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced use efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is paramount for sustainable pear fruit production. Sufficient fruit N content is a major factor for pear fruit storage potential, but fertilizer N use efficiency in pear fruit trees is generally low. The objective of this work was to test a methodology to quantify N uptake, partitioning and leaching loss as influenced by different calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) fertilizer timings. To this end, 10-year-old 'Conference' pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) were transplanted and grown in soil-filled pallet boxes subjected to different timing of fertilizer addition. A fraction of the calcium nitrate was labelled with 15N and applied one month before full bloom, during summer and post-harvest. By sampling newly formed biomass (i.e., leaves, fruit and flower buds), temporal dynamics in the N fraction derived from calcium nitrate fertilization were determined. Simultaneously NO3- leaching derived from calcium nitrate fertilization was quantified. Our data suggest that spring application of N was most efficiently partitioned to leaves, fruits and buds at the time of harvest with a mean percentage of calcium nitrate derived N (Ndff) of 9.2%, 20.4% and 18.6%, respectively. Summer application of calcium nitrate was far less efficient at the time of harvest with Ndff of 0.56%, 0.89% and 1.4%, respectively, and substantially higher NO3- leaching was observed compared to spring fertilization. Post-harvest application showed even higher levels of leaching. Applying a split fertilization scheme with 60 kg N ha-1 evenly spread over spring, summer, and post-harvest, about 9, 15 and 30%, respectively, of the fertilizer N had leached out as NO3- at the end of the growing season. This experimental approach may offer potential for detailed N budget studies for various fruit tree studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Colpaert
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Gomand
- Proefcentrum Fruitteelt (pcfruit Npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800, Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - Bart Vanhoutte
- Proefcentrum Fruitteelt (pcfruit Npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800, Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - Serge Remy
- Proefcentrum Fruitteelt (pcfruit Npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800, Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Huang MY, Wong SL, Weng JH. Rapid Light-Response Curve of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Terrestrial Plants: Relationship to CO 2 Exchange among Five Woody and Four Fern Species Adapted to Different Light and Water Regimes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:445. [PMID: 33652840 PMCID: PMC7996942 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid light response of electron transport rate (ETRR), obtained from chlorophyll fluorescence parameters by short illumination periods (10-30 s) at each light level, can provide a rapid and easy measurement of photosynthetic light response in plants. However, the relationship between ETRR and the steady-state light response of CO2 exchange rate (AS) of terrestrial plants has not been studied in detail. In this study, we compared the ETRR and AS for five woody and four fern species with different light and/or water adaptations. Under well-watered conditions, a constant temperature (25 °C) and with stomatal conductance (gs) not being a main limiting factor for photosynthesis, ETRR and AS were closely related, even when merging data for regression analysis for a species grown under different light conditions and measured under different light intensity and air humidity. However, when Alnus formosana was treated with low soil water and air humidity, because of the decrease in AS mainly due to stomatal closure, the ETRR-AS relation was not so close. In addition, at both 100 and 2000 μmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), ETRR and AS were significantly correlated within a plant group (i.e., woody plants and ferns) regardless of the broad difference in AS due to different species or environmental factors. The results indicate that the relationship between the ETRR and AS is varied by species. We concluded that 1) ETRR could reflect the variation in AS at each irradiance level within a species under well-watered conditions and 2) ETRR at 100 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD (as the efficiency of light capture) or 2000 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD (as a maximum photosynthetic parameter) could be used to compare the photosynthetic capacity within a plant group, such as woody plants and ferns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Shau-Lian Wong
- Division of Botany, Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 552, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Hsien Weng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
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Metamitron and Shade Effects on Leaf Physiology and Thinning Efficacy of Malus × domestica Borkh. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10121924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thinning strategies, namely shade or photosynthetic inhibitors, rely on the reduction of carbon supply to the fruit below the demand, causing fruit abscission. In order to clarify the subject, seven field trials were carried out in Lleida, Girona, and Sint-Truiden (2017 + 2018), using orchards of ‘Golden’ and ‘Gala’ apple trees. At the stage of 9–14-mm fruit diameter, four treatments were implemented: (A) CTR-control, trees under natural environmental conditions; (B) SN-shaded trees, trees above which shading nets reducing 50% of irradiance were installed 24 h after metamitron application date—without application of metamitron—and removed after five days; (C) MET-trees sprayed with 247.5 ppm of metamitron; (D) MET + SN-trees submitted to the combined exposure to metamitron application and shading nets. Low radiation significantly increased metamitron absorption (36–53% in the three locations in 2018) and reduced its degradation. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were strongly reduced in all treatments, with minimum values 2 days after spraying (DAS) and incomplete recovery 10 DAS in MET + SN. All treatments resulted in leaf sucrose and sorbitol decreases, leading to a negative carbon balance. SN and MET + SN promoted the highest thinning efficacy, increasing fruit weight and size, with MET + SN causing over-thinning in some trials. Leaf antioxidant enzymes showed moderate changes in activity increases under MET or MET + SN, accompanied by a rise of glutathione content and a reduction in ascorbate, however without lipid peroxidation. This work shows that environmental conditions, such as cloudy days, must be carefully considered upon metamitron application, since the low irradiance enhances metamitron efficacy and may cause over-thinning.
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Lin KH, Shih FC, Huang MY, Weng JH. Physiological Characteristics of Photosynthesis in Yellow-Green, Green and Dark-Green Chinese Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra Musil.) under Varying Light Intensities. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080960. [PMID: 32751426 PMCID: PMC7464843 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study physiological characteristics and photosynthetic apparatus in differentially pigmented leaves of three Chinese kale cultivars. Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) measurements in green, yellow-green, and dark-green cultivars in response to varying light intensities. As light intensity increased from 200 to 2000 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), fraction of light absorbed in photosystem (PS) II and PRI values in all plants were strongly lowered, but fraction of light absorbed in PSII dissipated via thermal energy dissipation and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values in all plants wereremarkably elevated.When plants were exposed to 200 PPFD, the values of fraction of light absorbed in PSII, utilized in photosynthetic electron transport(p), andfraction of light absorbed excitation energy in PSII dissipated via thermal energy dissipation (D), remained stable regardless of the changes in levels of Chla + b. Under 800 and 1200 PPFD, the values of p and electron transport rate (ETR) decreased, but D and NPQ increased as Chla + bcontent decreased, suggesting that decrease inChla + bcontent led to lower PSII efficiency and it became necessary to increase dissipate excess energy. On the contrary, in 2000 PPFD, leaves with lower Chla + bcontent had relatively higher p and electron transport rate (ETR) values and lower D level, as well as tended to increase more in NPQ but decrease more in PRI values. The consistent relations between PRI and NPQ suggest that NPQ is mainly consisted ofthe xanthophyll cycle-dependentenergy quenching.Yellow-green cultivar showed lower Chla + bcontent but high carotenoids/Chla + b ratio and had high light protection ability under high PPFD. The precise management of photosynthetic parameters in response to light intensity can maximize the growth and development of Chinese kale plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111, Taiwan;
| | - Feng-Chi Shih
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung40227, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Yuan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (M.-Y.H.); (J.-H.W.)
| | - Jen-Hsien Weng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (M.-Y.H.); (J.-H.W.)
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Increasing Nutrient Solution pH Alleviated Aluminum-Induced Inhibition of Growth and Impairment of Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain in Citrus sinensis Seedlings. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9058715. [PMID: 31534966 PMCID: PMC6732596 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9058715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological and molecular responses of Citrus to Al-toxicity or low pH have been examined in some details, little information is available on Citrus responses to pH and aluminum (Al) interactions. Citrus sinensis seedlings were irrigated for 18 weeks with nutrient solution at a concentration of 0 or 1 mM AlCl3•6H2O and a pH of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0. Thereafter, biomass, root, stem, and leaf concentrations of Al and nutrients, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transients, and related parameters were investigated to understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the elevated pH-induced alleviation of Citrus toxicity. Increasing the nutrient solution pH from 2.5 to 4.0 alleviated the Al-toxic effects on biomass, photosynthesis, OJIP transients and related parameters, and element concentrations, uptake, and distributions. In addition, low pH effects on the above physiological parameters were intensified by Al-toxicity. Evidently, a synergism existed between low pH and Al-toxicity. Increasing pH decreased Al uptake per root dry weight and its concentration in roots, stems, and leaves and increased nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and boron uptake per plant and their concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves. This might be responsible for the elevated pH-induced alleviation of growth inhibition and the impairment of the whole photosynthetic electron transport chain, thus preventing the decrease of CO2 assimilation.
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Greer DH. Short-term temperature dependency of the photosynthetic and PSII photochemical responses to photon flux density of leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz vines grown in field conditions with and without fruit. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:634-648. [PMID: 30967170 DOI: 10.1071/fp18324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shiraz vines grown outdoors with and without a crop load were used to determine photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence responses to light across a range of leaf temperatures to evaluate the impact of presence/absence of a sink on these responses. Results indicate maximum rates of photosynthesis and light saturation in fruiting vines were biased towards higher temperatures whereas these processes in vegetative vines were biased towards lower temperatures. The maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry was similarly biased, with higher efficiency for the vegetative vines below 30°C and a higher efficiency for the fruiting vines above. The quantum efficiency of PSII electron transport was generally higher across all temperatures in the fruiting compared with vegetative vines. Photochemical quenching was not sensitive to temperature in fruiting vines but strongly so in vegetative vines, with an optimum at 30°C and marked increases in photochemical quenching at other temperatures. Non-photochemical quenching was not strongly temperature dependent, but there were marked increases in both treatments at 45°C, consistent with marked decreases in assimilation. These results suggest demand for assimilates in fruiting vines induced an acclimation response to high summer temperatures to enhance assimilate supply and this was underpinned by comparable shifts in PSII photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Greer
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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12
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Yin X, Struik PC. Simple generalisation of a mesophyll resistance model for various intracellular arrangements of chloroplasts and mitochondria in C 3 leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 132:211-220. [PMID: 28197891 PMCID: PMC5387037 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The classical definition of mesophyll conductance (g m) represents an apparent parameter (g m,app) as it places (photo)respired CO2 at the same compartment where the carboxylation by Rubisco takes place. Recently, Tholen and co-workers developed a framework, in which g m better describes a physical diffusional parameter (g m,dif). They partitioned mesophyll resistance (r m,dif = 1/g m,dif) into two components, cell wall and plasmalemma resistance (r wp) and chloroplast resistance (r ch), and showed that g m,app is sensitive to the ratio of photorespiratory (F) and respiratory (R d) CO2 release to net CO2 uptake (A): g m,app = g m,dif/[1 + ω(F + R d)/A], where ω is the fraction of r ch in r m,dif. We herein extend the framework further by considering various scenarios for the intracellular arrangement of chloroplasts and mitochondria. We show that the formula of Tholen et al. implies either that mitochondria, where (photo)respired CO2 is released, locate between the plasmalemma and the chloroplast continuum or that CO2 in the cytosol is completely mixed. However, the model of Tholen et al. is still valid if ω is replaced by ω(1-σ), where σ is the fraction of (photo)respired CO2 that experiences r ch (in addition to r wp and stomatal resistance) if this CO2 is to escape from being refixed. Therefore, responses of g m,app to (F + R d)/A lie somewhere between no sensitivity in the classical method (σ =1) and high sensitivity in the model of Tholen et al. (σ =0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Liu G, Gao Y, Huang FF, Yuan MY, Peng SL. The Invasion of Coastal Areas in South China by Ipomoea cairica May Be Accelerated by the Ecotype Being More Locally Adapted to Salt Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149262. [PMID: 26867222 PMCID: PMC4750935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity are two alternative mechanisms used by invasive plants for range expansion. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the role of these mechanisms in the recent expansion of the invasive Ipomoea cairica from non-saline to salt-stressed coastal habitats. A comparison of the plant’s photosynthetic traits and construction costs across habitats was conducted through a field survey. Meanwhile, a full factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted with two ecotypes (non-saline and coastal) of I. cairica and two salinity gradients (water and 4 g L-1 NaCl solution) to evaluate the roles of the two strategies by comparing their main traits. The results revealed that the construction cost and Amax of I. cairica did not change with the habitat type. The ecotype and saline treatments, however, significantly influenced the plant growth. The non-saline ecotype (NE) generally showed higher or equal plasticity of biomass-allocation and functional traits compared to the coastal ecotype (CE). However, the fitness and biomass of the NE significantly decreased with salinity, whereas those aspects of the CE did not change. Our results indicate that the recent expansion of I. cairica into coastal areas may be accelerated by the local adaptation of the CE to salt stress. Additionally, in South China, the CE will most likely evolve adaptations to both saline and non-saline environments, which will further broaden the invasion range of I. cairica in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Lin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SLP)
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14
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Yin X, Struik PC. Constraints to the potential efficiency of converting solar radiation into phytoenergy in annual crops: from leaf biochemistry to canopy physiology and crop ecology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015. [PMID: 26224881 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new simple framework was proposed to quantify the efficiency of converting incoming solar radiation into phytoenergy in annual crops. It emphasizes the need to account for (i) efficiency gain when scaling up from the leaf level to the canopy level, and (ii) efficiency loss due to incomplete canopy closure during early and late phases of the crop cycle. Equations are given to estimate losses due to the constraints in various biochemical or physiological steps. For a given amount of daily radiation, a longer daytime was shown to increase energy use efficiency, because of the convex shape of the photosynthetic light response. Due to the higher cyclic electron transport, C4 leaves were found to have a lower energy loss via non-photochemical quenching, compared with C3 leaves. This contributes to the more linear light response in C4 than in C3 photosynthesis. Because of this difference in the curvature of the light response, canopy-to-leaf photosynthesis ratio, benefit from the optimum acclimation of the leaf nitrogen profile in the canopy, and productivity gain from future improvements in leaf photosynthetic parameters and canopy architecture were all shown to be higher in C3 than in C4 species. The indicative efficiency of converting incoming solar radiation into phytoenergy is ~2.2 and 3.0% in present C3 and C4 crops, respectively, when grown under well-managed conditions. An achievable efficiency via future genetic improvement was estimated to be as high as 3.6 and 4.1% for C3 and C4 crops, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Way DA, Katul GG, Manzoni S, Vico G. Increasing water use efficiency along the C3 to C4 evolutionary pathway: a stomatal optimization perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3683-93. [PMID: 24860185 PMCID: PMC4085968 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis evolved independently numerous times, probably in response to declining atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but also to high temperatures and aridity, which enhance water losses through transpiration. Here, the environmental factors controlling stomatal behaviour of leaf-level carbon and water exchange were examined across the evolutionary continuum from C3 to C4 photosynthesis at current (400 μmol mol(-1)) and low (280 μmol mol(-1)) atmospheric CO2 conditions. To this aim, a stomatal optimization model was further developed to describe the evolutionary continuum from C3 to C4 species within a unified framework. Data on C3, three categories of C3-C4 intermediates, and C4 Flaveria species were used to parameterize the stomatal model, including parameters for the marginal water use efficiency and the efficiency of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (or C4 pump); these two parameters are interpreted as traits reflecting the stomatal and photosynthetic adjustments during the C3 to C4 transformation. Neither the marginal water use efficiency nor the C4 pump strength changed significantly from C3 to early C3-C4 intermediate stages, but both traits significantly increased between early C3-C4 intermediates and the C4-like intermediates with an operational C4 cycle. At low CO2, net photosynthetic rates showed continuous increases from a C3 state, across the intermediates and towards C4 photosynthesis, but only C4-like intermediates and C4 species (with an operational C4 cycle) had higher water use efficiencies than C3 Flaveria. The results demonstrate that both the marginal water use efficiency and the C4 pump strength increase in C4 Flaveria to improve their photosynthesis and water use efficiency compared with C3 species. These findings emphasize that the advantage of the early intermediate stages is predominantly carbon based, not water related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gabriel G Katul
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Vico
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Dybzinski R, Farrior CE, Ollinger S, Pacala SW. Interspecific vs intraspecific patterns in leaf nitrogen of forest trees across nitrogen availability gradients. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:112-121. [PMID: 23738827 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf nitrogen content (δ) coordinates with total canopy N and leaf area index (LAI) to maximize whole-crown carbon (C) gain, but the constraints and contributions of within-species plasticity to this phenomenon are poorly understood. Here, we introduce a game theoretic, physiologically based community model of height-structured competition between late-successional tree species. Species are constrained by an increasing, but saturating, relationship between photosynthesis and leaf N per unit leaf area. Higher saturating rates carry higher fixed costs. For a given whole-crown N content, a C gain-maximizing compromise exists between δ and LAI. With greater whole-crown N, both δ and LAI increase within species. However, a shift in community composition caused by reduced understory light at high soil N availability (which competitively favors species with low leaf costs and consequent low optimal δ) counteracts the within-species response, such that community-level δ changes little with soil N availability. These model predictions provide a new explanation for the changes in leaf N per mass observed in data from three dominant broadleaf species in temperate deciduous forests of New England. Attempts to understand large-scale patterns in vegetation often omit competitive interactions and intraspecific plasticity, but here both are essential to an understanding of ecosystem-level patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Dybzinski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Caroline E Farrior
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Scott Ollinger
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Stephen W Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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17
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Ye ZP, Robakowski P, Suggett DJ. A mechanistic model for the light response of photosynthetic electron transport rate based on light harvesting properties of photosynthetic pigment molecules. PLANTA 2013; 237:837-47. [PMID: 23138268 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Models describing the light response of photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) are routinely used to determine how light absorption influences energy, reducing power and yields of primary productivity; however, no single model is currently able to provide insight into the fundamental processes that implicitly govern the variability of light absorption. Here we present development and application of a new mechanistic model of ETR for photosystem II based on the light harvesting (absorption and transfer to the core 'reaction centres') characteristics of photosynthetic pigment molecules. Within this model a series of equations are used to describe novel biophysical and biochemical characteristics of photosynthetic pigment molecules and in turn light harvesting; specifically, the eigen-absorption cross-section and the minimum average lifetime of photosynthetic pigment molecules in the excited state, which describe the ability of light absorption of photosynthetic pigment molecules and retention time of excitons in the excited state but are difficult to be measured directly. We applied this model to a series of previously collected fluorescence data and demonstrated that our model described well the light response curves of ETR, regardless of whether dynamic down-regulation of PSII occurs, for a range of photosynthetic organisms (Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus mugo and Emiliania huxleyi). Inherent estimated parameters (e.g. maximum ETR and the saturation irradiance) by our model are in very close agreement with the measured data. Overall, our mechanistic model potentially provides novel insights into the regulation of ETR by light harvesting properties as well as dynamical down-regulation of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Piao Ye
- Research Center for Jinggangshan Eco-Environmental Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Estimation of Use Efficiency of Electrons in Fixation of CO 2 and Photorespiration for Maize ( Zea mays) and Sorghum ( Sorghum bi-color) under Photorespiratory Conditions. ZUOWU XUEBAO 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1006.2011.02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Farazdaghi H. The single-process biochemical reaction of Rubisco: A unified theory and model with the effects of irradiance, CO2 and rate-limiting step on the kinetics of C3 and C4 photosynthesis from gas exchange. Biosystems 2011; 103:265-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Losciale P, Chow WS, Corelli Grappadelli L. Modulating the light environment with the peach 'asymmetric orchard': effects on gas exchange performances, photoprotection, and photoinhibition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1177-92. [PMID: 20124356 PMCID: PMC2826656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The productivity of fruit trees is a linear function of the light intercepted, although the relationship is less tight when greater than 50% of available light is intercepted. This paper investigates the management of light energy in peach using the measurement of whole-tree light interception and gas exchange, along with the absorbed energy partitioning at the leaf level by concurrent measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. These measurements were performed on trees of a custom-built 'asymmetric' orchard. Whole-tree gas exchange for north-south, vertical canopies (C) was similar to that for canopies intercepting the highest irradiance in the morning hours (W), but trees receiving the highest irradiance in the afternoon (E) had the highest net photosynthesis and transpiration while maintaining a water use efficiency (WUE) comparable to the other treatments. In the W trees, 29% and 8% more photosystems were damaged than in C and E trees, respectively. The quenching partitioning revealed that the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) played the most important role in excess energy dissipation, but it was not fully active at low irradiance, possibly due to a sub-optimal trans-thylakoid DeltapH. The non-net carboxylative mechanisms (NC) appeared to be the main photoprotective mechanisms at low irradiance levels and, probably, they could facilitate the establishment of a trans-thylakoid DeltapH more appropriate for NPQ. These findings support the conclusion that irradiance impinging on leaves may be excessive and can cause photodamage, whose repair requires energy in the form of carbohydrates that are thereby diverted from tree growth and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Losciale
- Dipartimento Colture Arboree, University of Bologna, via Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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21
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An on-line multi-parameter analyzing optical biosensor for real-time and non-invasive monitoring of plant stress responses in vivo. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Yin X, Struik PC. Theoretical reconsiderations when estimating the mesophyll conductance to CO(2) diffusion in leaves of C(3) plants by analysis of combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1513-1524. [PMID: 19558403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Existing methods to estimate the mesophyll conductance to CO(2) diffusion (g(m)) are often based on combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. However, estimations of average g(m) by these methods are often unreliable either because the range of usable data is too narrow or because the estimations are very sensitive to measurement errors. We describe three method variants to estimate g(m), for which a wider range of data are usable. They use curve-fitting techniques, which minimise the sum of squared model deviations from the data for A (CO(2) assimilation rate) or for J (linear electron transport rate). Like the existing approaches, they are all based on common physiological principles assuming that electron transport limits A. The proposed variants were far less sensitive than the existing approaches to 'measurement noise' either created randomly in the generated data set or inevitably existing in real data sets. Yet, the estimates of g(m) from the three variants differed by approximately 15%. Moreover, for each variant, a stoichiometric uncertainty in linear electron transport-limited photosynthesis can cause another 15% difference. Any estimation of g(m) using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements should be considered with caution, especially when g(m) is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Song XS, Wang YJ, Mao WH, Shi K, Zhou YH, Nogués S, Yu JQ. Effects of cucumber mosaic virus infection on electron transport and antioxidant system in chloroplasts and mitochondria of cucumber and tomato leaves. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 135:246-257. [PMID: 19140890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We examined the responses of the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport and antioxidant systems in cell organelles of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves to infection of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by comparing the gas exchange, Chl fluorescence, respiratory electron transport, superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle enzymes and the production of H(2)O(2) in chloroplasts, mitochondria and soluble fraction in virus-infected and non-infected leaves. Long-term CMV infection resulted in decreased photosynthesis and respiration rates. Photosynthetic electron flux to carbon reduction, respiratory electron transport via both complex I and complex II and also the Cyt respiration rate all significantly decreased, while photosynthetic alternative electron flux and alternative respiration significantly increased. These changes in electron transport were accompanied by a general increase in the activities of SOD/AsA-GSH cycle enzymes followed by an increased H(2)O(2) accumulation in chloroplasts and mitochondria. These results demonstrated that disturbance of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport by CMV also affected the antioxidative systems, thereby leading to oxidative stress in various organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Shun Song
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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24
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A Model of the Generalized Stoichiometry of Electron Transport Limited C3 Photosynthesis: Development and Applications. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SILICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9237-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Morales F, Abadía A, AbadÞa J. Photoinhibition and Photoprotection under Nutrient Deficiencies, Drought and Salinity. PHOTOPROTECTION, PHOTOINHIBITION, GENE REGULATION, AND ENVIRONMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Wang J, Xing D, Zhang L, Jia L. A new principle photosynthesis capacity biosensor based on quantitative measurement of delayed fluorescence in vivo. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:2861-8. [PMID: 17229566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Delayed fluorescence (DF) is an excellent marker for evaluating plant photosynthesis. Compared with common methods for measuring the photosynthesis rate based on consumption of CO(2), DF technique can quantify the plant photosynthesis capacity more accurately and faster under its physiological status with less interference from the environment. We previously reported a method for measuring photosynthesis using DF of chloroplast [Wang, C.L., Xing, D., Chen, Q., 2004. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 454-459]. In the study, a novel fast and portable photosynthesis capacity biosensor system was developed, which was composed of light-emitting diode lattice as excitation light source, Channel Photomultiplier DC-Module to achieve DF, single-chip microcomputer as control center, hermetic dark sample chamber, battery power supply and CO(2), humidity and temperature controller. Compared with our previous work, the system was portable and can directly measure plant photosynthesis capacity in vivo in less than 10s. A database in the software to carry out data acquisition and processing was developed to translate maximal DF intensity to net photosynthesis rate (Pn). In addition, local-control and remote-control mode can be chosen in the system. To demonstrate the utility of the system, it was applied to evaluate maximum Pn of four different plant species samples (Queen Rape Myrtle (var. rubra), soybean (Lu Hei No. 1), maize (Jin Dan No. 39) and rice (Jing Dao No. 21)) in field. The results were compared with that using commercial photosynthesis system LI-6400 and the uncertainty was less than +/-5%. The new principle of photosynthesis measurement is a challenge and breakthrough to conventional method of gas exchange and may be a potential technique of next generation photosynthesis measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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27
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Wittmann C, Pfanz H. Temperature dependency of bark photosynthesis in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth.) trees. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:4293-306. [PMID: 18182432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature dependencies of stem dark respiration (R(d)) and light-driven bark photosynthesis (A(max)) of two temperate tree species (Fagus sylvatica and Betula pendula) were investigated to estimate their probable influence on stem carbon balance. Stem R(d) was found to increase exponentially with increasing temperatures, whereas A(max) levelled off or decreased at the highest temperatures chosen (35-40 degrees C). Accordingly, a linear relationship between respiratory and assimilatory metabolism was only found at moderate temperatures (10-30 degrees C) and the relationship between stem R(d) and A(max) clearly departed from linearity at chilling (5 degrees C) and at high temperatures (35-40 degrees C). As a result, the proportional internal C-refixation rate also decreased non-linearly with increasing temperature. Temperature response of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry was also assessed. Bark photochemical yield (Delta F/F(m)') followed the same temperature pattern as bark CO(2) assimilation. Maximum quantum yield of PSII (F(v)/F(m)) decreased drastically at freezing temperatures (-5 degrees C), while from 30 to 40 degrees C only a marginal decrease in F(v)/F(m) was found. In in situ measurements during winter months, bark photosynthesis was found to be strongly reduced. Low temperature stress induced an active down-regulation of PSII efficiency as well as damage to PSII due to photoinhibition. All in all, the benefit of bark photosynthesis was negatively affected by low (<5 degrees C) as well as high temperatures (>30 degrees C). As the carbon balance of tree stems is defined by the difference between photosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon loss, this might have important implications for accurate modelling of stem carbon balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wittmann
- Institute of Applied Botany, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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Eranen JK, Kozlov MV. Physical Sheltering and Liming Improve Survival and Performance of Mountain Birch Seedlings: A 5-Year Study in a Heavily Polluted Industrial Barren. Restor Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2006.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Zhou YH, Huang LF, Du YS, Yu JQ. Greenhouse and field cucumber genotypes use different mechanisms to protect against dark chilling. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2004; 31:1215-1223. [PMID: 32688988 DOI: 10.1071/fp04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal changes in photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured after two consecutive night chills to reveal the photosynthetic characteristics and the mechanism of photoprotection in a greenhouse genotype Jinyou No. 3 (GH), and in a field genotype Jinyan No. 4 (OF) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Both genotypes showed inhibition of CO2 assimilation immediately after the dark chill, with OF exhibiting a greater reduction. Dark chilling had little effect on stomatal limitation (l) and RuBP regeneration (Jmax) but significantly decreased maximum carboxylation velocity of Rubisco (Vcmax). The reduced capacity for CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle induced a downstream regulation of PSII photochemistry, a mechanism that regulates the photosynthetic electron transport to match the lower demand for ATP and NADPH in the stroma of chloroplasts. The reduced quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry was mainly due to reductions both in the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and in the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centres (Fv' / Fm') for OF, but only to the latter for GH. Night chills resulted in an enhanced photorespiration proportion in GH and an O2-dependent alternative electron flux in OF, which served as protective mechanisms for the two varieties. These results showed that there are genotypic differences in the limitation factor for CO2 assimilation and in photo-protection mechanism to night chill in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, PR China 310029
| | - Li-Feng Huang
- Department of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, PR China 310029
| | - Yao-Shun Du
- Department of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, PR China 310029
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, PR China 310029
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30
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Tsuyama M, Shibata M, Kobayashi Y. Leaf factors affecting the relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence and the rate of photosynthetic electron transport as determined from CO2 uptake. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:1131-1139. [PMID: 14610881 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
CO2 uptake and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured under non-photorespiratory conditions in leaves from 14 plant species. The rate of CO2-dependent electron transport (JCO2) was calculated as four times rate of gross photosynthesis. The quantum yield of electron transport in photosystem II was estimated from the ratio delta F/Fm', where delta F is the difference between steady-state and maximal fluorescence in the light. As photon flux density (PFD) increased, JCO2 increased linearly first, and then reached saturation. The product (delta F/Fm')PFD, which is a function of electron transport rate, showed a similar response. Therefore, the relationship between (delta F/Fm') PFD versus JCO2 was proportional. However, under high light, a linear correlation was not always maintained. Factors affecting the linear correlation were analyzed by measuring CO2 uptake and chlorophyll fluorescence under illumination from either the upper (adaxial) or lower (abaxial) leaf surface, and by using plants with anatomically symmetric leaves having palisade tissues on both sides. Consequently, it was shown that the parameter delta F/Fm' is based on chlorophyll fluorescence emitted from chloroplasts present near the illuminated surface. Further, it was suggested that this restriction of the origin of fluorescence actually measured is significant in a leaf with high chlorophyll content, resulting in the deviation from linearity in the relationship between JCO2 and (delta F/Fm')PFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michito Tsuyama
- Department of Plant Resources, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Makino A, Miyake C, Yokota A. Physiological functions of the water-water cycle (Mehler reaction) and the cyclic electron flow around PSI in rice leaves. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:1017-26. [PMID: 12354919 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, P700(+)-absorbance and gas exchange during the induction phase and steady state of photosynthesis were simultaneously examined in rice (Oryza sativa L.), including the rbcS antisense plants. The quantum yield of photosystem II (PhiPSII) increased more rapidly than CO(2) assimilation in 20% O(2). This rapid increase in PhiPSII resulted from the electron flux through the water-water cycle (WWC) because of its dependency on O(2). The electron flux of WWC reached a maximum just after illumination, and rapidly generated non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). With increasing CO(2) assimilation, the electron flux of WWC and NPQ decreased. In 2% O(2), WWC scarcely operated and PhiPSI was always higher than PhiPSII. This suggested that cyclic electron flow around PSI resulted in the formation of NPQ, which remained at higher levels in 2% O(2). The electron flux of WWC in the rbcS antisense plants was lower, but these plants always showed a higher NPQ. This was also caused by the operation of the cyclic electron flow around PSI because of a higher ratio of PhiPSI/PhiPSII, irrespective of O(2) concentration. The results indicate that WWC functions as a starter of photosynthesis by generating DeltapH across thylakoid membranes for NPQ formation, supplying ATP for carbon assimilation. However, WWC does not act to maintain a high NPQ, and PhiPSII is down-regulated by DeltapH generated via the cyclic electron flow around PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Makino
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan.
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