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The Molecular Mechanisms of Defective Copper Metabolism in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5418376. [PMID: 36238639 PMCID: PMC9553361 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5418376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace metal element that significantly affects human physiology and pathology by regulating various important biological processes, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, connective tissue crosslinking, and antioxidant defense. Copper level has been proved to be closely related to the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Copper deficiency can induce cardiac hypertrophy and aggravate cardiomyopathy, while copper excess can mediate various types of cell death, such as autophagy, apoptosis, cuproptosis, pyroptosis, and cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Both copper excess and copper deficiency lead to redox imbalance, activate inflammatory response, and aggravate diabetic cardiomyopathy. This defective copper metabolism suggests a specific metabolic pattern of copper in diabetes and a specific role in the pathogenesis and progression of DCM. This review is aimed at providing a timely summary of the effects of defective copper homeostasis on DCM and discussing potential underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Zabihihesari A, Parand S, Coulthard AB, Molnar A, Hilliker AJ, Rezai P. An in-vivo microfluidic assay reveals cardiac toxicity of heavy metals and the protective effect of metal responsive transcription factor (MTF-1) in Drosophila model. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:279. [PMID: 36275358 PMCID: PMC9478020 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous toxicity assessments of heavy metals on Drosophila are limited to investigating the survival, development rate, and climbing behaviour by oral administration while cardiac toxicity of these elements have not been investigated. We utilized a microfluidic device to inject known dosages of zinc (Zn) or cadmium (Cd) into the larvae's hemolymph to expose their heart directly and study their heart rate and arrhythmicity. The effect of heart-specific overexpression of metal responsive transcription factor (MTF-1) on different heartbeat parameters and survival of Drosophila larvae was investigated. The heart rate of wild-type larvae decreased by 24.8% or increased by 11.9%, 15 min after injection of 40 nL of 100 mM Zn or 10 mM Cd solution, respectively. The arrhythmicity index of wild-type larvae increased by 58.2% or 76.8%, after injection of Zn or Cd, respectively. MTF-1 heart overexpression ameliorated these effects completely. Moreover, it increased larvae's survival to pupal and adulthood stages and prolonged the longevity of flies injected with Zn and Cd. Our microfluidic-based cardiac toxicity assay illustrated that heart is an acute target of heavy metals toxicity, and MTF-1 overexpression in this tissue can ameliorate cardiac toxicity of Zn and Cd. The method can be used for cardiotoxicity assays with other pollutants in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03336-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zabihihesari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, BRG 433B, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Shahrzad Parand
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | | | | | | | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, BRG 433B, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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Yamane R, Tanaka M, Kikugawa N, Yasui H, Takei K, Harada M, Kaneda S. Mesh-like vascular changes in copper deficiency-induced rat cardiomyopathy. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 34:127-133. [PMID: 33627955 PMCID: PMC7890173 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological effects of copper deficiency (COD) are well known. However, the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy resulting from COD remains unclear. In this study, aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of COD-induced cardiomyopathy by examining the morphology of the cardiovascular system in copper-deficient rats using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Changes detected in the myocardium and interstitium were consistent with those reported for COD. Morphological changes included mesh-like changes in the capillary endothelial cells that appear to be a novel finding in COD-induced cardiomyopathy. These changes are hypothesized to result from abnormal vascular remodeling following damage to the basement membrane and due to the mechanical effects of myocardial contractions. Although cardiomyopathy may be associated with microcirculatory disorders arising from these lesions, further investigations are necessary to demonstrate a causal relationship between the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy and the contribution of these lesions to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Yamane
- Naruto Research Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Naruto Research Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan
| | - Nao Kikugawa
- Naruto Research Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan
| | - Hideki Yasui
- Naruto Research Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan
| | - Kenta Takei
- Naruto Research Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan
| | - Miwa Harada
- Naruto Research Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan
| | - Shinya Kaneda
- Naruto Research Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan
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Olivares RWI, Postma GC, Schapira A, Iglesias DE, Valdez LB, Breininger E, Gazzaneo PD, Minatel L. Biochemical and Morphological Alterations in Hearts of Copper-Deficient Bovines. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:447-455. [PMID: 30112659 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper deficiency is an important disease of cattle that produces several clinical signs and lesions, due to alterations in copper-dependent enzymes. One of the organs affected by this deficiency is the heart (falling disease), but nevertheless, these cardiac lesions have not been extensively studied in bovines. The aim of this work was to propose a possible pathogenic mechanism for cardiac lesions in cattle affected by copper deficiency. Because of the possible existence of oxidative distress caused by low levels of copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase, ultrastructural and histological lesions have been evaluated in the heart of bovines in which a Cu deficiency had been induced using high molybdenum and sulfur levels in the diet. Our results indicated that copper deficiency produces significant damage in myocardium with high levels of lipid oxidation and a significant reduction in copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase activity leading to an oxidative distress situation. However, cytochrome oxidase activity was not significantly reduced. Histological observation revealed a significant increase in the amount of connective tissue, enlarged basement membranes of myocytes, and numerous Anichkov cells, in the hearts of deficient animals. Ultrastructural observation showed a significant enhancement in the mitochondrial volume density, with presence of lesions such as swelling and cristae disruption. We conclude that copper deficiency in bovines causes morphological lesions in the heart due to an oxidative damage produced by copper-dependent enzyme alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Walter Israel Olivares
- Cátedra de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Avenida San Martín 5285, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Cintia Postma
- Cátedra de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Avenida San Martín 5285, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Schapira
- Cátedra de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Avenida San Martín 5285, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Ezequiel Iglesias
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Beatriz Valdez
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Breininger
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Daniel Gazzaneo
- Cátedra de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Avenida San Martín 5285, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Minatel
- Cátedra de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Avenida San Martín 5285, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Li K, Li C, Xiao Y, Wang T, James Kang Y. The loss of copper is associated with the increase in copper metabolism MURR domain 1 in ischemic hearts of mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 243:780-785. [PMID: 29763364 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218773055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of copper (Cu) in the biological system is regulated by Cu transporters and chaperones. It has been known for a long time that myocardial ischemia is accompanied by the loss of Cu from the heart, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. The present study was undertaken to understand the relationship between Cu loss and alterations in Cu transporters during the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia. Male mice (C57 BL/6J) were subjected to left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation to induce myocardial ischemia. Changes in Cu concentrations in serum and hearts were determined from blood and tissue samples harvested at different time points for a total of 28 days after the operation. Cu concentrations in the ischemic myocardium were continuously decreased starting at the fourth day after LAD artery ligation, gradually depleted by more than 80% of the normal level at the 10th day, and remained at the lowest level (about 20% of normal levels) thereafter. Serum Cu concentrations were correspondingly increased starting at the fourth day, reached to the highest level between day 7 and 10, and gradually recovered to the normal level until 21st day after the operation. Along with the same time course, the intracellular Cu exporter copper metabolism MURR domain 1 (COMMD1) was significantly and sustainably increased, but ATP7A and ATP7B were not significantly changed in the ischemic myocardium. These results suggest that during the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia, COMMD1 would play a critical role in exporting Cu from the ischemic myocardium to the blood. Impact statement In this work, we found that copper efflux from the ischemic heart leads to the elevation of serum copper concentrations, addressing a long-term question related to serum copper elevation in myocardial ischemia patients. The efflux of copper from the ischemic heart results at least in part from the upregulation of copper metabolism MURR domain 1 (COMMD1) in the heart upon ischemic insult. This work provides a novel insight into copper homeostasis and alteration in cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chen Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Y James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Medeiros DM. Perspectives on the Role and Relevance of Copper in Cardiac Disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:10-19. [PMID: 27444302 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy as a result of dietary copper deficiency has been studied for 40 plus years and is the subject of this review. While connective tissue anomalies occur, a hallmark pathology is cardiac hypertrophy, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, with disruptive cristae, vacuolization of mitochondria, and deposition of lipid droplets. Electrocardiogram abnormalities have been demonstrated along with biochemical changes especially as it relates to the copper-containing enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. The master controller of mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC1-α expression and protein, along with other proteins and transcriptional factors that play a role are upregulated. Nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cytochrome c oxidase all may enhance the upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Marginal copper intakes reveal similar pathologies in the absence of cardiac hypertrophy. Reversibility of the copper-deficient rat heart with a copper-replete diet has resulted in mixed results, depending on both the animal model used and temporal relationships. New information has revealed that copper supplementation may rescue cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M Medeiros
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, University of Missouri Kansas City, 300F Administrative Center, 5115 Oak Street, Kansas City, MO, 64110-2499, USA.
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Elsherif L, Jiang Y, Saari JT, Kang YJ. Dietary Copper Restriction-Induced Changes in Myocardial Gene Expression and the Effect of Copper Repletion. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary copper (Cu) restriction leads to cardiac hypertrophy and failure in mice, and Cu repletion (CuR) reverses the hypertrophy and prevents the transition to heart failure. The present study was undertaken to determine changes in myocardial gene expression involved in Cu deficient (CuD) cardiomyopathy and its reversal by CuR. Analysis was performed on three groups of mice: 4-week-old CuD mice that exhibited signs of cardiac failure, their age-matched copper-adequate (CuA) controls, and the CuD mice that were re-fed adequate Cu for 2 weeks. Total RNA was isolated from hearts and subjected to cDNA microarray and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Dietary CuD caused a decrease in cardiac mRNA of β-MHC, L-type Ca2+ channel, K-dependent NCX, MMP-2, -8, and -13, NF-κB, and VEGF. The mRNA levels of ET-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, and procollagen-l-α1 and III-α1 were increased in the CuD cardiac tissue. Copper repletion resulted in cardiac mRNA levels of most of the genes examined returning to control levels, although the K-dependent NCX and MMP-2 values did not reach those of the CuA control. In addition, CuR caused an increase in β-MHC, L-type Ca2+channel, MMP-13 to levels surpassing those of CuA control, and a decrease in ET-1, and TNF-at mRNA levels. In summary, changes in gene expression of elements involved in contractility, Ca2+ cycling, and inflammation and fibrosis may account for the altered cardiac function found in CuD mice. The return to normal cardiac function by CuR may be a result of the favorable regression in gene expression of these critical components in myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youchun Jiang
- Departments of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Jack T. Saari
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Y. James Kang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Departments of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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Kim EH, Galchev VI, Kim JY, Misek SA, Stevenson TK, Campbell MD, Pagani FD, Day SM, Johnson TC, Washburn JG, Vikstrom KL, Michele DE, Misek DE, Westfall MV. Differential protein expression and basal lamina remodeling in human heart failure. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:585-96. [PMID: 26756417 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A goal of this study was to identify and investigate previously unrecognized components of the remodeling process in the progression to heart failure by comparing protein expression in ischemic failing (F) and nonfailing (NF) human hearts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Protein expression differences were investigated using multidimensional protein identification and validated by Western analysis. This approach detected basal lamina (BL) remodeling, and further studies analyzed samples for evidence of structural BL remodeling. A rat model of pressure overload (PO) was studied to determine whether nonischemic stressors also produce BL remodeling and impact cellular adhesion. RESULTS Differential protein expression of collagen IV, laminin α2, and nidogen-1 indicated BL remodeling develops in F versus NF hearts Periodic disruption of cardiac myocyte BL accompanied this process in F, but not NF heart. The rat PO myocardium also developed BL remodeling and compromised myocyte adhesion compared to sham controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Differential protein expression and evidence of structural and functional BL alterations develop during heart failure. The compromised adhesion associated with this remodeling indicates a high potential for dysfunctional cellular integrity and tethering in failing myocytes. Therapeutically targeting BL remodeling could slow or prevent the progression of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn H Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Sean A Misek
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tamara K Stevenson
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew D Campbell
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Francis D Pagani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sharlene M Day
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T Craig Johnson
- DNA Sequencing and Microarray Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph G Washburn
- DNA Sequencing and Microarray Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen L Vikstrom
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel E Michele
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David E Misek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margaret V Westfall
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zheng L, Han P, Liu J, Li R, Yin W, Wang T, Zhang W, Kang YJ. Role of copper in regression of cardiac hypertrophy. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:66-84. [PMID: 25476109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pressure overload causes an accumulation of homocysteine in the heart, which is accompanied by copper depletion through the formation of copper-homocysteine complexes and the excretion of the complexes. Copper supplementation recovers cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity and promotes myocardial angiogenesis, along with the regression of cardiac hypertrophy and the recovery of cardiac contractile function. Increased copper availability is responsible for the recovery of CCO activity. Copper promoted expression of angiogenesis factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endothelial cells is responsible for angiogenesis. VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is critical for hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes and VEGFR-1 is essential for the regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Copper, through promoting VEGF production and suppressing VEGFR-2, switches the VEGF signaling pathway from VEGFR-2-dependent to VEGFR-1-dependent, leading to the regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Copper is also required for hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional activity, acting on the interaction between HIF-1 and the hypoxia responsible element and the formation of HIF-1 transcriptional complex by inhibiting the factor inhibiting HIF-1. Therefore, therapeutic targets for copper supplementation-induced regression of cardiac hypertrophy include: (1) the recovery of copper availability for CCO and other critical cellular events; (2) the activation of HIF-1 transcriptional complex leading to the promotion of angiogenesis in the endothelial cells by VEGF and other factors; (3) the activation of VEGFR-1-dependent regression signaling pathway in the cardiomyocytes; and (4) the inhibition of VEGFR-2 through post-translational regulation in the hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Future studies should focus on target-specific delivery of copper for the development of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Zheng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Pengfei Han
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Wen Yin
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Y James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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10
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Gastric bypass and copper deficiency: a possible overlooked consequence. Obes Surg 2012; 21:1482-3; author reply 1484-5. [PMID: 21671052 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-011-0465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Getz J, Lin D, Medeiros DM. The cardiac copper chaperone proteins Sco1 and CCS are up-regulated, but Cox 1 and Cox4 are down-regulated, by copper deficiency. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:368-77. [PMID: 20878365 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper is ferried in a cell complexed to chaperone proteins, and in the heart much copper is required for cytochrome c oxidase (Cox). It is not completely understood how copper status affects the levels of these proteins. Here we determined if dietary copper deficiency could up- or down-regulate select copper chaperone proteins and Cox subunits 1 and 4 in cardiac tissue of rats. Sixteen weanling male Long-Evans rats were randomized into treatment groups, one group receiving a copper-deficient diet (<1 mg Cu/kg diet) and one group receiving a diet containing adequate copper (6 mg Cu/kg diet) for 5 weeks. Hearts were removed, weighed, and non-myofibrillar proteins separated to analyze for levels of CCS, Sco1, Ctr1, Cox17, Cox1, and Cox4 by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. No changes were observed in the concentrations of CTR1 and Cox17 between copper-adequate and copper-deficient rats. CCS and Sco1 were up-regulated and Cox1 and Cox4 were both down-regulated as a result of copper deficiency. These data suggest that select chaperone proteins and may be up-regulated, and Cox1 and 4 down-regulated, by a dietary copper deficiency, whereas others appear not to be affected by copper status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Getz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 213 Justin Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Uriu-Adams JY, Scherr RE, Lanoue L, Keen CL. Influence of copper on early development: prenatal and postnatal considerations. Biofactors 2010; 36:136-52. [PMID: 20232410 DOI: 10.1002/biof.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient whose requirement is increased during pregnancy and lactation. These represent times of critical growth and development, and the fetus and neonate are particularly vulnerable to deficiencies of this nutrient. Genetic mutations that predispose the offspring to inadequate stores of Cu can be life threatening as is observed in children with Menkes disease. During the last decade, severe Cu deficiency, once thought to be a rare condition, has been reported in the literature at an increasing frequency. Secondary Cu deficiencies can be induced by a variety of ways such as excessive zinc or iron intake, certain drugs, and bariatric surgery. Premature and low birth weight infants can be born with low Cu stores. A number of mechanisms can contribute to the teratogenicity of Cu including decreased activity of select cuproenzymes, increased oxidative stress, decreased nitric oxide availability, altered iron metabolism, abnormal extracellular matrix protein crosslinking, decreased angiogenesis and altered cell signaling among others. The brain, heart, and vessels as well as tissues such as lung, skin and hair, and systems including the skeletal, immune, and blood systems, are negatively affected by suboptimal Cu during development. Additionally, persistent structural, biochemical, and functional adverse effects in the offspring are noted even when Cu supplementation is initiated after birth, supporting the concept that adequate Cu nutriture during pregnancy and lactation is critical for normal development. Although Cu-containing IUDs are an effective method for increasing intrauterine Cu concentrations and for reducing the risk of pregnancy, high amounts of dietary Cu are not thought to represent a direct developmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Uriu-Adams
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Weber KT, Weglicki WB, Simpson RU. Macro- and micronutrient dyshomeostasis in the adverse structural remodelling of myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:500-8. [PMID: 18835843 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and heart failure are worldwide health problems of ever-increasing proportions. A failure of the heart, during either systolic and/or diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle, has its origins rooted in an adverse structural, biochemical, and molecular remodelling of myocardium that involves its cellular constituents, extracellular matrix, and intramural coronary vasculature. Herein we focus on the pathogenic role of a dyshomeostasis of several macro- (i.e. Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) and micronutrients (i.e. Zn(2+), Se(2+), and vitamin D) in contributing to adverse remodelling of the myocardium and its failure as a pulsatile muscular pump. An improved understanding of how these macro- and micronutrients account for the causes and consequences of adverse myocardial remodelling carries with it the potential of identifying new biomarkers predictive of risk, onset and progression, and response to intervention(s), which could be monitored non-invasively and serially over time. Moreover, such incremental knowledge will serve as the underpinning to the development of novel strategies aimed at preventing and/or regressing the ongoing adverse remodelling of myocardium. The time is at hand to recognize the importance of macro- and micronutrient dyshomeostasis in the evaluation and management of hypertension and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl T Weber
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 920 Madison Ave., Suite 300, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Klaahsen D, Ricklefs K, Medeiros DM. Differential expression of genes involved with apoptosis, cell cycle, connective tissue proteins, fuel substrate utilization, inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis in copper-deficient rat hearts: implication of a role for Nfkappab1. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18:719-26. [PMID: 17418555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the increase in mitochondrial proliferation in hearts from copper-deficient rats is due to an increase in expression of the transcriptional factor peroxisomal-like proliferating related coactivator 1alpha (Ppargc1a), which regulates transcriptional activity for many of the genes that encode for mitochondrial proteins. In addition to several transcriptional factors implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis, we also looked at a number of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and fuel substrate utilization. Long-Evans rats were placed on either a copper-adequate (n=4) or copper-deficient (n=4) diet 3 days post weaning and remained on the diet for 5 weeks; their copper deficiency status was confirmed using previously established assays. Custom oligo arrays spotted with genes pertinent to mitochondrial biogenesis were hybridized with cRNA probes synthesized from the collected heart tissue. Chemiluminescent array images from both groups were analyzed for gene spot intensities and differential gene expression. Our results did not demonstrate any significant increase in Ppargc1a or its implicated targets, as we had predicted. However, consistent with previous data, an up-regulation of genes that encode for collagen type 3, fibronectin and elastin were found. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in the expression of the transcriptional factor nuclear factor kappaB1 (Nfkappab1) in the copper-deficient treatment animals, compared to the control group, and this was confirmed by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results of this study merit the further investigation of the role of reactive oxidative species with regard to Nfkappab1 in the copper deficient rat heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcey Klaahsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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15
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Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral that is required for various cellular functions. Its abnormal metabolism is related to certain disorders such as diabetic complications. Oxidative stress has been considered as the major causative factor for diabetic cardiomyopathy. Zn has a critical antioxidant action in protecting the heart from various oxidative stresses. Zn deficiency was found to be a risk factor for cardiac oxidative damage and supplementation with Zn provides a significant prevention of oxidative damage to the heart. Diabetes causes a significant systemic oxidative stress and also often is accompanied by Zn deficiency that increases the susceptibility of the heart to oxidative damage. Therefore, there is a strong rationale to consider the strategy of Zn supplementation to prevent or delay diabetic cardiomyopathy. This short article collects the preliminary evidence, based on our own studies and those by others, for a preventive effect of Zn supplementation on diabetes-induced injury to the heart in animals and under in vitro conditions. Possible mechanisms by which Zn supplementation prevents diabetic heart disease are discussed. They include an antioxidant action of Zn, insulin function and metallothionein induction. In the final section, the future of Zn supplementation for diabetic patients is also briefly discussed. Although Zn supplementation has not been clinically used to prevent diabetic complications, because several issues need to be addressed, the fact that Zn supplementation is being used clinically for other disorders encourages us to explore its direct clinical application for the prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Song
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 South Floyd Street, MDR 533, KY 40202, USA
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16
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Li Y, Wang L, Schuschke DA, Zhou Z, Saari JT, Kang YJ. Marginal dietary copper restriction induces cardiomyopathy in rats. J Nutr 2005; 135:2130-6. [PMID: 16140888 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.9.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have provided evidence of marginal dietary copper restriction in humans. The present study was undertaken to examine in a rat model the effect of a long-term marginal dietary Cu deficiency on the heart. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-76 diet containing 6.0 (control), 3.0, or 1.5 mg Cu/kg starting at 11 wk of age. Groups of rats were killed at 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 mo after initiation of feeding, and the same experiment was repeated once. The only systemic change induced by marginal dietary Cu restriction (P < 0.05) was depression of organ Cu concentrations in rats fed 1.5 mg Cu/kg diet. Cardiac pathological manifestations in rats fed lower Cu diets were evidenced by histopathological, ultrastructural, and functional alterations. Myocyte hypertrophy and excessive collagen deposition in the heart occurred in rats fed 1.5 mg Cu/kg diet. Ultrastructural changes, including increased number and volume of mitochondria along with disruption of cristae structure, diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and electrocardiograph alterations, occurred in rats fed 1.5 or 3.0 mg Cu/kg diet. These results demonstrate that, in the absence of most indications of systemic Cu deficiency, heart morphology and function are sensitive to marginal Cu deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY 40202, USA
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17
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Marginal copper intakes over a protracted period in genetically and nongenetically susceptible heart disease rats disturb electrocardiograms and enhance lipid deposition. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Elsherif L, Wang L, Saari JT, Kang YJ. Regression of dietary copper restriction-induced cardiomyopathy by copper repletion in mice. J Nutr 2004; 134:855-60. [PMID: 15051837 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.4.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary copper deficiency (CuD)(3) leads to cardiac hypertrophy in various animal models. We showed recently that heart failure develops after hypertrophy in FVB mice fed a CuD diet. The present study was undertaken to determine whether CuD-induced cardiac failure is reversible upon copper repletion (CuR). Dams of FVB mice were fed a CuD diet (0.3 mg/kg) starting from d 3 postdelivery; the weanling pups were fed the same diet until CuR with 6.0 mg/kg Cu in the diet at 4 or 5 wk of age. CuR at 4 wk of age prevented the body weight loss; at 5 wk of age, it resulted in the regaining of the lost weight caused by CuD. A significant regression of CuD-induced cardiac hypertrophy was observed in the CuR mice. Histopathological examination revealed that CuR eliminated CuD-caused lipid deposition in the myocardium, and electron microscopy demonstrated that CuD-induced ultrastructural changes such as mitochondrial swelling and organelle structural disarray were all reversed in the CuR mice. Hemodynamic analysis showed that the CuD-depressed systolic and diastolic parameters such as the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (+dP/dt) and decline (-dP/dt), and the contraction and relaxation times were completely recovered in the CuR mice. Furthermore, the CuD-blunted myocardial responses to the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, were also restored in the CuR mice. This study thus demonstrates for the first time that CuR results in the regression of heart failure induced by CuD as demonstrated by the reversal of depressed cardiac hemodynamic and contractile function and the restored responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Elsherif
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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19
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Medeiros DM, Jennings D. Role of copper in mitochondrial biogenesis via interaction with ATP synthase and cytochrome c oxidase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2002; 34:389-95. [PMID: 12539966 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021206220851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Animals that are copper deficient have cardiac hypertrophy where there is a dramatic increase in mitochondria. Mitochondrial biogenesis is enhanced in this model and there is an upregulation of mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) and nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF-1 and NRF-2). While the cuproenzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), is an attractive candidate to explain the connection between cardiac hypertrophy in copper deficiency and subsequent mitochondrial biogenesis, studies have revealed that ATP synthase may be impacted by copper depletion. NRF-1 and NRF-2 can bind to some of the subunits of both CCO and ATP synthase to regulate gene expression. Furthermore, oxidative phosphorylation appears to occur unaltered in the copper-deficient state. Copper-deficient mitochondria appear to be less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of oligomycin compared to controls. Decreases in the delta subunit protein and beta mRNA transcript have been reported for ATP synthase as a function of copper deficiency. The limited data available suggest that copper, either indirectly or directly, alters ATP synthase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M Medeiros
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 213 Justin Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
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20
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Wold LE, Saari JT, Ren J. Isolated ventricular myocytes from copper-deficient rat hearts exhibit enhanced contractile function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281:H476-81. [PMID: 11454548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.2.h476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary copper deficiency leads to cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, derangement of myofibrils, and impaired cardiac contractile and electrophysiological function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether impaired cardiac function from copper deficiency is due to depressed contractile function at the single myocyte level. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets that were either copper adequate (5.59-6.05 microg copper/g body wt; n = 11) or copper deficient (0.29-0.34 microg copper/g body wt; n = 11) for 5 wk. Ventricular myocytes were dispersed and mechanical properties were evaluated using the SoftEdge video-based edge-detection system. Intracellular Ca2+ transients were examined using fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester. Myocytes were electrically stimulated to contract at 0.5 Hz. Properties evaluated included peak shortening (PS), time to peak shortening (TPS), time to 90% relengthening (TR90), and maximal velocities of shortening and relengthening (+/-dL/dt). Myocytes from the copper-deficient rat hearts exhibited significantly enhanced PS values associated with shortened TR90 measurements compared with those from copper-adequate rat hearts. The +/-dL/dt values were enhanced and the intracellular Ca2+ transient decay rate was depressed in myocytes from copper-deficient rats. These data indicate that impaired cardiac contractile function that is seen in copper-deficient whole hearts might not be due to depressed cardiac contractile function at the single cell level but rather to other mechanisms such as cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Wold
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, USA
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21
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Mao S, Medeiros DM, Hamlin RL. Marginal copper and high fat diet produce alterations in electrocardiograms and cardiac ultrastructure in male rats. Nutrition 1999; 15:890-8. [PMID: 10575667 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a high fat diet in tandem with a marginal copper (Cu) diet exerts deleterious effects on copper status, cardiac morphology, and electrophysiology compared to a low-fat marginal copper diet. Male weanling Long-Evans rats were fed diets containing either marginal copper (42.5 mumol/kg) or adequate copper (97.6 mumol/kg), and low fat (50.0 g/kg) or high fat (150.0 g/kg) diet for 12 wk in a 2 x 2 factorial design. To simulate the western diet, fat was composed of a 1:2 polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acids using a coconut and corn oil mixture. High dietary fat increased liver Cu concentration. Marginal copper diets decreased liver Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activity. Dietary copper and fat level had no effect on volume densities of mitochondria and myofibril. However, lower mitochondrial pathologic scores were observed in the rats consuming the high fat diets. Marginal copper high fat diet prolonged atrial electric depolarization (PR) and ventricular electric depolarization and repolarization (QT) intervals. This study provided direct evidence that a high fat diet can exert detrimental effects on cardiac ultrastructure and lead to alterations in electrocardiograms. The combination of marginal copper-high fat diet appears to alter cardiac electric conductivity. Longer term studies should provide information more relevant to clinical situations and morphologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mao
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1295, USA
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22
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Saari JT, Stinnett HO, Dahlen GM. Cardiovascular measurements relevant to heart size in copper-deficient rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 1999; 13:27-33. [PMID: 10445215 DOI: 10.1016/s0946-672x(99)80020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dietary copper deficiency in animals is often associated with cardiac enlargement and anemia. In this study we examined the hypothesis that anemia leads to a high cardiac output state that results in work-induced (physiological) cardiac hypertrophy. Blood pressure was measured by carotid cannulation and cardiac output was measured by aortic flow probe in anesthetized, open-chested rats that had been subjected to various degrees of dietary copper deficiency for five weeks. Cardiac output was unaffected by dietary copper deficiency. However, the components of cardiac output were found to vary reciprocally, heart rate decreasing and stroke volume increasing with copper deficiency. Further, total peripheral resistance, calculated as the ratio of mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output, was depressed by dietary copper deficiency. These findings suggest that bradycardia and depression of vascular resistance induced by copper deficiency contribute to increased venous filling and a resultant increase in stroke volume; these factors may lead to cardiac hypertrophy. A significant correlation between stroke volume and heart weight in rats of varying copper status supports this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Saari
- United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202-9034, USA
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23
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Abstract
Dietary copper deficiency may impair cardiovascular health by contributing to high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting and arteriosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to compile information on the numerous changes of the heart, blood and blood vessels that may contribute to these cardiovascular defects. These alterations include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of the use of energy by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and to grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. The fundamental causes of these changes rest largely on reduced effectiveness of enzymes that depend on copper for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Saari
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202-9034, USA.
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24
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Liebes R, Medeiros DM. Decreased nuclear encoded subunits of cytochrome c oxidase and increased copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase activity are found in cardiomyopathic human hearts. Int J Cardiol 1997; 62:259-67. [PMID: 9476686 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(97)00254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mineral concentrations, copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase and cytochrome c oxidase subunits in human cardiomyopathic heart explants were compared with noncardiomyopathic hearts from autopsy subjects. Iron was reduced in cardiomyopathic hearts, but the zinc:iron ratio was higher in cardiomyopathic hearts. Copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase activity was increased in cardiomyopathic human hearts compared to the noncardiomyopathic hearts. In a subsample of specimens analyzed, the nuclear encoded subunits of cytochrome c oxidase were diminished in the cardiomyopathic hearts. The decreases have been observed in rodents fed copper-deficient diets. However, in this study heart copper levels did not differ by disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liebes
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1295, USA
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25
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Nath R. Copper deficiency and heart disease: molecular basis, recent advances and current concepts. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29:1245-54. [PMID: 9451822 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(97)00060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element and has profound influence on cardiac myopathy and heart metabolism. Dietary Cu restriction in rats results in cardiomyopathy, and affects the integrity of the basal lamina of cardiac myocytes and capillaries. Decreased levels of delta subunits of ATP synthetase and nuclear encoded subunits of cytochrome oxidase system have been observed. Alteration in expression of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in heart and liver in Cu deficiency (Cu-) has been noted involving both transcriptional and post transcriptional mechanisms. A short description of two genetically inherited disorders of Cu metabolism, i.e. Wilson's disease and Menkes' disease, and Indian childhood cirrhosis (environmental and/or genetic) have been included to illustrate that advances in the knowledge of Cu cellular transport gives a better understanding of the molecular basis of the pathophysiology of these diseases. Menkes' disease, a human model of defective Cu transport and Cu- has shown many pathological changes, similar to those of heart disease in Cu-. The recent cloning of four genes of putative Cu pumping ATPases (Cu-ATPases) from widely different sources, i.e. two from Enterococcus hirae and one each from Wilson's and Menkes disease patients (which are defective in Cu transport and metabolism), has opened a new chapter in the study of Cu cellular transport and metabolism. The encoded gene products, i.e. Cu-ATPases, show extensive homology and are members of a new class of ATP-driven Cu pumps involved in regulation of cellular Cu. Further, Cu transport by Cop B-ATPase (E. hirae) in membrane vesicles and in isolated rat liver plasma membrane has provided biochemical evidence of its role in ATP-driven Cu transport. In this short review I have critically examined the current evidence of the molecular basis of the pathophysiology of cardiomyopathy in Cu- and, have indicated the possible role of P-type Cu ATPase which may be one of the obligatory factors contributing to cardiomyopathy in experimental animals and probably humans. Experimental verification of this hypothesis will be the aim of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nath
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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26
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Lominadze D, Saari JT, Miller FN, Catalfamo JL, Schuschke DA. Von Willebrand factor restores impaired platelet thrombogenesis in copper-deficient rats. J Nutr 1997; 127:1320-7. [PMID: 9202086 DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.7.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary copper restriction reduces microvascular thrombogenesis. We have now examined the roles of shear forces and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in in vivo thrombus formation in the cremaster microcirculation of copper-deficient rats. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed purified diets that were either copper-adequate (6.3 mg Cu/kg) or copper-deficient (0.3 mg Cu/kg) for 4 wk. Intravascular fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged to bovine serum albumin was activated with 450-490 nm light to induce thrombus formation in microvessels. Thrombus initiation time was significantly prolonged in copper-deficient rats; after thrombus appearance, however, vessel occlusion was significantly accelerated. The greater shear rates of arterioles compared with venules significantly increased the thrombus initiation time in both groups. However, vessel occlusion time and thrombus growth time were independent of shear rate. Intravascular vWF (0.2 u/100 g body wt) decreased thrombus initiation time in the CuD group without affecting thrombus growth time. The data suggest that decreased thrombogenesis in copper-deficient rats is not a result of altered rheological factors or arteriolar-venular differences, but appears to result from decreased platelet-to-endothelial cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lominadze
- Center for Applied Microcirculatory Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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27
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Jalili T, Medeiros D, Prochaska L. Alterations in cardiac cytochrome C oxidase, but not in laminin and fibronectin, are observed within three weeks of copper restriction in rats: Implications for cardiac hypertrophy. Nutr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Wildman RE, Medeiros DM, Hamlin RL, Stills H, Jones DA, Bonagura JD. Aspects of cardiomyopathy in copper-deficient pigs. Electrocardiography, echocardiography, and ultrastructural findings. Biol Trace Elem Res 1996; 55:55-70. [PMID: 8971354 DOI: 10.1007/bf02784168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pigs were made copper (Cu)-deficient to evaluate cardiac function and pathology, and electrocardiography. Fifteen-day-old pigs were fed a Cu-restricted diet over an 8 wk period and compared to Cu-adequate diet-fed pigs. Cardiac effects were examined concerning gross morphometry and ultrastructure, echocardiography, and electrocardiography, as well as serum cholesterol levels. The Cu-restricted diet-fed pigs exhibited a marked deceleration of growth and lower hematocrit, hemoglobin, and liver and serum Cu concentrations compared to the Cu-adequate diet-fed pigs. The Cu-restricted diet-fed pigs developed a significantly greater heart weight:body weight ratio, along with greater diastolic measures of ventricular wall and internal dimension relative to body weight. Electrocardiography in the Cu-restricted diet-fed pigs revealed one instance of electrical alternans and an intraventricular conduction disturbance and several instances of T-wave inversion. The Cu-restricted pigs also displayed a prolonged QT interval at the closure of study. Increased mitochondrial volume density and mitochondria:myofibril volume density ratio were observed in the Cu-restricted pig electron micrographs along with excessive lipid and glycogen inclusion and focal degradation of Z-lines, intercalated disk, and sarcomeres. Copper-restriction in young pigs results in cardiac pathology and electrical disturbances. These alterations are similar to those reported for young Cu-restricted rodents. Given then that many cardiac manifestations of developed Cu-deficiency appear conserved across specie lines, the potential for human disturbances in response to severe Cu-deficiency may be plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Wildman
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1295, USA
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29
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Seo H, Xie B, Wang S, Yoshikawa H, Oyamada T, Yoshikawa T. Ultrastructure of hepatocytes in copper-deficient Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck). J Comp Pathol 1996; 114:283-90. [PMID: 8762586 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The livers of 13 Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) aged 4 to 9 years and suffering from copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia) were examined histologically, histochemically and by electron microscopy. In addition, the serum and liver copper concentrations, measured in three animals, were found to be low. Histologically, the hepatocytes exhibited cloudy swelling, and numerous haemosiderin deposits were seen in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Staining with p-dimethyl amino-benzylidene-rhodamine revealed distinctly fewer copper granules than normal. Histochemically, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-H2O2 staining revealed increased numbers of catalase-positive granules around nuclei. Electron microscopically, "giant" and bizarre-shaped mitochondria, irregular depression of the mitochondrial membrane, and fusion of cristae were noted. Disorders of copper-containing enzymes, including cytochrome oxidase, caeruloplasmin and monoamine oxidase, may have been responsible for the mitochondrial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Seo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
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30
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Johnson W, Dufault SN, Newman SM. Altered nucleotide content and changes in mitochondrial energy states associated with copper deficiency in rat platelets. J Nutr Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00100-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Liao Z, Medeiros DM, McCune SA, Prochaska LJ. Cardiac levels of fibronectin, laminin, isomyosins, and cytochrome c oxidase of weanling rats are more vulnerable to copper deficiency than those of postweanling rats. J Nutr Biochem 1995; 6:385-391. [PMID: 12050000 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)80007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relative quantities of cardiac laminin, fibronectin, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), and isomyosin types were studied by gel electrophoresis in male rats fed copper-deficient diets beginning either from the time of weaning for 5 weeks or from 5 weeks postweaning for 6 weeks with one group of copper-repleted rats. Increased levels of fibronectin and V(3) isomyosin but decreased levels of CCO subunit IV and laminin were found in weanling copper-depleted rats. In contrast, postweanling copper-depleted rats exhibited only increased levels of fibronectin and decreased levels of cardiac CCO subunit IV. Repletion of copper-deficient rats for 6 weeks was not sufficient to restore CCO subunit IV to the same level as controls. These results confirm that biochemical lesions in the basal laminae are a result of copper restriction. The decreased nuclear encoded subunits of CCO may help explain some of the mitochondrial pathology observed in dietary copper restriction. Increased V(3) isomyosin levels with low ATPase activity may help to conserve to a limited extent the ATP levels in copper-deficient cardiac tissue. These protein changes are consistent with the known morphological alterations of hearts from copper-restricted rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Liao
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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32
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Liao Z, Allred J, Keen CL, McCune SA, Rucker RB, Medeiros DM. Copper deficiency alters isomyosin types and levels of laminin, fibronectin and cytochrome c oxidase subunits from rat hearts. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 111:61-7. [PMID: 7749637 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00226-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The relative amounts of cardiac proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, cytochrome c oxidase, and isomyosin types were studied by gel electrophoresis and Western blotting in control and copper-deficient Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes fed their respective diets from weanling for 3 weeks. Isomyosin types appeared to shift from V1 to greater levels of V3 in copper deficient rats for both genders. Male copper deficient rats had increased cardiac levels of fibronectin, decreased laminin levels, cardiac hypertrophy and anemia. Both male and female rats fed copper-deficient diet had lower levels of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) subunit IV, and low liver copper, and high heart-to-body weight ratios compared with their respective controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liao
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management, Ohio State University, Columbus 43201-1295, USA
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33
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Abstract
Cu ions are pro-oxidants when added to biological material in vitro and excessive levels of Cu in the body, such as in Wilson's Disease (Yarze et al. 1992) promote oxidant-related pathologies. In contrast there is now substantial evidence that an optimum level of Cu is required to maintain antioxidant defence and that Cu deficiency in animals increases oxidant stress. There are abundant mechanistic relationships linking Cu deficiency and processes associated with IHD, some of which do not directly involve oxidant damage. These mechanistic relationships, however, have mostly been demonstrated in animal models and more information is urgently required concerning possible chronic mild Cu deficiencies in human populations. A major hurdle to advances in this area is the lack of indices of Cu status which are sensitive enough to detect marginal Cu deficiency in humans. The question, therefore, of whether or not there is a role for mild Cu deficiency in the onset of chronic disease processes, including IHD, remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Strain
- Human Nutrition Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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34
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Wildman RE, Medeiros DM, Jenkins J. Comparative aspects of cardiac ultrastructure, morphometry, and electrocardiography of hearts from rats fed restricted dietary copper and selenium. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994; 46:51-66. [PMID: 7888284 DOI: 10.1007/bf02790067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Comparative cardiac ultrastructure, morphometry, and electrocardiography after dietary copper and selenium restriction were examined. Male weanling Long-Evans rats were fed diets that were either adequate in both copper and selenium (Cu+/Se+) or restricted in either Cu (Cu-) or Se (Se-) for 8 wk. At wk 8, electrocardiograms (ECG) and dP/dts were obtained and heart tissue was utilized for electron microscopy. Upon examination, Cu- rats were anemic, exhibited a greater heart: body weight ratio, and developed concentric hypertrophy characterized by an enhanced thickening of the left and right ventricular free walls, and interventricular septum. ECG recordings from lead aVF in the Cu- group showed a greater R wave amplitude in comparison to the Cu+/Se+ group. Se- rats recorded a greater left ventricular +dP/dtmax than both the Cu+/Se+ and Cu- groups. Cardiac myofibril volume densities were decreased in both Cu- and Se- rats in comparison to the Cu+/Se+ rats. In addition Cu- rats showed a greater mitochondria:myofibril ratio. Sarcomere contractile protein disarray was present in both the Cu- and Se- groups. Se- myocytes also showed evidence of edema and mitochondrial fragmentation. The subcellular alterations suggest that similarities exist in the cardiac remodeling processes associated with copper and selenium restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Wildman
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1295
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Bui LM, Keen CL, Dubick MA. Influence of 12-week nicotine treatment and dietary copper on blood pressure and indices of the antioxidant system in male spontaneous hypertensive rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994; 46:67-78. [PMID: 7888285 DOI: 10.1007/bf02790068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine treatment and copper (Cu) deficiency have been associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species that may contribute to the development and/or progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The present study investigated the influence of dietary Cu intake on the response to chronic nicotine treatment in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) with respect to tissue trace mineral levels, several components of the oxidant defense system, and lipid peroxidation rates. SHR weighing 100-110 g were fed a Cu deficient diet (-Cu) (0.5 microgram Cu/g) for 14 d prior to nicotine treatment. SHR were inserted with tablets that released nicotine at a rate of 75 micrograms/h or placebo (control). Following tablet insertion, rats were fed a control diet (+Cu) (12.0 micrograms Cu/g) or the -Cu diet. Nicotine treatment lasted for 12 wk. Blood pressure (BP) was higher in nicotine-treated SHR than in control SHR at wk 3; BP was unaffected by diet. BP was higher in +Cu nicotine-treated SHR at wk 6 compared to -Cu nicotine and control rats. BP was not affected by nicotine or diet at wk 2. Liver, heart, and brain Cu levels and liver, heart, and red cell CuZn superoxide dismutase and plasma ceruloplasmin oxidase activities were lower in the -Cu SHR than in the +Cu SHR. Liver Fe levels were higher and plasma Fe levels were lower in the -Cu rats than in the +Cu rats. Liver selenium-dependent-glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px) activity was lower in the -Cu rats than in the +Cu rats; heart and thoracic aorta Se-GSH-Px activity was unaffected by -Cu diet. Thoracic aorta, liver, and heart GSH-reductase activities were unaffected by treatments. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were higher in the -Cu than in the +Cu SHR. Liver and heart TBARS production was similar among the groups. These data show that nicotine can exacerbate the development of high BP in susceptible individuals; Cu deficiency did not exacerbate the effects of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bui
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis 95616-8669
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Davidson J, Medeiros DM, Hamlin RL, Jenkins JE. Submaximal, aerobic exercise training exacerbates the cardiomyopathy of postweanling Cu-depleted rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 1993; 38:251-72. [PMID: 7504943 DOI: 10.1007/bf02785310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To determine the dual effect of exercise training and copper depletion on myocardial function and ultrastructure, postweanling rats were either trained or sedentary while fed copper-adequate or copper-deficient diets for 8 wk. Rats developed characteristic myocardial subcellular degeneration and increased cardiac mitochondrial volume density when copper depleted, despite lack of overt cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, or anemia. Training combined with copper depletion induced mild left ventricular hypertrophy. Basal laminae appeared fractionated in areas at capillary-myocyte interface, with focal pericapillary and interstitial collagen accumulation, whereas overt fibrosis was absent or minimal. Electrocardiograms revealed increased QRS wave and QT duration and notching of QRS complex with copper depletion, consistent with intraventricular conductance disturbances. The oxidative capacity of soleus muscle increased with training in copper-adequate rats, but was reduced with progressive copper depletion. These data suggest that copper depletion and training are synergistic in effecting focal accumulation of collagen, with deleterious effect on exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davidson
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1295
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Akers TK, Saari JT. Hyperbaric hyperoxia exaggerates respiratory membrane defects in the copper-deficient rat lung. Biol Trace Elem Res 1993; 38:149-63. [PMID: 7508251 DOI: 10.1007/bf02784051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the effect of dietary copper deficiency and hyperbaric hyperoxia, alone and in combination, on lung structure. Male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a copper-deficient (CuD, 0.2 microgram/g) or copper-adequate diet (CuA, 5.1 micrograms/g). After 35-41 d on their respective diets, rats from each group were placed inside a pressure vessel kept at 27 degrees C under one of two pressure protocols. Air controls were maintained at 1 atm for 75 min. Rats exposed to oxygen were maintained at 1 atm of air plus 3 atm of oxygen for 1 h and then decompressed for 15 min. Under SEM, none of the treated lungs (CuD, CuA-O2 exposed, or CuD-O2 exposed) showed abnormal lung morphology from the conducting bronchioles down to the alveoli. Copper-deficient red blood cells were abnormally shaped. Under TEM, CuA-O2-exposed lungs showed thicker respiratory membranes, especially basement membranes and endothelial cells, and alveolar Type II cells having more than the usual number of surfactant vacuoles. CuD lungs also showed thicker endothelial and basement membrane components of the respiratory membrane, but normal looking Type II cells. CuD-O2-exposed lungs showed greatly thickened respiratory membranes and severe disruption of both endothelium and basement membrane and, judging by the increased number of nuclei per field, an increase in the number of both Type I and Type II cells. We conclude that copper deficiency enhances the damage caused by O2 toxicity, an effect that may be caused by reduced antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Akers
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks 58202
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Fischer JG, Tackett RL, Howerth EW, Johnson MA. Copper deficient rat heart can compensate for doxorubicin-induced oxidant stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 1993; 37:233-51. [PMID: 7688536 DOI: 10.1007/bf02783798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that copper (Cu) alters drug metabolizing enzymes and functions as an antioxidant nutrient in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity was tested. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed Cu adequate (+Cu; 5 mg Cu/kg of diet), marginally Cu deficient (MCu; 1.2 mg Cu/kg of diet), or severely Cu deficient (-Cu; 0.5 mg Cu/kg of diet) diets for 6 wk. Doxorubicin (1, 2, or 4 mg/kg body wt) or saline were administered intraperitoneally 1 time/wk for 4 wk. Compared to control hearts, Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity was decreased by 9% in MCu rats and by 21-40% in -Cu rats. Glutathione peroxidase activity was elevated 5-15% in -Cu rats. Doxorubicin administration increased heart Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity in +Cu and -Cu rats 18 h after the last of 4 injections, but not 18 h after 1 injection. There was no synergism between doxorubicin and Cu deficiency on lipid peroxidation, plasma creatine phosphokinase, cardiac hypertrophy, electrocardiographic abnormalities, or morphological changes. Heart glutathione S-transferase activity was decreased by Cu deficiency, and like Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity, returned to normal in -Cu rats given doxorubicin. Thus, the Cu deficient rat heart may be able to compensate for doxorubicin-induced oxidant stress by increasing the activity of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fischer
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Medeiros DM, McCoy E, Yang F, Disilvestro R. Comparison of β-aminoproprionitrile administration with copper-deficiency signs in the rat. Nutr Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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