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Loh YM, Xu YY, Lee TT, Ohashi TS, Zhang YD, Eberl DF, Su MP, Kamikouchi A. Differences in male Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus hearing systems facilitate recognition of conspecific female flight tones. iScience 2024; 27:110264. [PMID: 39027372 PMCID: PMC11255862 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
When Aedes albopictus mosquitoes invade regions predominated by Aedes aegypti, either the latter can be displaced or the species can coexist, with potential consequences on disease transmission. Males from both species identify females by listening for her flight sounds. Comparing male hearing systems may provide insight into how hearing could prevent interspecific mating. Here, we show that species-specific differences in female wing beat frequencies are reflected in differences in male ear mechanical tuning frequencies and sound response profiles. Though Aedes albopictus males are attracted to sound, they do not readily display abdominal bending, unlike Aedes aegypti. We observed interspecific differences in male ear mechanical, but not electrical, tuning, suggesting a conserved primary auditory processing pathway. Our work suggests a potential role for hearing in the premating isolation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, with implications for predicting future dynamics in their sympatric relationships and our understanding of mosquito acoustic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuMin M. Loh
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yifeng Y.J. Xu
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tai-Ting Lee
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuro S. Ohashi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yixiao D. Zhang
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daniel F. Eberl
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew P. Su
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Azusa Kamikouchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Rodríguez Ballesteros A, Desjonquères C, Hevia V, García Llorente M, Ulloa JS, Llusia D. Towards acoustic monitoring of bees: wingbeat sounds are related to species and individual traits. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230111. [PMID: 38705186 PMCID: PMC11070252 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Global pollinator decline urgently requires effective methods to assess their trends, distribution and behaviour. Passive acoustics is a non-invasive and cost-efficient monitoring tool increasingly employed for monitoring animal communities. However, insect sounds remain highly unexplored, hindering the application of this technique for pollinators. To overcome this shortfall and support future developments, we recorded and characterized wingbeat sounds of a variety of Iberian domestic and wild bees and tested their relationship with taxonomic, morphological, behavioural and environmental traits at inter- and intra-specific levels. Using directional microphones and machine learning, we shed light on the acoustic signature of bee wingbeat sounds and their potential to be used for species identification and monitoring. Our results revealed that frequency of wingbeat sounds is negatively related with body size and environmental temperature (between-species analysis), while it is positively related with experimentally induced stress conditions (within-individual analysis). We also found a characteristic acoustic signature in the European honeybee that supported automated classification of this bee from a pool of wild bees, paving the way for passive acoustic monitoring of pollinators. Overall, these findings confirm that insect sounds during flight activity can provide insights on individual and species traits, and hence suggest novel and promising applications for this endangered animal group. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rodríguez Ballesteros
- Terrestrial Ecology Group, Departament of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Social-ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Camille Desjonquères
- Terrestrial Ecology Group, Departament of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Violeta Hevia
- Social-ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina García Llorente
- Social-ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan S. Ulloa
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Diego Llusia
- Terrestrial Ecology Group, Departament of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, Department of Ecology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil 74690-900
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Saha T, Genoud AP, Park JH, Thomas BP. Temperature Dependency of Insect's Wingbeat Frequencies: An Empirical Approach to Temperature Correction. INSECTS 2024; 15:342. [PMID: 38786898 PMCID: PMC11121811 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between the wingbeat frequency of flying insects and ambient temperature, leveraging data from over 302,000 insect observations obtained using a near-infrared optical sensor during an eight-month field experiment. By measuring the wingbeat frequency as well as wing and body optical cross-sections of each insect in conjunction with the ambient temperature, we identified five clusters of insects and analyzed how their average wingbeat frequencies evolved over temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 38 °C. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between temperature and wingbeat frequency, with a more pronounced increase observed at higher wingbeat frequencies. Frequencies increased on average by 2.02 Hz/°C at 50 Hz, and up to 9.63 Hz/°C at 525 Hz, and a general model is proposed. This model offers a valuable tool for correcting wingbeat frequencies with temperature, enhancing the accuracy of insect clustering by optical and acoustic sensors. While this approach does not account for species-specific responses to temperature changes, our research provides a general insight, based on all species present during the field experiment, into the intricate dynamics of insect flight behavior in relation to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topu Saha
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Adrien P. Genoud
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Jung H. Park
- Department of Data Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Benjamin P. Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
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4
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González-Pérez MI, Faulhaber B, Aranda C, Williams M, Villalonga P, Silva M, Costa Osório H, Encarnaçao J, Talavera S, Busquets N. Field evaluation of an automated mosquito surveillance system which classifies Aedes and Culex mosquitoes by genus and sex. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:97. [PMID: 38424626 PMCID: PMC10905882 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne diseases are a major concern for public and veterinary health authorities, highlighting the importance of effective vector surveillance and control programs. Traditional surveillance methods are labor-intensive and do not provide high temporal resolution, which may hinder a full assessment of the risk of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. Emerging technologies for automated remote mosquito monitoring have the potential to address these limitations; however, few studies have tested the performance of such systems in the field. METHODS In the present work, an optical sensor coupled to the entrance of a standard mosquito suction trap was used to record 14,067 mosquito flights of Aedes and Culex genera at four temperature regimes in the laboratory, and the resulting dataset was used to train a machine learning (ML) model. The trap, sensor, and ML model, which form the core of an automated mosquito surveillance system, were tested in the field for two classification purposes: to discriminate Aedes and Culex mosquitoes from other insects that enter the trap and to classify the target mosquitoes by genus and sex. The field performance of the system was assessed using balanced accuracy and regression metrics by comparing the classifications made by the system with those made by the manual inspection of the trap. RESULTS The field system discriminated the target mosquitoes (Aedes and Culex genera) with a balanced accuracy of 95.5% and classified the genus and sex of those mosquitoes with a balanced accuracy of 88.8%. An analysis of the daily and seasonal temporal dynamics of Aedes and Culex mosquito populations was also performed using the time-stamped classifications from the system. CONCLUSIONS This study reports results for automated mosquito genus and sex classification using an optical sensor coupled to a mosquito trap in the field with highly balanced accuracy. The compatibility of the sensor with commercial mosquito traps enables the sensor to be integrated into conventional mosquito surveillance methods to provide accurate automatic monitoring with high temporal resolution of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, two of the most concerning genera in terms of arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I González-Pérez
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Carles Aranda
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Servei de Control de Mosquits del Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | | | - Manuel Silva
- National Institute of Health/Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - Hugo Costa Osório
- National Institute of Health/Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, Águas de Moura, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Sandra Talavera
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
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5
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Hug DOH, Kropf A, Amann MO, Koella JC, Verhulst NO. Unexpected behavioural adaptation of yellow fever mosquitoes in response to high temperatures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3659. [PMID: 38351076 PMCID: PMC10864274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a major ecological driver of mosquito-borne diseases as it influences the life-history of both the mosquito and the pathogen harboured within it. Understanding the mosquitoes' thermal biology is essential to inform risk prediction models of such diseases. Mosquitoes can respond to temperatures by microhabitat selection through thermal preference. However, it has not yet been considered that mosquitoes are likely to adapt to changing temperatures, for example during climate change, and alter their preference over evolutionary time. We investigated this by rearing six cohorts of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti at two temperatures (24 °C, 30 °C) for 20 generations and used these cohorts to explicitly separate the effects of long-term evolution and within-generation acclimation on their thermal preferences in a thermal gradient of 20-35 °C. We found that warm-evolved mosquitoes spent 31.5% less time at high temperatures, which affects their efficiency as a vector. This study reveals the complex interplay of experimental evolution, rearing temperatures, and thermal preference in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. It highlights the significance of incorporating mosquito microhabitat selection in disease transmission models, especially in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O H Hug
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alida Kropf
- Laboratory of Ecology and Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marine O Amann
- Laboratory of Ecology and Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jacob C Koella
- Laboratory of Ecology and Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Niels O Verhulst
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Johnson BJ, Weber M, Al-Amin HM, Geier M, Devine GJ. Automated differentiation of mixed populations of free-flying female mosquitoes under semi-field conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3494. [PMID: 38347111 PMCID: PMC10861447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Great advances in automated identification systems, or 'smart traps', that differentiate insect species have been made in recent years, yet demonstrations of field-ready devices under free-flight conditions remain rare. Here, we describe the results of mixed-species identification of female mosquitoes using an advanced optoacoustic smart trap design under free-flying conditions. Point-of-capture classification was assessed using mixed populations of congeneric (Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti) and non-congeneric (Ae. aegypti and Anopheles stephensi) container-inhabiting species of medical importance. Culex quinquefasciatus, also common in container habitats, was included as a third species in all assessments. At the aggregate level, mixed collections of non-congeneric species (Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and An. stephensi) could be classified at accuracies exceeding 90% (% error = 3.7-7.1%). Conversely, error rates increased when analysing individual replicates (mean % error = 48.6; 95% CI 8.1-68.6) representative of daily trap captures and at the aggregate level when Ae. albopictus was released in the presence of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus (% error = 7.8-31.2%). These findings highlight the many challenges yet to be overcome but also the potential operational utility of optoacoustic surveillance in low diversity settings typical of urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Johnson
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Michael Weber
- Biogents AG, Weissenburgstr. 22, 93055, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Martin Geier
- Biogents AG, Weissenburgstr. 22, 93055, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
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7
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Park D, Bowles J, Norrid K, Dobson FS, Abebe A, Narayanan HV, Prakash M, Blagburn B, Starkey L, Zohdy S. Effect of age on wingbeat frequency of Aedes aegypti and potential application for age estimation of mosquitoes. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:491-498. [PMID: 36872598 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To combat mosquito-borne diseases, a variety of vector control tools have been implemented. Estimating age structure in populations of vector species is important for understanding transmission potential. Age-grading techniques have been used as critical methods for evaluating the efficacy of vector control tools. However, methods like mark-release-recapture and ovarian dissection are laborious and require a high level of training. For decades, scientists have discussed the wide array of acoustic signatures of different mosquito species. These distinguishable wingbeat signatures with spatiotemporal classification allow mosquitoes of the same species to locate one another for mating. In recent years, the use of sensitive acoustic devices like mobile phones have proved effective. Wingbeat signatures can be used to identify mosquito species without the challenge of intensive field collections and morphological and molecular identifications. In this study, laboratory Aedes aegypti (L.) female and male wingbeats were recorded using mobile phones to determine whether sex and age differences with chronological time, and across different physiological stages, can be detected. Our results indicate significantly different wingbeat signatures between male and female Ae. aegypti, and a change of wingbeat frequencies with age and reproduction stage in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Park
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Joy Bowles
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Kate Norrid
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - F Stephen Dobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Ash Abebe
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Haripriya Vaidehi Narayanan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Byron Blagburn
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Lindsay Starkey
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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8
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Lahondère C, Vinauger C, Liaw JE, Tobin KKS, Joiner JM, Riffell JA. Effect of Temperature on Mosquito Olfaction. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:356-367. [PMID: 37309024 PMCID: PMC10445414 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes use a wide range of cues to find a host to feed on, eventually leading to the transmission of pathogens. Among them, olfactory cues (e.g., host-emitted odors, including CO2, and skin volatiles) play a central role in mediating host-seeking behaviors. While mosquito olfaction can be impacted by many factors, such as the physiological state of the insect (e.g., age, reproductive state), the impact of environmental temperature on the olfactory system remains unknown. In this study, we quantified the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, vectors of dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, among other pathogens, to host and plant-related odors under different environmental temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Lahondère
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- The Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jessica E Liaw
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kennedy K S Tobin
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jillian M Joiner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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9
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Duval P, Antonelli P, Aschan-Leygonie C, Valiente Moro C. Impact of Human Activities on Disease-Spreading Mosquitoes in Urban Areas. J Urban Health 2023; 100:591-611. [PMID: 37277669 PMCID: PMC10322816 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is one of the leading global trends of the twenty-first century that has a significant impact on health. Among health challenges caused by urbanization, the relationship of urbanization between emergence and the spread of mosquito-borne infectious diseases (MBIDs) is a great public health concern. Urbanization processes encompass social, economic, and environmental changes that directly impact the biology of mosquito species. In particular, urbanized areas experience higher temperatures and pollution levels than outlying areas but also favor the development of infrastructures and objects that are favorable to mosquito development. All these modifications may influence mosquito life history traits and their ability to transmit diseases. This review aimed to summarize the impact of urbanization on mosquito spreading in urban areas and the risk associated with the emergence of MBIDs. Moreover, mosquitoes are considered as holobionts, as evidenced by numerous studies highlighting the role of mosquito-microbiota interactions in mosquito biology. Taking into account this new paradigm, this review also represents an initial synthesis on how human-driven transformations impact microbial communities in larval habitats and further interfere with mosquito behavior and life cycle in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Duval
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Bât. André Lwoff, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Antonelli
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Bât. André Lwoff, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christina Aschan-Leygonie
- University of Lyon, Université Lumière Lyon 2, UMR 5600 CNRS Environnement Ville Société, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Bât. André Lwoff, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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10
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Lahondère C, Vinauger C, Liaw JE, Tobin KK, Joiner JM, Riffell JA. Effect of temperature on mosquito olfaction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.535894. [PMID: 37090630 PMCID: PMC10120655 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.535894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes use a wide range of cues to find a host to feed on, eventually leading to the transmission of pathogens. Among them, olfactory cues ( e.g. , host emitted odors, including CO 2 , and skin volatiles) play a central role in mediating host seeking behaviors. While mosquito olfaction can be impacted by many factors, such as the physiological state of the insect ( e.g. , age, reproductive state), the impact of environmental temperature on the olfactory system remains unknown. In this study, we quantified the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, vectors of dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses, to host and plant related odors under different environmental temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Lahondère
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- The Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jessica E. Liaw
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Jillian M. Joiner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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11
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Su MP, Andrés M, Georgiades M, Bagi J, Albert JT. Acoustic Physiology in Mosquitoes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023; 2023:107685-pdb.top. [PMID: 36223985 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top107685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic physiology of mosquitoes is perhaps the most complex within the entire insect class. Past research has uncovered several of its-sometimes stunningly unconventional-principles, but many mysteries remain. Their solution necessitates a concerted transdisciplinary effort to successfully link the neuroanatomical and biophysical properties of mosquito flagellar ears to the behavioral ecology of entire mosquito populations. Neuroanatomically, mosquito ears can rival those of humans in both complexity and sheer size. The approximately 16,000 auditory hair cells within the human organ of Corti, for example, are matched by the approximately 16,000 auditory neurons in the Johnston's organ of a male Anopheles mosquito. Both human and mosquito ears receive very extensive efferent innervation, which modulates their function in ways that are as yet poorly understood. Different populations of neuronal and nonneuronal cell types divide the labor of the mosquito ear amongst themselves. Yet, what exactly this labor is, and how it is achieved, is at best vaguely known. For the majority of mosquitoes, biologically relevant sounds are inextricably linked to their flight tones. Either these flight tones are (directly) the sounds of interest or they contribute (indirectly) to the production of audible sound through a process called nonlinear distortion. Finally, male ears can generate tones themselves: The generation of an internal "phantom copy" of a female flight tone (or self-sustained oscillation) is believed to aid the male hearing process. Here, we introduce protocols that target the mosquitoes' auditory neuroanatomy, electrophysiology, and behavior to help shed light on some of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Su
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Marta Andrés
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Georgiades
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Bagi
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg T Albert
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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Al-Rashidi HS, Alghamdi KM, Al-Otaibi WM, Al-Solami HM, Mahyoub JA. Effects of blood meal sources on the biological characteristics of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103448. [PMID: 36187452 PMCID: PMC9516445 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit many diseases to humans and animals e.g., malaria, yellow fever, dengue, filariasis and encephalitis. The fundamental target of this search was to study the effect of three different blood meal sources (human; rabbit and pigeon) on some biological and behavioral properties of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens. The results have assured that the females of the mosquito Ae. aegypti that were fed on human blood meal has registered the highest feeding activity from feeding on the blood meal whereas the females of the other mosquito Cx. pipiens have shown the highest feeding activity after being fed on pigeons when compared with its feeding on other factors. The results have shown non-significant variation in the average time necessary to digest the blood meal on both mosquito species Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens that were fed on vertebrate hosts under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, results assured that the difference in blood meal sources has yielded distinct variation in the reproductive capacity and efficiency of both female mosquitoes under investigation where both species Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens already fed on human blood meal have yielded a pronounced distinctive increase in egg production (oviposition) when compared with females that were fed on pigeon or rabbit blood meal respectively. Moreover, feeding of the female mosquitoes under lab conditions on different blood meal sources did not affect the level of the hatching eggs that were laid by both mosquito females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat S Al-Rashidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Habeeb M Al-Solami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
| | - Jazem A Mahyoub
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
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13
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League GP, Alfonso-Parra C, Pantoja-Sánchez H, Harrington LC. Acoustic-Related Mating Behavior in Tethered and Free-Flying Mosquitoes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2022; 2022:Pdb.top107667. [PMID: 35960619 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acoustics play an essential role in mosquito communication, particularly during courtship and mating. Mosquito mating occurs in flight and is coordinated by the perception of wingbeat tones. Flight tone frequencies have been shown to mediate sex recognition in Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, and Toxorhynchites genera and are thus a conserved feature of mating across the mosquito family (Culicidae). Upon recognizing a flying female, males respond phonotactically by lunging toward the female and initiating a precopulatory courtship flight interaction. During this interaction, males and females often harmonize their flight tones in a behavior known as harmonic convergence, and male acoustics display rapid frequency modulation. These acoustic phenomena have been characterized both in tethered and free-flying mosquitoes using similar audio recording and analysis methods. Further, the manipulation of mosquito acoustic-related mating behavior shows great promise as a tool for reproductive control strategies. In this brief methodological introduction, we provide an overview of the biological and technical concepts necessary for understanding the recording and analysis of mosquito mating acoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett P League
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Catalina Alfonso-Parra
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia, 055413
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology
| | - Hoover Pantoja-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, SISTEMIC
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, 050010
| | - Laura C Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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14
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Pantoja-Sánchez H, League GP, Harrington LC, Alfonso-Parra C. Recording and Analysis of Mosquito Acoustic-Related Mating Behavior. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2022; 2022:Pdb.prot107989. [PMID: 35960617 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In mosquitoes, courtship and mating sounds are produced by the movement of the wings during flight. These sounds, usually referred to as flight tones, have been studied using tethered and free-flying individuals. Here, we describe a general approach for recording and analyzing mosquito acoustic-related mating behaviors that can be broadly adapted to a variety of experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoover Pantoja-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, SISTEMIC
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, 050010
| | - Garrett P League
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Laura C Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Catalina Alfonso-Parra
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia, 055413
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, 050010
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González-Pérez MI, Faulhaber B, Williams M, Brosa J, Aranda C, Pujol N, Verdún M, Villalonga P, Encarnação J, Busquets N, Talavera S. A novel optical sensor system for the automatic classification of mosquitoes by genus and sex with high levels of accuracy. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:190. [PMID: 35668486 PMCID: PMC9169302 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Every year, more than 700,000 people die from vector-borne diseases, mainly transmitted by mosquitoes. Vector surveillance plays a major role in the control of these diseases and requires accurate and rapid taxonomical identification. New approaches to mosquito surveillance include the use of acoustic and optical sensors in combination with machine learning techniques to provide an automatic classification of mosquitoes based on their flight characteristics, including wingbeat frequency. The development and application of these methods could enable the remote monitoring of mosquito populations in the field, which could lead to significant improvements in vector surveillance. Methods A novel optical sensor prototype coupled to a commercial mosquito trap was tested in laboratory conditions for the automatic classification of mosquitoes by genus and sex. Recordings of > 4300 laboratory-reared mosquitoes of Aedes and Culex genera were made using the sensor. The chosen genera include mosquito species that have a major impact on public health in many parts of the world. Five features were extracted from each recording to form balanced datasets and used for the training and evaluation of five different machine learning algorithms to achieve the best model for mosquito classification. Results The best accuracy results achieved using machine learning were: 94.2% for genus classification, 99.4% for sex classification of Aedes, and 100% for sex classification of Culex. The best algorithms and features were deep neural network with spectrogram for genus classification and gradient boosting with Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients among others for sex classification of either genus. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time that a sensor coupled to a standard mosquito suction trap has provided automatic classification of mosquito genus and sex with high accuracy using a large number of unique samples with class balance. This system represents an improvement of the state of the art in mosquito surveillance and encourages future use of the sensor for remote, real-time characterization of mosquito populations. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05324-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I González-Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Brosa
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carles Aranda
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Servei de Control de Mosquits del Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Pujol
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta Verdún
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sandra Talavera
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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16
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Somers J, Georgiades M, Su MP, Bagi J, Andrés M, Alampounti A, Mills G, Ntabaliba W, Moore SJ, Spaccapelo R, Albert JT. Hitting the right note at the right time: Circadian control of audibility in Anopheles mosquito mating swarms is mediated by flight tones. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl4844. [PMID: 35020428 PMCID: PMC8754303 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mating swarms of malaria mosquitoes form every day at sunset throughout the tropical world. They typically last less than 30 minutes. Activity must thus be highly synchronized between the sexes. Moreover, males must identify the few sporadically entering females by detecting the females’ faint flight tones. We show that the Anopheles circadian clock not only ensures a tight synchrony of male and female activity but also helps sharpen the males’ acoustic detection system: By raising their flight tones to 1.5 times the female flight tone, males enhance the audibility of females, specifically at swarm time. Previously reported “harmonic convergence” events are only a random by-product of the mosquitoes’ flight tone variance and not a signature of acoustic interaction between males and females. The flight tones of individual mosquitoes occupy narrow, partly non-overlapping frequency ranges, suggesting that the audibility of individual females varies across males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Somers
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marcos Georgiades
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthew P. Su
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Judit Bagi
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marta Andrés
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alexandros Alampounti
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gordon Mills
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Watson Ntabaliba
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB) Trieste, Italy
| | - Joerg T. Albert
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Harmonic convergence coordinates swarm mating by enhancing mate detection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24102. [PMID: 34916521 PMCID: PMC8677761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is a major African malaria vector, transmitting parasites responsible for significant mortality and disease burden. Although flight acoustics are essential to mosquito mating and present promising alternatives to insecticide-based vector control strategies, there is limited data on mosquito flight tones during swarming. Here, for the first time, we present detailed analyses of free-flying male and female An. gambiae flight tones and their harmonization (harmonic convergence) over a complete swarm sequence. Audio analysis of single-sex swarms showed synchronized elevation of male and female flight tones during swarming. Analysis of mixed-sex swarms revealed additional 50 Hz increases in male and female flight tones due to mating activity. Furthermore, harmonic differences between male and female swarm tones in mixed-sex swarms and in single-sex male swarms with artificial female swarm audio playback indicate that frequency differences of approximately 50 Hz or less at the male second and female third harmonics (M2:F3) are maintained both before and during mating interactions. This harmonization likely coordinates male scramble competition by maintaining ideal acoustic recognition within mating pairs while acoustically masking phonotactic responses of nearby swarming males to mating females. These findings advance our knowledge of mosquito swarm acoustics and provide vital information for reproductive control strategies.
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18
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de Nadai BL, Maletzke AG, Corbi JJ, Batista GEAPA, Reiskind MH. The impact of body size on Aedes [Stegomyia] aegypti wingbeat frequency: implications for mosquito identification. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:617-624. [PMID: 34269474 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Billions of people are at risk due to mosquito-borne diseases. Ideally, the control of mosquito-borne diseases should integrate mosquito control and surveillance to maximize transmission prevention while minimizing environmental impacts. Mosquito surveillance is often limited in scope by logistical constraints, especially the labour and expertise in identifying captured mosquitoes. Mosquito sounds, primarily the wingbeat frequencies (WBF), have been extensively studied in the literature, often targeting a straightforward assessment of this technology with species identification in laboratory conditions. Optical sensors for measuring the WBF of free-flying mosquitoes are the most recent proposal to automate species identification. However, many of the factors that may influence WBF within and between species have not been fully examined, resulting in failures in the species identification. Here we show that body size and temperature modify the wingbeat frequency of female Aedes [Stegomyia] aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera:Culicidae) and such an optical sensor can capture these alterations. We demonstrate that this study's optical sensor can distinguish wingbeat frequency from large and small mosquitoes at different temperatures. The relationship between WBF and size should be taken into account to improve the accuracy of devices that automatically identify species using WBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L de Nadai
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A G Maletzke
- Computer Science Department, Western Parana State University, Foz do Iguassu, Parana, Brazil
| | - J J Corbi
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G E A P A Batista
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M H Reiskind
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
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19
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Genoud AP, Williams GM, Thomas BP. Continuous monitoring of aerial density and circadian rhythms of flying insects in a semi-urban environment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260167. [PMID: 34793570 PMCID: PMC8601533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although small in size, insects are a quintessential part of terrestrial ecosystems due to their large number and diversity. While captured insects can be thoroughly studied in laboratory conditions, their population dynamics and abundance in the wild remain largely unknown due to the lack of accurate methodologies to count them. Here, we present the results of a field experiment where the activity of insects has been monitored continuously over 3 months using an entomological stand-off optical sensor (ESOS). Because its near-infrared laser is imperceptible to insects, the instrument provides an unbiased and absolute measurement of the aerial density (flying insect/m3) with a temporal resolution down to the minute. Multiple clusters of insects are differentiated based on their wingbeat frequency and ratios between wing and body optical cross-sections. The collected data allowed for the study of the circadian rhythm and daily activities as well as the aerial density dynamic over the whole campaign for each cluster individually. These measurements have been compared with traps for validation of this new methodology. We believe that this new type of data can unlock many of the current limitations in the collection of entomological data, especially when studying the population dynamics of insects with large impacts on our society, such as pollinators or vectors of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien P. Genoud
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Williams
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P. Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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20
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Hassall KL, Dye A, Potamitis I, Bell JR. Resolving the identification of weak-flying insects during flight: a coupling between rigorous data processing and biology. AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 23:489-505. [PMID: 34819800 PMCID: PMC8596709 DOI: 10.1111/afe.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioacoustic methods play an increasingly important role for the detection of insects in a range of surveillance and monitoring programmes.Weak-flying insects evade detection because they do not yield sufficient audio information to capture wingbeat and harmonic frequencies. These inaudible insects often pose a significant threat to food security as pests of key agricultural crops worldwide.Automatic detection of such insects is crucial to the future of crop protection by providing critical information to assess the risk to a crop and the need for preventative measures.We describe an experimental set-up designed to derive audio recordings from a range of weak-flying aphids and beetles using an LED array.A rigorous data processing pipeline was developed to extract meaningful features, linked to morphological characteristics, from the audio and harmonic series for six aphid and two beetle species.An ensemble of over 50 bioacoustic parameters was used to achieve species discrimination with a success rate of 80%. The inclusion of the dominant and fundamental frequencies improved prediction between beetles and aphids because of large differences in wingbeat frequencies.At the species level, error rates were minimized when harmonic features were supplemented by features indicative of differences in species' flight energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L. Hassall
- Computational and Analytical SciencesRothamsted ResearchWest Common, HarpendenAL5 2JQU.K.
| | - Alex Dye
- Rothamsted Insect SurveyRothamsted ResearchWest Common, HarpendenAL5 2JQU.K.
| | - Ilyas Potamitis
- Department of Music Technology and Acoustics EngineeringHellenic Mediterranean UniversityCreteGreece
| | - James R. Bell
- Rothamsted Insect SurveyRothamsted ResearchWest Common, HarpendenAL5 2JQU.K.
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21
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Sinka ME, Zilli D, Li Y, Kiskin I, Kirkham D, Rafique W, Wang L, Chan H, Gutteridge B, Herreros‐Moya E, Portwood H, Roberts S, Willis KJ. HumBug – An Acoustic Mosquito Monitoring Tool for use on budget smartphones. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Zilli
- Mind Foundry Ltd Oxford UK
- Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Ivan Kiskin
- Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Waqas Rafique
- Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Lawrence Wang
- Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Henry Chan
- Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Roberts
- Mind Foundry Ltd Oxford UK
- Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
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22
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Designing Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquito Traps: The Evolution of the Male Aedes Sound Trap by Iterative Evaluation. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050388. [PMID: 33925425 PMCID: PMC8146609 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective surveillance of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, Diptera: Culicidae) is critical to monitoring the impact of vector control measures when mitigating disease transmission by this species. There are benefits to deploying male-specific traps, particularly when a high level of catch-specificity is desired. Here, the rationale behind the developmental process of an entirely new trap which uses a sound lure to capture male Ae. aegypti, the male Aedes sound trap (MAST), is presented as a target product profile with findings from developmental trials of key trap components and performance. Trial results suggest that the presence of a black base associated with the trap influenced male catches as did variations in size of this base, to a degree. Trap entrance shape didn't influence catch rates, but entrance size did. No significant differences in catch rates were found when sound lures were set to intermittent or continuous playbacks, at volumes between 63-74 dB or frequencies of 450 Hz compared to 500 Hz. Additionally, adult males aged 3 days post-eclosion, were less responsive to sound lures set to 500 Hz than those 4 or 6 days old. Lastly, almost no males were caught when the MAST directly faced continual winds of 1.5 ms-1, but males were captured at low rates during intermittent winds, or if the trap faced away from the wind. The developmental process to optimising this trap is applicable to the development of alternate mosquito traps beyond Aedes sound traps and provides useful information towards the improved surveillance of these disease vectors.
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23
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Montoya JP, Pantoja-Sánchez H, Gomez S, Avila FW, Alfonso-Parra C. Flight tone characterisation of the South American malaria vector Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200497. [PMID: 33729397 PMCID: PMC7968435 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flight tones play important roles in mosquito reproduction. Several mosquito species utilise flight tones for mate localisation and attraction. Typically, the female wingbeat frequency (WBF) is lower than males, and stereotypic acoustic behaviors are instrumental for successful copulation. Mosquito WBFs are usually an important species characteristic, with female flight tones used as male attractants in surveillance traps for species identification. Anopheles darlingi is an important Latin American malaria vector, but we know little about its mating behaviors. OBJECTIVES We characterised An. darlingi WBFs and examined male acoustic responses to immobilised females. METHODS Tethered and free flying male and female An. darlingi were recorded individually to determine their WBF distributions. Male-female acoustic interactions were analysed using tethered females and free flying males. FINDINGS Contrary to most mosquito species, An. darlingi females are smaller than males. However, the male's WBF is ~1.5 times higher than the females, a common ratio in species with larger females. When in proximity to a female, males displayed rapid frequency modulations that decreased upon genitalia engagement. Tethered females also modulated their frequency upon male approach, being distinct if the interaction ended in copulation or only contact. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of An. darlingi flight acoustics, showing that its precopulatory acoustics are similar to other mosquitoes despite the uncommon male:female size ratio, suggesting that WBF ratios are common communication strategies rather than a physical constraint imposed by size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Pablo Montoya
- Universidad CES, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Hoover Pantoja-Sánchez
- Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Universidad de Antioquia, Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Sebastian Gomez
- Universidad CES, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
- Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Frank William Avila
- Universidad de Antioquia, Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Catalina Alfonso-Parra
- Universidad CES, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
- Universidad de Antioquia, Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Swan T, Russell TL, Burkot TR, Liu J, Ritchie SA, Staunton KM. The Effect of Sound Lure Frequency and Habitat Type on Male Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Capture Rates With the Male Aedes Sound Trap. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:708-716. [PMID: 33179740 PMCID: PMC7954095 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The global distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is rapidly expanding which has contributed to the emergence and re-emergence of dengue and chikungunya outbreaks. Improvements in vector surveillance are necessary to facilitate optimized, evidence-based vector control operations. Current trapping technology used to target Ae. albopictus and other Aedes species for vector surveillance are limited in both scale and scope, thus novel tools are required. Here, we evaluated the Male Aedes Sound Trap (MAST) for its capacity to sample male Ae. albopictus. Aims of this study were twofold: 1) to determine the most effective frequency for capturing male Ae. albopictus and 2) to investigate fine-scale variations in male Ae. albopictus abundance. MASTs which produced sound lure frequencies between 500 and 650 Hz captured significantly more male Ae. albopictus than those with sound lure frequencies set to 450 Hz. Further, the higher sound lure frequency of 700 Hz significantly reduced catches relative to 650 Hz. MASTs placed in woodland habitats captured significantly more male Ae. albopictus than MASTs placed near houses. These results provide baseline information for optimizing sound lure frequencies and placement of the MAST to sample male Ae. albopictus in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Swan
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Tanya L Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Jianyi Liu
- Verily Life Sciences, 259 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Kyran M Staunton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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25
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Jansson S, Malmqvist E, Mlacha Y, Ignell R, Okumu F, Killeen G, Kirkeby C, Brydegaard M. Real-time dispersal of malaria vectors in rural Africa monitored with lidar. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247803. [PMID: 33662005 PMCID: PMC7932069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of tools for detailed, real-time observation of mosquito behavior with high spatio-temporal resolution limits progress towards improved malaria vector control. We deployed a high-resolution entomological lidar to monitor a half-kilometer static transect positioned over rice fields outside a Tanzanian village. A quarter of a million in situ insect observations were classified, and several insect taxa were identified based on their modulation signatures. We observed distinct range distributions of male and female mosquitoes in relation to the village periphery, and spatio-temporal behavioral features, such as swarming. Furthermore, we observed that the spatial distributions of males and females change independently of each other during the day, and were able to estimate the daily dispersal of mosquitoes towards and away from the village. The findings of this study demonstrate how lidar-based monitoring could dramatically improve our understanding of malaria vector ecology and control options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Jansson
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Malmqvist
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yeromin Mlacha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Skedsmokorset, Norway
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26
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Joshi A, Miller C. Review of machine learning techniques for mosquito control in urban environments. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Kittichai V, Pengsakul T, Chumchuen K, Samung Y, Sriwichai P, Phatthamolrat N, Tongloy T, Jaksukam K, Chuwongin S, Boonsang S. Deep learning approaches for challenging species and gender identification of mosquito vectors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4838. [PMID: 33649429 PMCID: PMC7921658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopic observation of mosquito species, which is the basis of morphological identification, is a time-consuming and challenging process, particularly owing to the different skills and experience of public health personnel. We present deep learning models based on the well-known you-only-look-once (YOLO) algorithm. This model can be used to simultaneously classify and localize the images to identify the species of the gender of field-caught mosquitoes. The results indicated that the concatenated two YOLO v3 model exhibited the optimal performance in identifying the mosquitoes, as the mosquitoes were relatively small objects compared with the large proportional environment image. The robustness testing of the proposed model yielded a mean average precision and sensitivity of 99% and 92.4%, respectively. The model exhibited high performance in terms of the specificity and accuracy, with an extremely low rate of misclassification. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.958 ± 0.011, which further demonstrated the model accuracy. Thirteen classes were detected with an accuracy of 100% based on a confusion matrix. Nevertheless, the relatively low detection rates for the two species were likely a result of the limited number of wild-caught biological samples available. The proposed model can help establish the population densities of mosquito vectors in remote areas to predict disease outbreaks in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerayuth Kittichai
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kemmapon Chumchuen
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Yudthana Samung
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Natthaphop Phatthamolrat
- College of Advanced Manufacturing Innovation, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerawat Tongloy
- College of Advanced Manufacturing Innovation, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Komgrit Jaksukam
- College of Advanced Manufacturing Innovation, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Santhad Chuwongin
- College of Advanced Manufacturing Innovation, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siridech Boonsang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Rigby LM, Johnson BJ, Rašić G, Peatey CL, Hugo LE, Beebe NW, Hartel GF, Devine GJ. The presence of knockdown resistance mutations reduces male mating competitiveness in the major arbovirus vector, Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009121. [PMID: 33544711 PMCID: PMC7891746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes can have pleiotropic effects on key behaviours such as mating competition and host-location. Documenting these effects is crucial for understanding the dynamics and costs of insecticide resistance and may give researchers an evidence base for promoting vector control programs that aim to restore or conserve insecticide susceptibility. Methods and findings We evaluated changes in behaviour in a backcrossed strain of Aedes aegypti, homozygous for two knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations (V1016G and S989P) isolated in an otherwise fully susceptible genetic background. We compared biting activity, host location behaviours, wing beat frequency (WBF) and mating competition between the backcrossed strain, and the fully susceptible and resistant parental strains from which it was derived. The presence of the homozygous kdr mutations did not have significant effects on blood avidity, the time to locate a host, or WBF in females. There was, however, a significant reduction in mean WBF in males and a significant reduction in estimated male mating success (17.3%), associated with the isolated kdr genotype. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a cost of insecticide resistance associated with an isolated kdr genotype and manifest as a reduction in male mating success. While there was no recorded difference in WBF between the females of our strains, the significant reduction in male WBF recorded in our backcrossed strain might contribute to mate-recognition and mating disruption. These consequences of resistance evolution, especially when combined with other pleiotropic fitness costs that have been previously described, may encourage reversion to susceptibility in the absence of insecticide selection pressures. This offers justification for the implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies based on the rotation or alternation of different insecticide classes in space and time. The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Its control relies heavily on the use of insecticides but the rapid evolution of resistance to these chemicals compromises their efficacy. The conservation or restoration of insecticide susceptibility in Ae. aegypti populations is therefore of great importance. Insecticide susceptibility can be encouraged if the evolution of resistance is accompanied by fitness costs that favour susceptible mosquitoes in the absence of insecticides. This paper documents the first report of a reduction in mating success directly associated with an isolated mutation that confers insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti. This change in behaviour appears related to alterations in male wing-beat frequency. Our results provide evidence of behavioural changes related to insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti, suggesting a competitive advantage of susceptible individuals in the absence of insecticides in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Rigby
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Australia
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Brian J. Johnson
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Gordana Rašić
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Christopher L. Peatey
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Australia
| | - Leon E. Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Nigel W. Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gunter F. Hartel
- Department of Statistics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Gregor J. Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
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29
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Staunton KM, Leiva D, Cruz A, Goi J, Arisqueta C, Liu J, Desnoyer M, Howell P, Espinosa F, Mendoza AC, Karl S, Crawford JE, Xiang W, Manrique-Saide P, Achee NL, Grieco JP, Ritchie SA, Burkot TR, Snoad N. Outcomes from international field trials with Male Aedes Sound Traps: Frequency-dependent effectiveness in capturing target species in relation to bycatch abundance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009061. [PMID: 33630829 PMCID: PMC7906331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus vector dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. With both species expanding their global distributions at alarming rates, developing effective surveillance equipment is a continuing priority for public health researchers. Sound traps have been shown, in limited testing, to be highly species-specific when emitting a frequency corresponding to a female mosquito wingbeat. Determining male mosquito capture rates in sound traps based on lure frequencies in endemic settings is the next step for informed deployment of these surveillance tools. We field-evaluated Male Aedes Sound Traps (MASTs) set to either 450 Hz, 500 Hz, 550 Hz or 600 Hz for sampling Aedes aegypti and/or Aedes albopictus and compared catch rates to BG-Sentinel traps within Pacific (Madang, Papua New Guinea) and Latin American (Molas, Mexico and Orange Walk Town, Belize) locations. MASTs set to 450-550 Hz consistently caught male Ae. aegypti at rates comparable to BG-Sentinel traps in all locations. A peak in male Ae. albopictus captures in MASTs set at 550 Hz was observed, with the lowest mean abundance recorded in MASTs set to 450 Hz. While significantly higher abundances of male Culex were sampled in MASTs emitting lower relative frequencies in Molas, overall male Culex were captured in significantly lower abundances in the MASTs, relative to BG-Sentinel traps within all locations. Finally, significant differences in rates at which male Aedes and Culex were positively detected in trap-types per weekly collections were broadly consistent with trends in abundance data per trap-type. MASTs at 550 Hz effectively captured both male Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus while greatly reducing bycatch, especially male Culex, in locations where dengue transmission has occurred. This high species-specificity of the MAST not only reduces staff-time required to sort samples, but can also be exploited to develop an accurate smart-trap system-both outcomes potentially reducing public health program expenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyran M. Staunton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
| | - Donovan Leiva
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center (BVEC), Orange Walk Town, Belize, Central America
| | - Alvaro Cruz
- Belize Vector and Ecology Center (BVEC), Orange Walk Town, Belize, Central America
| | - Joelyn Goi
- Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Carlos Arisqueta
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays (UCBE) and the Laboratory of Biological Control for Ae. aegypti, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, México
| | - Jianyi Liu
- Verily Life Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Desnoyer
- Verily Life Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Howell
- Verily Life Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Francia Espinosa
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays (UCBE) and the Laboratory of Biological Control for Ae. aegypti, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, México
| | - Azael Che Mendoza
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays (UCBE) and the Laboratory of Biological Control for Ae. aegypti, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, México
| | - Stephan Karl
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
- Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jacob E. Crawford
- Verily Life Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Xiang
- School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays (UCBE) and the Laboratory of Biological Control for Ae. aegypti, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, México
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
| | - Thomas R. Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
| | - Nigel Snoad
- Verily Life Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Fernandes MS, Cordeiro W, Recamonde-Mendoza M. Detecting Aedes aegypti mosquitoes through audio classification with convolutional neural networks. Comput Biol Med 2020; 129:104152. [PMID: 33333363 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of mosquito-borne diseases is significant in under-developed regions, mostly due to the lack of resources to implement aggressive control measurements against mosquito proliferation. A potential strategy to raise community awareness regarding mosquito proliferation is building a live map of mosquito incidences using smartphone apps and crowdsourcing. In this paper, we explore the possibility of identifying Aedes aegypti mosquitoes using machine learning techniques and audio analysis captured from commercially available smartphones. In summary, we downsampled Aedes aegypti wingbeat recordings and used them to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) through supervised learning. As a feature, we used the recording spectrogram to represent the mosquito wingbeat frequency over time visually. We trained and compared three classifiers: a binary, a multiclass, and an ensemble of binary classifiers. In our evaluation, the binary and ensemble models achieved accuracy of 97.65% (±0.55) and 94.56% (±0.77), respectively, whereas the multiclass had an accuracy of 78.12% (±2.09). The best sensitivity was observed in the ensemble approach (96.82% ± 1.62), followed by the multiclass for the particular case of Aedes aegypti (90.23% ± 3.83) and the binary (88.49% ± 6.68). The binary classifier and the multiclass classifier presented the best balance between precision and recall, with F1-measure close to 90%. Although the ensemble classifier achieved the lowest precision, thus impairing its F1-measure (79.95% ± 2.13), it was the most powerful classifier to detect Aedes aegypti in our dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weverton Cordeiro
- Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Recamonde-Mendoza
- Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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31
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Vasconcelos D, Nunes NJ, Gomes J. An annotated dataset of bioacoustic sensing and features of mosquitoes. Sci Data 2020; 7:382. [PMID: 33177516 PMCID: PMC7659005 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As vectors of malaria, dengue, zika, and yellow fever, mosquitoes are considered one of the more severe worldwide health hazards. Widespread surveillance of mosquitoes is essential for understanding their complex ecology and behaviour, and also for predicting and formulating effective control strategies against mosquito-borne diseases. One technique involves using bioacoustics to automatically identify different species from their wing-beat sounds during flight. In this dataset, we collect sounds of three species of mosquitoes: Aedes Aegypti, Culex Quinquefasciatus & Pipiens, and Culiseta. These species were collected and reproduced in the laboratory of the Natural History Museum of Funchal, in Portugal, by entomologists trained to recognize and classify mosquitoes. For collecting the samples, we used a microcontroller and a mobile phone. The dataset presents audio samples collected with different sampling rates, where 34 audio features characterize each sound file, making it is possible to observe how mosquito populations vary heterogeneously. This dataset provides the basis for feature extraction and classification of flapping-wing flight sounds that could be used to identify different species. Measurement(s) | Sound • audio feature | Technology Type(s) | bioacoustic sensing • audio board • Microphone Device • sensor • mobile phone | Factor Type(s) | species of mosquito • sampling rate | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Aedes aegypti • Culex pipiens x Culex quinquefasciatus • Culiseta | Sample Characteristic - Location | Madeira |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13034597
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinarte Vasconcelos
- ITI/LARSYS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Jardim Nunes
- ITI/LARSYS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João Gomes
- ISR/LARSYS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Su MP, Georgiades M, Bagi J, Kyrou K, Crisanti A, Albert JT. Assessing the acoustic behaviour of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) dsxF mutants: implications for vector control. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:507. [PMID: 33028410 PMCID: PMC7539510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Release of gene-drive mutants to suppress Anopheles mosquito reproduction is a promising method of malaria control. However, many scientific, regulatory and ethical questions remain before transgenic mosquitoes can be utilised in the field. At a behavioural level, gene-drive carrying mutants should be at least as sexually attractive as the wildtype populations they compete against, with a key element of Anopheles copulation being acoustic courtship. We analysed sound emissions and acoustic preference in a doublesex mutant previously used to collapse Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) cages. METHODS Anopheles rely on flight tones produced by the beating of their wings for acoustic mating communication. We assessed the impact of disrupting a female-specific isoform of the doublesex gene (dsxF) on the wing beat frequency (WBF; measured as flight tone) of males (XY) and females (XX) in homozygous dsxF- mutants (dsxF-/-), heterozygous dsxF- carriers (dsxF+/-) and G3 dsxF+ controls (dsxF+/+). To exclude non-genetic influences, we controlled for temperature and wing length. We used a phonotaxis assay to test the acoustic preferences of mutant and control mosquitoes. RESULTS A previous study showed an altered phenotype only for dsxF-/- females, who appear intersex, suggesting that the female-specific dsxF allele is haplosufficient. We identified significant, dose-dependent increases in the WBF of both dsxF-/- and dsxF+/- females compared to dsxF+/+ females. All female WBFs remained significantly lower than male equivalents, though. Males showed stronger phonotactic responses to the WBFs of control dsxF+/+ females than to those of dsxF+/- and dsxF-/- females. We found no evidence of phonotaxis in any female genotype. No male genotypes displayed any deviations from controls. CONCLUSIONS A prerequisite for anopheline copulation is the phonotactic attraction of males towards female flight tones within mating swarms. Reductions in mutant acoustic attractiveness diminish their mating efficiency and thus the efficacy of population control efforts. Caged population assessments may not successfully reproduce natural mating scenarios. We propose to amend existing testing protocols to better reflect competition between mutants and target populations. Our findings confirm that dsxF disruption has no effect on males; for some phenotypic traits, such as female WBFs, the effects of dsxF appear dose-dependent rather than haplosufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Su
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Marcos Georgiades
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Judit Bagi
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kyros Kyrou
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joerg T Albert
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK. .,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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Andrés M, Su MP, Albert J, Cator LJ. Buzzkill: targeting the mosquito auditory system. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 40:11-17. [PMID: 32505906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sound plays an important role in mosquito sensory ecology. Acoustic perception and acoustically driven behaviours therefore represent potentially effective control targets. Previous scientific efforts around acoustic-based control and surveillance have not been systematic and ambiguity around the exact role of acoustic communication in conspecific interactions remains. Here, we briefly review recent advances in mosquito auditory physiology and behavioural ecology as well as ongoing activities to incorporate sound into control and surveillance tools. We highlight areas where increased collaboration between physiologists, molecular biologists, behavioural ecologists and control experts is needed to capitalize on this progress and realize the potential of sound-based technologies and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Andrés
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Su
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom; Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Joerg Albert
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Lauren J Cator
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom.
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Souza VMA, dos Reis DM, Maletzke AG, Batista GEAPA. Challenges in benchmarking stream learning algorithms with real-world data. Data Min Knowl Discov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10618-020-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Rojas-Araya D, Alto BW, Burkett-Cadena ND, Cummings DAT. Impacts of fluorescent powders on survival of different age cohorts, blood-feeding success, and tethered flight speed of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) females. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105491. [PMID: 32283091 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent powders are one of the most common external markers used to study mosquito behavior and ecology. For their reliable and practical use, it is important to evaluate their effect on biological parameters such as survival, blood-feeding, and mobility. We evaluated the effect of five different fluorescent powders (Day-Glo ® ECO Series) on the survival of different age cohorts, blood-feeding success, and tethered flight speed on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) adult females. For survival analysis, three cohorts (2-5, 6-9 and 10-13 days old) were marked and mortality recorded until all died. To examine the effect of fluorescent powders on female response to blood-feeding, the proportions of unfed, partially fed, and fully engorged females, after being exposed to host blood under two different time sets (20 and 40 min.), were compared. Their impact on female tethered flight speed was evaluated recording their flight for 30 min. with a flight mill. Survival distributions between treatments were not significantly different within each cohort. Blood-feeding was not significantly different among marked or unmarked females at both times of blood exposure, with the exception of Signal Green-ECO 18 and Ultra Violet- ECO 20 (at 20 and 40 min.), in which a higher proportion of partially fed females was observed compared to control females. In relation to flight performance, no statistically significant difference in mean tethered flight speed (m/s), among marked and unmarked mosquito groups, was observed. Our results indicate that the tested powders and application method have few significant impacts on Ae. aegypti survival, blood-feeding success and flight performance, and are thus suitable for investigations of mosquito biology in the environment.
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36
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Brydegaard M, Jansson S, Malmqvist E, Mlacha YP, Gebru A, Okumu F, Killeen GF, Kirkeby C. Lidar reveals activity anomaly of malaria vectors during pan-African eclipse. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5487. [PMID: 32426490 PMCID: PMC7220366 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Yearly, a quarter billion people are infected and a half a million killed by the mosquito-borne disease malaria. Lack of real-time observational tools for continuously assessing the unperturbed mosquito flight activity in situ limits progress toward improved vector control. We deployed a high-resolution entomological lidar to monitor a half-kilometer static transect adjacent to a Tanzanian village. We evaluated one-third million insect observations during five nights, four days, and one annular solar eclipse. We demonstrate in situ lidar classification of several insect families and their sexes based on their modulation signatures. We were able to compare the fine-scale spatiotemporal activity patterns of malaria vectors during ordinary days and an eclipse to disentangle phototactic activity patterns from the circadian mechanism. We observed an increased insect activity during the eclipse attributable to mosquitoes. These unprecedented findings demonstrate how lidar-based monitoring of distinct mosquito activities could advance our understanding of vector ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Brydegaard
- Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Prost Stabels vei 22, N-2019 Skedsmokorset, Norway
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Samuel Jansson
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Malmqvist
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yeromin P. Mlacha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alem Gebru
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, 9 York Rd, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gerry F. Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.K.)
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Guo JL, Li XK, Shen XJ, Wang ML, Wu KM. Flight Performance of Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Under Different Biotic and Abiotic Conditions. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5695772. [PMID: 31899494 PMCID: PMC6941620 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mamestra brassicae L. is an important, regionally migratory pest of vegetable crops in Europe and Asia. Its migratory activity contributes significantly to population outbreaks, causing severe crop yield losses. Because an in-depth understanding of flight performance is key to revealing migratory patterns, here we used a computer-linked flight mill and stroboscope to study the flight ability and wingbeat frequency (WBF) of M. brassicae in relation to sex, age, temperature, and relative humidity (RH). The results showed that age significantly affected the flight ability and WBF of M. brassicae, and 3-d-old individuals performed the strongest performance (total flight distance: 45.6 ± 2.5 km; total flight duration: 9.3 ± 0.3 h; WBF: 44.0 ± 0.5 Hz at 24°C and 75% RH). The age for optimal flight was considered to be 2-3 d old. Temperature and RH also significantly affected flight ability and WBF; flight was optimal from 23°C to 25°C and 64-75% RH. Because M. brassicae thus has great potential to undertake long-distance migration, better knowledge of its flight behavior and migration will help establish a pest forecasting and early-warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Long Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiu-Jing Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meng-Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kong-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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38
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Genoud AP, Gao Y, Williams GM, Thomas BP. Identification of gravid mosquitoes from changes in spectral and polarimetric backscatter cross sections. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900123. [PMID: 31211902 PMCID: PMC6774905 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Improving the survey of mosquito populations is of the utmost importance to further enhance mitigation techniques that protect human populations from mosquito-borne diseases. While mosquito populations are generally studied using physical traps, stand-off optical sensors allow to study insect ecosystems with potentially better spatial and temporal resolution. This can be greatly beneficial to eco-epidemiological models and various mosquito control programs. In this contribution, we demonstrate that the gravidity of female mosquitoes can be identified from changes in their spectral and polarimetric backscatter cross sections. Among other predictive variables, the wing beat frequency and the depolarization ratio of the mosquito body allows for the identification of gravid females with a precision and recall of 86% and 87%, respectively. Since female mosquitoes need a blood meal to become gravid, statistics on gravidity is of prime importance as only females that have been gravid might carry infectious diseases. In addition, it allows to detect possible breeding habitat, predict a potential increase in the mosquito population and provide a better overall understanding of the ecosystem dynamics. As a result, targeted and localized mitigation techniques can be used, reducing the cost and improving the efficiency of mosquito population control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien P. Genoud
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew Jersey
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew Jersey
| | | | - Benjamin P. Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew Jersey
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39
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Staunton KM, Usher L, Prachar T, Ritchie SA, Snoad N, Johnson BJ. A Novel Methodology For Recording Wing Beat Frequencies of Untethered Male and Female Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2019; 35:169-177. [PMID: 31647706 DOI: 10.2987/18-6799.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a vector of many significant arboviruses worldwide, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses. With vector control methodology pivoting toward rearing and releasing large numbers of insects for either population suppression or virus-blocking, economical remote (sentinel) surveillance methods for release tracking become increasingly necessary. Recent steps in this direction include advances in optical sensors that identify and classify insects based on their wing beat frequency (WBF). As these traps are being developed, there is a strong need to better understand the environmental and biological factors influencing mosquito WBFs. Here, we developed new untethered-subject methodology to detect changes in WBFs of male and female Ae. aegypti. This new methodology involves directing an ultrasonic transducer at a free-flying subject and measuring the Doppler shift of the reflected ultrasonic continuous wave signal. This system's utility was assessed by determining its ability to confirm previous reports on the effect of temperature, body size, and age on the WBFs generated from acoustic or optical-based experiments. The presented ultrasonic method successfully detected expected trends for each factor for both male and female Ae. aegypti without the need for subject manipulation and potential impediment of natural flight dynamics due to tethering. As a result, this ultrasonic methodology provides a new method for understanding the environmental and physiological determinants of male and female WBFs that can inform the design of remote mosquito surveillance systems.
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40
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Pantoja-Sánchez H, Gomez S, Velez V, Avila FW, Alfonso-Parra C. Precopulatory acoustic interactions of the New World malaria vector Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:386. [PMID: 31370863 PMCID: PMC6676525 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles albimanus is a malaria vector in Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean. Although a public health threat, An. albimanus precopulatory mating behaviors are unknown. Acoustics play important roles in mosquito communication, where flight tones allow males to detect and attract potential mates. The importance of sound in precopulatory interactions has been demonstrated in Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles gambiae; convergence in a shared harmonic of the wing beat frequency (WBF) during courtship is thought to increase the chance of copulation. To our knowledge, An. albimanus precopulatory acoustic behaviors have not been described to date. Here, we characterized An. albimanus (i) male and female flight tones; (ii) male–female precopulatory acoustic interactions under tethered and free flight conditions; and (iii) male-male acoustic interactions during free flight. Results We found significant increases in the WBFs of both sexes in free flight compared to when tethered. We observed harmonic convergence between 79% of tethered couples. In free flight, we identified a female-specific behavior that predicts mate rejection during male mating attempts: females increase their WBFs significantly faster during mate rejection compared to a successful copulation. This behavior consistently occurred during mate rejection regardless of prior mating attempts (from the same or differing male). During group flight, males of An. albimanus displayed two distinct flying behaviors: random flight and a swarm-like, patterned flight, each associated with distinct acoustic characteristics. In the transition from random to patterned flight, males converged their WBFs and significantly decreased flight area, male-male proximity and the periodicity of their trajectories. Conclusions We show that tethering of An. albimanus results in major acoustic differences compared to free flight. We identify a female-specific behavior that predicts mate rejection during male mating attempts in this species and show that male groups in free flight display distinct flying patterns with unique audio and visual characteristics. This study shows that An. albimanus display acoustic features identified in other mosquito species, further suggesting that acoustic interactions provide worthwhile targets for mosquito intervention strategies. Our results provide compelling evidence for swarming in this species and suggests that acoustic signaling is important for this behavior. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3648-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoover Pantoja-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, SISTEMIC, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, 050010, Colombia.,Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, 050010, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Gomez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, SISTEMIC, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, 050010, Colombia.,Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Sabaneta, Antioquia, 055450, Colombia
| | - Viviana Velez
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, 050010, Colombia
| | - Frank W Avila
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, 050010, Colombia.
| | - Catalina Alfonso-Parra
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Sabaneta, Antioquia, 055450, Colombia. .,Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, 050010, Colombia.
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41
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Lapshin DN, Vorontsov DD. Directional and frequency characteristics of auditory neurons in Culex male mosquitoes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.208785. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The paired auditory organ of mosquito, the Johnston's organ (JO), being the receiver of particle velocity component of sound, is directional by its structure. However, to date almost no physiological measurements of its directionality was done. In addition, the recent finding on the grouping of the JO auditory neurons into the antiphase pairs demanded confirmation by different methods. Using the vector superposition of the signals produced by two orthogonally oriented speakers, we measured the directional characteristics of individual units as well as their relations in physiologically distinguishable groups – pairs or triplets. The feedback stimulation method allowed to discriminate responses of the two simultaneously recorded units, and to show that they indeed responded in antiphase. Units of different frequency tuning as well as high-sensitive units (thresholds of 27 dB SPVL and below) were found in every angular sector of the JO, providing the mosquito with the ability to produce complex auditory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N. Lapshin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute) Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - Dmitry D. Vorontsov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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42
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Genoud AP, Basistyy R, Williams GM, Thomas BP. Optical remote sensing for monitoring flying mosquitoes, gender identification and discussion on species identification. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2018; 124:46. [PMID: 30505073 PMCID: PMC6269144 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-018-6917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are a major challenge for Human health as they affect nearly 700 million people every year and result in over 1 million deaths. Reliable information on the evolution of population and spatial distribution of key insects species is of major importance in the development of eco-epidemiologic models. This paper reports on the remote characterization of flying mosquitoes using a continuous-wave infrared optical remote sensing system. The system is setup in a controlled environment to mimic long-range lidars, mosquitoes are free flying at a distance of ~ 4 m from the collecting optics. The wing beat frequency is retrieved from the backscattered light from mosquitoes transiting through the laser beam. A total of 427 transit signals have been recorded from three mosquito species, males and females. Since the mosquito species and gender are known a priori, we investigate the use of wing beat frequency as the sole predictor variable for two Bayesian classifications: gender alone (two classes) and species/gender (six classes). The gender of each mosquito is retrieved with a 96.5% accuracy while the species/gender of mosquitoes is retrieved with a 62.3% accuracy. Known to be an efficient mean to identify insect family, we discuss the limitations of using wing beat frequency alone to identify insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien P Genoud
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Roman Basistyy
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gregory M Williams
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Benjamin P Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ, USA
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Mukundarajan H, Hol FJH, Castillo EA, Newby C, Prakash M. Using mobile phones as acoustic sensors for high-throughput mosquito surveillance. eLife 2017; 6:e27854. [PMID: 29087296 PMCID: PMC5663474 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct monitoring of mosquito populations in field settings is a crucial input for shaping appropriate and timely control measures for mosquito-borne diseases. Here, we demonstrate that commercially available mobile phones are a powerful tool for acoustically mapping mosquito species distributions worldwide. We show that even low-cost mobile phones with very basic functionality are capable of sensitively acquiring acoustic data on species-specific mosquito wingbeat sounds, while simultaneously recording the time and location of the human-mosquito encounter. We survey a wide range of medically important mosquito species, to quantitatively demonstrate how acoustic recordings supported by spatio-temporal metadata enable rapid, non-invasive species identification. As proof-of-concept, we carry out field demonstrations where minimally-trained users map local mosquitoes using their personal phones. Thus, we establish a new paradigm for mosquito surveillance that takes advantage of the existing global mobile network infrastructure, to enable continuous and large-scale data acquisition in resource-constrained areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cooper Newby
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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