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Esmaeili N, Hosseini H, Zare M, Akhavan SR, Rombenso A. Early Mild Stress along with Lipid Improves the Stress Responsiveness of Oscar ( Astronotus ocellatus). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:8991678. [PMID: 37576918 PMCID: PMC10415086 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8991678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Early-life exposure to mild stressors can assist animals in coping with more stressful events in later life. This study was aimed at investigating how early stress and dietary lipid contents affect growth, hematology, blood biochemistry, immunological responses, antioxidant system, liver enzymes, and stress responses of oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) (6.8 ± 0.7 g). Six experimental treatments were HL0Stress (high-lipid diet and without stress), HL2Stresses (high-lipid diet and two-week stress), HL4Stresses (high-lipid diet and four-week stress), LL0Stress (low-lipid diet and without stress), LL2Stresses (low-lipid diet and two-week stress), and LL4Stresses (low-lipid diet and four-week stress). During the ten-week trial, fish fed high-lipid diets grew faster (46.41 ± 4.67 vs. 38.81 ± 2.81) and had a lower feed conversion ratio (2.21 vs. 2.60) than those fed low-lipid diets (P < 0.05). After acute confinement stress (AC stress), high-lipid groups had higher survival than low-lipid treatments (81.25% vs 72.92%) (P < 0.05). Fish subjected to two-time stress (2Stresses) had a higher survival rate after AC stress (90.63% vs. 62.50%), hematocrit, white blood cell, blood performance, total protein, high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglyceride, alternative complement activity (ACH50), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and alkaline phosphatase levels than those not stressed (P < 0.05). Contrariwise, glucose, cortisol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly lower in the 2Stresses groups compared with 0Stress fish (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings suggest stressing the signs of adaptation in 2Stresses fish. However, a higher number of early stress events (4Stresses) appears to exceed the threshold of manageable stress levels for this species. In conclusion, the HL2Stresses group outperformed the other treatments in terms of growth, health status, and stress responsiveness. Although fish welfare must be considered, these results suggest that early mild stress can result in a greater survival rate after fish are exposed to later acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Esmaeili
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Pathobiology & Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahyar Zare
- Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sobhan R. Akhavan
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology, H-Block, 322 Hardy Street, Private Bag 19, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Artur Rombenso
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island Research Centre, Bribie Island, QLD, Australia
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Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of SREBP-1 and PPARα in Onychostoma macrolepis and their mRNA expressions in response to thermal exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 230:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Prisingkorn W, Jakovlić I, Yi SK, Deng FY, Zhao YH, Wang WM. Gene expression patterns indicate that a high-fat–high-carbohydrate diet causes mitochondrial dysfunction in fish. Genome 2019; 62:53-67. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Expensive and unsustainable fishmeal is increasingly being replaced with cheaper lipids and carbohydrates as sources of energy in aquaculture. Although it is known that the excess of lipids and carbohydrates has negative effects on nutrient utilization, growth, metabolic homeostasis, and health of fish, our current understanding of mechanisms behind these effects is limited. To improve the understanding of diet-induced metabolic disorders (both in fish and other vertebrates), we conducted an eight-week high-fat–high-carbohydrate diet feeding trial on blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), and studied gene expression changes (transcriptome and qPCR) in the liver. Disproportionately large numbers of differentially expressed genes were associated with mitochondrial metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s), and functional categories indicative of liver dysfunction. A high-fat–high-carbohydrate diet may have caused mitochondrial dysfunction, and possibly downregulated the mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver. While the relationship between diet and neurodegenerative disorders is well-established in mammals, this is the first report of this connection in fish. We propose that fishes should be further explored as a potentially promising model to study the mechanisms of diet-associated neurodegenerative disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassana Prisingkorn
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ivan Jakovlić
- Bio-Transduction Lab, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Kui Yi
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Yu Deng
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hua Zhao
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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van de Pol I, Flik G, Gorissen M. Comparative Physiology of Energy Metabolism: Fishing for Endocrine Signals in the Early Vertebrate Pool. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:36. [PMID: 28303116 PMCID: PMC5332387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy is the common currency of life. To guarantee a homeostatic supply of energy, multiple neuro-endocrine systems have evolved in vertebrates; systems that regulate food intake, metabolism, and distribution of energy. Even subtle (lasting) dysregulation of the delicate balance of energy intake and expenditure may result in severe pathologies. Feeding-related pathologies have fueled research on mammals, including of course the human species. The mechanisms regulating food intake and body mass are well-characterized in these vertebrates. The majority of animal life is ectothermic, only birds and mammals are endotherms. What can we learn from a (comparative) study on energy homeostasis in teleostean fishes, ectotherms, with a very different energy budget and expenditure? We present several adaptation strategies in fish. In recent years, the components that regulate food intake in fishes have been identified. Although there is homology of the major genetic machinery with mammals (i.e., there is a vertebrate blueprint), in many cases this does not imply analogy. Although both mammals and fish must gain their energy from food, the expenditure of the energy obtained is different. Mammals need to spend vast amounts of energy to maintain body temperature; fishes seem to utilize a broader metabolic range to their advantage. In this review, we briefly discuss ecto- and endothermy and their consequences for energy balance. Next, we argue that the evolution of endothermy and its (dis-)advantages may explain very different strategies in endocrine regulation of energy homeostasis among vertebrates. We follow a comparative and evolutionary line of thought: we discuss similarities and differences between fish and mammals. Moreover, given the extraordinary radiation of teleostean fishes (with an estimated number of 33,400 contemporary species, or over 50% of vertebrate life forms), we also compare strategies in energy homeostasis between teleostean species. We present recent developments in the field of (neuro)endocrine regulation of energy balance in teleosts, with a focus on leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris van de Pol
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Gert Flik,
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Bonacic K, Estévez A, Bellot O, Conde-Sieira M, Gisbert E, Morais S. Dietary Fatty Acid Metabolism is Affected More by Lipid Level than Source in Senegalese Sole Juveniles: Interactions for Optimal Dietary Formulation. Lipids 2015; 51:105-22. [PMID: 26563870 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the effects of dietary lipid level and source on lipid absorption and metabolism in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Juvenile fish were fed 4 experimental diets containing either 100 % fish oil (FO) or 25 % FO and 75 % vegetable oil (VO; rapeseed, linseed and soybean oils) at two lipid levels (~8 or ~18 %). Effects were assessed on fish performance, body proximate composition and lipid accumulation, activity of hepatic lipogenic and fatty acid oxidative enzymes and, finally, on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in liver and intestine, and to intestinal absorption, both pre- and postprandially. Increased dietary lipid level had no major effects on growth and feeding performance (FCR), although fish fed FO had marginally better growth. Nevertheless, diets induced significant changes in lipid accumulation and metabolism. Hepatic lipid deposits were higher in fish fed VO, associated to increased hepatic ATP citrate lyase activity and up-regulated carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1) mRNA levels post-prandially. However, lipid level had a larger effect on gene expression of metabolic (lipogenesis and β-oxidation) genes than lipid source, mostly at fasting. High dietary lipid level down-regulated fatty acid synthase expression in liver and intestine, and increased cpt1 mRNA in liver. Large lipid accumulations were observed in the enterocytes of fish fed high lipid diets. This was possibly a result of a poor capacity to adapt to high dietary lipid level, as most genes involved in intestinal absorption were not regulated in response to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruno Bonacic
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Alicia Estévez
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Olga Bellot
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Sofia Morais
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
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He AY, Ning LJ, Chen LQ, Chen YL, Xing Q, Li JM, Qiao F, Li DL, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Systemic adaptation of lipid metabolism in response to low- and high-fat diet in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/8/e12485. [PMID: 26265749 PMCID: PMC4562571 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural selection endows animals with the abilities to store lipid when food is abundant and to synthesize lipid when it is limited. However, the relevant adaptive strategy of lipid metabolism has not been clearly elucidated in fish. This study examined the systemic metabolic strategies of Nile tilapia to maintain lipid homeostasis when fed with low- or high-fat diets. Three diets with different lipid contents (1%, 7%, and 13%) were formulated and fed to tilapias for 10 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the growth rate, hepatic somatic index, and the triglyceride (TG) contents of serum, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue were comparable among three groups, whereas the total body lipid contents and the mass of adipose tissue increased with the increased dietary lipid levels. Overall quantitative PCR, western blotting and transcriptomic assays indicated that the liver was the primary responding organ to low-fat (LF) diet feeding, and the elevated glycolysis and accelerated biosynthesis of fatty acids (FA) in the liver is likely to be the main strategies of tilapia toward LF intake. In contrast, excess ingested lipid was preferentially stored in adipose tissue through increasing the capability of FA uptake and TG synthesis. Increasing numbers, but not enlarging size, of adipocytes may be the main strategy of Nile tilapia responding to continuous high-fat (HF) diet feeding. This is the first study illuminating the systemic adaptation of lipid metabolism responding to LF or HF diet in fish, and our results shed new light on fish physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Yuan He
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Ning
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Chen
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Xing
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Min Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Qiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Fatty Acid Composition and ω3/ω6 Ratios in the Muscle of Wild and Reared Oncorhynchus mykiss. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mika A, Skorkowski E, Stepnowski P. Effect of seasonal and experimental temperature on de novo synthesis of fatty acids in C. crangon. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1529-36. [PMID: 25209500 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.925778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The intensity of in vivo lipogensis was measured and in this purpose, the radioactivity of incorporation of tritium into fatty acids (FAs) in tissues of C. crangon was determined. De novo synthesis of FAs was five times higher in hepatopancreas than in muscle in summer period but not much higher in autumn. The higher FAs synthesis was recorded at 25 °C, both for hepatopancreas and muscle, and the summer was higher than the autumn in the hepatopancreas and in the muscles of the opposite situation was observed. The higher amounts of SFAs in hepatopancreas from autumn, when in experimental conditions the ambient temperature C. crangon changed from 6 °C to the experimental higher temperature. When content of PUFAn-3 declined dramatically (Autumn 1 h, 25 °C). In contrast, at a lower temperature, the amount of polyunsaturated FAs is much higher than at 25 °C (Autumn 1 h 6 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- a Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Evolution , University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
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Abstract
The liver plays a unique, central role in regulating lipid metabolism. In addition to influencing hepatic function and disease, changes in specific pathways of fatty acid (FA) metabolism have wide-ranging effects on the metabolism of other nutrients, extra-hepatic physiology, and the development of metabolic diseases. The high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has led to increased efforts to characterize the underlying biology of hepatic energy metabolism and FA trafficking that leads to disease development. Recent advances have uncovered novel roles of metabolic pathways and specific enzymes in generating lipids important for cellular processes such as signal transduction and transcriptional activation. These studies have also advanced our understanding of key branch points involving FA partitioning between metabolic pathways and have identified new roles for lipid droplets in these events. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of FA trafficking and its regulation. An emphasis will be placed on branch points in these pathways and how alterations in FA trafficking contribute to NAFLD and related comorbidities.
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Kamalam BS, Medale F, Kaushik S, Polakof S, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S. Regulation of metabolism by dietary carbohydrates in two lines of rainbow trout divergently selected for muscle fat content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:2567-78. [PMID: 22786633 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.070581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in two rainbow trout lines divergently selected for lean (L) or fat (F) muscle suggested that they differ in their ability to metabolise glucose. In this context, we investigated whether genetic selection for high muscle fat content led to a better capacity to metabolise dietary carbohydrates. Juvenile trout from the two lines were fed diets with or without gelatinised starch (17.1%) for 10 weeks, after which blood, liver, muscle and adipose tissues were sampled. Growth rate, feed efficiency and protein utilisation were lower in the F line than in the L line. In both lines, intake of carbohydrates was associated with a moderate post-prandial hyperglycaemia, a protein sparing effect, an enhancement of nutrient (TOR-S6) signalling cascade and a decrease of energy-sensing enzyme (AMPK). Gene expression of hepatic glycolytic enzymes was higher in the F line fed carbohydrates compared with the L line, but concurrently transcripts for the gluconeogenic enzymes was also higher in the F line, possibly impairing glucose homeostasis. However, the F line showed a higher gene expression of hepatic enzymes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid bioconversion, in particular with an increased dietary carbohydrate intake. Enhanced lipogenic potential coupled with higher liver glycogen content in the F line suggests better glucose storage ability than the L line. Overall, the present study demonstrates the changes in hepatic intermediary metabolism resulting from genetic selection for high muscle fat content and dietary carbohydrate intake without, however, any interaction for an improved growth or glucose utilisation in the peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Sam Kamalam
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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11
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Bandarra NM, Rema P, Batista I, Pousão-Ferreira P, Valente LMP, Batista SMG, Ozório ROA. Effects of dietary n−3/n−6 ratio on lipid metabolism of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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The metabolic effects of prolonged starvation and refeeding in sturgeon and rainbow trout. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 182:63-76. [PMID: 21698525 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the particular metabolic strategies of the sturgeon Acipenser naccarii in facing a period of prolonged starvation (72 days) and subsequent refeeding (60 days) compared to the trout Oncorhynchus mykiss response under similar conditions. Plasma metabolites, endogenous reserves, and the activity of intermediate enzymes in liver and white muscle were evaluated. This study shows the mobilization of tissue reserves during a starvation period in both species with an associated enzymatic response. The sturgeon displayed an early increase in hepatic glycolysis during starvation. The trout preferentially used lactate for gluconeogenesis in liver and white muscle. The sturgeon had higher lipid-degradation capacity and greater synthesis of hepatic ketone bodies than the trout, although this latter species also showed strong synthesis of ketone bodies during starvation. During refeeding, the metabolic activity present before starvation was recovered in both fish, with a reestablishment of tissue reserves, plasmatic parameters (glucemia and cholesterol), and enzymatic activities in the liver and muscle. A compensatory effect in enzymes regarding lipids, ketone bodies, and oxidative metabolism was displayed in the liver of both species. There are metabolic differences between sturgeon and trout that support the contention that the sturgeon has common characteristics with elasmobranchs and teleosts.
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Polakof S, Médale F, Larroquet L, Vachot C, Corraze G, Panserat S. Regulation of de novo hepatic lipogenesis by insulin infusion in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3079-88. [PMID: 21571891 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate energy intake in excess of total energy expenditure is converted to fat. In fish, the liver is considered to be the main lipogenic tissue. Its regulation by insulin is not fully understood, and some of the available in vivo findings are contradictory. In this study, bovine insulin was infused for 5 d into rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet, and variables of de novo hepatic lipogenesis were measured. We found that hepatic lipogenesis in trout is stimulated by insulin, reflected in enhanced mRNA and protein abundance and enzyme activity of ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase. These results were further supported by parallel changes in enzymes acting as NAD phosphate donors, especially those participating in the pentose phosphate pathway. This is the first time that the main enzymes involved in de novo hepatic lipogenesis have been studied at the molecular, protein, and activity levels in fish. We hypothesize that some of the delayed changes found in the different levels of regulation were probably related to the insulin resistance achieved by the trout liver after 5 d of insulin infusion. We assessed enzyme activity and mRNA abundance of lipid oxidation-related enzymes in the livers of insulin-infused fish in which paradoxically increased β-oxidation potential was found. The insulin-stimulated de novo hepatic lipogenesis in carbohydrate-fed trout reinforces the hypothesis that this pathway may act as an important sink for excess glucose, which could ultimately contribute to improved glucose homeostasis in this carnivorous and glucose-intolerant species when fed high-carbohydrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Polakof
- INRA, UR1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France.
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Insulin stimulates lipogenesis and attenuates Beta-oxidation in white adipose tissue of fed rainbow trout. Lipids 2011; 46:189-99. [PMID: 21240564 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As lipid deposition tissue in fish, the white adipose tissue (WAT) has important functions related to reproduction and the challenges of long-term fasting. In the study reported here, we infused fish fed a high-carbohydrate diet with two doses of insulin for 5 days in order to explore the effects of this hormone on lipogenesis and beta-oxidation-related enzymes. We demonstrated the presence of some of the main lipogenic enzymes at molecular, protein and activity levels (ATP-citrate lyase and fatty acid synthase). However, while ATP-citrate lyase was unexpectedly down-regulated, fatty acid synthase was up-regulated (at protein and activity levels) in an insulin dose-dependent manner. The main enzymes acting as NADPH donors for lipogenesis were also characterized at biochemical and molecular levels, although there was no evidence of their regulation by insulin. On the other hand, lipid oxidation potential was found in this tissue through the measurement of gene expression of enzymes involved in β-oxidation, highlighting two carnitine palmitoyltransferase isoforms, both down-regulated by insulin infusion. We found that insulin acts as an important regulator of trout WAT lipid metabolism, inducing the final stage of lipogenesis at molecular, protein and enzyme activity levels and suppressing β-oxidation at least at a molecular level. These results suggest that WAT in fish may have a role that is important not only as a lipid deposition tissue but also as a lipogenic organ (with possible involvement in glucose homeostasis) that could also be able to utilize the lipids stored as a local energy source.
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15
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Kumar S, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Sagar V, Sinha AK, Baruah K. Modulation of key metabolic enzyme of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juvenile: effect of dietary starch type, protein level and exogenous alpha-amylase in the diet. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2009; 35:301-315. [PMID: 19343525 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to delineate the effect of both gelatinized (G) and non-gelatinized (NG) corn with or without supplementation of exogenous alpha-amylase, either at optimum (35%) or sub-optimum (27%) protein levels, on blood glucose, and the key metabolic enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, HK), gluconeogenesis (glucose-6 phosphatase, G6Pase and fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase, FBPase), lipogenesis (glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD) and amino acid metabolism (alanine amino transferase, ALT and aspartate amino transferase, AST) in Labeo rohita. Three hundred and sixty juveniles (average weight 10 +/- 0.15 g) were randomly distributed into 12 treatment groups with each of two replicates. Twelve semi-purified diets containing either 35 or 27% crude protein were prepared by including G or NG corn as carbohydrate source with different levels of microbial alpha-amylase (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg(-1)). The G corn fed groups showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) blood glucose and G6PD activity, whereas G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity in liver was higher in the NG corn fed group. Dietary corn type, alpha-amylase level in diet or their interaction had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on liver HK activity, but the optimum crude protein (35%) fed group showed higher HK activity than their low protein counterparts. The sub-optimum crude protein (27%) fed group showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) G6PD activity than the optimum protein fed group, whereas the reverse trend was observed for HK, G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity. Addition of 50 mg alpha-amylase kg(-1) feed showed increased blood glucose and G6PD activity of the NG corn fed group, whereas the reverse trend was found for G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity in liver, which was similar to that of the G or NG corn supplemented with 100/150 mg alpha-amylase kg(-1) feed. Data on enzyme activities suggest that NG corn in the diet significantly induced more gluconeogenic and amino acid metabolic enzyme activity, whereas G corn induced increased lipogenic enzyme activity. Increased amino acid catabolic enzyme (ALT and AST) activity was observed either at optimum protein (35%) irrespective of corn type or NG corn without supplementation of alpha-amylase irrespective of protein level in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivendra Kumar
- Department of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India.
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16
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Pérez-Jiménez A, Hidalgo MC, Morales AE, Arizcun M, Abellán E, Cardenete G. Use of different combinations of macronutrients in diets for dentex (Dentex dentex): effects on intermediary metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 152:314-21. [PMID: 19049895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the dietary macronutrient balance on the intermediary metabolism of common dentex (Dentex dentex L.) was evaluated. Four experimental diets combining high and low levels of macronutrients were formulated. Dentex fed on 43% protein had higher liver and muscle lipid content, corresponding with an increased hepatic G6PDH activity. This "excess" of hepatic lipids at higher protein levels could be used to obtain energy as would be reflected by hepatic HOAD. In the liver, 43% of dietary protein induced higher AlaAT and FBPase activities. Similarly, dentex fed on the P(43)C(28) and P(38)C(28) diets showed an increased hepatic and muscular gluconeogenic pathways (higher FBPase activity) from amino acids (elevated AlaAT) and/or glycerol (elevated GK). However, changes in glycemia were not observed among dietary treatments. At coronary level, the use of lower dietary protein induced an increase in the activity of glycolytic (PK and HK-IV) and lipolytic (HOAD) enzymes. Considering the overall results and the experimental conditions, it could be suggested that dietary protein could be reduced until 38% without affecting negatively the normal physiology of dentex. Moreover, high dietary carbohydrate levels could not be used efficiently by dentex given that gluconeogenesis occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Pérez-Jiménez
- Dpto. Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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17
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Deng J, Mai K, Ai Q, Zhang W. Effects of soybean oligosaccharides on lipid metabolism of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel) fed animal or plant protein source-based diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11703-007-0053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Effect of diet composition and ration size on key enzyme activities of glycolysis–gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism in liver of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114599001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of diet composition and ration size on the activities of key enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism were studied in the liver of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). High-carbohydrate, low-protein diets stimulated 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase (EC 2.7.1.11), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) enzyme activities, while they decreased alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) activity. A high degree of correlation was found between food ration size and the activity of the enzymes 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (positive correlations) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) (negative correlation). These correlations matched well with the high correlation also found between ration size and growth rate in starved fish refed for 22 d. Limited feeding (5 g/kg body weight) for 22 d decreased the activities of the key enzymes for glycolysis and lipogenesis, and alanine aminotransferase activity. The findings presented here indicate a high level of metabolic adaptation to both diet type and ration size. In particular, adaptation of enzyme activities to the consumption of a diet with a high carbohydrate level suggests that a carnivorous fish like Sparus aurata can tolerate partial replacement of protein by carbohydrate in the commercial diets supplied in culture. The relationship between enzyme activities, ration size and fish growth indicates that the enzymes quickly respond to dietary manipulations of cultured fish.
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Tapia-Salazar M, Bureau W, Panserat S, Corraze G, Bureau DP. Effect of DHA supplementation on digestible starch utilization by rainbow trout. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:76-87. [PMID: 16441919 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout has a limited ability to utilize digestible carbohydrates efficiently. Trout feeds generally contain high levels of DHA, a fatty acid known to inhibit a number of glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes in animals. A study was conducted to determine whether carbohydrate utilization by rainbow trout might be affected by dietary DHA level. Two low-carbohydrate (<4% digestible carbohydrate) basal diets were formulated to contain 1 (adequate) or 4 (excess)g/100g DHA diet respectively. The two basal diets were diluted with increasing levels of digestible starch (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively) to produce eight diets. These diets were fed to fish for 12 weeks at 15°C according to a pair-fed protocol that consisted of feeding the same amount of basal diet but different amounts of starch. Live weight, N and lipid gains, hepatic glycogen and plasma glucose values significantly increased, whereas feed efficiency (gain:feed) significantly decreased, with increasing starch intake (P<0·05). The retention efficiency of N (N gain/digestible N intake) improved with starch supplementation but was not affected by DHA level (P>0·05). Starch increased the activity of glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase (P<0·05) but did not affect hexokinase and malic enzyme activity. DHA had no effect on growth but increased plasma glucose and reduced carcass lipid and liver glycogen contents (P<0·05). Glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes were not affected by DHA level, except for pyruvate kinase, which was reduced by increasing DHA level. These results suggest only a marginal effect of dietary DHA on the ability of fish to utilize carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tapia-Salazar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
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20
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Richard N, Kaushik S, Larroquet L, Panserat S, Corraze G. Replacing dietary fish oil by vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br J Nutr 2006; 96:299-309. [PMID: 16923224 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on mechanisms involved in lipid deposition, two groups of rainbow trout were fed from first-feeding to the commercial size of 1 kg (for 62 weeks) with two diets differing only by lipid source: 100% fish oil or 100% blend of vegetable oils (55% rapeseed oil, 30% palm oil, 15% linseed oil). The activities and levels of gene expression of lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme) in liver and of lipoprotein lipase in perivisceral adipose tissue, white muscle and liver were determined. Transport of lipid was studied by determining lipid composition of plasma and lipoprotein classes. We also examined the clearance of LDL by assaying the level of LDL receptor gene expression in several tissues. Total replacement of dietary fish oil by the blend of vegetable oils did not affect growth of rainbow trout and did not modify muscle lipid content. Hepatic lipogenesis and lipid uptake in perivisceral adipose tissue, white muscle and liver were also not modified by dietary treatments. Diets containing the blend of vegetable oils induced a decrease in plasma cholesterol and LDL. In trout fed the vegetable oils diet, expression of LDL receptor gene in the liver was down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Richard
- UMR Nutrition Aquaculture Génomique, INRA Pôle Hydrobiologie, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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21
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Dias J, Alvarez MJ, Arzel J, Corraze G, Diez A, Bautista JM, Kaushik SJ. Dietary protein source affects lipid metabolism in the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 142:19-31. [PMID: 16087375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary protein sources on lipogenesis and fat deposition in a marine teleost, the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Four isonitrogenous (crude protein (CP, Nx6.25), 44% DM) and isoenergetic (22-23 kJ/g DM) diets were formulated to contain one of the following as the major protein source: fish meal (FM), one of two soy protein concentrates (SPC) and corn gluten meal (CGM). Apparent digestibility coefficients of the diets and raw ingredients, as well as soluble nitrogen (ammonia and urea) and phosphorus excretion were measured. Growth rates of seabass fed plant protein-based diets were significantly lower than those fed fish meal based diet. The protein utilisation was strongly correlated to the dietary essential amino acids index. Measurements of N excretion (ammonia and urea nitrogen) confirmed these data. Daily fat gain at the whole body level ranged between 1.1 to 1.7 g/kg BW, with the highest values being recorded in fish fed the fish meal based diet. Levels of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were lower in fish fed soy protein diets than in those fed the diet solely based on fish meal. Soy protein rich diets decreased the activities of selected hepatic lipogenic enzymes (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, ATP-citrate lysase, acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase). Highest lipogenic enzyme activities where found in fish fed the fish meal diet, except for fatty acid synthetase which was increased in seabass fed the corn-gluten meal based diets. Overall data suggest that dietary protein sources affects fat deposition and the lipogenic potential in European seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dias
- UMR Nutrition, Aquaculture and Genomics (NuAGe), INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Gaye-Siessegger J, Focken U, Abel HJ, Becker K. Improving estimates of trophic shift in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), using measurements of lipogenic enzyme activities in the liver. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 140:117-24. [PMID: 15664320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To test whether the measurement of selected enzyme activities could be used to estimate more precisely the trophic shift of C isotopes, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed semi-synthetic diets differing in their lipid contents (1.7%, 5.0%, 10.8% and 20.0%). The diets were formulated to contain the same amount of nitrogen and metabolizable energy and were made from casein, wheat starch, corn germ oil supplemented with vitamins, minerals and L-arginine. The influence of the different diets on the activity of two lipogenic enzymes, ATP-citrate lyase and malic enzyme, on delta13C values in the whole fish, the liver and their correlation was investigated. There was a strong positive correlation between delta13C values in the lipids of whole fish and those of their livers. The activities of lipogenic enzymes increased significantly with increasing trophic shift of C isotopes (Deltadelta13Cdiet-fish values) in the lipids. If the relationship between trophic shift and enzyme activity can be confirmed in situations where feed quantity and quality are not known, the determination of enzyme activities would enable better estimates of the trophic shift to be made thus significantly improving back-calculation of diets from stable isotope data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gaye-Siessegger
- Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (480b), Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Gaye-Siessegger J, Focken U, Abel H, Becker K. Dietary lipid content influences the activity of lipogenic enzymes in the liver and on whole body delta13C values of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2004; 40:181-190. [PMID: 15370281 DOI: 10.1080/10256010410001726897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of stable isotope techniques for the reconstruction of diets has increased over the last decade. However, isotopic ratios in an animal are not only affected by the composition of the feed, but also by the amount of feed consumed. An uncertainty of up to 1 per thousand for both delta13C and delta15N values has been observed when the feeding level is unknown. This may have substantial effects on the results of back-calculation. As the feeding level of animals is unknown in nature, an additional indicator for their nutritional status is needed. High feeding levels and a consequent surfeit of dietary energy lead to the synthesis of lipids. In order to test whether the level of lipogenesis could be used as an indicator, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic wheat-based semi-synthetic diets with different lipid contents (2.0 %, 4.5 %, 9.5 % and 13.3 %) for eight weeks. Body composition, gross energy content and delta13C values in the lipids and the lipid-free material were determined in diets and fish bodies. The livers of three fish per feeding group were assayed for the activity of two lipogenic enzymes, ATP-citrate lyase and malic enzyme. There was a strong negative correlation between delta13C values in the lipids of the individual fish and the apparent lipid conversion. The activities of lipogenic enzymes decreased with rising lipid content in the diet. The delta13C values in the lipids decreased significantly with increasing specific activity for both enzymes. In this experiment where lipogenesis was influenced by the composition of the diet, it was possible to determine the exact value for the trophic shift in relation to the enzyme activities. Further experiments to investigate the use of enzyme activities in situations where the feeding level of an animal is unknown are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gaye-Siessegger
- Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (480b), Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Rollin X, Médale F, Gutieres S, Blanc D, Kaushik SJ. Short- and long-term nutritional modulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in selected tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br J Nutr 2003; 89:803-10. [PMID: 12828797 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACoAC) catalyses the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA. This product plays a pivotal role in the regulation of energy metabolism since it is both a substrate for fatty acid synthesis and an inhibitor of the oxidative pathway. The present study was initiated to analyse the modulation of ACoAC activity in liver and selected extrahepatic tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by dietary changes as a contribution to the understanding of the nutritional control of lipid metabolism in fish. Short-term effects of food intake were studied by measuring ACoAC activity in the liver and dorsal white muscle at different time intervals after a meal. Only slight variations were observed in the muscle during the period 2-72 h after the meal. The long-term effects of an increase in dietary lipids or carbohydrates levels were examined by measuring ACoAC activity in the liver, adipose tissue, intestine, kidney, red muscle, dorsal and ventral white muscles of trout after 3 months of feeding with different diets. ACoAC activity is stimulated by a high-digestible starch diet in the abdominal adipose tissue and the white muscle. A high-lipid diet decreases ACoAC activity in the liver and the intestine, but not in other tissues. Contrary to mammals, a rapid adaptation of ACoAC activity to food supply is not effective in rainbow trout. However, a long-term nutritional control of ACoAC activity does occur in this species, but the target tissue differs with the predominant non-protein energy sources in the diet. The present results suggest the potential existence of two ACoAC isoforms with different tissue distribution as has been observed in mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rollin
- Laboratoire de Nutrition des Poissons, Unité Mixte INRA-IFREMER, Station d'Hydrobiologie, BP 3, F-64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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25
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Varghese S, Oommen OV. Long-term feeding of dietary oils alters lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities in a teleost (Anabas testudineus Bloch). Lipids 2000; 35:757-62. [PMID: 10941876 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anabas testudineus (climbing perch), average body weight 21+/-1 g, were maintained in culture tanks and fed a 35% protein feed plus an additional supplementation of three dietary oils (20% each of coconut oil, palm oil, or cod liver oil). Body weight gain was similar among all groups. However, several hepatic lipogenic enzymes such as malic enzyme (ME), NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and beta-hydroxy-1-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMG CoA reductase) were assayed, and they responded differently. Hepatic ME and G6PDH activities showed a significant decrease in the coconut oil and palm oil groups, but there was no significant change in ICDH activity. The 6PGDH activities were reduced, whereas HMG CoA reductase activity was increased in the palm oil-treated group. Cholesterol synthesis in the liver and muscle increased in the palm oil-treated group, but liver phospholipids did not show any significant change in fish supplemented with oils rich in saturated fatty acids. Triacylglycerol and free fatty acid concentrations were high in the coconut oil- and palm oil-supplemented groups. Lipid peroxidation products such as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and conjugated dienes decreased in the same two groups. Antioxidant potential was high in all groups as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione content. The results of this study indicate that in fish, dietary lipids depress hepatic lipogenic activity as well as lipid peroxidation products by maintaining high levels of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Varghese
- Endocrinology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, India
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26
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Henderson RJ. Fatty acid metabolism in freshwater fish with particular reference to polyunsaturated fatty acids. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1996; 49:5-22. [PMID: 8766969 DOI: 10.1080/17450399609381859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids in fish can arise from two sources: synthesis de novo from non-lipid carbon sources within the animal, or directly from dietary lipid. Acetyl-CoA derived mainly from protein can be converted to saturated fatty acids via the combined action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase. The actual rate of fatty acid synthesis de novo is inversely related to the level of lipid in the diet. Freshwater fish can desaturate endogenously-synthesized fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids via a delta 9 desaturase but lack the necessary enzymes for complete de novo synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids which must therefore be obtained preformed from the diet. Most freshwater fish species can desaturate and elongate 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) to their C20 and C22 homologues but the pathways involved remain ill-defined. Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes can convert C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids to a variety of eicosanoid products. The dietary ratio of (n-3) to (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids influences the pattern of eicosanoids formed. The beta-oxidation of fatty acids can occur in both mitochondria and peroxisomes but mitochondrial beta-oxidation is quantitatively more important and can utilise a wide range of fatty acid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henderson
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
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27
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Brauge C, Corraze G, Médale F. Effects of dietary levels of carbohydrate and lipid on glucose oxidation and lipogenesis from glucose in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, reared in freshwater or in seawater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(95)98527-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Adipose tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-82033-4.50032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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30
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Enzymes of lipogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-82033-4.50033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Arnesen P, Krogdahl Å, Kristiansen IØ. Lipogenic enzyme activities in liver of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90086-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scott-Thomas DA, Ballantyne JS, Leatherland JF. Interactive effects of high stocking density and triiodothyronine-administration on aspects of the in vivo intermediary metabolism and in vitro hepatic response to catecholamine and pancreatic hormone stimulation in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1992; 263:68-82. [PMID: 1645121 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402630108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) were maintained at one of two stocking densities (SD) (30 or 120 kg/m3) and fed either a control or a T3-supplemented (20 mg/kg) diet for 30 days in order to investigate possible interactive effects of SD and T3-administration on growth, feeding rate, food conversion efficiency, and hepatic and dark muscle enzyme activity. In addition, liver slices were incubated in vitro for 6 h with epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, propranolol, insulin, glucagon, or somatostatin to evaluate possible SD-T3 interactive effects on hepatic responses to hormonal stimulation. Maintaining the fish at high SD appeared to increase the clearance rate of T3 from the T3-supplemented group. There was no clear evidence of SD-T3 interactive effects on growth rate, feeding rate, or food conversion efficiency, although T3-administration decreased food conversion efficiency, and high SD decreased growth and feeding rates. Of the hepatic enzymes studied, HOAD, malic enzyme, G6PDH, CS, PFK, HK, and GDH activities all showed changes suggestive of interactive SD-T3 effects. Although hepatic FBPase was stimulated by both high SD and T3-administration, there was no evidence of interactive SD-T3 effects. Dark muscle HOAD, CS, and PFK also showed SD-T3-related responses; dark muscle malic enzyme, G6PDH, HK, and GDH were unaffected by either altered SD or T3-administration. Prior treatment of the fish with T3 and high SD had significant effects on free fatty acid (ffa) release to the medium and on hepatic lipid content, but had no effect on the responses to the various endocrine agents used. Glucose release from liver slices of fish stocked at high density (both T3-supplemented and controls) was higher than that of the fish stocked at low density; with the exception of insulin and glucagon, glucose release was similar in all pre-treatment groups. The insulin- and glucagon-stimulated changes in glucose release seen in the fish fed non-supplemented diets were not found in the two groups of fish fed the T3-supplemented diets. High SD and/or T3-administration induced significant lowering of hepatic glycogen content, but there was no effect of pre-treatment on the response to any of the endocrine agents used. The data show a marked effect of SD on energy partitioning processes in brook charr and the animal's ability to respond to T3-stimulation, but provided no evidence of such effects on the liver response to the various agents used.
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Bastrop R, Jürss K, Wacke R. Biochemical parameters as a measure of food availability and growth in immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 102:151-61. [PMID: 1377107 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90028-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Rainbow trout held in brackish water (15 parts per thousand) were starved or fed different amounts of food. 2. A significant correlation was found between the growth rates of the different animals and the feed rates. 3. The RNA:DNA ratio in the white epaxial muscle is lowest in starved fish and increases in proportion to the feed rate and individual specific growth rate. The correlations are significant at the P less than 0.01 level. 4. Liver metabolism varies according to food availability. 5. The protein synthesis capacity of the liver (RNA:DNA ratio) and liver somatic index increase as the feeding rate increases. It also correlates significantly with the specific growth rates of the different animals. 6. The intermediary metabolism of the central metabolic organ, the liver, varies in the same way. 7. The activities of the NADPH producing liver enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and malic enzyme (ME) increase as the feed rate (and therefore the specific growth rate) increases. 8. G6PDH and IDH activity in the kidney is influenced to a much lower degree by food intake. 9. Summarizing, it can be stated that biochemical parameters can be used to describe comprehensively the metabolic status and growth of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bastrop
- Universität Rostock, Fachbereich Biologie, WB Tierphysiologie, Germany
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Bastrop R, Spangenberg R, Jürss K. Biochemical adaptation of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to food deprivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Christiansen DC, Klungsøyr L. Metabolic utilization of nutrients and the effects of insulin in fish. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 88:701-11. [PMID: 3322660 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henderson
- Department of Biological Science, University of Stirling, Scotland, U.K
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Voss B, Jankowsky HD. Temperature dependence of lipogenesis in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 83:13-22. [PMID: 3943296 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(86)90325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperature dependence of lipogenesis in trout liver cells was investigated in the presence of 5 mM lactate using either [14C]lactate or [3H]water. A ratio of 3H/14C-incorporation greater than one is found, irrespective of temperature. Acclimation of fish to 4, 10 or 16 degrees C affects neither the height of lipid synthesis nor its temperature sensitivity. The distribution of [14C]lactate between the main lipid classes and the capacities for cholesterol- and triacylglycerol-synthesis are correlated to the glycogen stores of the hepatocytes. A comparison of fatty acid synthesis and cholesterogenesis in livers of normal fed rat and of trout suggests a capability for lipogenesis in trout somewhat similar to that in mammals.
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Jürss K, Bittorf T, Vökler T. Influence of salinity and ratio of lipid to protein in diets on certain enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 81:73-9. [PMID: 2990808 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(85)90164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The connection between metabolic and sea water adaptation of the rainbow trout was investigated. The rainbow trout were kept in fresh water and diluted sea water of 8 and 20 0/00 S at 16 degrees C and fed on three different diets for 51 days. Hyperosmotic salinity (20 0/00) tends to inhibit growth in rainbow trout by reducing the food conversion efficiency. A higher protein concentration in the diet can partly compensate for this effect. The liver IDH, G6PDH and 6PGDH activities of the rainbow trout are influenced only by food quality, whereas the liver G1DH, AspT and A1T activities, like the muscle A1T, are also affected by salinity. The salinity had no significant effect on the activities of the kidney enzymes we investigated (Na/K-ATPase, G1DH, A1T, AspT) or of the muscle AspT in these experiments.
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Christiansen DC, Skarstein L, Klungsøyr L. Uptake studies in adipocytes isolated from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). A comparison with adipocytes from rat and cat. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 82:201-5. [PMID: 2864201 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes were isolated from mesenteric adipose tissue of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) by incubation of tissue slices at 20 degrees C in a buffer containing 3 mg collagenase per ml. These cells were compared to adipocytes from the cat and the rat, isolated by conventional technique (1 mg collagenase per ml buffer, incubation temperature 37 degrees C). Uptake studies of some metabolites were performed with fish, rat and in some cases cat adipocytes. At a glucose concentration of 0.33 mM, the glucose uptake into rat cells was more than twice as fast as in cells from the cat, and more than five times as fast as in trout cells. 2-Amino butyrate resembled glucose in relative uptake rates between species. Metabolite uptake into rat cells was specific, with different uptake rates for different metabolites. The uptake into trout adipocytes proceeded at similar rates for all metabolites tested, provided the concentrations were the same. The uptake rate of glucose into rat cells was stimulated by insulin. Insulin had no effect on glucose uptake into adipocytes from trout.
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Abraham S, Hansen HJ, Hansen FN. The effect of prolonged fasting on total lipid synthesis and enzyme activities in the liver of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 79:285-9. [PMID: 6150805 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The extent of fatty acid synthesis from [1-14C]acetate in liver slices was reduced 6-fold when eels were fasted for 1-7 weeks and 20-fold when fasted for 39 weeks; thereafter hepatic lipogenesis seemed to remain constant for up to 95 weeks of fasting. After a 1-3 week fast some hepatic enzyme activities were reduced (acetyl-CoA carboxylase decreased 2-fold and fatty acid synthetase declined 5-fold), while others remained unchanged (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase as well as malic enzyme and ATP-citrate lyase). The optimum temperature for measuring both total lipid synthesis and lipogenic enzyme activity in eel liver was found to be 30 degrees C.
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Hickling DR, March BE. A comparative study of trout and chicks regarding dietary effects on glycogen concentration in liver and muscle during feeding and subsequent to feed withdrawal. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 72:115-23. [PMID: 6124349 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Glycogen concentrations in liver and skeletal muscle were compared in rainbow trout and in chicks of two genetic sources. 2. Tissue glycogen concentrations were determined during feeding and after feed withdrawal in response to diets high in carbohydrate and oil, respectively. 3. Livers of trout and chicks were heavier and glycogen concentrations were higher in both liver and muscle of trout and chicks fed high-carbohydrate diets. 4. Feed withdrawal resulted in gradual but steady declines in trout glycogen over a 16-day period but caused sharp declines in liver glycogen in chicks followed by a rebound and a more gradual decline within a 5-day period. 5. Feed withdrawal from trout caused declines in muscle glycogen followed by rebounds which occurred more rapidly when the high-carbohydrate diet had been fed. 6. Feed withdrawal had little effect on muscle glycogen in broiler-type chicks. In White Leghorn chicks there was a general decline in muscle glycogen which showed marked fluctuations when the high-fat diet had been fed.
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Henderson R, Sargent J, Pirie B. Peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids in livers of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) fed diets of marine zooplankton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fatty acid composition of lipids in the trout—I. Influence of dietary fatty acids on the triglyceride fatty acid desaturation in serum, adipose tissue, liver, white and red muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(81)90215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Henderson RJ, Sargent JR. Lipid biosynthesis in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, fed diets of differing lipid content. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1981; 69C:31-7. [PMID: 6113089 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(81)90098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Determination of glucose utilization in coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)]with (6-3H)- and (U-14C)-glucose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(78)90204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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