1
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Moshtaghpour A, Velazco-Torrejon A, Nicholls D, Robinson AW, Kirkland AI, Browning ND. Diffusion distribution model for damage mitigation in scanning transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 2024. [PMID: 39166469 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) for observing the structure of materials at the atomic scale, a detailed understanding of some relevant electron beam damage mechanisms is limited. Recent reports suggest that certain types of damage can be modelled as a diffusion process and that the accumulation effects of this process must be kept low in order to reduce damage. We therefore develop an explicit mathematical formulation of spatiotemporal diffusion processes in STEM that take into account both instrument and sample parameters. Furthermore, our framework can aid the design of Diffusion Controlled Sampling (DCS) strategies using optimally selected probe positions in STEM, that constrain the cumulative diffusion distribution. Numerical simulations highlight the variability of the cumulative diffusion distribution for different experimental STEM configurations. These analytical and numerical frameworks can subsequently be used for careful design of 2- and 4-dimensional STEM experiments where beam damage is minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirafshar Moshtaghpour
- Correlated Imaging Theme, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, & Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Abner Velazco-Torrejon
- Correlated Imaging Theme, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Daniel Nicholls
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, & Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex W Robinson
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, & Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Correlated Imaging Theme, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, & Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Zeng M, Wang W, Yin Y, Zheng C. A simple coordinate transformation method for quickly locating the features of interest in TEM samples. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:381-387. [PMID: 38421047 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple coordinate transformation method for quickly locating features of interest (FOIs) of samples in transmission electron microscope (TEM). The method is well suited for conducting sample searches in aberration-corrected scanning/transmission electron microscopes (S/TEM), where the survey can be very time-consuming because of the limited field of view imposed by the highly excited objective lens after fine-tuning the aberration correctors. For implementation, a digital image of the sample and the TEM holder was captured using a simple stereo-optical microscope. Naturally presented geometric patterns on the holder were referenced to construct a projective transformation between the electron and optical coordinate systems. The test results demonstrated that the method was accurate and required no electron microscope or specimen holder modifications. Additionally, it eliminated the need to mount the sample onto specific patterned TEM grids or deposit markers, resulting in universal applications for most TEM samples, holders and electron microscopes for fast FOI identification. Furthermore, we implemented the method into a Gatan script for graphical-user-interface-based step-by-step instructions. Through online communication, the script enabled real-time navigation and tracking of the motion of samples in TEM on enlarged optical images with a panoramic view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Songhu Rd 2005, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Songhu Rd 2005, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Songhu Rd 2005, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Changlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Songhu Rd 2005, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
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3
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Chao HY, Venkatraman K, Moniri S, Jiang Y, Tang X, Dai S, Gao W, Miao J, Chi M. In Situ and Emerging Transmission Electron Microscopy for Catalysis Research. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37327473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are the primary facilitator in many dynamic processes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these processes has vast implications for a myriad of energy systems. The scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) is a powerful tool not only for atomic-scale characterization but also in situ catalytic experimentation. Techniques such as liquid and gas phase electron microscopy allow the observation of catalysts in an environment conducive to catalytic reactions. Correlated algorithms can greatly improve microscopy data processing and expand multidimensional data handling. Furthermore, new techniques including 4D-STEM, atomic electron tomography, cryogenic electron microscopy, and monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) push the boundaries of our comprehension of catalyst behavior. In this review, we discuss the existing and emergent techniques for observing catalysts using S/TEM. Challenges and opportunities highlighted aim to inspire and accelerate the use of electron microscopy to further investigate the complex interplay of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Kartik Venkatraman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Saman Moniri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenpei Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
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4
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Prifti E, Buban JP, Thind AS, Klie RF. Variational Convolutional Autoencoders for Anomaly Detection in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205977. [PMID: 36651114 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Identifying point defects and other structural anomalies using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is important to understand a material's properties caused by the disruption of the regular pattern of crystal lattice. Due to improvements in instrumentation stability and electron optics, atomic-resolution images with a field of view of several hundred nanometers can now be routinely acquired at 1-10 Hz frame rates and such data, which often contain thousands of atomic columns, need to be analyzed. To date, image analysis is performed largely manually, but recent developments in computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML) now enable automated analysis of atomic structures and associated defects. Here, the authors report on how a Convolutional Variational Autoencoder (CVAE) can be utilized to detect structural anomalies in atomic-resolution STEM images. Specifically, the training set is limited to perfect crystal images , and the performance of a CVAE in differentiating between single-crystal bulk data or point defects is demonstrated. It is found that the CVAE can reproduce the perfect crystal data but not the defect input data. The disagreesments between the CVAE-predicted data for defects allows for a clear and automatic distinction and differentiation of several point defect types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Prifti
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - James P Buban
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Arashdeep Singh Thind
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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5
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Quigley F, McBean P, O'Donovan P, Peters JJP, Jones L. Cost and Capability Compromises in STEM Instrumentation for Low-Voltage Imaging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-7. [PMID: 35354509 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Low-voltage transmission electron microscopy (≤80 kV) has many applications in imaging beam-sensitive samples, such as metallic nanoparticles, which may become damaged at higher voltages. To improve resolution, spherical aberration can be corrected for in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM); however, chromatic aberration may then dominate, limiting the ultimate resolution of the microscope. Using image simulations, we examine how a chromatic aberration corrector, different objective lenses, and different beam energy spreads each affect the image quality of a gold nanoparticle imaged at low voltages in a spherical aberration-corrected STEM. A quantitative analysis of the simulated examples can inform the choice of instrumentation for low-voltage imaging. We here demonstrate a methodology whereby the optimum energy spread to operate a specific STEM can be deduced. This methodology can then be adapted to the specific sample and instrument of the reader, enabling them to make an informed economical choice as to what would be most beneficial for their STEM in the cost-conscious landscape of scientific infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Quigley
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures & Nanodevices (CRANN), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Patrick McBean
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures & Nanodevices (CRANN), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter O'Donovan
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jonathan J P Peters
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures & Nanodevices (CRANN), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lewys Jones
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures & Nanodevices (CRANN), Dublin 2, Ireland
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6
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Ortega E, Nicholls D, Browning ND, de Jonge N. High temporal-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy using sparse-serpentine scan pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22722. [PMID: 34811427 PMCID: PMC8608981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) provides structural analysis with sub-angstrom resolution. But the pixel-by-pixel scanning process is a limiting factor in acquiring high-speed data. Different strategies have been implemented to increase scanning speeds while at the same time minimizing beam damage via optimizing the scanning strategy. Here, we achieve the highest possible scanning speed by eliminating the image acquisition dead time induced by the beam flyback time combined with reducing the amount of scanning pixels via sparse imaging. A calibration procedure was developed to compensate for the hysteresis of the magnetic scan coils. A combination of sparse and serpentine scanning routines was tested for a crystalline thin film, gold nanoparticles, and in an in-situ liquid phase STEM experiment. Frame rates of 92, 23 and 5.8 s-1 were achieved for images of a width of 128, 256, and 512 pixels, respectively. The methods described here can be applied to single-particle tracking and analysis of radiation sensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ortega
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Daniel Nicholls
- School of Engineering & School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GQ, UK
| | - Nigel D Browning
- School of Engineering & School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GQ, UK.,Sivananthan Laboratories, 590 Territorial Drive, Bolingbrook, IL, 60440, USA
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123, Saarbrucken, Germany. .,Department of Physics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrucken, Germany.
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7
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Tsurusawa H, Nakanishi N, Kawano K, Chen Y, Dutka M, Van Leer B, Mizoguchi T. Robotic fabrication of high-quality lamellae for aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21599. [PMID: 34732755 PMCID: PMC8566590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is widely used for atomic-level imaging of materials but severely requires damage-free and thin samples (lamellae). So far, the preparation of the high-quality lamella from a bulk largely depends on manual processes by a skilled operator. This limits the throughput and repeatability of aberration-corrected STEM experiments. Here, inspired by the recent successes of "robot scientists", we demonstrate robotic fabrication of high-quality lamellae by focused-ion-beam (FIB) with automation software. First, we show that the robotic FIB can prepare lamellae with a high success rate, where the FIB system automatically controls rough-milling, lift-out, and final-thinning processes. Then, we systematically optimized the FIB parameters of the final-thinning process for single crystal Si. The optimized Si lamellae were evaluated by aberration-corrected STEM, showing atomic-level images with 55 pm resolution and quantitative repeatability of the spatial resolution and lamella thickness. We also demonstrate robotic fabrication of high-quality lamellae of SrTiO3 and sapphire, suggesting that the robotic FIB system may be applicable for a wide range of materials. The throughput of the robotic fabrication was typically an hour per lamella. Our robotic FIB will pave the way for the operator-free, high-throughput, and repeatable fabrication of the high-quality lamellae for aberration-corrected STEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyo Tsurusawa
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, FEI Japan Ltd., 4-12-2, Higashi-Shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-0002, Japan.
| | - Nobuto Nakanishi
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, FEI Japan Ltd., 4-12-2, Higashi-Shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-0002, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kawano
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, FEI Japan Ltd., 4-12-2, Higashi-Shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-0002, Japan
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhail Dutka
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Brandon Van Leer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5350 NE Dawson Creek Drive, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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8
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Liu JJ. Advances and Applications of Atomic-Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-53. [PMID: 34414878 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of individual heavy atoms were reported 50 years ago, the applications of atomic-resolution STEM imaging became wide spread only after the practical realization of aberration correctors on field-emission STEM/TEM instruments to form sub-Ångstrom electron probes. The innovative designs and advances of electron optical systems, the fundamental understanding of electron–specimen interaction processes, and the advances in detector technology all played a major role in achieving the goal of atomic-resolution STEM imaging of practical materials. It is clear that tremendous advances in computer technology and electronics, image acquisition and processing algorithms, image simulations, and precision machining synergistically made atomic-resolution STEM imaging routinely accessible. It is anticipated that further hardware/software development is needed to achieve three-dimensional atomic-resolution STEM imaging with single-atom chemical sensitivity, even for electron-beam-sensitive materials. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big-data science are expected to significantly enhance the impact of STEM and associated techniques on many research fields such as materials science and engineering, quantum and nanoscale science, physics and chemistry, and biology and medicine. This review focuses on advances of STEM imaging from the invention of the field-emission electron gun to the realization of aberration-corrected and monochromated atomic-resolution STEM and its broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Jimmy Liu
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287, USA
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9
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Watanabe M, Egerton RF. Evolution in X-ray Analysis from Micro to Atomic Scales in Aberration- Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 71:i132-i147. [PMID: 34265060 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray analysis is one of the most robust approaches to extract quantitative information from various materials, and is widely used in various fields ever since Raimond Castaing established procedures to analyze electron-induced X-ray signals for materials characterization 70 years ago. The recent development of aberration-correction technology in a (scanning) transmission electron microscopes (S/TEM) offers refined electron probes below the Å level, making atomic-resolution X-ray analysis possible. In addition, the latest silicon drift detectors (SDDs) allow complex detector arrangements and new configurational designs to maximize the collection efficiency of X-ray signals, which make it feasible to acquire X-ray signals from single atoms. In this review paper, recent progress and advantages related to S/TEM-based X-ray analysis will be discussed: (1) progress in quantification for materials characterization including the recent applications to light element analysis, (2) progress in analytical spatial resolution for atomic-resolution analysis and (3) progress in analytical sensitivity toward single atom detection and analysis in materials. Both atomic resolution analysis and single atom analysis are evaluated theoretically through multislice-based calculation for electron propagation in oriented crystalline specimen in combination with X-ray spectrum simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Dept. of Mater. Sci. & Eng., Lehigh University, Bethlehem PA 18015-3195, USA
| | - R F Egerton
- Physics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
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10
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Chen Z, Jiang Y, Shao YT, Holtz ME, Odstrčil M, Guizar-Sicairos M, Hanke I, Ganschow S, Schlom DG, Muller DA. Electron ptychography achieves atomic-resolution limits set by lattice vibrations. Science 2021; 372:826-831. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Megan E. Holtz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Isabelle Hanke
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Darrell G. Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David A. Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
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11
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An overview of the recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy for life sciences. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:151-168. [PMID: 33760078 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (CryoEM) has superseded X-ray crystallography and NMR to emerge as a popular and effective tool for structure determination in recent times. It has become indispensable for the characterization of large macromolecular assemblies, membrane proteins, or samples that are limited, conformationally heterogeneous, and recalcitrant to crystallization. Besides, it is the only tool capable of elucidating high-resolution structures of macromolecules and biological assemblies in situ. A state-of-the-art electron microscope operable at cryo-temperature helps preserve high-resolution details of the biological sample. The structures can be determined, either in isolation via single-particle analysis (SPA) or helical reconstruction, electron diffraction (ED) or within the cellular environment via cryo-electron tomography (cryoET). All the three streams of SPA, ED, and cryoET (along with subtomogram averaging) have undergone significant advancements in recent times. This has resulted in breaking the boundaries with respect to both the size of the macromolecules/assemblies whose structures could be determined along with the visualization of atomic details at resolutions unprecedented for cryoEM. In addition, the collection of larger datasets combined with the ability to sort and process multiple conformational states from the same sample are providing the much-needed link between the protein structures and their functions. In overview, these developments are helping scientists decipher the molecular mechanism of critical cellular processes, solve structures of macromolecules that were challenging targets for structure determination until now, propelling forward the fields of biology and biomedicine. Here, we summarize recent advances and key contributions of the three cryo-electron microscopy streams of SPA, ED, and cryoET.
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12
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TEMImageNet training library and AtomSegNet deep-learning models for high-precision atom segmentation, localization, denoising, and deblurring of atomic-resolution images. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5386. [PMID: 33686158 PMCID: PMC7940611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atom segmentation and localization, noise reduction and deblurring of atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images with high precision and robustness is a challenging task. Although several conventional algorithms, such has thresholding, edge detection and clustering, can achieve reasonable performance in some predefined sceneries, they tend to fail when interferences from the background are strong and unpredictable. Particularly, for atomic-resolution STEM images, so far there is no well-established algorithm that is robust enough to segment or detect all atomic columns when there is large thickness variation in a recorded image. Herein, we report the development of a training library and a deep learning method that can perform robust and precise atom segmentation, localization, denoising, and super-resolution processing of experimental images. Despite using simulated images as training datasets, the deep-learning model can self-adapt to experimental STEM images and shows outstanding performance in atom detection and localization in challenging contrast conditions and the precision consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art two-dimensional Gaussian fit method. Taking a step further, we have deployed our deep-learning models to a desktop app with a graphical user interface and the app is free and open-source. We have also built a TEM ImageNet project website for easy browsing and downloading of the training data.
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13
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Wu M, Lander GC, Herzik MA. Sub-2 Angstrom resolution structure determination using single-particle cryo-EM at 200 keV. J Struct Biol X 2020; 4:100020. [PMID: 32647824 PMCID: PMC7337053 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2020.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the advent of direct electron detectors (DEDs) and software developments have enabled the routine use of single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for structure determination of well-behaved specimens to high-resolution, there nonetheless remains a discrepancy between the resolutions attained for biological specimens and the information limits of modern transmission electron microscopes (TEMs). Instruments operating at 300 kV equipped with DEDs are the current paradigm for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM, while 200 kV TEMs remain comparatively underutilized for purposes beyond sample screening. Here, we expand upon our prior work and demonstrate that one such 200 kV microscope, the Talos Arctica, equipped with a K2 DED is capable of determining structures of macromolecules to as high as ∼1.7 Å resolution. At this resolution, ordered water molecules are readily assigned and holes in aromatic residues can be clearly distinguished in the reconstructions. This work emphasizes the utility of 200 kV electrons for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM and applications such as structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Gabriel C. Lander
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Mark A. Herzik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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14
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de Graaf S, Momand J, Mitterbauer C, Lazar S, Kooi BJ. Resolving hydrogen atoms at metal-metal hydride interfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4312. [PMID: 32064349 PMCID: PMC6994207 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen as a fuel can be stored safely with high volumetric density in metals. It can, however, also be detrimental to metals, causing embrittlement. Understanding fundamental behavior of hydrogen at the atomic scale is key to improve the properties of metal-metal hydride systems. However, currently, there is no robust technique capable of visualizing hydrogen atoms. Here, we demonstrate that hydrogen atoms can be imaged unprecedentedly with integrated differential phase contrast, a recently developed technique performed in a scanning transmission electron microscope. Images of the titanium-titanium monohydride interface reveal stability of the hydride phase, originating from the interplay between compressive stress and interfacial coherence. We also uncovered, 30 years after three models were proposed, which one describes the position of hydrogen atoms with respect to the interface. Our work enables previously unidentified research on hydrides and is extendable to all materials containing light and heavy elements, including oxides, nitrides, carbides, and borides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytze de Graaf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. (S.d.G.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Jamo Momand
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sorin Lazar
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Bart J. Kooi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. (S.d.G.); (B.J.K.)
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15
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Song J, Allen CS, Gao S, Huang C, Sawada H, Pan X, Warner J, Wang P, Kirkland AI. Atomic Resolution Defocused Electron Ptychography at Low Dose with a Fast, Direct Electron Detector. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3919. [PMID: 30850641 PMCID: PMC6408533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron ptychography has recently attracted considerable interest for high resolution phase-sensitive imaging. However, to date studies have been mainly limited to radiation resistant samples as the electron dose required to record a ptychographic dataset is too high for use with beam-sensitive materials. Here we report defocused electron ptychography using a fast, direct-counting detector to reconstruct the transmission function, which is in turn related to the electrostatic potential of a two-dimensional material at atomic resolution under various low dose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Song
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.,Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Lightsource Ltd., Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Si Gao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.,Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Lightsource Ltd., Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Hidetaka Sawada
- JEOL Ltd, 1-2 Mushashino, 3-Chome, Akishima, Tokyo, 196, Japan
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jamie Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.,Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Lightsource Ltd., Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
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16
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17
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Song B, Ding Z, Allen CS, Sawada H, Zhang F, Pan X, Warner J, Kirkland AI, Wang P. Hollow Electron Ptychographic Diffractive Imaging. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:146101. [PMID: 30339441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.146101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for quantitative phase recovery and simultaneous electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis using ptychographic reconstruction of a data set of "hollow" diffraction patterns. This has the potential for recovering both structural and chemical information at atomic resolution with a new generation of detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Song
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Lightsource Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Hidetaka Sawada
- JEOL Ltd, 1-2 Musashino, 3-Chome, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
| | - Fucai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Jamie Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Lightsource Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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18
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Fatermans J, den Dekker AJ, Müller-Caspary K, Lobato I, O'Leary CM, Nellist PD, Van Aert S. Single Atom Detection from Low Contrast-to-Noise Ratio Electron Microscopy Images. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:056101. [PMID: 30118288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.056101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single atom detection is of key importance to solving a wide range of scientific and technological problems. The strong interaction of electrons with matter makes transmission electron microscopy one of the most promising techniques. In particular, aberration correction using scanning transmission electron microscopy has made a significant step forward toward detecting single atoms. However, to overcome radiation damage, related to the use of high-energy electrons, the incoming electron dose should be kept low enough. This results in images exhibiting a low signal-to-noise ratio and extremely weak contrast, especially for light-element nanomaterials. To overcome this problem, a combination of physics-based model fitting and the use of a model-order selection method is proposed, enabling one to detect single atoms with high reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fatermans
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - A J den Dekker
- Imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Delft Center for Systems and Control (DCSC), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - K Müller-Caspary
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - I Lobato
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C M O'Leary
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - P D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - S Van Aert
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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19
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Electron ptychography of 2D materials to deep sub-ångström resolution. Nature 2018; 559:343-349. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Morishita S, Ishikawa R, Kohno Y, Sawada H, Shibata N, Ikuhara Y. Attainment of 40.5 pm spatial resolution using 300 kV scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with fifth-order aberration corrector. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:46-50. [PMID: 29309606 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The achievement of a fine electron probe for high-resolution imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy requires technological developments, especially in electron optics. For this purpose, we developed a microscope with a fifth-order aberration corrector that operates at 300 kV. The contrast flat region in an experimental Ronchigram, which indicates the aberration-free angle, was expanded to 70 mrad. By using a probe with convergence angle of 40 mrad in the scanning transmission electron microscope at 300 kV, we attained the spatial resolution of 40.5 pm, which is the projected interatomic distance between Ga-Ga atomic columns of GaN observed along [212] direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Ishikawa
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuji Kohno
- JEOL Ltd, 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo196-8558, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Shibata
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
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21
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Morishita S, Kohno Y, Hosokawa F, Suenaga K, Sawada H. Evaluation of residual aberration in fifth-order geometrical aberration correctors. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:156-163. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Kohno
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Hosokawa
- BioNet Laboratory Inc., 2-3-28 Nishiki-chou, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-0022, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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22
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Ning S, Fujita T, Nie A, Wang Z, Xu X, Chen J, Chen M, Yao S, Zhang TY. Scanning distortion correction in STEM images. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 184:274-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Gao S, Wang P, Zhang F, Martinez GT, Nellist PD, Pan X, Kirkland AI. Electron ptychographic microscopy for three-dimensional imaging. Nat Commun 2017; 8:163. [PMID: 28761117 PMCID: PMC5537274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowing the three-dimensional structural information of materials at the nanometer scale is essential to understanding complex material properties. Electron tomography retrieves three-dimensional structural information using a tilt series of two-dimensional images. In this paper, we report an alternative combination of electron ptychography with the inverse multislice method. We demonstrate depth sectioning of a nanostructured material into slices with 0.34 nm lateral resolution and with a corresponding depth resolution of about 24-30 nm. This three-dimensional imaging method has potential applications for the three-dimensional structure determination of a range of objects, ranging from inorganic nanostructures to biological macromolecules.Three-dimensional ptychographic imaging with electrons has remained a challenge because, unlike X-rays, electrons are easily scattered by atoms. Here, Gao et al. extend multi-slice methods to electrons in the multiple scattering regime, paving the way to nanometer-scale 3D structure determination with electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Center for the Microstructures of Quantum Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Center for the Microstructures of Quantum Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China. .,Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fucai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, London, WC1H 0AH, UK. .,Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.
| | - Gerardo T Martinez
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Peter D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Center for the Microstructures of Quantum Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Califnornia, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.,Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Lightsource, Diamond House, Oxfordshire, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
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24
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Müller-Caspary K, Krause FF, Grieb T, Löffler S, Schowalter M, Béché A, Galioit V, Marquardt D, Zweck J, Schattschneider P, Verbeeck J, Rosenauer A. Measurement of atomic electric fields and charge densities from average momentum transfers using scanning transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 178:62-80. [PMID: 27217350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study sheds light on the prerequisites, possibilities, limitations and interpretation of high-resolution differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). We draw particular attention to the well-established DPC technique based on segmented annular detectors and its relation to recent developments based on pixelated detectors. These employ the expectation value of the momentum transfer as a reliable measure of the angular deflection of the STEM beam induced by an electric field in the specimen. The influence of scattering and propagation of electrons within the specimen is initially discussed separately and then treated in terms of a two-state channeling theory. A detailed simulation study of GaN is presented as a function of specimen thickness and bonding. It is found that bonding effects are rather detectable implicitly, e.g., by characteristics of the momentum flux in areas between the atoms than by directly mapping electric fields and charge densities. For strontium titanate, experimental charge densities are compared with simulations and discussed with respect to experimental artifacts such as scan noise. Finally, we consider practical issues such as figures of merit for spatial and momentum resolution, minimum electron dose, and the mapping of larger-scale, built-in electric fields by virtue of data averaged over a crystal unit cell. We find that the latter is possible for crystals with an inversion center. Concerning the optimal detector design, this study indicates that a sampling of 5mrad per pixel is sufficient in typical applications, corresponding to approximately 10×10 available pixels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Müller-Caspary
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Florian F Krause
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Tim Grieb
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Löffler
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E138, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Schowalter
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Armand Béché
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Vincent Galioit
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Marquardt
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Josef Zweck
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Schattschneider
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E138, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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25
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Electron Ptychographic Diffractive Imaging of Boron Atoms in LaB 6 Crystals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2857. [PMID: 28588219 PMCID: PMC5460146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ptychographic diffractive imaging has the potential for structural determination of materials without the constraints of relatively small, isolated samples required for conventional coherent diffractive imaging. The increased illumination diversity introduced using multiple measurements (overlapped probe positions) also provides higher sensitivity to phase changes in weakly scattering samples. The resolution of a ptychographic reconstruction is ultimately determined by the diffraction limit for the wavelength of the radiation used. However, in practical experiments using electrons either the maximum collection angle of the detector used to record the data or the partial coherence of the source impose lower resolution limits. Nonetheless for medium energy electrons this suggests a potential sub 0.1 nm spatial resolution limit, comparable to that obtained using aberration corrected instruments. However, simultaneous visualization of light and heavier atoms in specimens using ptychography at sub 0.1 nm resolution presents a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate a ptychographic reconstruction of a LaB6 crystal in which light B atoms were clearly resolved together with the heavy La atoms in the reconstructed phase. The technique used is general and can also be applied to non-crystalline and extended crystalline samples. As such it offers an alternative future basis for imaging the atomic structure of materials, particularly those containing low atomic number elements.
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26
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Oxley MP, Lupini AR, Pennycook SJ. Ultra-high resolution electron microscopy. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:026101. [PMID: 28008874 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen dramatic advances in the resolution of the electron microscope brought about by the successful correction of lens aberrations that previously limited resolution for most of its history. We briefly review these advances, the achievement of sub-Ångstrom resolution and the ability to identify individual atoms, their bonding configurations and even their dynamics and diffusion pathways. We then present a review of the basic physics of electron scattering, lens aberrations and their correction, and an approximate imaging theory for thin crystals which provides physical insight into the various different imaging modes. Then we proceed to describe a more exact imaging theory starting from Yoshioka's formulation and covering full image simulation methods using Bloch waves, the multislice formulation and the frozen phonon/quantum excitation of phonons models. Delocalization of inelastic scattering has become an important limiting factor at atomic resolution. We therefore discuss this issue extensively, showing how the full-width-half-maximum is the appropriate measure for predicting image contrast, but the diameter containing 50% of the excitation is an important measure of the range of the interaction. These two measures can differ by a factor of 5, are not a simple function of binding energy, and full image simulations are required to match to experiment. The Z-dependence of annular dark field images is also discussed extensively, both for single atoms and for crystals, and we show that temporal incoherence must be included accurately if atomic species are to be identified through matching experimental intensities to simulations. Finally we mention a few promising directions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Oxley
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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27
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Gonnissen J, De Backer A, den Dekker A, Sijbers J, Van Aert S. Detecting and locating light atoms from high-resolution STEM images: The quest for a single optimal design. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Oshima Y, Lee S, Takayanagi K. Visualization of lithium ions by annular bright field imaging. Microscopy (Oxf) 2016; 66:15-24. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Detection of water and its derivatives on individual nanoparticles using vibrational electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 169:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Image transfer with spatial coherence for aberration corrected transmission electron microscopes. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 167:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Zhang X, Oshima Y. Atomic resolved phase map of monolayer MoS2 retrieved by spherical aberration-corrected transport of intensity equation. Microscopy (Oxf) 2016; 65:422-428. [PMID: 27385788 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An atomic resolution phase map, which enables us to observe charge distribution or magnetic properties at an atomic scale, has been pointed out to be retrieved by transport of intensity equation (TIE) when taking two atomic-resolved transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of small defocus difference. In this work, we firstly obtained the atomic-resolved phase maps of an exfoliated molybdenum disulfide sheet using spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. We successfully observed 60° grain boundary of mechanically exfoliated monolayer molybdenum disulfide sheet. The relative phase shift of a single molybdenum atomic column to the column consisting of two sulfur atoms was obtained to be about 0.01 rad on average, which was about half lower than the simulated TIE phase map, indicating that the individual atomic sites can be distinguished qualitatively. The appropriate condition for retrieving atomic-resolved TIE phase maps was briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zhang
- School of Materials Science, JAIST, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan, JST-CREST, 7-gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Oshima
- School of Materials Science, JAIST, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan, JST-CREST, 7-gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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32
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Wade CA, McLean MJ, Vinci RP, Watanabe M. Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) Through-Focus Imaging for Three-Dimensional Atomic Analysis of Bismuth Segregation on Copper [001]/33° Twist Bicrystal Grain Boundaries. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:679-689. [PMID: 27145975 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) through-focus imaging (TFI) has been used to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of Bi segregation-induced brittle Cu grain boundaries (GBs). With TFI, it is possible to observe single Bi atom distributions along Cu [001] twist GBs using an aberration-corrected STEM operating at 200 kV. The depth resolution is ~5 nm. Specimens with GBs intentionally inclined with respect to the microscope's optic axis were used to investigate Bi segregant atom distributions along and through the Cu GB. It was found that Bi atoms exist at most once per Cu unit cell along the GB, meaning that no continuous GB film is present. Therefore, the reduced fracture toughness of this particular Bi-doped Cu boundary would not be caused by fracture of Bi-Bi bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Austin Wade
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Lehigh University,Bethlehem, PA 18015,USA
| | - Mark J McLean
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Lehigh University,Bethlehem, PA 18015,USA
| | - Richard P Vinci
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Lehigh University,Bethlehem, PA 18015,USA
| | - Masashi Watanabe
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Lehigh University,Bethlehem, PA 18015,USA
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33
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Big Data Analytics for Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Ptychography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26348. [PMID: 27211523 PMCID: PMC4876439 DOI: 10.1038/srep26348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy is undergoing a transition; from the model of producing only a few micrographs, through the current state where many images and spectra can be digitally recorded, to a new mode where very large volumes of data (movies, ptychographic and multi-dimensional series) can be rapidly obtained. Here, we discuss the application of so-called “big-data” methods to high dimensional microscopy data, using unsupervised multivariate statistical techniques, in order to explore salient image features in a specific example of BiFeO3 domains. Remarkably, k-means clustering reveals domain differentiation despite the fact that the algorithm is purely statistical in nature and does not require any prior information regarding the material, any coexisting phases, or any differentiating structures. While this is a somewhat trivial case, this example signifies the extraction of useful physical and structural information without any prior bias regarding the sample or the instrumental modality. Further interpretation of these types of results may still require human intervention. However, the open nature of this algorithm and its wide availability, enable broad collaborations and exploratory work necessary to enable efficient data analysis in electron microscopy.
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Zhang X, Oshima Y. Practical procedure for retrieval of quantitative phase map for two-phase interface using the transport of intensity equation. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 158:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pennycook SJ, Zhou W, Pantelides ST. Watching Atoms Work: Nanocluster Structure and Dynamics. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9437-9440. [PMID: 26407002 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the space of little more than a decade, the resolution of the electron microscope has improved to provide clear views of the atomic world. Not only can atomic arrangements be imaged, but with a little gentle provocation from the electron beam, atoms can be energized and their dynamics can also be revealed. In this issue of ACS Nano, Chen et al. image Si atoms growing under the beam into cubic crystalline arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Wu Zhou
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Zhang X, Oshima Y. Experimental evaluation of spatial resolution in phase maps retrieved by transport of intensity equation. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015; 64:395-400. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ke X, Bittencourt C, Van Tendeloo G. Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1541-57. [PMID: 26425406 PMCID: PMC4578338 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A major revolution for electron microscopy in the past decade is the introduction of aberration correction, which enables one to increase both the spatial resolution and the energy resolution to the optical limit. Aberration correction has contributed significantly to the imaging at low operating voltages. This is crucial for carbon-based nanomaterials which are sensitive to electron irradiation. The research of carbon nanomaterials and nanohybrids, in particular the fundamental understanding of defects and interfaces, can now be carried out in unprecedented detail by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM). This review discusses new possibilities and limits of AC-TEM at low voltage, including the structural imaging at atomic resolution, in three dimensions and spectroscopic investigation of chemistry and bonding. In situ TEM of carbon-based nanomaterials is discussed and illustrated through recent reports with particular emphasis on the underlying physics of interactions between electrons and carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Ke
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chemistry of Interaction Plasma Surface (ChiPS), University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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Hosokawa F, Shinkawa T, Arai Y, Sannomiya T. Benchmark test of accelerated multi-slice simulation by GPGPU. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 158:56-64. [PMID: 26183007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A fast multi-slice image simulation by parallelized computation using a graphics processing unit (GPU) has been developed. The image simulation contains multiple sets of computing steps, such as Fourier transform and pixel-to-pixel operation. The efficiency of GPU varies depending on the type of calculation. In the effective case of utilizing GPU, the calculation speed is conducted hundreds of times faster than a central processing unit (CPU). The benchmark test of parallelized multi-slice was performed, and the results of contents, such as TEM imaging, STEM imaging and CBD calculation are reported. Some features of the simulation software are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoshihiro Arai
- Terabese Ltd, Hane-nishi 3-5-1-102, Okazaki 444-0838 Japan
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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39
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The correction of electron lens aberrations. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 156:A1-64. [PMID: 26025209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The progress of electron lens aberration correction from about 1990 onwards is chronicled. Reasonably complete lists of publications on this and related topics are appended. A present for Max Haider and Ondrej Krivanek in the year of their 65th birthdays. By a happy coincidence, this review was completed in the year that both Max Haider and Ondrej Krivanek reached the age of 65. It is a pleasure to dedicate it to the two leading actors in the saga of aberration corrector design and construction. They would both wish to associate their colleagues with such a tribute but it is the names of Haider and Krivanek (not forgetting Joachim Zach) that will remain in the annals of electron optics, next to that of Harald Rose. I am proud to know that both regard me as a friend as well as a colleague.
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Ishikawa R, Lupini AR, Hinuma Y, Pennycook SJ. Large-angle illumination STEM: Toward three-dimensional atom-by-atom imaging. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 151:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sawada H, Shimura N, Hosokawa F, Shibata N, Ikuhara Y. Resolving 45-pm-separated Si–Si atomic columns with an aberration-corrected STEM. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015; 64:213-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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42
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Lu X, Gao W, Zuo JM, Yuan J. Atomic resolution tomography reconstruction of tilt series based on a GPU accelerated hybrid input–output algorithm using polar Fourier transform. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 149:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lee S, Oshima Y, Hosono E, Zhou H, Kim K, Chang HM, Kanno R, Takayanagi K. Phase transitions in a LiMn2O4 nanowire battery observed by operando electron microscopy. ACS NANO 2015; 9:626-632. [PMID: 25513896 DOI: 10.1021/nn505952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fast charge-discharge process has been reported to give a high capacity loss. A nanobattery consisting of a single LiMn2O4 nanowire cathode, ionic liquid electrolyte and lithium titanium oxide anode was developed for in situ transmission electron microscopy. When it was fully charged or discharged within a range of 4 V in less than half an hour (corresponding average C rate: 2.5C), Li-rich and Li-poor phases were observed to be separated by a transition region, and coexisted during whole process. The phase transition region moved reversibly along the nanowire axis which corresponds to the [011] direction, allowing the volume fraction of both phases to change. In the electron diffraction patterns, the Li-rich phase was seen to have the (100) orientation with respect to the incident electron beam, while the Li-poor phase had the (111̅) orientation. The orientation was changed as the transition region moved. However, the nanowire did not fracture. This suggests that a LiMn2O4 nanowire has the advantage of preventing capacity fading at high charge rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lee
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-H-52 Oh-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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44
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Ishikawa R, Lupini AR, Findlay SD, Taniguchi T, Pennycook SJ. Three-dimensional location of a single dopant with atomic precision by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1903-1908. [PMID: 24646109 DOI: 10.1021/nl500564b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Materials properties, such as optical and electronic response, can be greatly enhanced by isolated single dopants. Determining the full three-dimensional single-dopant defect structure and spatial distribution is therefore critical to understanding and adequately tuning functional properties. Combining quantitative Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy images with image simulations, we show the direct determination of the atomic-scale depth location of an optically active, single atom Ce dopant embedded within wurtzite-type AlN. The method represents a powerful new tool for reconstructing three-dimensional information from a single, two-dimensional image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ishikawa
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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46
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Sawada H, Sasaki T, Hosokawa F, Suenaga K. Resolution enhancement at a large convergence angle by a delta corrector with a CFEG in a low-accelerating-voltage STEM. Micron 2014; 63:35-9. [PMID: 24618015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Resolution reduction by a diffraction limit becomes severe with an increase in the wavelength of an electron at a relatively low accelerating voltage. For maintaining atomic resolution at a low accelerating voltage, a larger convergence angle with aberration correction is required. The developed aberration corrector, which compensates for higher-order aberration, can expand the uniform phase angle. Sub-angstrom imaging of a Ge [112] specimen with a narrow energy spread obtained by a cold field emission gun at 60 kV was performed using the aberration corrector. We achieved a resolution of 82 pm for a Ge-Ge dumbbell structure image by high angle annular dark-field imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Sawada
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan.
| | - Takeo Sasaki
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Hosokawa
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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47
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Meyer JC, Kotakoski J, Mangler C. Atomic structure from large-area, low-dose exposures of materials: a new route to circumvent radiation damage. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 145:13-21. [PMID: 24315660 PMCID: PMC4153813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Beam-induced structural modifications are a major nuisance in the study of materials by high-resolution electron microscopy. Here, we introduce a new approach to circumvent the radiation damage problem by a statistical treatment of large, noisy, low-dose data sets of non-periodic configurations (e.g. defects) in the material. We distribute the dose over a mixture of different defect structures at random positions and with random orientations, and recover representative model images via a maximum likelihood search. We demonstrate reconstructions from simulated images at such low doses that the location of individual entities is not possible. The approach may open a route to study currently inaccessible beam-sensitive configurations. A new approach to circumvent radiation damage. Statistical treatment of large noisy data sets. Analysis of radiation sensitive material defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Meyer
- University of Vienna, Department of Physics, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Kotakoski
- University of Vienna, Department of Physics, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Mangler
- University of Vienna, Department of Physics, Vienna, Austria
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48
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Linkov P, Artemyev M, Efimov AE, Nabiev I. Comparative advantages and limitations of the basic metrology methods applied to the characterization of nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:8781-8798. [PMID: 23934544 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of modern nanomaterials and nanostructures with specific functional properties is both scientifically promising and commercially profitable. The preparation and use of nanomaterials require adequate methods for the control and characterization of their size, shape, chemical composition, crystalline structure, energy levels, pathways and dynamics of physical and chemical processes during their fabrication and further use. In this review, we discuss different instrumental methods for the analysis and metrology of materials and evaluate their advantages and limitations at the nanolevel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Linkov
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, 31 Kashirskoe sh., 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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49
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Sannomiya T, Sawada H, Nakamichi T, Hosokawa F, Nakamura Y, Tanishiro Y, Takayanagi K. Determination of aberration center of Ronchigram for automated aberration correctors in scanning transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 135:71-9. [PMID: 23911859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A generic method to determine the aberration center is established, which can be utilized for aberration calculation and axis alignment for aberration corrected electron microscopes. In this method, decentering induced secondary aberrations from inherent primary aberrations are minimized to find the appropriate axis center. The fitness function to find the optimal decentering vector for the axis was defined as a sum of decentering induced secondary aberrations with properly distributed weight values according to the aberration order. Since the appropriate decentering vector is determined from the aberration values calculated at an arbitrary center axis, only one aberration measurement is in principle required to find the center, resulting in /very fast center search. This approach was tested for the Ronchigram based aberration calculation method for aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Both in simulation and in experiments, the center search was confirmed to work well although the convergence to find the best axis becomes slower with larger primary aberrations. Such aberration center determination is expected to fully automatize the aberration correction procedures, which used to require pre-alignment of experienced users. This approach is also applicable to automated aperture positioning.
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50
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Kant V, Gupta V, Gupta AR. Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5567/sciintl.2013.167.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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