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Bochynek T, Burd M. Pollination efficiency and the pollen-ovule ratio. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38937955 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Pollination presents a risky journey for pollen grains. Pollen loss is sometimes thought to favour greater pollen investment to compensate for the inefficiency of transport. Sex allocation theory, to the contrary, has consistently concluded that postdispersal loss should have no selective effect on investment in either sex function. But the intuitively appealing compensation idea continues to be raised despite the lack of theoretical endorsement. We address the theoretical issue with a model that directly represents pollen loss (and ovule loss through floral demise or loss of receptivity) as rate-dependent dynamical processes. These loss rates can be varied to examine the effect of pollination efficiency on optimal sex allocation. Pollen-ovule ratios follow from the sex allocation based on the resource costs of pollen and ovule production. This model confirms conventional findings that pollen loss should have essentially no effect on sexual resource allocation in large, panmictic populations. Pollen limitation of seed set does not alter this conclusion. These results force us to rethink the empirical association of pollination efficiency with low pollen-ovule ratios. This pattern could arise if efficient pollen transport commonly results in stigmatic deposition of cohorts of related pollen. Empirical evidence of correlated paternity supports this explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bochynek
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Martin Burd
- Indiana University Herbarium, East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
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Meger J, Ulaszewski B, Chmura DJ, Burczyk J. Signatures of local adaptation to current and future climate in phenology-related genes in natural populations of Quercus robur. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:78. [PMID: 38243199 PMCID: PMC10797717 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local adaptation is a key evolutionary process that enhances the growth of plants in their native habitat compared to non-native habitats, resulting in patterns of adaptive genetic variation across the entire geographic range of the species. The study of population adaptation to local environments and predicting their response to future climate change is important because of climate change. RESULTS Here, we explored the genetic diversity of candidate genes associated with bud burst in pedunculate oak individuals sampled from 6 populations in Poland. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity was assessed in 720 candidate genes using the sequence capture technique, yielding 18,799 SNPs. Using landscape genomic approaches, we identified 8 FST outliers and 781 unique SNPs in 389 genes associated with geography, climate, and phenotypic variables (individual/family spring and autumn phenology, family diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and survival) that are potentially involved in local adaptation. Then, using a nonlinear multivariate model, Gradient Forests, we identified vulnerable areas of the pedunculate oak distribution in Poland that are at risk from climate change. CONCLUSIONS The model revealed that pedunculate oak populations in the eastern part of the analyzed geographical region are the most sensitive to climate change. Our results might offer an initial evaluation of a potential management strategy for preserving the genetic diversity of pedunculate oak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Meger
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Ulaszewski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daniel J Chmura
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Jarosław Burczyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Soularue JP, Firmat C, Caignard T, Thöni A, Arnoux L, Delzon S, Ronce O, Kremer A. Antagonistic Effects of Assortative Mating on the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity along Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2023; 202:18-39. [PMID: 37384769 PMCID: PMC7614710 DOI: 10.1086/724579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious theory has shown that assortative mating for plastic traits can maintain genetic divergence across environmental gradients despite high gene flow. Yet these models did not examine how assortative mating affects the evolution of plasticity. We here describe patterns of genetic variation across elevation for plasticity in a trait under assortative mating, using multiple-year observations of budburst date in a common garden of sessile oaks. Despite high gene flow, we found significant spatial genetic divergence for the intercept, but not for the slope, of reaction norms to temperature. We then used individual-based simulations, where both the slope and the intercept of the reaction norm evolve, to examine how assortative mating affects the evolution of plasticity, varying the intensity and distance of gene flow. Our model predicts the evolution of either suboptimal plasticity (reaction norms with a slope shallower than optimal) or hyperplasticity (slopes steeper than optimal) in the presence of assortative mating when optimal plasticity would evolve under random mating. Furthermore, a cogradient pattern of genetic divergence for the intercept of the reaction norm (where plastic and genetic effects are in the same direction) always evolves in simulations with assortative mating, consistent with our observations in the studied oak populations.
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Lepais O, Aissi A, Véla E, Beghami Y. Joint analysis of microsatellites and flanking sequences enlightens complex demographic history of interspecific gene flow and vicariance in rear-edge oak populations. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:169-182. [PMID: 35725763 PMCID: PMC9411615 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inference of recent population divergence requires fast evolving markers and necessitates to differentiate shared genetic variation caused by ancestral polymorphism and gene flow. Theoretical research shows that the use of compound marker systems integrating linked polymorphisms with different mutational dynamics, such as a microsatellite and its flanking sequences, can improve estimation of population structure and inference of demographic history, especially in the case of complex population dynamics. However, empirical application in natural populations has so far been limited by lack of suitable methods for data collection. A solution comes from the development of sequence-based microsatellite genotyping which we used to study molecular variation at 36 sequenced nuclear microsatellites in seven Quercus canariensis and four Q. faginea rear-edge populations across Algeria. We aim to decipher their taxonomic relationship, past evolutionary history and recent demographic trajectory. First, we compare the estimation of population genetics parameters and simulation-based inference of demographic history from microsatellite sequence alone, flanking sequence alone or the combination of linked microsatellite and flanking sequence variation. Second, we apply random forest approximate Bayesian computation to identify which of these sequence types is most informative. Whereas analysing microsatellite variation alone indicates recent interspecific gene flow, additional information gained by integrating nucleotide variation in flanking sequences, by reducing homoplasy, suggests ancient interspecific gene flow followed by drift in isolation instead. The weight of each polymorphism in the inference also demonstrates the value of linked variations with contrasted mutation dynamic to improve estimation of both demographic and mutational parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lepais
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.
| | | | - Errol Véla
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier/CIRAD/CNRS/INRA/IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Yassine Beghami
- LAPAPEZA, Université Batna 1 Hadj Lakhdar, ISVSA, Batna, Algeria
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Wang L, Li Y, Noshiro S, Suzuki M, Arai T, Kobayashi K, Xie L, Zhang M, He N, Fang Y, Zhang F. Stepped Geomorphology Shaped the Phylogeographic Structure of a Widespread Tree Species ( Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Anacardiaceae) in East Asia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:920054. [PMID: 35720535 PMCID: PMC9201781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.920054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Species' phylogeographic patterns reflect the interplay between landscape features, climatic forces, and evolutionary processes. Here, we used two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers (trnL and trnL-F) to explore the role of stepped geomorphology in shaping the phylogeographic structure of Toxicodendron vernicifluum, an economically important tree species widely distributed in East Asia. The range-wide pattern of sequence variation was analyzed based on a dataset including 357 individuals from China, together with published sequences of 92 individuals mainly from Japan and South Korea. We identified five chloroplast haplotypes based on seven substitutions across the 717-bp alignment. A clear east-west phylogeographic break was recovered according to the stepped landforms of mainland China. The wild trees of the western clade were found to be geographically restricted to the "middle step", which is characterized by high mountains and plateaus, while those of the eastern clade were confined to the "low step", which is mainly made up of hills and plains. The two major clades were estimated to have diverged during the Early Pleistocene, suggesting that the cool glacial climate may have caused the ancestral population to retreat to at least two glacial refugia, leading to allopatric divergence in response to long-term geographic isolation. Migration vector analyses based on the outputs of ecological niche models (ENMs) supported a gradual range expansion since the Last Interglacial. Mountain ranges in western China and the East China Sea land bridge were inferred to be dispersal corridors in the western and eastern distributions of T. vernicifluum, respectively. Overall, our study provides solid evidence for the role of stepped geomorphology in shaping the phylogeographic patterns of T. vernicifluum. The resulting east-west genetic discontinuities could persist for a long time, and could occur at a much larger scale than previously reported, extending from subtropical (e.g., the Xuefeng Mountain) to warm-temperate China (e.g., the Taihang Mountain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuichi Noshiro
- Center for Obsidian and Lithic Studies, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Lei Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na He
- Xi’an Research Institute of Chinese Lacquer, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanming Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Xi’an Research Institute of Chinese Lacquer, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Xi’an, China
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Li Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Sork VL, Mao L, Fang Y. Influence of Pliocene and Pleistocene climates on hybridization patterns between two closely related oak species in China. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:231-245. [PMID: 34893791 PMCID: PMC8796672 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Contemporary patterns of genetic admixture reflect imprints of both ancient and recent gene flow, which can provide us with valuable information on hybridization history in response to palaeoclimate change. Here, we examine the relationships between present admixture patterns and past climatic niche suitability of two East Asian Cerris oaks (Quercus acutissima and Q. chenii) to test the hypothesis that the mid-Pliocene warm climate promoted while the Pleistocene cool climate limited hybridization among local closely related taxa. METHODS We analyse genetic variation at seven nuclear microsatellites (1111 individuals) and three chloroplast intergenic spacers (576 individuals) to determine the present admixture pattern and ancient hybridization history. We apply an information-theoretic model selection approach to explore the associations of genetic admixture degree with past climatic niche suitability at multiple spatial scales. KEY RESULTS More than 70 % of the hybrids determined by Bayesian clustering analysis and more than 90 % of the individuals with locally shared chloroplast haplotypes are concentrated within a mid-Pliocene contact zone between ~30°N and 35°N. Climatic niche suitabilities for Q. chenii during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period [mPWP, ~3.264-3.025 million years ago (mya)] and during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~0.022 mya) best explain the admixture patterns across all Q. acutissima populations and across those within the ancient contact zone, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that palaeoclimate change shapes present admixture patterns by influencing the extent of historical range overlap. Specifically, the mid-Pliocene warm climate promoted ancient contact, allowing widespread hybridization throughout central China. In contrast, the Pleistocene cool climate caused the local extinction of Q. chenii, reducing the probability of interspecific gene flow in most areas except those sites having a high level of ecological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Victoria L Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, USA
| | - Lingfeng Mao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yanming Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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7
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Impact of Gene Flow and Introgression on the Range Wide Genetic Structure of Quercus robur (L.) in Europe. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As for most other temperate broadleaved tree species, large-scale genetic inventories of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) have focused on the plastidial genome, which showed the impact of post-glacial recolonization and manmade seed transfer. However, how have pollen mediated gene flow and introgression impacted the large-scale genetic structure? To answer these questions, we did a genetic inventory on 1970 pedunculate oak trees from 197 locations in 13 European countries. All samples were screened with a targeted sequencing approach on a set of 381 polymorphic loci (356 nuclear SNPs, 3 nuclear InDels, 17 chloroplast SNPs, and 5 mitochondrial SNPs). In a former analysis with additional 1763 putative Quercus petraea trees screened for the same gene markers we obtained estimates on the species admixture of all pedunculate oak trees. We identified 13 plastidial haplotypes, which showed a strong spatial pattern with a highly significant autocorrelation up to a range of 1250 km. Significant spatial genetic structure up to 1250 km was also observed at the nuclear loci. However, the differentiation at the nuclear gene markers was much lower compared to the organelle gene markers. The matrix of genetic distances among locations was partially correlated between nuclear and organelle genomes. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed the best fit to the data for a sub-division into two gene pools. One gene pool is dominating the west and the other is the most abundant in the east. The western gene pool was significantly influenced by introgression from Quercus petraea in the past. In Germany, we identified a contact zone of pedunculate oaks with different introgression intensity, likely resulting from different historical levels of introgression in glacial refugia or during postglacial recolonization. The main directions of postglacial recolonization were south to north and south to northwest in West and Central Europe, and for the eastern haplotypes also east to west in Central Europe. By contrast, the pollen mediated gene flow and introgression from Q. petraea modified the large-scale structure at the nuclear gene markers with significant west–east direction.
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Eusemann P, Liesebach H. Small-scale genetic structure and mating patterns in an extensive sessile oak forest ( Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7796-7809. [PMID: 34188852 PMCID: PMC8216985 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oaks (Quercus) are major components of temperate forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere where they form intermediate or climax communities. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) forests represent the climax vegetation in eastern Germany and western Poland. Here, sessile oak forms pure stands or occurs intermixed with Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). A large body of research is available on gene flow, reproduction dynamics, and genetic structure in fragmented landscapes and mixed populations. At the same time, our knowledge regarding large, contiguous, and monospecific populations is considerably less well developed. Our study is an attempt to further develop our understanding of the reproduction ecology of sessile oak as an ecologically and economically important forest tree by analyzing mating patterns and genetic structure within adult trees and seedlings originating from one or two reproduction events in an extensive, naturally regenerating sessile oak forest. We detected positive spatial genetic structure up to 30 meters between adult trees and up to 40 meters between seedlings. Seed dispersal distances averaged 8.4 meters. Pollen dispersal distances averaged 22.6 meters. In both cases, the largest proportion of the dispersal occurred over short distances. Dispersal over longer distances was more common for pollen but also appeared regularly for seeds. The reproductive success of individual trees was highly skewed. Only 41 percent of all adult trees produced any offspring while the majority did not participate in reproduction. Among those trees that contributed to the analyzed seedling sample, 80 percent contributed 1-3 gametes. Only 20 percent of all parent trees contributed four or more gametes. However, these relatively few most fertile trees contributed 51 percent of all gametes within the seedling sample. Vitality and growth differed significantly between reproducing and nonreproducing adult trees with reproducing trees being more vital and vigorous than nonreproducing individuals. Our study demonstrates that extensive, apparently homogenous oak forests are far from uniform on the genetic level. On the contrary, they form highly complex mosaics of remarkably small local neighborhoods. This counterbalances the levelling effect of long-distance dispersal and may increase the species' adaptive potential. Incorporating these dynamics in the management, conservation, and restoration of oak forests can support the conservation of forest genetic diversity and assist those forests in coping with environmental change.
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Degen B, Yanbaev YA, Ianbaev RY, Bakhtina SY, Gabitova AA, Tagirova AA. Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Northern Populations of Pedunculate Oak Based on Analysis of New SNP Markers. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Temunović M, Garnier-Géré P, Morić M, Franjić J, Ivanković M, Bogdan S, Hampe A. Candidate gene SNP variation in floodplain populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) near the species' southern range margin: Weak differentiation yet distinct associations with water availability. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2359-2378. [PMID: 32567080 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Populations residing near species' low-latitude range margins (LLMs) often occur in warmer and drier environments than those in the core range. Thus, their genetic composition could be shaped by climatic drivers that differ from those occurring at higher latitudes, resulting in potentially adaptive variants of conservation value. Such variants could facilitate the adaptation of populations from other portions of the geographical range to similar future conditions anticipated under ongoing climate change. However, very few studies have assessed standing genetic variation at potentially adaptive loci in natural LLM populations. We investigated standing genetic variation at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within 117 candidate genes and its links to putative climatic selection pressures across 19 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) populations distributed along a regional climatic gradient near the species' southern range margin in southeastern Europe. These populations are restricted to floodplain forests along large lowland rivers, whose hydric regime is undergoing significant shifts under modern rapid climate change. The populations showed very weak geographical structure, suggesting extensive genetic connectivity and gene flow or shared ancestry. We identified eight (6.2%) positive FST -outlier loci, and genotype-environment association analyses revealed consistent associations between SNP allele frequencies and several climatic variables linked to water availability. A total of 61 associations involving 37 SNPs (28.5%) from 35 annotated genes provided important insights into putative functional mechanisms in our system. Our findings provide empirical support for the role of LLM populations as sources of potentially adaptive variation that could enhance species' resilience to climate change-related pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Temunović
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Maja Morić
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jozo Franjić
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Saša Bogdan
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Arndt Hampe
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
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Kremer A, Hipp AL. Oaks: an evolutionary success story. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:987-1011. [PMID: 31630400 PMCID: PMC7166131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Quercus is among the most widespread and species-rich tree genera in the northern hemisphere. The extraordinary species diversity in America and Asia together with the continuous continental distribution of a limited number of European species raise questions about how macro- and microevolutionary processes made the genus Quercus an evolutionary success. Synthesizing conclusions reached during the past three decades by complementary approaches in phylogenetics, phylogeography, genomics, ecology, paleobotany, population biology and quantitative genetics, this review aims to illuminate evolutionary processes leading to the radiation and expansion of oaks. From opposing scales of time and geography, we converge on four overarching explanations of evolutionary success in oaks: accumulation of large reservoirs of diversity within populations and species; ability for rapid migration contributing to ecological priority effects on lineage diversification; high rates of evolutionary divergence within clades combined with convergent solutions to ecological problems across clades; and propensity for hybridization, contributing to adaptive introgression and facilitating migration. Finally, we explore potential future research avenues, emphasizing the integration of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kremer
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 Route
d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - Andrew L. Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, Lisle IL 60532-1293, USA
- The Field Museum, Chicago IL 60605, USA
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Blanc-Jolivet C, Bakhtina S, Yanbaev R, Yanbaev Y, Mader M, Guichoux E, Degen B. Development of new SNPs loci on Quercus robur and Quercus petraea for genetic studies covering the whole species’ distribution range. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-020-01141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe used double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) to develop new geographically informative nuclear SNP loci in Quercus robur and Quercus petraea. Genotypes derived from sequence data of 95 individuals covering the distribution range of the species were analysed to select geographically informative and polymorphic loci within Russia and Germany. We successfully screened a selected set of 119 loci on a MassARRAY® iPLEX™ platform on 190 individuals from 19 locations in Russia. The newly developed loci will be useful for genetic studies over the whole distribution range of both species.
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13
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Ramírez‐Barrera SM, Velasco JA, Orozco‐Téllez TM, Vázquez‐López AM, Hernández‐Baños BE. What drives genetic and phenotypic divergence in the Red-crowned Ant tanager ( Habia rubica, Aves: Cardinalidae), a polytypic species? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12339-12352. [PMID: 31832165 PMCID: PMC6854386 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The effects of geographic and environmental variables on patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation have been thoroughly studied. Ecological speciation involves reproductive isolation due to divergent natural selection that can result in a positive correlation between genetic divergence and adaptive phenotypic divergence (isolation by adaptation, IBA). If the phenotypic target of selection is unknown or not easily measured, environmental variation can be used as a proxy, expecting positive correlation between genetic and environmental distances, independent of geographic distances (isolation by environment, IBE). The null model is that the amount of gene flow between populations decreases as the geographic distance between them increases, and genetic divergence is due simply to the neutral effects of genetic drift (isolation by distance, IBD). However, since phenotypic differentiation in natural populations may be autocorrelated with geographic distance, it is often difficult to distinguish IBA from the neutral expectation of IBD. In this work, we test hypotheses of IBA, IBE, and IBD in the Red-crowned Ant tanager (Habia rubica). LOCATION Mesoamerica (Mexico-Central America) and South America. TAXON Habia rubica (Aves: Cardinalidae). METHODS We compiled genetic data, coloration, and morphometric data from specimens from collections in Mexico and the United States. We used the Multiple Matrix Regression with Randomization (MMRR) approach to evaluate the influence of geographic and environmental distances on genetic and phenotypic differentiation of H. rubica at both phylogroup and population levels. RESULTS Our results provide strong evidence that geographic distance is the main driver of genetic variation in H. rubica. We did not find evidence that climate variation is driving population differentiation in this species across a widespread geographic region. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our data point to geographic isolation as the main factor structuring genetic variation within populations of H. rubica and suggest that climate is not playing a major role in genetic differentiation within this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Ramírez‐Barrera
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Departamento de Biología EvolutivaFacultad de CienciasMuseo de ZoologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Julián A. Velasco
- Centro de Ciencias de la AtmósferaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Tania M. Orozco‐Téllez
- Departamento de Biología EvolutivaFacultad de CienciasMuseo de ZoologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Alma M. Vázquez‐López
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Departamento de Biología EvolutivaFacultad de CienciasMuseo de ZoologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Blanca E. Hernández‐Baños
- Departamento de Biología EvolutivaFacultad de CienciasMuseo de ZoologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
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14
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Müller M, Gailing O. Abiotic genetic adaptation in the Fagaceae. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:783-795. [PMID: 31081234 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fagaceae can be found in tropical and temperate regions and contain species of major ecological and economic importance. In times of global climate change, tree populations need to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The predicted warmer and drier conditions will potentially result in locally maladapted populations. There is evidence that major genera of the Fagaceae are already negatively affected by climate change-related factors such as drought and associated biotic stressors. Therefore, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying adaptation is of great interest. In this review, we summarise current literature related to genetic adaptation to abiotic environmental conditions. We begin with an overview of genetic diversity in Fagaceae species and then summarise current knowledge related to drought stress tolerance, bud burst timing and frost tolerance in the Fagaceae. Finally, we discuss the role of hybridisation, epigenetics and phenotypic plasticity in adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Müller
- Faculty for Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - O Gailing
- Faculty for Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Wind pollination over 70 years reduces the negative genetic effects of severe forest fragmentation in the tropical oak Quercus bambusifolia. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 124:156-169. [PMID: 31431738 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether wind pollination in trees can offset the negative genetic consequences of anthropogenic forest fragmentation is not clearly established. To answer this question, we examined the demographic genetics of Quercus bambusifolia over a 70-year recovery period in highly fragmented forests in Hong Kong. We sampled 1138 individuals from 37 locations, and genetically analysed the chronosequence through the classification of tree diameters from the same populations using 13 microsatellite markers. Our study reveals that severe fragmentation caused a significant genetic bottleneck with very few remaining but genetically diverse individuals. We observed an enhanced genetic diversity during demographic recovery. We found full-sibs within populations and half-sibs across the study range. This reflects a limited seed dispersal and extensive pollen flow. Despite reduced genetic structure both among and within populations, overall a strong persisting genetic differentiation (F'ST = 0.240, P < 0.01) and significant small-scale spatial genetic structure (F(1) = 0.13, Sp = 0.024, P < 0.01) were observed. Existing bottlenecks and low effective population sizes within the temporal chronosequence suggest that the long-term effect of severe fragmentation cannot be entirely eliminated by wind pollination with demographic recovery in the absence of effective seed dispersal. Our results lead to recommendations for forest management.
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16
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Chybicki IJ, Oleksa A. Seed and pollen gene dispersal in Taxus baccata, a dioecious conifer in the face of strong population fragmentation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:409-421. [PMID: 29873697 PMCID: PMC6311948 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Dispersal is crucial due to its direct impact on dynamics of a species' distribution as well as having a role in shaping adaptive potential through gene flow. In plants forming scarce and small populations, knowledge about the dispersal process is required to assess the potential for colonizing new habitats and connectivity of present and future populations. This study aimed to assess dispersal potential in Taxus baccata, a dioecious gymnosperm tree with a wide but highly fragmented distribution. Methods Seed and pollen dispersal kernels were estimated directly in the framework of the spatially explicit mating model, where genealogies of naturally established seedlings were reconstructed with the help of microsatellite markers. In this way, six differently shaped dispersal functions were compared. Key Results Seed dispersal followed a leptokurtic distribution, with the Exponential-Power, the Power-law and Weibull being almost equally best-fitting models. The pollen dispersal kernel appeared to be more fat-tailed than the seed dispersal kernel, and the Lognormal and the Exponential-Power function showed the best fit. The rate of seed immigration from the background sources was not significantly different from the rate of pollen immigration (13.1 % vs. 19.7 %) and immigration rates were in agreement with or below maximum predictions based on the estimated dispersal kernels. Based on the multimodel approach, 95 % of seeds travel <109 m, while 95 % of pollen travels <704 m from the source. Conclusions The results showed that, at a local spatial scale, yew seeds travel shorter distances than pollen, facilitating a rapid development of a kinship structure. At the landscape level, however, although yew exhibits some potential to colonize new habitats through seed dispersal, genetic connectivity between different yew remnants is strongly limited. Taking into account strong population fragmentation, the study suggests that gene dispersal may be a limiting factor of the adaptability of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor J Chybicki
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Oleksa
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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17
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Ortego J, Gugger PF, Sork VL. Genomic data reveal cryptic lineage diversification and introgression in Californian golden cup oaks (section Protobalanus). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:804-818. [PMID: 29274282 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Here we study hybridization, introgression and lineage diversification in the widely distributed canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and the relict island oak (Q. tomentella), two Californian golden cup oaks with an intriguing biogeographical history. We employed restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing and integrated phylogenomic and population genomic analyses to study hybridization and reconstruct the evolutionary past of these taxa. Our analyses revealed the presence of two cryptic lineages within Q. chrysolepis. One of these lineages shares its most recent common ancestor with Q. tomentella, supporting the paraphyly of Q. chrysolepis. The split of these lineages was estimated to take place during the late Pliocene or the early Pleistocene, a time corresponding well with the common presence of Q. tomentella in the fossil records of continental California. Analyses also revealed historical hybridization among lineages, high introgression from Q. tomentella into Q. chrysolepis in their current area of sympatry, and widespread admixture between the two lineages of Q. chrysolepis in contact zones. Our results support that the two lineages of Q. chrysolepis behave as a single functional species phenotypically and ecologically well differentiated from Q. tomentella, a situation that can be only accommodated considering hybridization and speciation as a continuum with diffuse limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, Seville, E-41092, Spain
| | - Paul F Gugger
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Victoria L Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 957239, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
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18
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Moracho E, Jordano P, Hampe A. Drivers of tree fecundity in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) refugial populations at the species' southwestern range margin. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:195-202. [PMID: 28480629 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current low latitudinal range margins of many extra-tropical plant species consist of small and scattered populations that persist locally in microrefugia. It remains poorly understood how their refugial distribution affects mating patterns and reproductive success. Here we examine flower and acorn production and their determinants in refugial populations of the widespread European forest tree pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). We monitored male flower, female flower and acorn production in 159 adult trees from 12 oak stands over 2 years. We related these and derived parameters to a series of ecological and genetic predictor variables extrinsic (stand size, density and isolation as well as elevation, topography and forest cover) or intrinsic (size, phenology and several genotypic measures) to the target tree. Tree fertility was unrelated to extrinsic factors but determined by tree size, although we detected size-independent variation in reproductive investment. Female flower number accurately predicted acorn crop size. Fruit set differed between years, evidencing the existence of pollen limitation at the landscape but not at the local scale. Fruit set also tended to increase with the number of mates of the target tree. We detected no other evidence for genetic constraints on mating. Reproduction was triggered by a combination of small-scale and landscape-scale drivers. Although short-distance mating prevailed, limited pollen flow did not appear to significantly constrain reproductive success. The high intrinsic ability of populations to maintain their reproductive capacity may help explain their successful long-term persistence in an adverse broader environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Moracho
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - P Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Hampe
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Cestas, France
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19
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Ortego J, Gugger PF, Sork VL. Impacts of human-induced environmental disturbances on hybridization between two ecologically differentiated Californian oak species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:942-955. [PMID: 27621132 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural hybridization, which can be involved in local adaptation and in speciation processes, has been linked to different sources of anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we use genotypic data to study range-wide patterns of genetic admixture between the serpentine-soil specialist leather oak (Quercus durata) and the widespread Californian scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia). First, we estimated hybridization rates and the direction of gene flow. Second, we tested the hypothesis that genetic admixture increases with different sources of environmental disturbance, namely anthropogenic destruction of natural habitats and wildfire frequency estimated from long-term records of fire occurrence. Our analyses indicate considerable rates of hybridization (> 25%), asymmetric gene flow from Q. durata into Q. berberidifolia, and a higher occurrence of hybrids in areas where both species live in close parapatry. In accordance with the environmental disturbance hypothesis, we found that genetic admixture increases with wildfire frequency, but we did not find a significant effect of other sources of human-induced habitat alteration (urbanization, land clearing for agriculture) or a suite of ecological factors (climate, elevation, soil type). Our findings highlight that wildfires constitute an important source of environmental disturbance, promoting hybridization between two ecologically well-differentiated native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Paul F Gugger
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Victoria L Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 957239, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
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20
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Moracho E, Moreno G, Jordano P, Hampe A. Unusually limited pollen dispersal and connectivity of Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) refugial populations at the species' southern range margin. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3319-31. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Moracho
- Integrative Ecology Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Avenida Americo Vespucio s/n Sevilla E-41092 Spain
| | - G. Moreno
- Forest Research Group; Universidad de Extremadura; Plasencia 10600 Spain
| | - P. Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Avenida Americo Vespucio s/n Sevilla E-41092 Spain
| | - A. Hampe
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO; INRA; Cestas F-33610 France
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO; University of Bordeaux; Pessac F-33615 France
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21
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Guidugli MC, Nazareno AG, Feres JM, Contel EPB, Mestriner MA, Alzate-Marin AL. Small but not isolated: a population genetic survey of the tropical tree Cariniana estrellensis (Lecythidaceae) in a highly fragmented habitat. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:339-47. [PMID: 26732014 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we explore the mating pattern and genetic structure of a tropical tree species, Cariniana estrellensis, in a small population in which progeny arrays (n=399), all adults (n=28) and all seedlings (n=39) were genotyped at nine highly informative microsatellite loci. From progeny arrays we were able to identify the source tree for at least 78% of pollination events. The gene immigration rates, mainly attributable to pollen, were high, varying from 23.5 to 53%. Although gene dispersal over long distance was observed, the effective gene dispersal distances within the small population were relatively short, with mean pollination distances varying from 69.9 to 146.9 m, and seed dispersal distances occurring up to a mean of 119.6 m. Mating system analyses showed that C. estrellensis is an allogamous species (tm=0.999), with both biparental inbreeding (tm-ts=-0.016) and selfing rates (s=0.001) that are not significantly different from zero. Even though the population is small, the presence of private alleles in both seedlings and progeny arrays and the elevated rates of gene immigration indicate that the C. estrellensis population is not genetically isolated. However, genetic diversity expressed by allelic richness was significantly lower in postfragmentation life stages. Although there was a loss of genetic diversity, indicating susceptibility of C. estrellensis to habitat fragmentation, no evidence of inbreeding or spatial genetic structure was observed across generations. Overall, C. estrellensis showed some resilience to negative genetic effects of habitat fragmentation, but conservation strategies are needed to preserve the remaining genetic diversity of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Guidugli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A G Nazareno
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J M Feres
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E P B Contel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Mestriner
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A L Alzate-Marin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Genética-Bloco B, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Ashley MV, Abraham ST, Backs JR, Koenig WD. Landscape genetics and population structure in Valley Oak (Quercus lobata Née). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:2124-2131. [PMID: 26672009 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Although long-distance pollen movement is common in wind-pollinated trees, barriers to gene flow may occur in species that have discontinuous ranges or are confined to certain habitat types. We investigated the genetic structure of Quercus lobata Née populations throughout much of their range in California. We assessed the connectivity of populations and determined if barriers to gene flow occurred, and if so, if they corresponded to landscape features. METHODS We collected leaf samples from 270 trees from 12 stands of Quercus lobata and genotyped these trees using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci. Genetic structure and clustering was evaluated using genetic distance methods, Bayesian clustering approaches, and network analysis of spatial genetic structure. KEY RESULTS The southernmost population of Quercus lobata sampled from the Santa Monica area comprised a separate genetic cluster from the rest of the species, suggesting that Transverse Ranges such as the San Gabriel Mountains limit gene flow. Population differentiation among the other sites was small but significant. Network analysis reflected higher connectivity among populations along the Central Coast range, with few connections spanning the dry, low Central Valley. CONCLUSIONS While long distance pollen movement has been shown to be common in oaks, on larger spatial scales, topographic features such as mountain ranges and the large, flat Central Valley of California limit gene flow. Such landscape features explain gene flow patterns much better than geographic distance alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Ashley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Saji T Abraham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Janet R Backs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Walter D Koenig
- Lab of Ornithology and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850 USA
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23
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Ortego J, Bonal R, Muñoz A, Espelta JM. Living on the edge: the role of geography and environment in structuring genetic variation in the southernmost populations of a tropical oak. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:676-683. [PMID: 25284378 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors determining genetic diversity and structure in peripheral populations is a long-standing goal of evolutionary biogeography, yet little empirical information is available for tropical species. In this study, we combine information from nuclear microsatellite markers and niche modelling to analyse the factors structuring genetic variation across the southernmost populations of the tropical oak Quercus segoviensis. First, we tested the hypothesis that genetic variability decreases with population isolation and increases with local habitat suitability and stability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Second, we employed a recently developed multiple matrix regression with randomisation (MMRR) approach to study the factors associated with genetic divergence among the studied populations and test the relative contribution of environmental and geographic isolation to contemporary patterns of genetic differentiation. We found that genetic diversity was negatively correlated with average genetic differentiation with other populations, indicating that isolation and limited gene flow have contributed to erode genetic variability in some populations. Considering the relatively small size of the study area (<120 km), analyses of genetic structure indicate a remarkable inter-population genetic differentiation. Environmental dissimilarity and differences in current and past climate niche suitability and their additive effects were not associated with genetic differentiation after controlling for geographic distance, indicating that local climate does not contribute to explain spatial patterns of genetic structure. Overall, our data indicate that geographic isolation, but not current or past climate, is the main factor determining contemporary patterns of genetic diversity and structure within the southernmost peripheral populations of this tropical oak.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ortego
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain; Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain
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24
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Bertolasi B, Leonarduzzi C, Piotti A, Leonardi S, Zago L, Gui L, Gorian F, Vanetti I, Binelli G. A last stand in the Po valley: genetic structure and gene flow patterns in Ulmus minor and U. pumila. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:683-92. [PMID: 25725008 PMCID: PMC4343291 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ulmus minor has been severely affected by Dutch elm disease (DED). The introduction into Europe of the exotic Ulmus pumila, highly tolerant to DED, has resulted in it widely replacing native U. minor populations. Morphological and genetic evidence of hybridization has been reported, and thus there is a need for assessment of interspecific gene flow patterns in natural populations. This work therefore aimed at studying pollen gene flow in a remnant U. minor stand surrounded by trees of both species scattered across an agricultural landscape. METHODS All trees from a small natural stand (350 in number) and the surrounding agricultural area within a 5-km radius (89) were genotyped at six microsatellite loci. Trees were morphologically characterized as U. minor, U. pumila or intermediate phenotypes, and morphological identification was compared with Bayesian clustering of genotypes. For paternity analysis, seeds were collected in two consecutive years from 20 and 28 mother trees. Maximum likelihood paternity assignment was used to elucidate intra- and interspecific gene flow patterns. KEY RESULTS Genetic structure analyses indicated the presence of two genetic clusters only partially matching the morphological identification. The paternity analysis results were consistent between the two consecutive years of sampling and showed high pollen immigration rates (∼0·80) and mean pollination distances (∼3 km), and a skewed distribution of reproductive success. Few intercluster pollinations and putative hybrid individuals were found. CONCLUSIONS Pollen gene flow is not impeded in the fragmented agricultural landscape investigated. High pollen immigration and extensive pollen dispersal distances are probably counteracting the potential loss of genetic variation caused by isolation. Some evidence was also found that U. minor and U. pumila can hybridize when in sympatry. Although hybridization might have beneficial effects on both species, remnant U. minor populations represent a valuable source of genetic diversity that needs to be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bertolasi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - C Leonarduzzi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - A Piotti
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - S Leonardi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - L Zago
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - L Gui
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - F Gorian
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - I Vanetti
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - G Binelli
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
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Bai WN, Wang WT, Zhang DY. Contrasts between the phylogeographic patterns of chloroplast and nuclear DNA highlight a role for pollen-mediated gene flow in preventing population divergence in an East Asian temperate tree. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 81:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Finger A, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Kettle CJ, Valentin T, Ghazoul J. Genetic connectivity of the moth pollinated tree Glionnetia sericea in a highly fragmented habitat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111111. [PMID: 25347541 PMCID: PMC4210268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-distance gene flow is thought to be one prerequisite for the persistence of plant species in fragmented environments. Human influences have led to severe fragmentation of native habitats in the Seychelles islands, with many species surviving only in small and isolated populations. The endangered Seychelles endemic tree Glionnetia sericea is restricted to altitudes between 450 m and 900 m where the native forest vegetation has been largely lost and replaced with exotic invasives over the last 200 years. This study explores the genetic and ecological consequences of population fragmentation in this species by analysing patterns of genetic diversity in a sample of adults, juveniles and seeds, and by using controlled pollination experiments. Our results show no decrease in genetic diversity and no increase in genetic structuring from adult to juvenile cohorts. Despite significant inbreeding in some populations, there is no evidence of higher inbreeding in juvenile cohorts relative to adults. A Bayesian structure analysis and a tentative paternity analysis indicate extensive historical and contemporary gene flow among remnant populations. Pollination experiments and a paternity analysis show that Glionnetia sericea is self-compatible. Nevertheless, outcrossing is present with 7% of mating events resulting from pollen transfer between populations. Artificial pollination provided no evidence for pollen limitation in isolated populations. The highly mobile and specialized hawkmoth pollinators (Agrius convolvuli and Cenophodes tamsi; Sphingidae) appear to promote extensive gene flow, thus mitigating the potential negative ecological and genetic effects of habitat fragmentation in this species. We conclude that contemporary gene flow is sufficient to maintain genetic connectivity in this rare and restricted Seychelles endemic, in contrast to other island endemic tree species with limited contemporary gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Finger
- Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Chris J. Kettle
- Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Evolutionary responses of tree phenology to the combined effects of assortative mating, gene flow and divergent selection. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:485-94. [PMID: 24924591 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of bud burst (TBB) in temperate trees is a key adaptive trait, the expression of which is triggered by temperature gradients across the landscape. TBB is strongly correlated with flowering time and is therefore probably mediated by assortative mating. We derived theoretical predictions and realized numerical simulations of evolutionary changes in TBB in response to divergent selection and gene flow in a metapopulation. We showed that the combination of the environmental gradient of TBB and assortative mating creates contrasting genetic clines, depending on the direction of divergent selection. If divergent selection acts in the same direction as the environmental gradient (cogradient settings), genetic clines are established and inflated by assortative mating. Conversely, under divergent selection of the same strength but acting in the opposite direction (countergradient selection), genetic clines are slightly constrained. We explored the consequences of these dynamics for population maladaptation, by monitoring pollen swamping. Depending on the direction of divergent selection with respect to the environmental gradient, pollen filtering owing to assortative mating either facilitates or impedes adaptation in peripheral populations.
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28
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Woolbright SA, Whitham TG, Gehring CA, Allan GJ, Bailey JK. Climate relicts and their associated communities as natural ecology and evolution laboratories. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:406-16. [PMID: 24932850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Climate relicts, marginal populations that have become isolated via climate-driven range shifts, preserve ecological and evolutionary histories that can span millennia. Studies point to climate relicts as 'natural laboratories' for investigating how long-term environmental change impacts species and populations. However, we propose that such research should be expanded to reveal how climate change affects 'interacting' species in ways that reshape community composition and evolution. Biotic interactions and their community and ecosystem effects are often genetically based and driven by associations with foundation species. We discuss evolution in climate relicts within the context of the emerging fields of community and ecosystem genetics, exploring the idea that foundation relicts are also natural community and ecosystem laboratories and windows to future landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Woolbright
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Gerard J Allan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Joseph K Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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29
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Schueler S, Falk W, Koskela J, Lefèvre F, Bozzano M, Hubert J, Kraigher H, Longauer R, Olrik DC. Vulnerability of dynamic genetic conservation units of forest trees in Europe to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1498-511. [PMID: 24273066 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A transnational network of genetic conservation units for forest trees was recently documented in Europe aiming at the conservation of evolutionary processes and the adaptive potential of natural or man-made tree populations. In this study, we quantified the vulnerability of individual conservation units and the whole network to climate change using climate favourability models and the estimated velocity of climate change. Compared to the overall climate niche of the analysed target species populations at the warm and dry end of the species niche are underrepresented in the network. However, by 2100, target species in 33-65 % of conservation units, mostly located in southern Europe, will be at the limit or outside the species' current climatic niche as demonstrated by favourabilities below required model sensitivities of 95%. The highest average decrease in favourabilities throughout the network can be expected for coniferous trees although they are mainly occurring within units in mountainous landscapes for which we estimated lower velocities of change. Generally, the species-specific estimates of favourabilities showed only low correlations to the velocity of climate change in individual units, indicating that both vulnerability measures should be considered for climate risk analysis. The variation in favourabilities among target species within the same conservation units is expected to increase with climate change and will likely require a prioritization among co-occurring species. The present results suggest that there is a strong need to intensify monitoring efforts and to develop additional conservation measures for populations in the most vulnerable units. Also, our results call for continued transnational actions for genetic conservation of European forest trees, including the establishment of dynamic conservation populations outside the current species distribution ranges within European assisted migration schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Schueler
- Department of Genetics, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscapes, Hauptstr. 7, Vienna, 1140, Austria
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30
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Ellstrand NC. Is gene flow the most important evolutionary force in plants? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:737-53. [PMID: 24752890 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although theory has demonstrated rather low levels of gene flow are sufficient to counteract opposing mutation, drift, and selection, widespread recognition of the evolutionary importance of gene flow has come slowly. The perceived role of gene flow as an evolutionary force has vacillated over the last century. In the last few decades, new methods and analyses have demonstrated that plant gene flow rates vary tremendously-from nil to very high-depending on the species and specific populations involved, and sometimes over time for individual populations. In many cases, the measured gene flow rates are evolutionarily significant at distances of hundreds and sometimes thousands of meters, occurring at levels sufficient to counteract drift, spread advantageous alleles, or thwart moderate levels of opposing local selection. Gene flow in plants is likely to often act as a cohesive force, uniting individual plant species into real evolutionary units. Also, gene flow can evolve under natural selection, decreasing or increasing. The fact of frequent, but variable, plant gene flow has important consequences for applied issues in which the presence or absence of gene flow might influence the outcome of a policy, regulatory, or management decision. Examples include the unintended spread of engineered genes, the evolution of invasiveness, and conservation. New data-rich genomic techniques allow closer scrutiny of the role of gene flow in plant evolution. Most plant evolutionists now recognize the importance of gene flow, and it is receiving increased recognition from other areas of plant biology as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124 USA
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31
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Costa e Silva J, Potts BM, Lopez GA. Heterosis may result in selection favouring the products of long-distance pollen dispersal in Eucalyptus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93811. [PMID: 24751722 PMCID: PMC3994164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Using native trees from near the northern and southern extremities of the relatively continuous eastern distribution of Eucalyptus globulus in Tasmania, we compared the progenies derived from natural open-pollination (OP) with those generated from within-region and long-distance outcrossing. Controlled outcrossing amongst eight parents - with four parents from each of the northern and southern regions - was undertaken using a diallel mating scheme. The progeny were planted in two field trials located within the species native range in southern Tasmania, and their survival and diameter growth were monitored over a 13-year-period. The survival and growth performances of all controlled cross types exceeded those of the OP progenies, consistent with inbreeding depression due to a combination of selfing and bi-parental inbreeding. The poorer survival of the northern regional (♀N♂N) outcrosses compared with the local southern regional outcrosses (♀S♂S) indicated differential selection against the former. Despite this mal-adaptation of the non-local ♀N♂N crosses at both southern sites, the survival of the inter-regional hybrids (♀N♂S and ♀S♂N) was never significantly different from that of the local ♀S♂S crosses. Significant site-dependent heterosis was detected for the growth of the surviving long-distance hybrids. This was expressed as mid-parent heterosis, particularly at the more northern planting site. Heterosis increased with age, while the difference between the regional ♀N♂N and ♀S♂S crosses remained insignificant at any age at either site. Nevertheless, the results for growth suggest that the fitness of individuals derived from long-distance crossing may be better at the more northern of the planting sites. Our results demonstrate the potential for early-age assessments of pollen dispersal to underestimate realised gene flow, with local inbreeding under natural open-pollination resulting in selection favouring the products of longer-distance pollinations. Indeed, heterosis derived from long-distance pollinations may be sufficient to counter local mal-adaptation, at least in the first generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Costa e Silva
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gustavo A. Lopez
- School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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32
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Gerber S, Chadœuf J, Gugerli F, Lascoux M, Buiteveld J, Cottrell J, Dounavi A, Fineschi S, Forrest LL, Fogelqvist J, Goicoechea PG, Jensen JS, Salvini D, Vendramin GG, Kremer A. High rates of gene flow by pollen and seed in oak populations across Europe. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85130. [PMID: 24454802 PMCID: PMC3890301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe. Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3], [47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5–8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale. On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21–88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20–66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation. Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gerber
- BIOGECO, UMR1202, INRA, Cestas, France ; BIOGECO, UMR1202, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | | | - Felix Gugerli
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lascoux
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Joan Cottrell
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Dounavi
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Institute for Plant Protection, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Laura L Forrest
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Fogelqvist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Daniela Salvini
- Institute for Plant Protection, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy ; Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Antoine Kremer
- BIOGECO, UMR1202, INRA, Cestas, France ; BIOGECO, UMR1202, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
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33
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Chybicki IJ, Burczyk J. Seeing the forest through the trees: comprehensive inference on individual mating patterns in a mixed stand of Quercus robur and Q. petraea. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:561-74. [PMID: 23788747 PMCID: PMC3718219 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sexual reproduction is one of the most important moments in a life cycle, determining the genetic composition of individual offspring. Controlled pollination experiments often show high variation in the mating system at the individual level, suggesting a persistence of individual variation in natural populations. Individual variation in mating patterns may have significant adaptive implications for a population and for the entire species. Nevertheless, field data rarely address individual differences in mating patterns, focusing rather on averages. This study aimed to quantify individual variation in the different components of mating patterns. METHODS Microsatellite data were used from 421 adult trees and 1911 seeds, structured in 72 half-sib families collected in a single mixed stand of Quercus robur and Q. petraea in northern Poland. Using a Bayesian approach, mating patterns were investigated, taking into account pollen dispersal, male fecundity, possible hybridization and heterogeneity in immigrant pollen pools. KEY RESULTS Pollen dispersal followed a heavy-tailed distribution (283 m on average). In spite of high pollen mobility, immigrant pollen pools showed strong genetic structuring among mothers. At the individual level, immigrant pollen pools showed highly variable divergence rates, revealing that sources of immigrant pollen can vary greatly among particular trees. Within the stand, the distribution of male fecundity appeared highly skewed, with a small number of dominant males, resulting in a ratio of census to effective density of pollen donors of 5·3. Male fecundity was not correlated with tree diameter but showed strong cline-like spatial variation. This pattern can be attributed to environmental variation. Quercus petraea revealed a greater preference (74 %) towards intraspecific mating than Q. robur (36 %), although mating preferences varied among trees. CONCLUSIONS Mating patterns can reveal great variation among individuals, even within a single even-age stand. The results show that trees can mate assortatively, with little respect for spatial proximity. Such selective mating may be a result of variable combining compatibility among trees due to genetic and/or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor J Chybicki
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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34
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Hampe A, Pemonge MH, Petit RJ. Efficient mitigation of founder effects during the establishment of a leading-edge oak population. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131070. [PMID: 23782887 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous plant species are shifting their range polewards in response to ongoing climate change. Range shifts typically involve the repeated establishment and growth of leading-edge populations well ahead of the main species range. How these populations recover from founder events and associated diversity loss remains poorly understood. To help fill this gap, we exhaustively investigated a newly established population of holm oak (Quercus ilex) growing more than 30 km ahead of the nearest larger stands. Pedigree reconstructions showed that plants belong to two non-overlapping generations and that the whole population originates from only two founder trees. The four first-generation trees that have reached maturity showed disparate mating patterns despite being full-sibs. Long-distance pollen immigration was notable despite the strong isolation of the stand: 6 per cent gene flow events in acorns collected on the trees (n = 255), and as much as 27 per cent among their established offspring (n = 33). Our results show that isolated leading-edge populations of wind-pollinated forest trees can rapidly restore their genetic diversity through the interacting effects of efficient long-distance pollen flow and purging of inbred individuals during recruitment. They imply that range expansions of these species are primarily constrained by initial propagule arrival rather than by subsequent gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Hampe
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69, Route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France.
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35
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McCauley RA, Christie BJ, Ireland EL, Landers RA, Nichols HR, Schendel MT. Influence of Relictual Species on the Morphology of a Hybridizing Oak Complex: An Analysis of theQuercusX UndulataComplex in the Four Corners Region. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2012. [DOI: 10.3398/064.072.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Kremer A, Ronce O, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Guillaume F, Bohrer G, Nathan R, Bridle JR, Gomulkiewicz R, Klein EK, Ritland K, Kuparinen A, Gerber S, Schueler S. Long-distance gene flow and adaptation of forest trees to rapid climate change. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:378-92. [PMID: 22372546 PMCID: PMC3490371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forest trees are the dominant species in many parts of the world and predicting how they might respond to climate change is a vital global concern. Trees are capable of long-distance gene flow, which can promote adaptive evolution in novel environments by increasing genetic variation for fitness. It is unclear, however, if this can compensate for maladaptive effects of gene flow and for the long-generation times of trees. We critically review data on the extent of long-distance gene flow and summarise theory that allows us to predict evolutionary responses of trees to climate change. Estimates of long-distance gene flow based both on direct observations and on genetic methods provide evidence that genes can move over spatial scales larger than habitat shifts predicted under climate change within one generation. Both theoretical and empirical data suggest that the positive effects of gene flow on adaptation may dominate in many instances. The balance of positive to negative consequences of gene flow may, however, differ for leading edge, core and rear sections of forest distributions. We propose future experimental and theoretical research that would better integrate dispersal biology with evolutionary quantitative genetics and improve predictions of tree responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kremer
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, France
| | - Ophélie Ronce
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Juan J Robledo-Arnuncio
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Gil Bohrer
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Ran Nathan
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Jon R Bridle
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Richard Gomulkiewicz
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Etienne K Klein
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Kermit Ritland
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Sophie Gerber
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Silvio Schueler
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
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