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Geden CJ, White RL, Pagac AA, Machtinger ET. Comparative susceptibility of adult house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and an important predator, Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae), to Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024:tjae075. [PMID: 38829822 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
House flies (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) are challenging pests to control. Biological control using Carcinops pumilio beetles may help to reduce house fly populations. However, it is unknown if C. pumilio beetles are compatible with Beauveria bassiana, another house fly biological control option. Five strains of commercially available (GHA, HF23, and L90) and newly discovered (NFH10 and PSU1) strains of B. bassiana were used to test the comparative susceptibility of adult house flies and adult C. pumilio using different laboratory exposure methods. Adult house flies were susceptible to B. bassiana in contact filter paper assays (89%-98% mortality) and immersion assays (100% mortality) at the same 108 conidia suspension using 0.1% CapSil as an aqueous surfactant. Carcinops pumilio were less susceptible than flies to B. bassiana infection using the contact and immersion assays at the same 108 conidial concentration, with 4.4%-12.2% and 8.3%-24.6% mortality, respectively. Immersion in an aqueous conidial suspension resulted in higher mortality compared to contact with treated filter papers at the same 108 concentration with house flies and beetles. We conclude that C. pumilio can safely be used as a biological control agent for house flies with B. bassiana in animal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Geden
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agriculture, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Roxie L White
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agriculture, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Alexandra A Pagac
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agriculture, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Erika T Machtinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
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Pagac AA, Geden CJ, Martin GP, Patterson PH, Machtinger ET. Susceptibility of the adult house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and 3 of its principal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to the GHA strain of Beauveria bassiana and 4 isolates from field-collected muscid flies. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1364-1373. [PMID: 37643752 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
House fly (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) populations can negatively impact poultry layer facilities, posing a risk to human and animal health and egg food safety. House flies quickly develop resistance to traditional chemical control methods; therefore, improved biological control may provide opportunities for improved integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Biological control methods currently used include augmentative releases of pteromalid pupal parasitoids and application of the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. This study used bioassays to compare the impact of different B. bassiana strains on survival of house flies and of 3 species of filth fly parasitoids. The B. bassiana that were compared were 3 new field-collected isolates, an older field-collected isolate (L90), and a common commercially available strain (GHA). Flies and parasitoids were exposed to filter paper treated with 1.5 × 109 spores of each strain and a control. All field-isolated strains induced lower mean survival times in house flies than GHA did. The results for all species of parasitoids demonstrated less difference among the treatment groups and the control than in-house flies. Although there was some effect of B. bassiana exposure on parasitoid mortality, the expected spatial separation of parasitoids from areas of application may offer some protection. Using the most effective tested strains of B. bassiana and filth fly parasitoids jointly could be a biological component of an IPM plan for fly control in poultry facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Pagac
- Veterinary Entomology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, 06 Chemical Ecology Laboratory, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Christopher J Geden
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Gregory P Martin
- Pennsylvania State University Cooperative Extension-Poultry, 323 Agricultural Admin Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Paul H Patterson
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, 317 Agricultural and Industries Building University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Erika T Machtinger
- Veterinary Entomology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, 06 Chemical Ecology Laboratory, State College, PA 16802, USA
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Camele I, Sadeek SA, Racioppi R, Elshafie HS. Antimicrobial Activity of Diffusible and Volatile Metabolites Emitted by Beauveria bassiana: Chemical Profile of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Using SPME-GC/MS Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2854. [PMID: 37571008 PMCID: PMC10421005 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Beauveria includes important entomopathogenic and endophytic fungi; among them, Beauveria bassiana is the most studied species. However, there is little knowledge regarding their antimicrobial activity. The current research has been conducted to evaluate the in vitro antagonistic activity of B. bassiana and the antimicrobial efficacy of its Exo and Endo metabolites against Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, Clavibacter michiganensis (Gram positive bacteria, G+ve), Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. fluorescence (Gram negative bacteria, G-ve). In addition, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to qualitatively measure the volatile organic compounds' (VOCs) metabolic profile of the most efficient studied isolate of B. bassiana. The obtained results showed that the isolate UniB2439-3 has a promising antibacterial effect against most of the studied target bacteria. An SPME-GC/MS analysis of VOCs revealed the presence of ethanol, butanal,2-methyl, 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene, octane, 4-methyl and β-elemene as the dominant bioactive compounds. The results demonstrated that the efficient isolate of B. bassiana can be potentially used as a biocontrol agent against several bacteria, especially G+ve ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippolito Camele
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environment al Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Sadeek A. Sadeek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagazig, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Hazem S. Elshafie
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environment al Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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D'Angelo EM. Diversity of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes expressed in Class A biosolids and biosolids-amended soil as revealed by metatranscriptomic analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad097. [PMID: 37596067 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Class A biosolids is a treated sewage sludge, commonly applied to agricultural fields, home lawns/gardens, golf courses, forests, and remediation sites around the world. This practice is of public and agricultural concern due to the possibility that biosolids contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungal pathogens that could persist for extended periods in soil. This possibility was determined by metatranscriptomic analysis of virulence, antibiotic resistance, and plasmid conjugation genes, a Class A biosolids, organically managed soil, and biosolids-amended soil under realistic conditions. Biosolids harbored numerous transcriptionally active pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, and conjugative genes that annotated mostly to Gram-positive pathogens of animal hosts. Biosolids amendment to soil significantly increased the expression of virulence genes by numerous pathogens and antibiotic-resistant genes that were strongly associated with biosolids. Biosolids amendment also significantly increased the expression of virulence genes by native soil fungal pathogens of plant hosts, which suggests higher risks of crop damage by soil fungal pathogens in biosolids-amended soil. Although results are likely to be different in other soils, biosolids, and microbial growth conditions, they provide a more holistic, accurate view of potential health risks associated with biosolids and biosolids-amended soils than has been achievable with more selective cultivation and PCR-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marie D'Angelo
- Plant and Soil Sciences Department, University of Kentucky, N-122 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
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Entomopathogenic Fungi as a Potential Management Tool for the Control of Urban Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020223. [PMID: 36836337 PMCID: PMC9966075 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) is the vector of urban malaria in India and has a significant impact in transmitting infection in cities and towns. Further, WHO has also alarmed its invasive nature as a threat to African countries. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae have been found to be highly effective in controlling vector mosquito populations and therefore could be used in integrated vector control programs. Before employing the entomopathogenic fungi into the control programs, an effective isolate must be selected. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bb5a and Bb-NBAIR) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma4 and Ma-NBAIR) isolates against An. stephensi. Cement and mud panels were treated with fungal conidia with the concentration of 1 × 107 conidia/mL and adult An. stephensi mosquitoes were exposed to the treated panels (24 h after conidia were applied) by conducting WHO cone bioassay tests. The survival of the mosquitoes was monitored daily until the 10th day. In the second experiment, second instar larvae of An. stephensi were treated with fungal (Bb5a, Bb-NBAIR, Ma4 and Ma-NBAIR) conidia and blastospores with the spore concentration of 1 × 107 spores/mL. The survival of larvae was monitored until pupation. All the fungal isolates tested caused mortality in the adult mosquitoes, with varying median survival times. The Bb5a isolate reported lesser median survival times on both cement and mud panels (6 days). The treated mosquitoes showed similar survival rates for each fungal isolate irrespective of the panel type. There was no mortality in the treated larvae; however, a delay in larval development to pupae was observed compared with the untreated control larvae. Ma4-treated larvae took 11 days (95% CI = 10.7-11.2) to become pupae when compared with the untreated control larvae (6 days [95% CI = 5.6-6.3]). The findings of this study will be useful to consider EPF as a tool for the management of vector mosquitoes.
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Ali S, Sajjad A, Shakeel Q, Farooqi MA, Aqueel MA, Tariq K, Ullah MI, Iqbal A, Jamal A, Saeed MF, Manachini B. Influence of Bacterial Secondary Symbionts in Sitobion avenae on Its Survival Fitness against Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13111037. [PMID: 36354861 PMCID: PMC9696637 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The research was focused on the ability of wheat aphids Sitobion avenae, harboring bacterial secondary symbionts (BSS) Hamiltonella defensa or Regiella insecticola, to withstand exposure to fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum. In comparison to aphids lacking bacterial secondary symbionts, BSS considerably increased the lifespan of wheat aphids exposed to B. bassiana strains (Bb1022, EABb04/01-Tip) and M. brunneum strains (ART 2825 and BIPESCO 5) and also reduced the aphids' mortality. The wheat aphid clones lacking bacterial secondary symbionts were shown to be particularly vulnerable to M. brunneum strain BIPESCO 5. As opposed to wheat aphids carrying bacterial symbionts, fungal pathogens infected the wheat aphids lacking H. defensa and R. insecticola more quickly. When treated with fungal pathogens, bacterial endosymbionts had a favorable effect on the fecundity of their host aphids compared to the aphids lacking these symbionts, but there was no change in fungal sporulation on the deceased aphids. By defending their insect hosts against natural enemies, BSS increase the population of their host society and may have a significant impact on the development of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ali
- Department of Entomology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Asif Sajjad
- Department of Entomology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser Shakeel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - M. Aslam Farooqi
- Department of Entomology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - M. Anjum Aqueel
- Department of Entomology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Kaleem Tariq
- Department of Agriculture Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | | | - Aamir Iqbal
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Aftab Jamal
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Saeed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.F.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Manachini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 13, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.S.); (B.M.)
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White RL, Geden CJ, Kaufman PE, Johnson D. Comparative Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Four Strains of Beauveria bassiana Against House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Adults With Attempted Selection for Faster Mortality. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1771-1778. [PMID: 33704481 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae/brunneum (Metchnikoff)/Petch have shown promising results for managing the house fly, Musca domestica L. A primary challenge of using these biological control agents (BCAs) in field situations is the time required to induce high adult house fly mortality, typically 6-7 d post-exposure. In this study, virulence of M. anisopliae (strain F52) and four B. bassiana strains were compared. The B. bassiana strains GHA and HF23 are used in commercial products and those were compared with two strains that were isolated from house flies on dairy farms (NFH10 and L90). Assays were conducted by exposing adult house flies to fungal-treated filter paper disks for 2 h. The lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) at the high concentration of 1 × 109 conidia ranged from 3.8 to 5.2 d for all five strains. GHA, NFH10, and L90 killed flies faster than M. anisopliae strain F52; HF23 did not differ from either the M. anisopliae or the other B. bassiana strains. Attempts with the NFH10 strain to induce faster fly mortality through selection across 10 fungal to fly passages did not result in shorter time to fly death of the selected strain compared with the unselected strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxie L White
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agriculture, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher J Geden
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agriculture, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dana Johnson
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agriculture, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Machtinger ET, Poh KC. Special Collection: Protocols in Medical and Veterinary Entomology. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:1. [PMID: 33135744 PMCID: PMC7604813 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Machtinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Karen C Poh
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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